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Part II

Root / lemma: deph-

Meaning: to stamp, push

Material: Armenian top`el (-em, -eci) `hit'; gr. δέφω `knead, drum; tumble ', argiv. δεφιδασταί `fuller', with s-extension δέψω (Aor. participle δεψήσας) `knead; tan, convert hide into leather' (out of it Latin depsō `to knead'), δέψα `tanned skin'; διφθέρα `leather' (*διψτέρα); Serbian dȅpîm, dȅpiti `bump, poke, hit', poln. deptać `tread'.

Maybe alb. zhdëp `hit ' Slavic loanword

Note:

It seems that Root / lemma: deph- : `to stamp, push' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : `to astonish, be speechless'

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 342, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 298, 351.

Page(s): 203

Root / lemma: derbh-

Meaning: to wind, put together, *scratch, scrape, rub

Material: Old Indic dr̥bháti `joined, patched together, winded ', participle sándr̥bdha- `group of shrubs planted together', dr̥bdhí- f. ` convolution, concatenation, daisy chain ', Avestan dǝrǝwδa- n. `bundle of muscles' Pl. `flesh (of muscles) ', Old Indic darbhá- m. ` hassock, clump of grass, grass', darbhaṇa- n. `netting';

Maybe truncated alb. dredha `convolution', dredh `curl' : Old Indic dr̥bdhí- f. `convolution', Avestan dǝrǝwδa- n. `bundle of muscles ' Pl. `flesh (of muscles)'.

Armenian toṙn `σχοινίον, funiculus, a noose, halter, snare, trap' (*dorbh-n-);

gr. δάρπη `basket' is contaminated from *δάρφη and τάρπη ds. (Güntert IF. 45, 347);

Old English tearflian (*tarbalōn) ` roll oneself ', Old High German zerben, preterit zarpta refl. ` turn, turn round '; e-grade Middle High German zirben schw. verb ` turn in circles, whirl', Modern High German Dialectal Swiss zirbeln ds., Modern High German Zirbeldrüse, Zirbelwind (probably also Zirbel ` pineal ', see below deru-); zero grade Old English torfian `throw, lapidate' (compare drehen : English throw), as Old Norse tyrfa `cover with turf', Old Norse torf n. `turf', torfa f. ` peat clod ', Old English turf f. `turf, lawn', Old High German zurba, zurf f. `lawn' (Modern High German Torf from Ndd.); Old English ge-tyrfan `to strike, afflict';

maybe alb. diminutive (*turfel) turfulloj `snort, blow' : Old English ge-tyrfan `to strike, afflict'.

Belorussian dórob `basket, carton, box ', Russian old u-dorobь f. `pot, pan', dial. ú-doroba `low pot, pan'(`*wickerwork pot coated with loam '), Belorussian dorób'ić `crook, bend'; zero grade *dьrba in Russian derbá `Rodeland, Neubruch', derbovátь ` clean from the moss, from the lawn; uproot the growing', derbítь `pluck, tear, rend', Serbian drbácati `scrape, scratch', Czech drbám and drbu, drbati `scratch, scrape, rub; thrash', with lengthened grade Russian derébitь `pluck, rend' (perhaps hat sich in latter family a bh-extension from der- `flay', Slavic derǫ dьrati eingemischt). S. Berneker 211, 254 with Lithuanian

References: WP. I 808.

Page(s): 211-212

Root / lemma: der(ep)-

Meaning: to see, *mirror

Note:

The Root / lemma: der(ep)- : `to see, *mirror' derived from Root / lemma: derk̂- : `to look'.

Material: Old Indic dárpana- m. `mirror'; gr. δρωπάζειν, δρώπτειν `see' (with lengthened grade 2. syllable??).

References: WP. I 803; to forms -ep- compare Kuiper Nasalpras. 60 f.

See also: compare also δράω `sehe' and derk̂-`see'.

Page(s): 212

Root / lemma: derǝ-, drā-

Meaning: to work

Material: Gr. δράω (*δρᾱιω) `make, do', Konj. δρῶ, Aeolic 3. Pl. δρᾱίσι, Aor. Attic ἔδρᾱσα, hom. δρηστήρ `worker, servant', δρᾶμα `action', δράνος ἔργον, πρᾶξις . . . δύναμις Hes., ἀδρανής `inactive, ineffective, weak';

Maybe alb. nasalized form nder (*der-) `hang loose';

hom. ὀλιγοδρᾰνέων `make only less powerful, fainting, unconscious'; hom. and Ionian (see Bechtel Lexil. 104) δραίνω `do';

Lithuanian dar(i)aũ, darýti, Latvian darît `do, make'; in spite of Mühlenbach-Endzelin s. v. darît not to Lithuanian derė́ti ` be usable', Latvian derêt ` arrange, employ, engage' etc, because the meaning deviates too strongly.

References: WP. I 803, Specht KZ. 62, 110, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6757, 694.

Page(s): 212

Root / lemma: dergh-

Meaning: to grasp

Material: Armenian trc̣ak ` brushwood bundle ' (probably from *turc̣-ak, *turc̣- from *dorgh-so-, Petersson KZ. 47, 265);

gr. δράσσομαι, Attic δράττομαι ` grasp ', δράγδην ` griping ', δράγμα ` handful, fascicle, sheaf ', δραγμεύω ` bind sheaves ', δραχμή, Arcadian Elean δραχμά, gortyn. δαρκνά̄ (i.e. δαρχvά̄; s. also Boisacq 109) ` drachma ' (`*handful of metal sticks, ὀβολοί'), δράξ, -κός f. `hand', Pl. δάρκες δέσμαι Hes.;

Middle Irish dremm, nir. dream `troop, multitude, crowd, dividing of people' (*dr̥gh-smo-), Breton dramm `bundle, fascicle, sheaf ' (false back-formation to Pl. dremmen);

Old High German zarga `side edging a room, edge', Old Norse targa f. `shield', Old English targe f. (nord. loanword) `small shield' (actually ` shield brim '), Alsace (see Sutterlin IF. 29, 126) (käs-)zorg m. `vessel, paten on three low feet ' (= gr. δραχ-);

References: WP. I 807 f.

Page(s): 212-213

Root / lemma: derk̂-

Meaning: to look

Note: punctual, wherefore in Old Indic and intrinsic in Irish linked suppletively with a cursive present other root

Root / lemma: derk̂- : to look derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-3 und ĝherǝ-, ĝhrē- : to shine, shimmer + zero grade of Root / lemma: okʷ- : to see; eye

Material: Old Indic [present is páśyati] Perf. dadárśa `have seen', Aor. adarśat, adrākṣīt (ádrāk), participle dr̥ṣṭá-, causative darśáyati `make see'; Avestan darǝs- ` behold ', Perf. dādarǝsa, participle dǝrǝšta-; Old Indic dṛ́ś- f. `sight', ahardŕ̥ś- ` looking day ', upa-dŕ̥ś- f. `sight', dŕ̥ṣṭi- f. `sight', Avestan aibīdǝrǝšti- ds. (Gen. Sg. darštōiš), Old Indic darśatá- `visible, respectable ', Avestan darǝsa- m. `sight, gaze, look';

common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-

gr. δέρκομαι ` look, keep the eyes open, be alive', δέδορκα, ἔδρακον, δέρξις `vision' (with a changed lengthened grade compared with Old Indic dr̥šṭi-), δέργμα `sight', δεργμός `look, gaze', δυσ-δέρκετος `heavy to behold' (= Old Indic darc̨ata-), ὑπόδρα Adv. `one looking up from below' (*-δρακ = Old Indic dr̥c̨-, or from *-δρακ-τ), δράκος n. `eye', δράκων, -οντος `dragon, snnake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. δράκαινα;

alb. dritë `light' (*dr̥k-tā);

Note:

Maybe alb. darkë `supper, evening meal, evening' : drekë `dinner meal, midday' : Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome, dark'.

after Bonfante (RIGI. 19, 174) here Umbrian terkantur ` seen, discerned, perceived ' (that is to say ` shall be seen, discerned, perceived ');

Old Irish [present ad-cīu] ad-con-darc `have seen' (etc, s. Pedersen KG. II 487 f.; present adrodarcar `can be seen'), derc `eye', air-dirc `illustrious', Breton derc'h `sight', Old Breton erderc `evidentis', zero grade Irish drech f. (*dr̥k̂ā) `face', Welsh drych m. (*dr̥ksos) `sight, mirror', Welsh drem, trem, Breton dremm `face' (*dr̥k̂-smā), Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome, dark' (an- neg. + *drecht = alb. dritë);

Gothic ga-tarhjan ` make distinct ' (= Old Indic darśayati); Germanic *torʒa- `sight' (== Old Indic dr̥ś-) in Norwegian PN Torget, Torghatten etc, Indo Germanic to- suffix in Germanic *turhta- : Old English torht, Old Saxon toroht, Old High German zoraht, newer zorft `bright, distinct'.

References: WP. I 806 f.

See also: Perhaps with der(ep)- (above S. 212) remote, distant related.

Page(s): 213

Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, der-) or dōr- : dǝr- (*dhesor)

Meaning: hand span, *hands

Material: Gr. δῶρον `palm, span of the hand' (measurement of length), ὀρθόδωρον ` the distance from the wrist to the fingertip ', hom. ἑκκαιδεκάδωρος `16 spans long ', zero grade Arcadian Akk. δά̄ριν σπιθαμήν Hes. (lak. δάρειρ Hes. is false spelling for δάρις, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 506);

In -e- grade:

Maybe Armenian ǳeṙḳ ` hand '.

alb. (*du̯or-) dorë `hand' from *dōrom (M. La Piana IF. 58, 98); [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

Phonetic mutations: alb. (*du̯or-) dorë `hand' : gr. δῶρον `palm, span of the hand' : Latvian (*du̯or-)dùre, dûris `fist'; proto Illyrian alb. du̯o- > do- , gr. du̯o- > do-, Latvian du̯o- > dù-.

Old Icelandic tarra ` outspread ', terra ds.

Only under a beginning du̯er- : dur- or du̯ōr-: du̯ǝr : dur- to justify major key-phonetical comparison with Celtic dur-no- in Old Irish dorn `fist, hand', Welsh dwrn `hand', dyrnod (Middle Welsh dyrnawt) `slap in the face, box on the ear', dyrnaid (Middle Welsh dyrneit) ` handful ', Breton dorn `hand', dournek ` who has big hands '; however, these words also stand off in the coloring of meaning `pursed, clenched hand, fist, fisticuff, punch' so far from gr. that they do not demand an association with them.

On the other hand for Celtic *durno- one considers relationship with Latvian dùre, dûris `fist'; this is to Latvian duŕu, dũru, dur̃t `prick, bump, poke' to put (compare pugnus : pungo); if so also Celtic dur-no-? compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 529 and see below der-4.

Note:

From alb. Geg (*du̯ōr), dorë hand, (*du̯ǝr), duer Pl. `hands' it seems that the oldest root was alb. Pl. (*du̯ǝr), duer Pl. `hands' [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]. Hence the original of proto Illyrian - gr. idea was Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two' meaning two hands.

References: WP. I 794 f.

Page(s): 203

Root / lemma: (der-2), reduplication der-der-, dr̥dor-, broken reduplication dor-d-, dr̥-d-

Meaning: to murmur, to chat (expr.)

Material: Old Indic dardurá-ḥ `frog, flute'; Old Irish deirdrethar `raged', PN Deirdriu f. (*der-der-i̯ō); Bulgarian dъrdóŕъ `babble; grumble', Serbian drdljati `chatter', sloven. drdráti `clatter, burr ';

Maybe alb. dërdëllit `chatter, prattle' a Slavic loanword.

Maybe Dardanoi (*dardant) Illyrian TN : gr. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes : Lithuanian dardė́ti, Latvian dardêt, dārdêt `creak' probably `talk indistinctly '; common Illyrian alb. n > nt > t.

with fractured reduplication: gr. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes., Irish dord ` bass ', fo-dord ` growl, bass ', an-dord `clear voice' (`not-bass '), Welsh dwrdd `din, fuss, noise' (Welsh twrdd `din, fuss, noise' t- has taken over from twrf ds.), Old Irish dordaid `bellow, roar' (from deer); Lithuanian dardė́ti, Latvian dardêt, dārdêt `creak'; Tocharian A tsārt- `wail, weep, cry' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 19), with secondary palatalization śert- (Van Windekens Lexique 145).

References: WP. I 795, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 447.

See also: The Celtic, Tocharian and Balto-Slavic words could also belong to dher-3.

Page(s): 203-204

Root / lemma: (der-3), drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu-

Meaning: to run

Material: drā-:

Old Indic drā́ti ` runs, hurries ', Intensive dáridrāti ` wanders around, is poor ', dári-dra- ` wandering, beggarly ';

gr. ἀπο-διδρά̄σκω ` run away ', Fut. δρά̄σομαι, Aor. ἔδρᾱν; δρᾱσμός, Ionian δρησμός `escape', ἄδρᾱστος `striving not to escape', δρᾱπέτης ` fugitive ', δρᾱπετεύω ` run away, splits, separates from' (compare to -π- Old Indic Causative drāpayati ` brings to run ', Aor. adidrapat [uncovered] `runs');

Old High German zittarōm (*di-drā-mi) `tremble (*ready to flee)', Old Icelandic titra `tremble, wink' (originally perhaps ` walk on tiptoe; trip, wriggle restlessly ');

perhaps here Slavic *dropy ` bustard ' (Machek ZslPh. 17, 260), poln. Czech drop, older drop(i)a etc, out of it Middle High German trap(pe), trapgans.

dreb-:

Lithuanian drebù, -ė́ti `tremble, quiver';

poln. (etc) drabina `ladder';

Old English treppan (*trapjan) `tread', Middle Low German Dutch trappen `stomp', ndd. trippen, Modern High German (Low German)trappeln, trippeln, Middle High German (Low German) treppe, trappe f., Modern High German Treppe, Old English træppe f. `trap', Modern High GermanTrappel, East Frisian trappe, trap `trap, splint, staircase, stairs ';

through emphatic nasalization, as in Modern High German patschen - pantschen, ficken - fiencken (see W. Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 160 ff., ZdA. 76, 1 ff.) to define:

Gothic ana-trimpan `approach, beset', Middle Low German trampen `stomp', Middle High German (ndd.) trampeln `appear crude', English tramp, trample `tread', Middle High German trumpfen `run, toddle'.

drem-:

Old Indic drámati ` running ', Intensive dandramyatē ` runs to and fro ';

gr. Aor. ἔδραμον, Perf. δέδρομα `run', δρόμος `run';

Old English trem, trym ` Fußtapfe ', Old Norse tramr `fiend, demon' (see above), Middle High German tremen `waver', Danish trimle `roll, fall, tumble', Swedish Dialectal trumla ds., Middle High German trame ` rung of a leader, stairs';

here probably Modern High German FlN Dramme (Göttingen), Dremse (Magdeburg), from *Dromi̯ā and *Dromisā (probably North Illyrian), in addition poln. (Illyrian) Drama (Silesia), Bulgarian Dramatica (Thracian); s. Vasmer ZslPh. 5, 367, Pokorny Urillyrier 3, 37, 127;

Maybe alb. dromcë `piece, chip (of a blow)'

insecure is Woods KZ. 45, 62 apposition of serb dȑmati `shake', dȑmnuti `upset, allow to shake ', sloven. dŕmati `shake, jiggle', drámiti ` jiggle from the sleep ', drâmpati ` ungentle jiggle ';

maybe alb. dremit `sleep', dërrmonj `exhaust, tire, destroy' Slavic loanwords.

Alb. proves that from Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : `to cut, split, skin' derived Root / lemma: (der-3), drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu- : `to run'.

Czech drmlati ` flit, stir; move the lips, as if one sucking', drmoliti ` take short steps ' (these in the good suitable meaning; `shake' from ` stumble with the foot '?), drmotiti `chat, prate' (probably crossing of meaning with the onomatopoeic word root der-der-2, see there).

dreu- (partly with ū as zero grade, probably because of *dreu̯āx-), FlN (participle) dr(o)u(u̯)entī/i̯ā:

Old Indic drávati ` runs, also melts ', FlN Dravantī, drutá- `hurrying', Avestan drāvaya- `run' (being from daēvischen), draoman- n. `attack, onrush', aēšmō-drūt(a)- ` calling from Aēsma, sends to attack ' (very doubtful Old Indic dráviṇa-m, dráviṇas- n. `blessing, fortune', Avestan draonah- n. ` bei der Besitzverteilung zufallendes Gut, Vermögensanteil ' perhaps as `traveling fortune'?);

Illyrian-Pannonian FlN Dravos (*drou̯o-s), out of it serbokr. Dráva, compare apoln. Drawa (Illyrian loanword); Indo Germanic *drou̯ent- `hurrying' > Illyrian *drau̯ent- (: above Old Indic Dravanti), out of it dial. *trau̯ent- in FlN Τράεντ- (Bruttium) > Italian Trionto; Indo Germanic *druu̯ent-, Illyrian *druent- in poln. FlN Drwęca, Modern High German Drewenz; Italian *truent- in FlN Truentus (Picenum);

maybe alb. (*druent-) Drinos river name `hurrying water?' common alb. nt > n.

gall. FlN (from North Illyrian?) Druentia (French la Drance, Drouance, Durance, Swissla Dranse); *Drutos, French le Drot; Drutā, French la Droude;

Lithuanian sea name *Drùv-intas (Belorussian Drywiaty); Old Prussian stream, brook Drawe.

Auf dreu-, participle *dru-to- based on perhaps (see Osthoff Par. I 372 f. Anm.) Gothic trudan `tread', Old Norse troða, trað ds.; Old English tredan, Old High German tretan `tread' (by Osthoffs outlook of vowel gradation neologism), Old High German trata `tread, spoor, way, alley, drift, trailing', Old Saxon trada `tread, spoor', Old English trod n., trodu f. `spoor, way, alley' (English trade `trade' is nord. loanword), Old High German trota, Middle High German trotte f. ` wine-press ', Intensive Old High German trottōn `tread'; Modern High German dial. trotteln ` go slowly '.

Here also Germanic root *tru-s- in East Frisian trüseln `lurch, stumble, go uncertainly or staggering ', trüsel ` dizziness, giddiness ', Dutch treuzelen ` to be slow, dawdle, loiter', westfäl. trūseln, truǝseln ` roll slowly ', Middle High German trollen (*truzlōn) `move in short steps constantly', Modern High German trollen, Swedish Dialectal trösale `fairy demon, ghost', Norwegian Dialectal trusal `idiot, fool', trusk ` despondent and stupid person';

Maybe through metathesis alb. (*trusal) trullos, trallis `make the head dizzy', tru `brain'

as well as (as *truzlá-) Old Norse troll n. `fiend, demon', Middle High German trol, trolle m. `fairy demon, ghost, fool, uncouth person' (compare unser Trampel in same meaning; the Wandals called the Goths Τρούλους, Loewe AfdA. 27, 107); it stands in same the way besides Germanic tre-m- (see below) Old Norse tramr `fiend, demon'.

In Germanic furthermore with i-vocalism Middle Low German trīseln, westfäl. triǝseln `roll, lurch', holl.trillen `tremble' (from which Italian trillare `quiver, trill hit') etc against association of Old Indic drávati with Avestan dvaraiti `goes' see below *dheu-, *dheu̯er- `flee'.

References: WP. I 795 ff., Krahe IF. 58, 151 f., Feist 45.

Page(s): 204-206

Root / lemma: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū-

Meaning: tree

Note: see to the precise definition Osthoff Par. I 169 f., Hoops Waldb. 117 f.; in addition words for various wood tools as well as for `good as heartwood hard, fast, loyal'; Specht (KZ. 65, 198 f., 66, 58 f.) goes though from a nominalized neuter of an adjective *dṓru `das Harte', from which previously `tree' and `oak': dṓru n., Gen. dreu-s, dru-nó-s

Material:

Hittite: taru- n. ' Holz ' (Friedrich 217)

Old Indian: dāru, gen. droḥ, drúṇaḥ, in. drúṇā, loc. dāruṇi `wood, timber ' ; dru- n., m. `wood or any wooden implement ' , m. `tree, branch ' ; dárvi-, dárvī- f. `(wooden) ladle ' ; drọ́na- n. `wooden vessel, trough, bucket ' ; druṇī- f. `watertrough ' ; druma- m. `tree '

Avestan: dāuru, gen. dravš ' Baumstamm, Holzstück, Waffe aus Holz, etwa Keule '

Old Greek: dórü, gen. hom. dọ̄rós, dọ̄́ratos, pl. dọ̄^ra, du. dọ̄^re, trag. gen. dorós, dat. dorí, dórei, att. gen. dóratos n. `Holz, Baumstamm, Speer ' ; {dórü ' Eiche ' - not found!} kret. dorā́ = dokós ' Balken ' EM || drǖ^-s, drüós f. `Baum, bes. Eiche ' ; hom. pl. drümá n., drǖmá `Wald ' ; hom. déndreo-n, att., ion. déndro-n n. `Baum ' ; éndruon ' oaken peg or pin ' , Hs. ' heart-wood of trees ' [éndroia Hsch. written for éndrua ' heart-wood of trees ' LS 561)] || ?? drói̯tǟ f. `Badewanne, Wiege, Sarg '

Slavic: *dervo; *drъvo; *drъkolъ; *drɨ̄nъ; *drъmъ (Rus dial. дром `хворост; чаща c валежником ' СРНГ 8:199)

Baltic: *der̃w-ā^ f., dar̃w-ā^ f., *derw-iā̃, *drew-iā̃, *draw-iā̃, *draw-ia- c., *drā^w-ā^ (1), -iā f.

Germanic: *tri(w)-u- n.; *trauj-ō-n- f.; *tirw-ōn-, *tirw-iōn- f., *tirw-an- m., *tirw-a- n., *tarw-ōn- f.; *tirw-ia- n., *triu-n-an- m., *trú-s-a- n., *trū́-s-a- n.

Celtic: OIr derucc (gg), gen. dercon glans, Cymr derwen, pl. derw, bret. deruenn ds.; gall. ON Dervus Eichenwald, abrit. ON Derventio; MIr drochta `Fass Tonne '

Albanian: dru, art. druri m. ' timber, wood, log ' ; pl. drurë ' trees '

Old Indic dā́ru n. `wood' (Gen. drṓḥ, drúṇaḥ, Instrumental drúṇā, Locative dā́ruṇi; dravya- `from tree'), drú- n. m. `wood, wood tool ', m. `tree, bough', Avestan dāuru `tree truck, bit of wood, weapon from wood, perhaps club, mace, joint' (Gen. draoš), Old Indic dāruṇá- `hard, rough, stern' (actually `hard as wood, lumpy '), dru- in compounds as dru-pāda- ` klotzfüßig ', dru-ghnī ` wood ax ' (-wooden rod), su-drú-ḥ `good wood'; dhruvá- `tight, firm, remaining ' (dh- through folk etymology connection in dhar- `hold, stop, prop, sustain' = Avestan dr(u)vō, Old Persian duruva `fit, healthy, intact ', compare Old Church Slavic sъ-dravъ); Avestan drvaēna- ` wooden ', Old Indic druváya-ḥ ` wooden vessel, box made of wood, the drum', drū̆ṇa-m `bow, sword' (uncovered; with ū New Persian durūna, balučī drīn ` rainbow '), druṇī ` bucket; pail ', dróṇa-m `wooden trough, tub'; drumá-ḥ `tree' (compare under δρυμός);

Old Indic dárvi-ḥ, darvī́ `(wooden) spoon';

Armenian tram `tight, firm' (*drū̆rāmo, Pedersen KZ. 40, 208); probably also (Lidén Arm. stem 66) targal `spoon' from *dr̥u̯- or *deru̯-.

Gr. δόρυ `tree truck, wood, spear, javelin' (Gen. hom. δουρός, trag. δορός from *δορFός, δούρατος, Attic δόρατος from *δορFn̥τος, whose n̥ is comparable with Old Indic drúṇaḥ);

Cretan δορά (*δορFά) `balk, beam' (= Lithuanian Latvian darva);

sizil. ἀσχέδωρος `boar' (after Kretschmer KZ. 36, 267 f. *ἀν-σχε-δορFος or -δωρFος ` standing firm to the spear '), Arcadian Doric Δωρι-κλῆς, Doric Boeotian Δωρί-μαχος , Δωριεύς ` Dorian ' (of Δωρίς ` timberland ');

Note:

Who were Dorian tribes? Dorians were Celtic tribes who worshipped trees. In Celtic they were called Druids, priests of ancient Gaul and Britain (also Greece and Illyria). The caste of Druids must have worshiped the dominant thunder god whose thunderbolt used to strike sacred trees. Druids must have planted the religion around the sacred oak at Dodona.

δρῦς, δρυός `oak, tree' (from n. *dru or *deru, *doru g.*druu̯ós become after other tree name to Fem.; as a result of the tendency of nominative gradation), ἀκρό-δρυα ` fruit tree ', δρυ-τόμος ` woodchopper ', δρύινος ` from the oak, from oak tree ', Δρυάς ` dryad, tree nymph ', γεράνδρυον `old tree truck', ἄδρυα πλοῖα μονόξυλα. Κύπριοι Hes. (*sm̥-, Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v.), ἔνδρυον καρδία δένδρου Hes.

Hom. δρῠμά n. Pl. `wood, forest', nachhom. δρῡμός ds. (the latter with previous changed length after δρῦς); δένδρεον `tree' (Hom.; out of it Attic δένδρον), from reduplication *δeν(= δερ)-δρεFον, Diminutive δενδρύφιον; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583;

δροF- in Argolic δροόν ἰσχυρόν. ᾽Αργεῖοι Hes., ἔνδροια καρδία δένδρου καὶ τὸ μέσον Hes., Δροῦθος (*ΔροF-υθος), δροίτη ` wooden tub, trough, coffin' (probably from *δροFίτᾱ, compare lastly Schwyzer KZ. 62, 199 ff., different Specht Dekl. 139); δοῖτρον πύελον σκάφην Hes. (dissimilation from *δροFιτρον), next to which *dr̥u̯io- in δραιόν μάκτραν. πύελον Hes.

PN Δρύτων: Lithuanian Drūktenis, Old Prussian Drutenne (E. Fraenkel, Pauly-Wissowa 16, 1633); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

in vocalism still not explained certainly δρίος `shrubbery, bush, thicket '; Macedonian δάρυλλος f. `oak' Hes. (*deru-, compare Old Irish daur); but δρίς δύναμις Hes., lies δFίς (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4955);

alb. dru f. `wood, tree, shaft, pole' (*druu̯ā, compare Old Church Slavic drъva n. pl. `wood'); drush-k (es-stem) `oak'; vowel gradation *drū- in dri-zë `tree', drüni ` wood bar ';

Note:

Maybe alb. druvar ` woodcutter, woodchopper ' a Slavic loanword.

Thracian καλαμίν-δαρ `sycamore', PN Δάρανδος, Τάραντος (*dar-ant-) ` Eichstätt a district in Bavaria ', Ζίνδρουμα, Δινδρύμη ` Zeus's grove ', VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι, Δρόσοι, Dru-geri (dru- `wood, forest');

Maybe VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι : Etruria (Italy)

from Latin perhaps dūrus ` hard, harsh; tough, strong, enduring; in demeanour or tastes, rough, rude, uncouth; in character, hard, austere,sometimes brazen, shameless; of things, hard, awkward, difficult, adverse ' (but about dūrāre ` to make hard or hardy, to inure; intransit., to become hard or dry; to be hard or callous; to endure, hold out; to last, remain, continue ' see below S. 220), if after Osthoff 111 f. as `strong, tight, firm as (oak)tree ' dissimilated from *drū-ro-s (*dreu-ro-s?);

Maybe alb. duroj `endure, last', durim `patience' .

but Latin larix `larch tree', loanword is from an Indo Germanic Alpine language, Indo Germanic *derik-s, is conceivable because of heavy l;

Note:

Common Latin d- > l- hence Latin larix (*derik-s) `larch tree'.

Maybe Pelasgian Larissa (*dariksa)

Old Irish derucc (gg), Gen. dercon `glans', Welsh derwen `oak' (Pl. derw), Breton deruenn ds., (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), gall. place name Dervus (`oak forest'), abrit. Derventiō, place name, VN Dervāci ; Old Irish dērb `safe '; reduced grade Old Irish daur, Gen. daro `oak' (deru-), also dair, Gen. darach ds. (*deri-), Old Irish daurde and dairde `oaken '; derived gall. *d(a)rullia `oak' (Wartburg III 50); Macedonian δάρυλλος f. `oak'; zero grade *dru- in intensification particle (? different Thurneysen ZcPh. 16, 277: `oak-': dru- in Galatian δρυ-ναίμετον ` holy oak grove '), e.g. gall. Dru-talos (`*with big forehead'), Druides, Druidae Pl., Old Irish drūi `Druid' (`the high; noble ', *dru-u̯id-), Old Irish dron `tight, firm' (*drunos, compare Old Indic dru-ṇa-m, dāru-ṇá-, dró-ṇa-m), with guttural extension (compare under Modern High German Trog) Middle Irish drochta `(* wooden) barrel, vat, cask; barrel, tub', drochat `bridge'; here also gallorom. drūtos `strong, exuberant (: Lithuanian drūtas)', gr. PN Δρύτων, Old Irish drūth `foolish, loony' (: Old Icelandic trūðr `juggler, buffoon'?), Welsh drud `foolish, loony, valiant' (Welsh u derives from roman. equivalent);

deru̯- in Germanic Tervingl, Matrib(us) Alatervīs, Old Norse tjara (*deru̯ōn-), Finnish loanword terva, Old English teoru n., tierwe f., -a m. `tar, resin' (*deru̯i̯o-), Middle Low German tere `tar' (Modern High German Teer); Old Norse tyrvi, tyri `pinewood', tyrr `pine' (doubtful Middle High German zirwe, zirbel ` pine cone ', there perhaps rather to Middle High German zirbel `whirl', because of the round spigot);

dreu̯- in Gothic triu n. `wood, tree', Old Norse trē, Old English trēow (English tree), Old Saxon trio `tree, balk, beam'; in übtr. meaning `tight, firm - tight, firm relying' (as gr. ἰσχῡρός `tight, firm': ἰσχυρίζομαι ` show firmly, rely on whereupon, trust in '), Gothic triggws (*treu̯u̯az) `loyal, faithful', Old High German gi-triuwi `loyal, faithful', an: tryggr `loyal, faithful, reliable, unworried ', Gothic triggwa ` alliance, covenant ', Old English trēow `faith, belief, loyalty, verity', Old High German triuwa, Modern High German Treue, compare with ders. meaning, but other vowel gradation Old Norse trū f. `religious faith, belief, assurance, pledge', Old English trŭwa m., Middle Low German trūwe f. ds., Old High German trūwa, Old Icelandic trū f., besides trūr `loyal, faithful'; derived Old Norse trūa `trust, hold for true' = Gothic trauan, and Old English trŭwian, Old Saxon trūōn, Old High German trū(w)ēn `trust' (compare n. Old Prussian druwis); similarly Old Norse traustr `strong, tight, firm', traust n. `confidence, reliance, what one can count on', Old High German trōst `reliance, consolation' (*droust-), Gothic trausti `pact, covenant', changing through vowel gradation English trust `reliance' (Middle English trūst), Middle Latin trustis `loyalty' in Old Franconian `law', Middle High German getrüste `troop, multitude, crowd';

maybe alb. trüs, trys `press, crowd'

(st- formation is old because of New Persian durušt `hard, strong', durust `fit, healthy, whole'; Norwegian trysja `clean the ground', Old English trūs `deadwood', English trouse, Old Icelandic tros `dross', Gothic ufar-trusnjan `disperse, scatter'.

*drou- in Old English trīg, English tray `flat trough, platter', Old Swedish trö `a certain measure vessel' (*trauja-, compare above δροίτη), Old Norse treyju-sǫðull (also trȳju-sǫðoll) `a kind of trough shaped saddle';

*drū- in Old Icelandic trūðr `jester', Old English trūð `merrymaker, trumpeter' (:gallorom. *drūto-s, etc)?

*dru- in Old English trum `tight, firm, strong, fit, healthy' (*dru-mo-s), with k-extension, respectively forms -ko- (compare above Middle Irish drochta, drochat), Old High German Modern High German trog, Old English trog, troh (m.), Old Norse trog (n.) `trough' and Old High German truha ` footlocker ', Norwegian Dialectal trygje n. `a kind of pack saddle or packsaddle', trygja `a kind of creel', Old High German trucka `hutch', Low German trügge `trough' and with the original meaning `tree, wood' Old High German hart-trugil `dogwood';

maybe nasalized alb. trung (*trügge) `wood, tree'

Balto Slavic *deru̯a- n. `tree' in Old Church Slavic drěvo (Gen. drěva, also drěvese), Serbo-Croatian dial. drêvo (drȉjevo), sloven. drẹvộ, Old Czech dřěvo, Russian dérevo, Ukrainian dérevo `tree'; in addition as originally collective Lithuanian dervà, (Akk. der̃vą) f. ` chip of pinewood; tar, resinous wood'; vowel gradation, Latvian dar̃va `tar', Old Prussian in PN Derwayn; lengthened grade *dōru̯-i̯ā- in Latvian dùore f. ` wood vessel, beehive in tree';*su-doru̯a- `fit, healthy' in Old Church Slavic sъdravъ, Czech zdráv (zdravý), Russian zdoróv (f. zdoróva) `fit, healthy', compare Avestan dr(u)vō, Old Persian duruva ds.

Baltic *dreu̯i̯ā- f. ` wood beehive ', substantive adj. (Old Indic dravya- ` belonging to the tree ') : Lithuanian drẽvė and drevė̃ `cavity in tree', Latvian dreve ds.: in vowel gradation Lithuanian dravìs f., Latvian drava f. ` wood beehive ', in addition Old Prussian drawine f. `prey, bee's load ' and Lithuanian dravė̃ `hole in tree'; furthermore in vowel gradation East Lithuanian drėvė̃ and drovė̃ f. ds., Latvian drava `cavity in beehive';

proto Slavic *druu̯a- Nom. Pl. `wood' in Old Church Slavic drъva, Russian drová, poln. drwa (Gen. drew); *druu̯ina- n. `wood' in Ukrainian drovno, slovz. drẽvnø;

Slavic *drъmъ in Russian drom ` virgin forest, thicket ', etc (= Old Indic drumá-ḥ, gr. δρυμός, adjekt. Old English trum);

Lithuanian su-drus `abundant, fat (from the growth of the plants)' (= Old Indic su-drú-ḥ `good wood');

Baltic drūta- `strong' (== gallorom. *drūto-s, gr. PN Δρύτων) in Lithuanian drū́tas, driū́tas `strong, thick', Old Prussian in PN Drutenne, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), PN Druthayn, Druthelauken; belongs to Old Prussian druwis m. `faith, belief', druwi f., druwīt `believe' (*druwēti: Old High German trūen), na-po-druwīsnan `reliance, hope'. Beside Lithuanian drū́tas also drū́ktas; see below dher-2.

In vowel gradation here Old Church Slavic drevlje ` fore, former, of place or time; higher in importance, at first or for the first time ', Old Czech dřéve, Russian drévle `ages before'; adverb of comparative or affirmative.

Hittite ta-ru `tree, wood', Dative ta-ru-ú-i;

here also probably Tocharian AB or `wood' (false abstraction from *tod dor, K. Schneider IF. 57, 203).

Note:

The shift d- > zero is a Baltic-Illyrian inherited by Tocharian

References: WP. I 804 ff., WH. I 374, 384 ff., 765 f., Trautmann 52 f., 56, 60 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 463, 518, Specht Dekl. 29, 54, 139.

Page(s): 214-217

Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē-

Meaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree)

Note:

Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : `to cut, split, skin (*the tree)' derived from Root / lemma: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū- : `tree'

Material: Old Indic dar- `break, make crack, split, burst ', present the light basis dárṣ̌i, adar, dárt, n-present the heavy basis dr̥ṇā́ti ` bursts, cracks', Opt. dr̥ṇīyā́t, Perf. dadā́ra, participle dr̥ṭa-, of the heavy basis dīrṇá-, Causative dā̆rayati, Intensive dardirat, dárdarti (compare Avestan darǝdar- `split'; Czech drdám, drdati `pluck, pick off, remove'), dardarīti `split up', dara-ḥ m., darī f. `hole in the earth, cave' (: gr. δορός `hose', Latvian nuõdaras `dross of bast', Church Slavic razdorъ), dŕ̥ṭi-ḥ m. `bag, hose' (= gr. δάρσις, Gothic gataúrÞs, Russian dertь), darmán- m. ` smasher ' (: gr. δέρμα n.), next to which from the heavy basis dárīman- `destruction'; -dāri- `splitting' (= gr. δῆρις), dāra- m. `crack, col, gap, hole', dāraka- `ripping, splitting', darī- in dardarī-ti, darī-man- with ī for i = ǝ (compare Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. 1 20), barely after Persson Beitr. 779 of the i-basis; New Persian Infinitive dirīδan, darīδan, jüd.-Persian darīn-išn;

Maybe alb. (*dāras) dërrasë `board, plank (cut wood)', dërrmonj `destroy, break, exhaust, tire'.

Dardani Illyrian TN

Note:

The name Dardani Illyrian TN and [Latin transcription: Dōrieĩs] Greek: Δωριει̃ς, Attic -ιη̃ς derive from the ssame root.

Dardanus

by Micha F. Lindemans

The son of Zeus and Electra. He sailed from Samothrace to Troas in a raft made of hides. He eventually married Batea, the daughter of King Teucer, who gave him land near Abydos. There he founded the city of Dardania (the later, ill-fated city of Troy).

Hence the name Dardanelles for what was once called the Hellespont.

DARA

DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. § 4). 1. A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian (Peripl. p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of Nearchus, vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.

2. A city in Parthia. [APAVARCTICENE]

3. A city in Mesopotamia. [DARAS] [V.]

DARADAE

DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the central part, in Darfour (Daradôn ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. § 35), the other in the W., on the river DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]

DARADAX

DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. § 10). It has been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the river was a palace of Belesis, then satrap of Syria, with a large and beautiful park, which were destroyed by Cyrus the Younger. (Anab. l. c.) [G.W.]

DARADUS

DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados ê Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. § 6), a river of Africa, falling into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin. v. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio d'Ouro. [P. S.]

DARAE

DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S. steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]

DARADRAE

DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]

DARANTASIA

DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.

DARAPSA

DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]

DARDAE

DARADRAE

DARDANI

DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-west of Moesia, and extending also over a part of Illyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. § 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl. 57; Plin. iii. 29; Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.]

Avestan darǝdar- (see above) `split', Infinitive dǝrǝnąm (: Old Indic dr̥ṇā́ti), Iterative dāraya-, participle dǝrǝtō (= Old Indic dr̥tá-);

Armenian teṙem ` skin, flay, make callous' (because of ṙ probably for root form *der-s-, Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); doubtful Armenian tar `foreign land', tara- `besides, without, afar', taray Aor. `take to one's heels, made oneself scarce' (Persson Beitr. 778 a 2);

gr. δέρω `skin, flay', i̯o-present δείρω ds. (as Lithuanian derù besides diriù), Aor. Pass. ἐδάρην, participle δρατός, δαρτός (= Old Indic dr̥tá-); δορός `hose' (= Old Indic dara-, Latvian nuõ-daras); δάρσις `the skinning' (= Old Indic dŕ̥ti-), next to which with (has changed) lengthened grade Attic δέρρις, -εως `skin, leathery dress, cover'; *δέρτρον, dissimilation δέτρον ` the membrane which contains the bowels '; δέρας, -ατος n. `skin, fur' (hheavy basis?), δέρος n., δέρμα n., δορά `fell, fur'; lengthened grade δῆρις, -ιος (poet.) `fight, struggle'(= Old Indic -dāri-); here probably also δαρ-δαίνω ` bedraggle ' instead of *δαρ-δαίρω (: Old Indic dár-dar-ti)?

Welsh Cornish Breton darn `piece, part' (= Old Indic dīrṇá-);

Gothic dis-taíran (= gr. δέρω) `break, pull apart', ga-taíran `tear, destroy', Old English teran `tear', Old High German zeran, fir-zeran `tear, destroy'; Middle High German (ver)zern, Modern High German (ver)zehren `consume', Middle English, Middle Low German terren `quarrel, squabble', ndd. terren, tarren `stir, tease, irritate, banter', Old High German zerren `pull'; Gothic intransitive dis-, ga-taúrnan `tear' (: Old Indic dr̥ṇā́ti), holl. tornen ` unstitch, unpick, take apart ', compare nominal Old English Old Saxon torn, Old High German zorn `anger, fight, violent displeasure ' and in original meaning holl. torn ` cleavage, separation' (= Old Indic dīrṇá-, Welsh darn; also Old Indic dīrṇá- is named besides `split' also ` confused, put in desperation '); next to which zero grade Old Norse tjǫrn f. (*dernā), tjarn n. (*dernom) `small sea', originally probably ` water hole ' (compare Old Indic dara-, darī `hole in the earth'); causative is trod to ga-taúrnan (iterative) gatarnjan `mug, rob' (but Old High German uozurnen ` despise ' Denominative of *uo-zorn); Gothic gataúra m. `crack', gataúrÞs f. `destruction' (= Old Indic dr̥ti-, gr. δάρσις); Old Norse torð- in compounds, Old English tord n. `ordure' (*dr̥-tóm ` separation ', compare Latvian dìrstu, dìrst ` defecate ', dir̃sa ` buttocks ', Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 470, and of a guttural extension Middle High German zurch, zürch m. ` animal excrements ');

besides of the heavy basis Old Norse trōð n. `batten, lath, support from poles' (*drō-to-m), Middle High German truoder f. ` slat, pole, from it manufactured rack '; Old High German trā̆da `fringe' (Modern High German Troddel), Middle High German trōdel (for *trādel) ` tassel, wood fiber ';

actually to der-(e)u- (see below) with nasal infix belong *dr̥-nu̯-ō in Middle High German trünne f. ` running shoal, migration, swarm; surge ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German abe-trunnig, ab-trunne ` apostate ', ant-trunno ` fugitive ', and *dren-u̯ō in trinnan ` seclude oneself ', Middle High German trinnen, trann ` be separated from, depart from, run away ', Modern High German entrinnen (*ent-trinnen), Causative Germanic *tranni̯an in Middle High German trennen `cut, clip', Modern High German trennen, holl. (with metathesis) tarnen, tornen `separate' (the latter, in any case, more directly to derive from *der- `split'; nn of Germanic *trennan from -nu̯-); certainly here Swedish Dialectal trinna, trenta ` split fence rack ', further with the meaning ` split trunk piece as a disc, wheel ' Old High German trennila `ball', trennilōn `roll', Middle Low German trint, trent ` circular ', trent m. ` curvature, roundness, circular line ', Old English trinde f. (or trinda m.) `round clump', Middle High German trindel, trendel ` ball, circle, wheel '

With fractured reduplication or formant -d- (compare gr. δαρδ&##945;ίνω and Czech drdati) and from `tear, tug unkindly' explainable meaning probably here Germanic *trat-, *trut- in Old English teart ` stern, sharp, bitter ', Middle Dutch torten, holl. tarten `stir, tease, irritate, challenge, defy ', Middle Low German trot ` contrariness ', Middle High German traz, truz, -tzes ` obstructiveness, animosity, contrariness ', Modern High German Trotz, Trutz, trotzen, Bavarian tratzen `banter'; with the meaning-development ` fray ' - `thin, fine, tender' perhaps (?)Middle Low German tertel, tertlīk `fine, dainty, mollycoddled ', Danish tærtet ` squeamish ' (perhaps also Norwegian Dialectal tert, tart `small salmon', terta ` small play ball '); Old High German Modern High German zart (the last from *dor-tō-, compare Middle Persian dart ` afflicted ', New Persian derd `pain' Wood KZ. 45, 70);

Lithuanian diriù (: δείρω), žem. derù (: δέρω), dìrti `flay, cut off the grass or peat' (heavy basis compared with Old Indic dŕ̥ti-, gr. δάρσις, Gothic gataúrÞs), nudìrtas ` flayed ', Latvian nuõdara ` pole with cut branches, bread slice ', Pl. -as ` dross, esp. of bast' (: Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 772, Old Indic dara-, gr. δορός), Lithuanian dernà `board, plank, balk'; with u-colored zero grade Lithuanian duriù, dùrti `prick' (preterit dū́riau) = Serbian ù-drim (ù-driti) `hit' (Russian u-dyrítъ `hit' with iterative grade to *dъr-, compare Lithuanian dū́riau, Berneker 179 f.). Against it are Lithuanian dur̃nas ` frenzied, stupid', Latvian dur̃ns borrowed from Slavic; compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 519.

Slavic *derō and *diriō in Old Church Slavic derǫ, dьrati `rend, flay' and *dьrǫ (Serbian zȁdrēm, Czech dru); u-darjǫ, u-dariti `hit' (*dōr-, compare *dēr- in gr. δῆρις), with iterative grade raz-dirati `tear', Serbian ìz-dirati ` exert oneself, (maltreat oneself); clear off, pass away, disappear ' (in addition Old Church Slavic dira `crack'; s. Berneker 201, whereas also about the meaning-development of probably related family Serbian díra ` hole, crack ', Bulgarian dír'a ` track of a person or animal, or from wheels ', dír'ъ `search, seek, feel, pursue'); about *dъr- in Serbian ù-drim see above;

nouns: with ē-grade sloven. u-dę̂r `blow, knock', with ŏ-grade Old Church Slavic razdorъ `crack, cleavage ' (= Old Indic dara-, gr. δορός, Latvian nuõ-daras), Serbian ù-dorac `attack, with zero grade (Indo Germanic *dr̥to-): serb Church Slavic raz-drьtь ` lacerate ', Ukrainian dértyj ` torn, flayed ' (= Old Indic dr̥ta-); Indo Germanic *dr̥ti- : Russian dertь ` residue of crushed grain, bran; cleared land ' (= Old Indic dŕ̥ti- etc); Russian (etc) dërnъ `lawn, meadow' (: Old Indic dīrná- etc, meaning as in Lithuanian dir̃ti `cut the lawn grass');

Maybe alb. (*dermó) dërrmoj `exhaust' a Slavic loanword.

Russian dermó ` rags stuff, the unusable, rubbish, dirt ' (*dross by splitting, peeling), dërkij `rash, hasty, fast ', dranь f. ` shingle, lath', drjanь = `dermó', dráka ` brawl ', drač `nail puller, tool used to remove nails', o-dríny Pl. `chaff' etc.

With l- extended Lithuanian nu-dìrlioti `peel the skin', Serbian dr̂ljām, dŕljati `harrow', dr̂ljīm, dŕljiti `divest' (Berneker 255);

Tocharian AB tsär- `separate, split', tsrorye `cleft, fissure, crack' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 19).

d(e)rī- (: *derēi-?) only barely covered (see esp. Persson Beitr. 779 f.):

Gr. δρῑ-μύς `(incisive, splitting) piercing, sharp, herb, bitter' (probably after ὀξύς reshaped from *δρῑ-μός or -σμός), Latvian drīsme `crack, scratch ', perhaps (if not derailment of vowel gradation to Lithuanian dreskiù because of whose zero grade drisk-) from Latvian drìksna (*drīskna) ` scratch ', draĩska ` tearer ', compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 488 f., 500;

remains far off δρῖλος ` bloodsucker, leech, penis', actually ` the swollen ', to δριάουσαν θάλλουσανHes. (M. Scheller briefl.).

With u- forms of the light (der-eu-) and heavy basis (derǝ-u-, dr̥̄-u-) ` tear, (the land) break, burst, erupt ': dorǝ-u̯ā: dr̥̄-u̯ā `species of grain', deru-, de-dru- etc `lacerate skin'.

Middle Persian drūn, drūdan `reap';

about Germanic forms with nasal infix see above S. 207;

here Old Norse trjōna f. (*dreu-n-ōn-) ` proboscis of the pig' (`bursting, burrowing '), trȳni n. ds., Middle High German triel (*dreu-lo-) m. `snout, muzzle, mouth, lip',

maybe alb. Geg (*trȳni) turini, Tosc turiri `mouth of animals, snout'

Norwegian Dialectal mūle-trjosk, -trusk (*dreu-sko-) `horse muzzle' (Falk-Torp under tryne). Because of the meaning insecure is Falk-Torps apposition under trøg and trygle of Old Norse trauða ` lack, come short ', trauðla Adv. `barely', trauðr ` querulous ' and - with g-extension - Old English trū̆cian ` be absent, lack, come short ' (Modern English dial. to truck `to fail', Middle Low German trüggelen `beg, cheat, deceive');

Latvian drugt ` diminish, collapse ' (Irish droch, Welsh drwg ` penurious, evil, bad' from k-extension?, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 505).

Old Indic dū́rvā ` millet grass ' (dr̥̄-u̯ā);

compare gr. delph. δαράτα f., Thessalian δάρατος m. `bread' (*dr̥ǝ-), Macedonian δράμις ds.;

gall. (Latin) dravoca ` ryegrass ' (*drǝ-u̯-); Breton draok, dreok, Welsh drewg ds. are borrowed from Roman. (Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 158);

Middle Dutch tanve, terwe, holl. tarwe `wheat', English tare `weed, ryegrass, vetch' (Germanic *tar-u̯ō, Indo Germanic *dorǝu̯ā);

Lithuanian dìrva `farmland' (*dr̥̄-u̯ā, with intonation change the ā-stem), actually ` freed, cleared ', dirvónas ` virgin soil, land ' (compare to meaning Russian Dialectal dor ` new tillage, cultivated land ', rózdertь ` land made arable '), Latvian druva `the tilled farmland, sown field ' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 470, 505), Russian (see Berneker 186) derévnja ` village (without church); land property ', Dialectal `piece of field', pášet derévnju `tills the field';

with the meaning ` skin rash ' (`splitting off skin flakes, cracked skin'):

Old Indic dar-dru- m. `kind of skin rash ', dar-dū́- m. (uncovered), da-drú- m., da-dru-ka- m. ` leprosy ';

Latin derbita f. `lichen' is loanword from gall. *dervēta (compare also Middle Irish deir, Old Irish *der from *derā `lichen'), to Welsh tarwyden, tarwden (Pl. tarwed) (besides darwyden through influence of the prefix group t-ar-, Pedersen KG. I 495), Middle Breton dervoeden, Modern Breton deroueden `sick of lichen '(*deru̯-eit-);

Germanic *te-tru- in Old English teter `skin rash', Old High German zittaroh (*de-dru-ko-s = Old Indic dadruka-), Modern High German Zitterich `skin rash';

Lithuanian dedervinė̃ ` rash resembling lichen ' (Trautmann 47, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 450; compare in similar meaning of the root form *der- Czech o-dra, Pl. o-dry ` prickly heat, miliaria, heat rash', poln. o-dra ` measles ', of the g-extension Bulgarian drъ́gnъ-se ` rub myself, itch myself, become scabby ');

dereg- :

Middle Dutch treken stem verb `pull, tear' and `shudder', Old High German trehhan ` push, poke, intermittently tear, scrape, cover scraping ', *trakjan in Middle Low German trecken `pull, tear (transitive. intransitive)', Old English træglian `to pluck', wherewith because of the same vocal position maybe is to be connected to Latvian dragât `pull, rend, upset, shake', draguls ` shivering fit ', drāga `a strong angry person, renders and demands a lot '; Latvian drigelts, drigants, Lithuanian drigãntas `stallion' are loanword from poln. drygant; compare Būga Kalba ir s. 128, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 498.

deregh- (see Persson root extension 26, Berneker 254 and 212 m. Lithuanian):

Old English tiergan (Germanic *targi̯an) `banter, stir, tease, irritate', Middle Low German tergen, targen `pull, stir, tease, irritate', holl. tergen, Modern High German zergen `pull, tear, anger', Swedish Dialectal targa ` tug with the teeth or sharp tools ', Norwegian Dialectal terga `banter'; Lithuanian dìrginu, dìrginti ` flurry, irritate, stimulate, excite, pull (the trigger of a gun) '; Russian dërgatь `pluck, pull, tear, rend ' (etc), sú-doroga `cramp'.

derek-:

Δρέκανον name of foreland in Kos (as Δρέπανον plural as name of forelands, Bugge BB. 18, 189), δόρκαι κονίδες, δερκύλλειν αἱμοποτεῖν (actually `tear the skin open' as analogous meaning δερμύλλειν) Hes.;

gr. δόρπος m., δόρπον n. `supper' (*dork- + u̯o-forms) = alb. darkë `supper, evening' (unclear the vowel gradation relation in drekë `lunch, middle of the day'; compare Persson Beitr. 8591); perhaps to (North Illyrian?) PN Δρακούινα (leg. Δαρκούινα?) in Wurttemberg, as ` place to rest ';

Note:

This seems wrong etymology since alb. drekë `lunch, middle of the day' seems to have derived from Root / lemma: derk̂- : `to look, light'; gr. δέρκομαι ` look, keep the eyes open, be alive', δέδορκα, ἔδρακον, δέρξις `vision', δέργμα `sight', δεργμός `look, gaze', δυσ-δέρκετος `heavy to behold' (= Old Indic darc̨ata-), ὑπόδρα Adv. `one looking up from below', δράκος n. `eye', δράκων, -οντος `dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. δράκαινα; alb. dritë `light' (*dr̥k-tā);

According to alb. phonetic laws alb. dritë `light' derived from (dr̥ik-a) not (*dr̥k-tā) because of common alb. -k- > -th-s;

Maybe alb. (*darc̨ata-), darkë `supper, evening meal, evening'; (*drech), drekë `dinner meal, midday, light of the day': Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome, dark' (see above).

sloven. dr̂kam, dr̂čem, dr̂kati ` glide, slither, on the ice trail; run, trot run ' (probably from `clear off, run away, leave'), Czech drkati `bump, poke, jolt', Bulgarian dъ́rcam, drъ́cnъ ` pull, riffle flax, hemp ' (Berneker 255, Persson Beitr. 85, 359).

deres-:

Armenian teṙem (see above under der-);

Middle Irish dorr `anger', dorrach `rough, coarse' (see Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); presumably Old English teors, Old High German zers `penis', Norwegian ters `nail'; also Old Norse tjasna f. `kind of nail' from *tersnōn-?, Norwegian trase `rag, clout', trasast ` become ragged', tras `deadwood', trask `offal, deadwood';

Maybe alb. trastë `bag, (ragged cloth?)', tras `pull (a boat on the coast) : Rumanian trage `pull'

sloven. drásati ` disband, separate', Czech drásati `scratch, scrape, stripe', drasta, drásta `splinter, scrap, shred; garment ', draslavý `rough, jolting ', zero grade drsen `rough', drsnatý ` jolting '(compare above Middle Irish dorr).

dre-sk:

Lithuanian su-dryskù, -driskaũ, -drìksti `tear', dresskiù, dreskiaũ, -drė̃ksti ` rend ', draskauḟ, draskýti iterative `tear', Latvian draskât ds., draska `rag', Lithuanian drėkstìnė lentà ` crafty slat, thinly split wood ' (Leskien Abl. 325, Berneker 220, 224)., Bulgarian dráskam, dráštъ (*draščǫ) ` scratch, scrape; fit tightly ', perfective drásnъ (*drasknǫ); dráska ` scratcher, crack'; Czech old z-dřies-kati and (with assimilation of auslaut and a sounding anlaut) z-dřiezhati `break, rupture', dřieska, dřiezha `chip, splinter', nowadays dřízha `chip, splinter'; poln. drzazga `splinter';

With formant -p-:

drep-, drop-:

Old Indic drāpí-ḥ m. `mantle, dress', drapsá-ḥ m. `banner (?)' (= Avestan drafša- `banner, ensign, flag, banner'), Lithuanian drãpanos f. Pl. ` household linen, dress', Latvian drãna (probably *drāp-nā) `stuff, kerchief, cloth'; gallo-rom. drappus `kerchief, cloth' (PN Drappō, Drappus, Drappes, Drapōnus) is probably Venetic-Illyrian loanword; the a-vowel from Indo Germanic o or, as das -pp-, expressive;

gr. δρέπω ` break off, cut off, pick ', δρεπάνη, δρέπανον `sickle', also δράπανον (out of it alb. drapën `sickle' ds.), that is defined through assimilation of δρεπάνη to *δραπάνη; o-grade δρώπτω διακόπτω Hes. (= Serbian drâpljēm), δρῶπαξ, -κος ` Pechpflaster, um Haareauszuziehen ', δρωπακίζω `pull the hair out'; Old Norse trǫf n. Pl. ` fringes ', trefr f. Pl. ds., trefja `rub, wear out', Middle High German trabe f. `fringe';

*drōp- in Russian drjápa-ju, -tь (with unclear ja), dial. draḓpatь, drapátь `scratch, rend ', Serbian drâpām, drâpljēm, drápati `tear, wear out; scratch, scrape', poln. drapać `scratch, scrape, scrape, rub, flee'; dr̥p-, Slavic *dьrp- in Bulgarian dъ́rpam, perfective drъ́pnъ ` tear, pull, drag ', Serbian dr̂pām, dŕpati and dȑpīm, dȑpiti ` rend '; Balto Slavic dreb-, drob- `scrap, shred, dress' in Latvian drė́be f. `stuff, dress, laundry', Lithuanian dróbė f. `canvas, fabric', drãbanas m. `rag, scrap, shred', drabùžis, drobùžis m. `dress'; Upper Sorbian draby m. Pl. ` dress stuff ', Czech-mähr. zdraby m. Pl. `rag, scrap, shred' have probably through influence the root *drob- (see below dhrebh-) `carve, slit, dismember ' -b- instead of -p-;

drip-:

Gall. (Venetic-Illyrian) PN Drippia, Drippōnius (compare above Drappus etc);

Note: Alb. drapën `sickle' : (Venetic-Illyrian) PN Drippōnius

Bulgarian drípa `rag, scrap, shred', sloven. drîpam (drîpljem), drípati `tear, have diarrhea', Czech dřípa `scrap, shred', dřípati ` rend, tear';

drup-:

Gr. δρύπτω ` scratch', ἀποδρύπτω, -δρύφω (with secoondary φ instead of π, s. Persson Beitr. 859) ` scrub, flay off the skin', δρυφή ` scratching, peeling ', δρυπίς `a kind of thorn '.

For variation of a : i : u in ` popular words ' compare Wissmann Nomina postverbalia 162 ff.

References: WP. I 797 ff., WH. I 342 f., 373, 861, Trautmann 51 f.

Page(s): 206-211

Root / lemma: des-, dēs-

Meaning: to find

Material: Gr. δήw `become find' (futur. gebrauchtes present), ἔδηεν εὖρεν Hes.;

alb. ndesh `find, encounter', ndieh (*des-sk̂ō) `feel, find'; perhaps also Old Church Slavic dešǫ, desiti `find', vowel gradation Russian-Church Slavic dositi (udositi) `find, meet', whether not to dek̂-; whereas is Old Indic abhi-dāsati ` is hostile, attacked ' rather Denominative of dāsá-ḥ `slave, fiend'.

About alb. ndesh s. also above S. 190.

Note:

Alb. (*in-des) ndesh `find, encounter' derived from (*in-des) common Romance in- prefix).

References: WP. I 783, 814, Trautmann 54, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 780.

Page(s): 217

Root / lemma: deuk-

Meaning: to drag

Material: Gr. δαι-δύσσεσθαι ἕλκεσθαι Hes. (*δαι-δυκ-ι̯ω with intensive reduplication as παι-φάσσω). In addition perhaps also δεύκει φροντίζει Hes., wherefore hom. ἀδευκής ` inconsiderate '; unclear is Πολυδεύκης ` der vielsorgende ' (but Δευκαλίων is dissimilated from *Λευκαλίων, Bechtel), and with zero grade ἐνδυκέως `keen, eager, painstaking '. The meaning `care, worry, be considerate of ' arose from `pull, drag' perhaps about `bring up'; similarly stands for Old Norse tjōa (*teuhōn) `help' (see Falk-Torp 1315 f.).

Somewhat other spiritual change of position shows Latin dūcere as ` to draw; to draw along or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider'.

Alb. nduk ` pluck, tear out the hair ', dial. also ` suck out '.

Middle Welsh dygaf `bring' (*dukami); about Old Irish to-ucc- (cc = gg) `bring' see below euk-.

Latin dūcō (Old Latin doucō), -ere, dūxī, dŭctum ` to draw; to draw along or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider ' = Gothic tiuhan, Old High German ziohan, Old Saxon tiohan, Old English tēon `pull, drag' (Old Norse only in participle toginn).

verbal compounds: ab-dūcō = Gothic af-tiuhan, ad-dūcō = Gothic at-tiuhan, con-dūcō = Gothic ga-tiuhan, etc.

root nouns: Latin dux, ducis m. f. ` a guide, conductor; a leader, ruler, commander ' (therefrom ēducāre `bring up, educate, rise '; linguistic-historical connection with formally equal Old Norse toga, Old High German zogōn `pull, drag' does not exist), trādux `(here guided) vine-layer '. Is Old Saxon etc heritogo, Old High German herizogo ` military leader ', Modern High German Herzog replication of στρατηγός? compare Feist 479.

ti-stem: Latin ductim `by drawing; in a stream', late ducti-ō `duct' (besides tu-stem ductus, -ūs ` direction, leadership, duct, conduction ') = Modern High German Zucht (see below).

Specially rich development form in Germanic, so: iterative-Causative Old Norse teygia `pull, drag, pull out' = Old English tíegan `pull, drag' (*taugian); Old High German zuckan, zucchen, Middle High German zucken, zücken `quick, pull fast, wrest, draw back' (with intensive consonant stretch; therefrom Middle High German zuc, Gen. zuckes m. ` twitch, jerk'); Old Norse tog n. `the pulling, rope, cable', Middle High German zoc, Gen. zoges m. `pull', whereof Old Norse toga, -aða `pull, drag', Old English togian, English tow `pull, drag', Old High German zogōn, Middle High German zogen `pull, drag (transitive., intransitive), rend, pull', compare above Latin (ē)-ducāre; Old English tyge m. i-stem `pull', Old High German zug, Modern High German Zug (*tugi-); Old High German zugil, zuhil, Middle High German zugil, Modern High German Zügel, Old Norse tygill m. `band, strap, strip', Old English tygel `rope'; Old Norse taug f. `rope', Old English tēag f. `band, strap, manacle, paddock ' (therefrom Old English tīegan `bind', English tie); with zero grade Old Norse tog n. `rope, hawser'; Old Norse taumr m. `rope, cable, rein', Old English tēam m. ` pair of harnessed oxen, yoke, bridle, parturition, progeny ' (therefrom tīeman ` proliferate, be pregnant ', English teem), Dutch toom `brood', Old Frisian tām `progeny', Old Saxon tōm `a strap or thong of leather; plur., reins, bridle; scourge, whip', Old High German Middle High German zoum m. `rope, cable, thong, rein', Modern High German `bridle, rein' (Germanic *tauma- from *tauʒ-má-); Old High German giziugōn `bear witness, prove' (actually ` zur Gerichtsverhandlung gezogen warden '), Middle High German geziugen ` prove from evidence ', Modern High German (be)zeugen, Zeuge, Middle Low German betǖgen ` testify, prove ', getǖch n. ` attestation, evidence '; further with the meaning `bring out, bring up, generate' Old High German giziug (*teugiz) ` stuff, device, equipment ', Modern High German Zeug, Middle Low German tǖch (-g-) n. ` stuff, device ' and `penis', Middle High German ziugen, Modern High German zeugen; Gothic ustaúhts ` consummation ', Old High German Middle High German zuht f. `raise, upbringing, breed, breeding, progeny ', Modern High German Zucht (= Latin ductus see above); therefrom Modern High German züchtig, züchtigen, Old English tyht m. ` upbringing, breed, breeding', Old Frisian tucht, tocht `ability to procreate'.

Specially because of Zucht ` progeny ', Bavarian also ` breeding pig ' one draws Old High German zōha, Middle Low German tӧ̄le (*tōhila), Modern High German schwäb. zauche `bitch', Modern Icelandic tōa ` vixen ' to the root; yet compare Middle High German zūpe `bitch', Norwegian dial. tobbe `mare, small female creature ' and Germanic *tīkō and *tiƀō `bitch'.

A simple root form *den- `pull, drag' perhaps in Old Norse tjōðr n. (*deu-trom) ` tether, bandage rope ' = Middle English teder-, teÞer ds., Old High German zeotar `shaft', Modern High German Bavarian Zieter ` front shaft ' (also Old English tūdor, tuddor n. ` progeny '?); but Old Indic ḍōrakam `rope, strap' is dravid. loanword (Kuiper Proto-Munda 131).

References: WP. I 780 f., WH. I 377 f., 861.

Page(s): 220-221

Root / lemma: deu-1

Meaning: to plunge, to penetrate into

Material: Old Indic upā-du- ` to go into, (of clothes), to put on, to wear, assume the person of, enter, press into, cover oneself, wear';

The cause of -(e)s- stem seems to belong to: Old Indic doṣā́, new dōṣa-ḥ ` evening, darkness ', Avestan daošatara-, daošastara- ` situated towards evening, to the west ', New Persian dōš `the former yesterday night';

gr. δείελος (more properly δειελός) `evening' (metr. lengthening for *δεελός from δευσελός? originally Adj. ` vespertine ', as still in hom. δειελὸν ἦμαρ); gr. δύω (Attic υ:, ep. ῠ), transitive ` sink, dive, swathe ' (only in compounds: καταδύω `sink'), intransitive (in simplex only in participle δύων; Aor. ἔδυν) `dive in, penetrate (e.g. αἰθέρα, ἐς πόντον), slip in, pull in (clothing, weapons; so also ἐνδύω, ἀποδύω, περιδύω), sets (from the sun and stars, dive, actually, in the sea)', also med. δύομαι and δύ̄νω (hom. δύσετο is old augment tense to the future, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 788); ἁλιβδύω, Kallimachos `sink in the sea' (β unclear, s. Boisacq s. v.; preposition *[a]p[o]?); δύπτω `dip, dive, sink' (after βύπτω); ἄδῠτον ` the place where one may not enter ', δύσις ` disappearing, dive, nook, hideaway, setting of the sun and stars ', πρὸς ἡλίουδύσιν ` towards evening ', δυσμαί Pl. ` setting of the sun and stars '; unclear ἀμφίδυμος, δίδυμος ` coupled ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 589; after Frisk Indog. 16 f. here also δυτη `shrine'. ALB.DARKE

References: WP. I 777 f., WH. I 3, 682.

Page(s): 217-218

Root / lemma: (deu-2 or dou-) : du-

Meaning: to worship; mighty

Material: Old Indic dúvas- n. ` offering, worship instruction ', duvasyáti ` honors, reveres, recognizes, recompenses ', duvasyú-, duvōyú- `venerating, respectful '; Old Latin duenos, then duonos, Classical bonus `good' (Adv. bene, Diminutive bellus [*du̯enelos] `pretty, cute');

Note: common Latin du̯- > b-.

probably = Old Irish den `proficient, strong', Subst. ` protection'; Latin beō, -āre ` to bless, enrich, make happy ', beātus ` blessed, lucky' (*du̯-éi̯ō, participle *du̯-enos); in addition Old Saxon twīthōn `grant', Middle Low German twīden ` please, grant', Old English langtwīdig ` granted long ago', Middle High German zwīden `grant', md. getwēdic `tame, domesticated, compliant ' (*du̯-ei-to-; Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 499);

after EM2 114 perhaps still here gr. δύ-να-μαι ` has power '.

Perhaps also here Germanic *taujan `make' (from `* be mighty ') in Gothic taujan, tawida `make', Proto Norse tawids `I made', Old High German zouuitun `exercebant (cyclopes ferrum)', Middle High German zouwen, zöuwen ` finish, prepare ', Middle Low German touwen `prepare, concoct, tan, convert hide into leather', wherefore Old English getawa ` an implement, utensils, tools, instruments ' (therefrom again (ge)tawian `prepare', English taw ` make ready, prepare, or dress (raw material) for use or further treatment; spec. make (hide) into leather without tannin ') and (with original prefix stress in nouns) Old English geatwe f. Pl. `armament, armor, jewellery, weapons ' = Old Norse gǫtvar f. Pl. ds., Old Frisian touw, tow `tool, rope, hawser', Modern Frisian touw ` the short coarse fibres of flax or hemp, tow ', Middle Low German touwe `tool, loom', touwe, tou `rope, hawser' (out of it Modern High German Tau), Old High German gizawa ` household furniture, apparatus ' (but also `succeed', see above), Middle High German gezöuwe n. `appliance' (out of it with Bavarian-dial. vocalization Middle High German zāwe), Modern High German Gezähe (see about these forms Psilander KZ. 45, 281 f.).

In addition with ē (Psilander aaO. expounded also *taujan through proto Germanic abridgement from *tǣwjan) perhaps Gothic tēwa `order, row', gatēwjan `dispose', Old High German zāwa ` coloring, paint, color, dyeing', langobard. zāwa ` row, division of certain number, uniting', Old English æl-tǣwe ` altogether, wholly, entirely well, sound, whole, healthy, well ' (about possible origin of Germanic *tēwā from *tēʒ-wā́ see below *dek̂- `take'; then it would be natural to separate from taujan); with ō Gothic taui, Gen. tōjis `action', ubiltōjis ` evildoer, wrongdoer ', Old Norse tō n. `uncleaned wool or flax, linen thread material ' = Old English tōw `the spinning, the weaving' in tōw-hūs ` spinnery ', tōw-cræft ` skillfulness in spinning and weaving ', English tow ` the short coarse fibres of flax or hemp, tow '; with l-suffix Old Norse tōl n. `tool', Old English tōl n. ds. (*tōwula-), verbal only Old Norse tø̄ja, tȳja `utilize, make usable ', actually `align', denominative to *tōwja- after Psilander aaO., while Falk-Torp seeks under tøie therein belonging to Gothic tiuhan *tauhjan, *tiuhjan.

Thurneysen places (KZ. 61, 253; 62, 273) Gothic taujan to Old Irish doïd ` exert, troubled '; the fact that this, however with doïd ` catches fire ' is identical and the meaning `make' has developed from ` kindle the fire, inflame', seems unlikely.

About other interpretations of taujan s. Feist 474 f.

References: WP. I 778, WH. I 111, 324 f., 852.

Page(s): 218-219

Root / lemma: deu-3, deu̯ǝ-, du̯ā-, dū-

Meaning: to move forward, pass

Material:

Hittite: tuwa (adv.), tuwala- ' fern, weit ' (Friedrich 231)

Old Indian: dūrá- `distant, far ' , comp. dávīyas-, superl. daviṣṭha -; duvás- `stirring, restless ' , duvasana- id. (of an eagle); davati (aor. subj. daviṣāṇi) `to go (away) ' ; dūtá- m. `messenger, envoy '

Avestan: dūraē-ča `fern, fernhin ' , dūrāt_ `von fern, fern, fernhin, weit hinweg ' , duye `jage fort ' , avi-frā-đavaite `reisst mit sich fort (vom Wasser) ' , dūta- m. `Bote, Abgesandter '

Other Iranian: OPers duraiy `fern, fernhin '

Armenian: {erkar}

Old Greek: déu̯tero- `der zweite ' || dǟró- ' long, lasting '

Germanic: *tūw-a- vb., *tauw-ia- vb.

Latin: dūrō, -āvī, -āre ' длиться, продолжать существование, продолжаться; укореняться, становиться застарелым; тянуться, не прерываться; оставаться, сидеть безвыходно '

Old Indic dū-rá-ḥ `remote, distant, wide' (mostly locally, however, also chronologically), Avestan dūraē, Old Persian duraiy `afar, far there ', Avestan dūrāt̃ ` at a distance, far, far there, far away ', compounds Sup. Old Indic dávīyas-, dávišṭha- `more distant, most distant'; ved. duvás- ` moving forward, striving out ', transitive Avestan duye ` chase away ', avi-frā-δavaite ` carry away itself (from water)'; Old Indic dūtá-ḥ, Avestan dūta- ` summoner, delegator'; perhaps here Old Indic doṣa-ḥ m. `lack, fault, error' (*deu-s-o-);

gr. Doric Attic δέω, Aeolic hom. δεύω (not *δευσ-, but *δεF-) `lack, err, miss', Aor. ἐδέησα, ἐδεύησα; impersonal δεῖ, δεύει, participle τὸ δέον, Attic τὸ δοῦν `the needful '; Medium δέομαι, hom. δεύομαι `lack' etc, hom. ` stay behind sth, fall short, fail to attain, be insufficient ', Attic ` please, long for '; ἐπιδεής, hom. ἐπιδευής ` destitute, lacking ', δέημα `request'; in addition δεύτερος ` follow in the distance, the second one ', in addition superlative hom. δεύτατος.

Perhaps in addition with -s-extension (see further above Old Indic doṣa-ḥ) Germanic *tiuzōn in Old English tēorian `cease, languish' (*stay behind), English tire `exhaust'.

compare further md. zūwen (strong. verb) ` move in the front, move, proceed there ', Old High German zawen ` proceed, go ahead, succeed', Middle High German zouwen `hurry, somewhat hasten, proceed, go ahead, succeed', zouwe f. `haste, hurry'.

2. Old Persian duvaištam Adv. `for a long time', Avestan dbōištǝm Adj. ` long, extended ' (temporal); about Old Indic dvitā́, Avestan daibitā, Old Persian duvitā-paranam see below du̯ōu `two';

Armenian tevem ` last, endure, hold, hold off ', tev ` endurance, duration', i tev ` long time through ', tok `duration, endurance ' (*teuo-ko-, *touo-ko-), vowel gradation erkar `long' (temporal) from *du̯ā-ro- (= gr. δηρόν), erkain `long' (spacial);

gr. δήν (Elean Doric δά̄ν Hes.) ` long, long ago ' (*δFά̄ν), δοά̄ν (*δοFά̄ν) `long' (accusative of *δFᾱ, *δοFᾱ `duration'), δηρόν, Doric δᾱρόν ` long lasting ' (*δFᾱ-ρόν), δηθά `long', therefrom δηθύνειν `hesitate, stay long ', δαόν πολυχρόνιον Hes. (*δFᾱ-ι̯ον); about δᾱρόν compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 482, 7;

Latin dū-dum ` some time ago; a little while ago, not long since; a long while ago or for a long time ' (to form see WH. I 378). Here also (in spite of WH. I 386) dūrāre `endure' because of Old Irish cundrad `pact, covenant' (*con-dūrad); but Welsh cynnired `movement' remains far off in spite of Vendryes (BSL. 38, 115 f.); here also Latin dum, originally ` short time, a short while ', see above S. 181;

lengthened grade Old Irish doë (*dōu̯i̯o-) `slow';

Old Church Slavic davĕ ` erstwhile, former ', davьnъ `ancient', Russian davnó `since long ago', etc;

Hittite tu-u-wa (duwa) ` far, away ', tu-u-wa-la (Nom. Pl.) `remote, distant' from *du̯ā̆-lo-, Benveniste BSL. 33, 143.

References: WP. I 778 ff., WH. I 378 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348, 595, 685.

Page(s): 219-220

Root / lemma: deup- (: kteup-?)

Meaning: a kind of thudding sound, onomatopoeic words

Material: Gr. hom. δοῦπος ` dull noise, din; sound of the kicks '; δουπέω ` to sound heavy or dead '; the in hom. ἐγδούπησαν, ἐρίγδουπος ` loud-thundering ' (μασίγδουπον ...μεγαλόηχον Hes.) revealed treading original anlaut γδ- is maybe parallel with κτύπος `blow, knock' besides τύπος or is copied to it, so that no certainty is to be attained about its age; after Schwyzer would be (γ)δουπέω intensive to zero grade κτυπ-; Serbian dȕpīm, dȕpiti `hit with noise', sloven. dûpam (dupljem) dúpati ` punch on something hollow, rustle thuddingly ', dupotáti, Bulgarian dúp'ъ ` give the spurs to a horse ', Latvian dupêtiês `dull sound' (Balto Slavic d- from gd-? or older as gr. γδ-?);

Maybe onomatopoeic alb. dum (*dump) ` thudding sound' [common alb. p > mp > m]

after Van Windekens Lexique 138 here Tocharian A täp- ` allow to sound, announce ' (*tup-) in Infin. tpässi, participle Pass, cacpunder

References: WP. I 781 f., Endzelin KZ. 44, 58, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 518, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7183.

Page(s): 221-222

Root / lemma: de-, do-

Meaning: a demonstrative stem

Material: Avestan vaēsmǝn-da ` up there to the house ';

gr. -δε in ὅ-δε, ἥ-δε, τό-δε ` that here, this ' (I - deixis), ἐνθά-δε, ἐνθέν-δε, τεῖ-δε, hinter Akk. the direction, e.g. δόμον-δε, οἶκον δε, οἶκόνδε, ᾽Αθήναζε (*Αθᾱνᾰνσ-δε), as Avestan vaēsmǝn-da (Arcadian θύρδα ἔξω Hes., reshuffling of -δε after double forms as πρόσθε : πρόσθα), also in δε-ῦρο (δεῦρο emulated Pl.) `here', Latin quan-de, quam-de ` as like ' = Oscan pan, Umbrian pane `as', also Oscan pún, Umbrian pon(n)e `as well as' (*quom-de), Latin in-de ` thence, from there ' (*im-de), un-de ` whence, from where '; gr. δέ `but'; gr. δή ` just, now, just, certainly ', ἤ-δη `already', ἐπει-δή ` since, whereas, because '; δαί after interrogative words `(what) then?';

Indo Germanic *de put also in Old Irish article in-d (*sind-os, Indo Germanic *sēm-de);

Italian -*dām in Latin quī-dam, quon-dam, Umbrian ne-rsa `as long as' (probably solidified Akk. f.*ne-dām ` not at the same time '; besides m. or n. in:);

Latin dum (*dom) `still', as Konj. `while, during the time that; so long as, provided that; until', originally demonstratives `then', compare etiam-dum, interdum, nōndum, agedum (: gr. ἄγε δή), manedum, quidum `as so?' , then in relative-conjunctional meaning, as also in dummodo, dumnē, dumtaxat; Oscan ísídum ` the same as' however, is to be disassembled in ís-íd-um, as also in. Latin īdem, quidem, tandem, tantusdem, totidem is not to be recognized with dum from *dom the changing by vowel gradation -dem; īd-em from *id-em = Old Indic id-ám ` just this ', compare Oscan ís-íd-um, as quid-em from *quid-om = Oscan píd-um, and as a result of the syllable separation i-dem would be sensed as -dem an identity particle and would grow further);

but the primary meaning of dum is ` a short while ', wherefore u perhaps is old (compare dūdum) and dum belongs to root deu̯ǝ- (EM2 288 f.).

Indo Germanic *dō originally `here, over here' in Latin dō-ni-cum (archaically), dōnec (*dō-ne-que), for Lukrez also donique ` so long as, till that, to, finally ', but also `then' (dō- equal meaning with ad-, ar- in Umbrian ar-ni-po ` as far as ' from *ad-ne-qʷom) and in quandō `when' = Umbrian panupei ` whenever, as often as; indef. at some time or other '; Old Irishdo, du, Old Welsh di (= ði), Cornish ðe `to' from *dū (in gall. du-ci `and'), Thurneysen Grammar 506; Old English tō, Old Saxon tõ (te, ti), Old High German zuo (za, ze, zi; the abbreviated forms are in spite of Solmsen KZ. 35, 471 not to understand as previously proto Indo Germanic vowel gradation variants), Modern High German to (Gothic du `to' with Dative and preverb, e.g. in du-ginnan `begin', seems proclitic development from *tō(?), is marked from Brugmann II2, 812 as unresolved); Old Lithuanian do preposition and prefix `to'; Old Church Slavic da ` so, and, but; that ' (meaning-development `*in addition' - `still, and', from which then the subordinating link); different Pedersen Tocharian 5.

Besides Indo Germanic *dŏ in Old Church Slavic do `until, to'.

Lithuanian da-, perfective verbal prefix, and Latvian da `until - to', also verbal prefix e.g. in da-iet ` go to, go forth, set out, go there, go to that certain place ', derive from dem Slavic.

en-do: Old Latin endo, indu `in', Latin only more as composition part, e.g. indi-gena, ind-ōles, other formations in hom. τὰ ἔν-δ-ῑνα (right ἔνδῐνα) `intestines, entrails ', Middle Irish inne `ds.' (*en-d-io-); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), against it was contemplated Old Irish ind- preposition and prefix `in' from Thurneysen Grammar 521 as after in- uncolored correspondence from gall. ande and further Pedersen KG. I 450 connected with Gothic and `until', Old Indic ádhi; and gr. ἔνδο-θι ` indoors, in, within ', ἔνδο-θεν ` from inside ' are reshaped as Lesbian Doric ἔνδοι after οἴκο-θι, -θεν, -ι from ἔν-δον, s. *dem- `to build'; Hittite an-da `in' to *en-do(or *n̥-do?), Pedersen Hittite 166. Whereas it is the adverbial- and predicate character of nouns Old Irish in(d), Old Breton in, Middle Welsh yn probably instrumental of article; s. further Thurneysen Grammar 239.

dē (as dō probably an Instrumental extension) in Latin dē `prep. with abl. in space, down from, away from. Transf., coming from an origin; taken from a class or stock, made from a material, changed from a previous state; of information, from a source. in time, following from, after; in the course of, during. about a subject; on account of a cause; according to a standard', Faliscan de (besides Oscan dat `dē' (for *dād, with t after post, pert etc; Oscan-Umbrian *dād is probably replacement for *dē after ehtrād etc, respectively after the ablative transformed in Instrumental -ē(d), ō(d):ād); as preverb in da[da]d ` give away, give up, surrender, deliver, consign, yield, abandon, render ', dadíkatted ` dedicate, consecrate, set apart ', Umbrian daetom ` a fault, crime '; in addition compounds Latin dēterior ` lower, inferior, poorer, worse ', Sup. dēterrimus, dēmum (Old Latin also dēmus) ` of time, at length, at last; in enumerations, finally, in short; 'id demum', that and that alone ' (`*to lowest ' - `lastly, finally'), dēnique ` at last, finally; in enumerations, again, further or finally; in short, in fine ';

Old Irish dī (besides de from Indo Germanic dĕ, wherewith perhaps gall. βρατου-δε ` from a judicial sentence ' is to be equated), Old Welsh di, Modern Welsh y, i, Cornish the, Breton di ` from - down, from - away ', also as privative paarticle (e.g. Old Welsh di-auc ` slow, tardy, slack, dilatory, lingering, sluggish, inactive, lazy ', as Latin dēbilis; intensifying Old Irish dī-mōr ` very large ' as Latin dēmagis `furthermore, very much')

The meaning ` from - down, from - away ' these with gr. δή, δέ formally the same particle probably is only a common innovation of Celtic and Italic; also German? (Holthausen KZ. 47, 308: Old High German zādal `poverty, need' from *dē-tlom, of *dē ` from - away ', as wādal `poor, needy' : Latin vē `enclitic, or, or perhaps'?).

The ending of the following adverbial groups also belongs to this root: Old Indic tadā́ `then', Avestan taδa `then', Lithuanian tadà `then'; Old Indic kadā́ `when?', Avestan kadā, Younger Avestan kaδa `when?', Lithuanian kadà `when'; Old Indic yadā́ `when, as', Avestan yadā, Younger Avestan yaδa `when', Old Church Slavic jeda `when' (compare also Old Indic yadi `if', Old Persian yadiy, Avestan yeδi, yeiδi `as soon as' and Avestan yaδāt `whence'); Old Indic idā́ `now, yet'; also the Slavic formations as Russian kudá `whereto, where';

Maybe alb. ku-do (*kudá)`everywhere, anywhere', nasal nga-do (kądě) `everywhere'

Old Church Slavic kądu, kądě `whence', nikъda-že `never', poln. dokąd `whereto, where', Old Church Slavic tądě ` from there ', sądu ` from here ' , but it could contain also Indo Germanic dh.

A cognate stem *di perhaps in enclitic Iranian Akk. Avestan Old Persian dim ` her, she ', Avestan dit `es', diš Pl. m. f., dī Pl. n., and Old Prussian Akk. Sg. din, dien `ihn, sie' (etc); compare but Meillet MSL 19, 53 f.

References: WP. I 769 ff., WH. I 325 f., 339 f., 370 f., 694, 859, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 624 f.

Page(s): 181-183

Root / lemma: dēg-

Meaning: to grab?

Material: Gothic tēkan `touch';

Maybe alb. takonj `touch'

Additional cognates: [PN taka = WFris. take, EFris. tāken, MDu. tāken grasp, seize, catch, rel. by vowel gradation to Goth. tēkan]

with vowel gradation Old Norse taka, (English take) `take'; Tocharian B tek-, tak- `touch', B teteka ` as soon as '.

Maybe alb. takonj `touch' : Gothic tēkan `touch';

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 351, Van Windekens Lexique 138, 139 (compares also Latin tangō `to touch'), Pedersen Tocharian 2071.

Page(s): 183

Root / lemma: dē- : dǝ- and dēi-, dī-

Meaning: to bind

Note:

Root / lemma: dē- : dǝ- and dēi-, dī- : `to bind' derived from du̯ai , du̯ei-, stems of Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two' meaning `bind in two'

Material: Old Indic dy-áti (with ā-, ni-, sam-) `binds' (dy- zero grade of *dēi-, from 3. Pl. dyánti, compare Avestan nī-dyā-tąm 3. Sg. Med. in pass. meaning ` it has made soil holdback ', -ā-extension from the zero grade di-, Bartholomae Old Iranian Wb. 761), Old Indic participle ditá- ` bound ' (= gr. δετός), dā́man- n. `band, strap' (= gr. -δημα), ni-dātār- `binder';

gr. (hom. Attic) δέω (*δέjω) `bind', δετός ` bound ', δετή ` shavings tied together as a torch, faggot, torch, fetter, sheaf ' (δε- for Indo Germanic *dǝ- as θετός : τίθημι), ἀμαλλοδετήρ ` sheaf binder ', δέσις `the fastening, binding', δεσμός `band, strap', κρήδε-μνον `head fascia', δέμνια Pl. ` bedstead '; hom. present δίδημι `bind' is to δήσω after τίθημι: θήσω `neologism'; ὑπό-δημα (compare Old Indic dā́man-) `sandal', διάδημα ` a band or fillet, turban, diadem ';

alb. duai ` fascicle, sheaf ' (about *dōn- from Indo Germanic *dē-n-), del `(*band, strap), sinew, tendon, vein' (Indo Germanic*dō-lo-).

References: WP. I 771 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 340 f., 676, 688.

Page(s): 183

Root / lemma: dǝĝh-mó-s

Meaning: slant

Material: Old Indic jihmá-ḥ ` slantwise, slant, skew' (Proto Aryan *źiźhmá- assimilation from *diźhmá-), gr. δόχμιος, δοχμός `slant, skew' (assimilation from *δαχμός).

References: Pedersen KZ. 36, 78, WP. I 769.

See also: Other possibilities see below gei- `turn, bend'.

Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dhabh-2

Meaning: proper, * fitting, dainty

Material: Armenian darbin ` smith ' (*dhabhr-ino-);

Latin faber, fabrī `craftsman, artist', Adj. `ingenious, skilful', Adv. fabrē `skilful', affabrē ` skillfully ', contrast infabrē, fabrica ` dexterity, workshop ' (Paelignian faber is Latin loanword); perhaps here Latin (Plaut.) effāfilātus ` exposed ', Denominative from *fāfilla, `*acquiescence' (f dial.?);

Note:

common Latin d- > f-;

alb. Tosc thembërë `heel, hoof (where a smith would attach a horseshoe)' [common alb. f- >th-.

Gothic ga-daban ` occur, arrive, reach, happen, be suitable ', Perf. gadōb ` to be clearly seen, to be conspicuous ', Adj. gadōf is ` it is suitable, proper, fitting' = Old English gedēfe ` fitting, mild' (*ga-dōbja), gedafen `proper', gedafnian ` be fitting, suitable' = Old Norse dafna `proficient, proper, become strong, prosper, thrive', Old English gedæfte ` fitting, mild', gedæftan `sort, order, arrange';

Old Church Slavic dobrъ `good, beautiful, beauteous, fair ' (= Armenian darbin, Latin faber), dobjь, dobljь `the best, assayed, examined, tested, strong ', doba (older r/n-stem) `fitting, applying, opportunity', podoba `ornament, adornment, decorousness, decency ', u-dobьnъ `light', u-dobь Adv. `light'; Lithuanian dabà ` quality, nature, habit, character ', dabìnti `adorn', dabnùs `dainty' etc.

Maybe alb. i dobët (*u-dobьnъ) `emaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful)', dobi `profit, advantage'.

Note:

Root / lemma: dhabh-2 : `proper, * fitting, dainty' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : `to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see below]

References: WP. I 824 f., Trautmann 42 f., WH. I 436 f., 863.

Page(s): 233-234

Root / lemma: dhanu- or dhonu-

Meaning: a kind of tree

Material: Old Indic dhánvan- n., dhánu- m., dhánuṣ- n. `bow', dhanvana- m. ` a certain fruit tree ' : Old High German tanna `fir, oak' (*danwō), Middle High German tanne, Old Low German dennia `fir'. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

References: WP. I 825.

Page(s): 234

Root / lemma: dhau-

Meaning: to press

Material: Avestan dvaidī 1. Du. Präs. Med. ` we press ', davąs-činā (could stand for duvąs-) ` although pressing oneself further '; Phrygian δάος . . . ὑπο Φρυγῶν λύκος Hes. (therefrom the people's name Δᾶοι, Dā-ci), Lydian Καν-δαύλης (`κυν-άγχης ` Indian Hemp, dogbane (plant poisonous to dogs)'), compare Καν-δάων, name of Thracian god of war, Illyrian PN Can-davia; dhauno-s `wolf' as ` shrike ' in Latin GN Faunus (to gr. θαῦνον θηρίον Hes.) = Illyrian Daunus (therefrom VN Δαύνιοι, inhabitant of apul. region of Daunia; compare Thracian Δαύνιον τεῖχος); gr. Zεὺς Θαύλιος i.e. ` shrike ' (thessal.; s. also Fick KZ. 44, 339), with vowel gradation gr. θώς, θω(F)ός `jackal' (i.e. ` shrike ');

Maybe alb. dac `cat' : Phrygian δάος

Gothic af-dauiÞs ` rended, mangled, afflicted ';

Old Church Slavic davljǫ, daviti ` embroider, choke, strangle ', Russian davítь ` pressure, press, choke, crush ', dávka `crush'.

References: WP. I 823, WH. I 468.

See also: About dhāu- `be astonished, marvel ' see below dhei̯ǝ-.

Page(s): 235

Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)-

Meaning: to astonish, be speechless, *hit

Note: presumably as `beaten, be concerned ' from a basic meaning `hit'

Probably common origin of Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : to astonish, be speechless, *hit; Root / lemma: dhebh-, dhebh-eu- : `to harm', Root / lemma: (dhembh-), dhm̥bh- : `to dig', Root / lemma: dhem-, dhemǝ- : `to smoke; to blow'.

Material: Gr. τάφος n. ` astonishment, surprise ', Perf. ep. Ionian τέθηπα, participle Aor. ταφών `astonish', θώπτω, θώπεύω (`gaze in wonder =) flatter ' (see Boisacq s. v. θώψ), nasalized θάμβος n. ` astonishment, amazement, fright', θαμβέω `marvel, astonish, frighten'; to β compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333, 833;

Gothic afdōbn `become silent!'.

Under prerequisite a basic meaning `hit' can the following Germanic family be added: Old Norse dafla ` splash in the water ', Norwegian dial. dabba ` stamp, tread down, trample, make a blunder ';

Maybe alb. Geg zhdëp `beat, strike'

Old Norse an(d)dø̄fa ` hold on a boat against wind and stream ', Middle English dabben, Modern English dab `hit lightly', East Frisian dafen `hit, knock, bump, poke', Middle High German beteben ` stun, wander about, press', ndd. bedebbert `reprimand, flog, embarrassed', Modern High German tappen, Tapp ` flick ', Middle High German tāpe `paw' (Germanic ē, but not to use for statement of Indo Germanic vocalism), Middle Dutch dabben `tap, splash' . However, see also Persson IF. 35, 202 f., several of these words with Middle High German tappe ` clumsy, awkward; clumsy person' etc correlates in a Germanic root dabb-, dēb(b)-, daƀ-, dap- `thick, lumpy', from which `clumsy, stupid, doltish', under comparison with Latvian depis swearword, perhaps ` fool ', depe ` toad ' (`*the awkward'), depsis `small, fat boy' [maybe alb. djep `cradle (for a baby)']

and Germanic words, as Swedish Dialectal dabb ` tough lump of mucus ', dave `puddle, pool, slop' (: Old Norse dafla `splash'?) etc (Latviandep- is perhaps a a change form to *dheb- in Old Church Slavic debelъ `thick' etc, compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 455); it is to be counted on merger of different word cognates in Germanic (see also under dāi-, dāp- `divide');

after Endzelin (KZ. 51, 290) places English dab `tap' to Lithuanian dóbiu, dóbti ` beat to death ', Latvian dābiu, dābt `hit'.

maybe alb. dëboj (*dobët ) `chase away', i dobët (*u-dobьnъ) `emaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful)', dobi `profit, advantage'.

Note:

Alb. proves that Root / lemma: dhabh-2 : `proper, * fitting, dainty' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : `to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see above]

References: WP. I 824.

Page(s): 233

Root / lemma: dhā̆l-

Meaning: to blossom, be green

Material: Armenian dalar `green, fresh';

gr. θάλλω ` blossom, be green, flourish', Perf. τέθηλα, Doric τέθᾱλα, whereof present θηλέω, Doric θᾱλέω ds., θάλος n. `young scion, shoot', ἐριθηλής ` sprouting lusciously ', εὐθᾰλής, Doric εὐθᾱλής ` sprouting or blossoming lusciously ', θαλλός `young scion, shoot, young twig, branch', θαλία `bloom, blossom, blossoming prosperity, esp. Pl. festive joy, feast'.

Alb. dal (*dalnō), Aor. doɫa (*dāl-) ` arise, sprout, rise, extend ', participledalë (*dalno-) etc (about djalë `kid, child, youngling ' see below del-3).

There Alb. only arranges original ā̆-vocalism and hence also in gr. die grade ᾱ is not perceived as neologism of vowel gradation in ᾰ, which could be developed in itself from l̥ are to be covered at best by a parallel root *dhel- :

perhaps Armenian deɫ ` physic, medicine ' (whether from `*herb');

Welsh dail `leaves' (analogical Sg. dalen), Old Cornish delen `leaf' etc (i-umlaut of o), Middle Irish duille (*dolīni̯ā) collective, f. ` leaves ', gall. πομπέδουλα `five leaves' (Dioskor.) : leg. *pimpe-dola.

maybe alb. (*dalīni̯ā) dëlinjë `juniper'

Essentially is unsatisfactory apposition from Germanic *dilja in Old English dile, Old Saxon dilli, Old High German tilli, dilli `dill, strongly smelling plant umbel ', changing through vowel gradation Old English dyle, Old Danish dylle, Modern High German Dialectal tülle ds., with other meaning Old Norse dylla `Sonchus arvensis L., sowthistle '; at least very doubtful of Old High German tola ` a cluster, esp. of grapes ', toldo m. ` treetop or crown of a plant, umbel ', Modern High German Dolde `umbel'.

Maybe alb. dyllë `wax'

A cognate being far off the meaning of the family is the form Old English deall `illustrious', see dhel- `gleam, shine'.

References: WP. I 825 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302, 703, 714, 720, WH. I 524.

Page(s): 234

Root / lemma: dhebh-, dhebh-eu-

Meaning: to harm

Note: the nasalized forms (*dhembh-) are as proportional neologisms to interpret the root after containing n-.

Material: Old Indic dabhnōti ` damages, disables, cheats, Pass. gets damaged ' (*dhebh-n-éu-ti), Perf. dadā́bha and (changed) dadámbha, participle Perf. Pass. dabdhá- and (from the root form on -u:) á-dbhu-ta- Adj. ` wonderful ', actually `* the inaccessible deception, untouchable '; dambháyati `makes confused, frustrated' (dambhá-ḥ `deceit'), Desid. dipsati (= Avestan diwž-, see below), dabhrá- ` a little, slightly, poorly';

Avestan dab- ` cheat, defraud sb of sth ': davąiϑyā̊ G. Sg. f. `the cheating ', davayeinti N. Sg-. f. `the dishonest ', dǝbǝnaotā 2. Pl. present (Aryan *dbhanau̯-mi, Indo Germanic *dbh-en-eu-mi), Infinitive diwžaidyāi (without more desiderative meaning, but = Old Indic dipsa-ti), participle Perf. Pass. dapta- (innovation); dǝ̄bā-vayat̃ ` he shall beguile, infatuate ' (root form *dbheu-), ā-dǝbaoman- n. ` infatuation '; osset. dawi̥n `steal';

Hittite te-ip-nu- ` esteem lowly, humiliate ', Pedersen Hittite 144.

Tokḫarian: A tsāw-, tsop-, B tsāp-, tsop- 'mash, crush, pierce; strike, jab, poke' (PT *tsop-, *tsāpā-) (Adams 743)

In addition very probably gr. ἀτέμβω `damage, rob, cut (θυμόν), bewilder, deceive ', Pass. ` I am robbed ', with ἀ- probably from *ἁ-, *sm̥- and with to the same consonant relationship as between πύνδαξ : Old Indic budh-ná-ḥ.

References: WP. I 850 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 147, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333.

Page(s): 240

Root / lemma: dheb-

Meaning: fat, heavy

Material: Old High German tapfar ` burdensome, filled; heavy, weighty ', Middle High German tapfer `tight, firm, thickset, full, weighty, signifying ', late `valiant (tight, firm in the battle)', Old High German tapfare `mole', tapfarī f. `moles', Middle Low German dapper ` heavy, weighty, vast, grand', Dutch dapper `valiant; much, a lot of', Norwegian daper `pregnant', Old Norse dapr ` heavy, elegiac, dismal, sad'.

Perhaps Old Norse dammr, Modern High German Damm, Middle High German tam ds., Gothic faúrdammjan ` dam up, hinder', as dhobmó- here?

Old Church Slavic debelъ `thick', Russian Dialectal debëlyj ` corpulent, strong, tight, firm', abl. dobólyj `strong' (etc, s. Berneker 182); Old Prussian debīkan `big, large'; perhaps also Latvian dabl'š under dàbls ` luscious', dabl'i audzis ` lusciously sprouted ', dabl'îgs ` luscious' (Berneker aaO.; after Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 428 nevertheless, are Latvian words probably to be connected with Old Church Slavic dobrъ);

Tocharian A tsopats `big, large', tāppo ` courage ', tpär `high', B tappre, täpr- ds., Pedersen Tocharian 243, Tocharian Sprachg. 23, 27, 29, Van Windekens Lex. 135, 148. doubtfully.

References: WP. I 850, WH. I 437.

Page(s): 239

Root / lemma: dhegʷh-

Meaning: to burn, *day

Material: Old Indic dáhati, Avestan dažaiti `burns' (= Lithuanian degù, Old Church Slavic žegǫ, alb. djek), participle Old Indic dagdhá-ḥ (= Lithuanian dègtas), Causative dāháyati; dāha-ḥ `blaze, heat', nidāghá-ḥ `heat, summer', New Persian dāɣ `burn brand' (in addition Late gr. δάγαλος, -ις ` red-brown horse '?); Avestaan daxša- m. `blaze';

gr. θέπτανος ἁπτόμενος Hes. (`kindled '; == Lithuanian dègtinas ` who or what is to be burned '), τέφρᾱ `ash' (*dhegʷhrā);

alb. djek ` incinerate, burn ', Causative dhez, n-dez, ndez ` ignite ' (basic form *dhogʷhéi̯ō = Latin foveō); (common alb. - Slavic -j- infix)

Note:

Common Latin d- > f-:

Latin foveō, -ēre `to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in quick movement, to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage', fōculum ` a sacrificial hearth, fire-pan, brazier ' (*fou̯e-clom), fōmentum ` a poultice, fomentation. Transf., alleviation' (*fou̯ementom), fōmes, -itis ` touchwood, tinder ' (*fou̯emet-, meaning as Latvian daglis), favilla ` glowing ashes, esp. of the dead; a spark ' (probably from *dhogʷh-lo-lā); favōnius ` zephyrus, the warm west wind ' (from *fovōnios): febris `fever' (*dhegʷhro-; after Leumann Gnom. 9, 226 ff. i-inflection after sitis).

Middle Irish daig (Gen. dega) `fire, pain' (from *degi-); about Middle Breton deuiff, Modern Breton devi, Welsh deifio `burn' see below *dāu- `burn'; Welsh de ` burning '; go-ddaith `blaze' (from *-dekto-); but Old Irish ded-ól `break of dawn' after Marstrander Dict. Ir. Lang. I 213 actually ` parting drink, the last drink '; nir. dogha `burdock' (: Lithuanian dagys see below);

about Gothic dags `day' etc see below *ā̆ĝher- S. 7;

Note:

from Root / lemma: dhegʷh-: `to burn, *day' derived Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-, ā̆ĝhen-, ā̆ĝhes- (or ōĝher etc): `day' the same as Root / lemma: ak̂ru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma: dak̂ru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : `long': Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian ìlgas, f. ilgà, Latvian il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.

Lithuanian degù, dègti `burn' (transitive and intransitive), dègtas `burnt', dègtinas ` what is to be burned ', degtìnė f. ` brandy, alcohol ', ablauteud dagỹs, dãgis `thistle' (Latvian dadzis); dãgas ` the burning; summer heat; harvest ', dagà `harvest', Old Prussian dagis `summer'; Lithuanian dãglas ` to brand ', dẽglas ` torch, cresset, brand; black-dappled '; Latvian daglas f. Pl. `scorch', daglis `tinder'; Lithuanian nuodė́gulis ` firebrand ', dẽgis ` burner; burning '; vowel gradation atúo-dogiai (?) m. Pl. ` summer wheat, summer crops ';

sloven. dę́gniti `burn, warm', Czech old dehna `devil', vowel gradation dahněti `burn'; Russian dëgotь `tar' (from `* wood rich in resin '), as Lithuanian degùtas ` birch tar '; with Assimilation (?) von *degǫ to *gegǫ: Old Church Slavic žegǫ, žešti `burn', vowel gradation Russian iz-gága `pyrosis, heartburn' (see Meillet MSL. 14, 334 f., different Brugmann II2 3, 120).

Maybe alb. zheg `summer heat' a Slavic loanword.

Tocharian В teki `disease, malady' (= Irish daig); A tsäk-, В tsak- `burn', ts after vowel gradation tsāk- (*dhēgʷh-) `gleam, glow'; AB cok `light' (from `pinewood torch') : Balto Slavic *degut- `tar' (see above).

References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 466 f., 469, 471 f., 864, Trautmann 49, Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 23.

Page(s): 240-241

Root / lemma: dheiĝh-

Meaning: to knead clay; to build

Note: s. to Sachlichen Meringer IF. 17, 147.

Material: Old Indic dḗhmi ` coat, cement' (3. Sg. dḗgdhi instead of *dēḍhi)

Note:

Common Indic alb. -ĝh > -ḍh = Avestan -ĝh > -z shift

Also Old Indic participle digdhá-, dēha- m. n. ` body, structure ', dēhī́ f. ` embankment, dam, curve, bay ', Avestan pairi-daēzayeiti ` walled all around ' (= Old Indic Causative dēhayati) uzdišta 3. Sg. Med. ` has erected (a dam) ', participle uz-dišta-, uz-daēza- m. ` pile, embankment ', pairi-daēza- m. ` enclosure, park ' (out of it gr. παράδεισος `a royal park or pleasure ground, a Persian word brought in by Xen.; used for the garden of Eden, Paradise'), Old Persian didā `fortress' (from *dizā-, root nom. in -ā), New Persian diz, dēz ds.;

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ1ʷe- > Avestan ae-

Armenian dizanem (Aor. 3. Sg. edēz) ` pile up ', dizanim ` be piled up ', dēz `heap';

Maybe nasalized alb. (*dheiĝh-) deng `heap' [common Latin -h- > -g-].

Thracian -δίζος, -δίζα `castle' (: Old Persian didā or *dhiĝh-i̯ā); also δέξιον, PN Δείξας, Burto-dexion, Burtu-dizos; Δίγγιον (: Latin fingō); Pannonian VN An-dizetes ` castle inhabitant ';

Note:

Illyrian Pannonian VN An-dizetes ` castle inhabitant ' displays satem characteristics [common alb. -ĝh- > -d-, -z-].

gr. τεῖχος n., τοῖχος m. (formal = Old Indic dēha-) `wall'; θιγγάνω, Aor. θιγεῖν ` touched ' (meaning as Latin fingere also ` shaped, fashioned, formed, molded; arranged ', voiced-nonaspirated g previously original from the nasalized present form);

Note:

Common Latin d- > f-:

Latin fingō, -ere, finxi, fictum `to shape, fashion, form, mold; also to arrange, put in order; to represent, imagine, conceive; to feign, fabricate, devise, make up; touch strokingly', figulus ` a worker in clay, potter ' (:Germanic *ðiʒulaz), fīlum (*figslom) `shape', effigiēs `(molded) image, an image, likeness, effigy; a shade, ghost; an ideal ', figūra ` form, shape, figure, size; an atom; shade of a dead person; in the abstr., kind, nature, species ', fictiō ` forming, feigning; assumption ', fictilis ` shaped; hence earthen, made of clay; n. as subst., esp. pl. earthenware, earthen vessels ' (to Latin g instead of h s.Leumann Latin Gr. 133; after latter derives from forms as fictus also k from Old Faliscan fifiked ` touched, handled ', Oscan fifikus perhaps ` you will have devised '); probably Umbrian fikla, ficlam ` a gruel used at sacrifices, a cake, offered to the gods ', Latin fītilla ` a gruel used at sacrifices ' (with dial. t from ct); Oscan feíhúss ` walls ' (*dheiĝho-);

about Latin fīlum (identical with fīlum ` filament ' ?) compare WH. I 497, on the other hand EM2 360;

Old Irish digen `tight, firm' (`*kneaded tightly, compact '); Old Irish *kom-uks-ding- `to build, erect' in 1. Sg. cunutgim, 3. Sg. conutuinc etc and perhaps also dingid, for-ding `put down, oppressed ', see below 1. dhengh- `press, cover' etc;

Gothic Þamma digandin `the kneading ', kasa digana ` clay vessel ', gadigis (meaning for gadikis, `anything moulded, an image, figure, shape, construction', es-stem, similarly τεῖχος `a wall'); daigs m. `dough' (*dhoiĝhos), Old Norse deig (n.), Old English dāg, Old High German teig ds.; Old Norse digr `thick, corpulent ' (meaning as Irish digen), Gothic digrei `density, thickness, bulk, mass', Middle High German tiger, tigere Adv. `fully, entirely ', Norwegian Dialectal digna ` become thick ', diga ` thick, soft mass ' besides Middle Low German Norwegian dīger; Old High German tegal, Old Norse digull ` glaze pot, crucible, skillet ' seems to be a genuine Germanic word (*ðiʒ .. laz), however, this has sponged in the meaning of Latin tēgula (from τήγανον `a frying-pan, saucepan');

Maybe alb. tjegula ` roof-tile' : Latin tēgula `tile, roof-tile' [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)].

Lithuanian díežti, dýžti `flay, flog' (`*knead, smear one down '), Latvian diezêt ` convince, offer' (`*to humbug sb '); Old Russian děža, Ukrainian diža etc ` kneading trough, form, mould ' (*dhoiĝh-i̯-ā; Berneker 198, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 487).

Maybe alb. (*dhoiĝh) dhoga `plank'

An adapted form (*ĝheidh-) is probably Lithuanian žiedžiù, žiẽsti `form, mould', Old Lithuanian puod-židys ` a worker in clay, potter ', Old Church Slavic ziždǫ, zьdati `to build', zьdъ, zidъ `wall' (Būga Kalba ir s. 184 f);

Tocharian A tseke ṣi peke ṣi ` figure, shape or painting ' (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 257 f., Indo Germanic *dhoiĝhos).

A parallel root *dheig- seeks Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 490 f. in Middle High German tīchen `make, create etc'; Old English diht(i)an ` to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence to get written down ', Old High German tihton ` invent and create; versify ' derive from late Latin dictāre ` to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence to get written down '.

References: WP. I 833 f., WH. I 501 f. 507.

Page(s): 244-245

Root / lemma: dhei̯ǝ- : dhi̯ā- : dhī-

Meaning: to see, show

Material: Old Indic ádīdhēt ` he looked ', Pl. dīdhimaḥ, Med. dī́dhyē, ádīdhīta, Konj. dīdhayat (perhaps converted to present Perf., compare Perf. dīdhaya); dhyā-ti, dhyā́-ya-ti (i̯o-present) ` looks in spirit, d. i. thinks, reflects ', participle dhyā-ta- and dhī-tā́-, dhyā́ ` the thinking, meditating ', dhyā-tar- `thinker', dhyā-na- n. `meditation, contemplation ', dhyāman- n. (Gr.) `thought, notion'; dhī́-ḥ, Akk. dhíy-am `thought, notion, imagining, discernment, understanding, religious meditation, devotion ', dhī-tí- ` awareness, thought, notion, devotion ', dhī́ra- ` seeing, smart, wise, skilful', avadhīrayati ` disdains (despicit), rejects, despises ', prakr. herai ` sieves '; s- formation Old Indic dhiyasāná- ` attentive, observant, heedful '; presumably also dhiṣáṇa- if `sensible, wise, smart', dhiṣaṇyant- if ` observant, pious ', dhiṣā́ Instrumental Adv. if ` with devotion, zeal, or lust ', yet compare on the other hand that belong to Latin fēstus, fānum, Indo Germanic dhēs- `religious', dhíṣṇya- ` devout, religious ';

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ1ʷe- > Avestan ae-

Avestan dā(y)- `see', e.g. ā-diδā'ti `contemplates', daiδyantō Nom. Pl. participle ` the seeing ' (etc, s. Bartholomae Old Iranian Wb. 724); participle paiti-dīta- ` beholds ', -dīti- f. `the beholding ', dāϑa- ` sensible, smart' (lengthened grade as -diδā'ti), -dā(y)-, -dī- f. as 2. composition part `visionn, look; discernment, intention'; -dāman- ` intention'; daēman- n. `eye, eyeball; look', dōiϑra- n. `eye', daēnā `religion' and ` internal being, spiritual I '; New Persian dīdan `see', dīm `face, cheek';

gr. σῆμα, Doric σᾱμα `mark, token, sign, Kennzeichen, Merkmal etc' (*dhi̯ā-mn̥ = Old Indic dhyāman-; Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v., compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 322; after E. Leumann [Abh. Kunde d. Morgenl. 20, 1, S. 96] rather to Sakisch śśāma `mark, token, sign'), σημαίνω ` mache durch ein Zeichen kenntlich etc';

alb. díturë, dítme ` wisdom, learning ', dinak `cunning'.

Also alb. di `I know, discern'

It goes back to a synonymous *dhāu-:

Gr. θαῦμα ` what excites admiration, astonishment; veneration, astonishment ' (*dhǝu-mn̥) θαυμάζω ` be surprised, astonish, venerate, admire ', next to which with gradation θῶ(υ)μα; compare Boeotian Θώμων, Doric Θωμάντας (Lithuanian by Boisacq under θαῦμα; about θῆβος θαῦμα Hes. probably θῆFος, s. Boisacq under θάμβος m. Lithuanian); Attic θέᾱ ` looking, sight; show' from *θᾱFᾱ, compare syrak. θάα, Ionian θηέομαι, Doric θᾱέομαι `consider' (Attic θεάομαι reshaped after θέᾱ), etc, s. Boisacq under θέᾱ and θεωρός (to latter still Ehrlich KZ. 40, 354 Anm. 1). Except gr. equivalents are absent.

References: WP. I 831 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 349, 523.

Page(s): 243

Root / lemma: dhelbh-

Meaning: to bury

Note: Only German and Balto-Slavic

Material: Old High German bi-telban, -telpan (participle bitolban) `bury', Old Saxon bi-delƀan ds., mndd. Dutch delven, Old English delfan `dig, bury', Flemish delv `gorge, ravine, gulch, ditch, trench, channel'; in addition Swiss tülpen `hit, thrash', Tirol dalfer `slap in the face, box on the ear, blow, knock', ndd. dölben `hit';

Balto Slavic *dilbō ` dig, hollow out ': in Lithuanian délba and dálba f. ` crowbar ', Latvian dil̃ba f., dilbis m. ` hollow bone, epiphysis, shinbone', delbs ` upper arm, elbow', dalbs m., dalba f. ` fishing rod, hayfork '; perhaps Lithuanian nu-dil̃binti ` lower the eyes down ';

Slavic *dьlbǫ, *delti in Serbo-Croatian dúbēm, dúpsti `hollow out', dùbok `deep, etc (vowel gradation *delti in Serbo-Croatian dial. dlisti ` chisel, cut ', compare dlijèto `chisel'); Czech dlubu, dlubati `hollow out, poke ', vowel gradation *dolb- in Czech dlabati ` chisel, cut ', dlab ` seam ' (= Latvian dal̃bs), Old Russian nadolobъ m., nadolba f. ` town enclosure '; *dolb-to- `chisel, sharp iron ' in Old Prussian dalptan ` press copy, impact break ', Slavic *dolto `chisel' in Bulgarian dlató, Russian-Church Slavic dlato, Russian doɫotó ds.

maybe truncated alb. (*dolto) daltë `chisel'

References: WP. I 866 f., Trautmann 54, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 434.

Page(s): 246

Root / lemma: dhelgh-, dhelg- (?)

Meaning: to hit

Material: Old English dolg n., Old High German tolc, tolg, dolg n. `wound' (`*blow, knock'), Old Norse dolg n. `enmity', dolgr `fiend', dylgja `enmity', wherefore probably ndd. dalgen, daljen `hit' (borrows Norwegian Dialectal dalga ds.), Modern High German (Hessian-nassauisch, East Prussian) dalgen, talken `thrash, hit', Middle High German talgen `knead'. After Havers KZ. 43, 231, IF. 28, 190 ff. was also for gr. θέλγω ` enchant, beguile etc', θέλκτωρ, θελκτήρ, θελκτήριος ` charming, tempting ', θέλξις ` enthrallment ' (Indo Germanic *dhelg- besides *dhelgh-?) the basic meaning ` enchantment through a blow ' probably, as well as also Τελχῖνες, Θελγῖνες demons were damaging through blows the health of the people and at the same time the smiths.

Everything quite uncertainly. Rather Tocharian A talke n., В telki `sacrifice, oblation' could still belong to it.

References: WP. I 866.

Page(s): 247

Root / lemma: dhelg-

Meaning: to stick; needle

Material: Old Irish delg n. (es-stem) `thorn, cloth needle', Cornish delc (i.e. delch) ` a necklace, collar [for horses and other animals]', Middle Welsh dala, dal `bite, prick, sting';

Old Norse dalkr ` needle to fasten the mantle about the right shoulder; spinal column of fish; dagger, knife ', Old English dalc m. `clasp, hairpin' (Modern High German Dolch, older Tolch, ndd. dolk, after Mikkola BB. 25, 74 the origin of Czech poln. tulich, sloven. tolih, is namely borrowed at first from Latin dolō `a pike, sword-stick; a small foresail sword-cane', but perhaps reshaped after Germanic words as Old English dalc);

Lithuanian dilgùs ` pricking, burning ', dìlgė, dilgėlė̃ f. `nettle', dìlgstu, dìlgti ` get burned by nettle '; dal̃gis `scythe' here, not to S. 196!

Here perhaps Latin falx `a sickle, bill-hook, pruning-hook; a sickle-shaped implement of war', after Niedermann Essais 17 ff. regressive derivative from falcula, that derives from Ligurian (?) *ðalkla (*dhal-tla), also as sizil. Ζάγκλη, Δανκλε̄ `Messina' (: δρέπανον).

maybe Illyrian TN Docleatae

However, one derive just as well from *dhalg-tlā ; if in that Italian dialekt would have become Indo Germanic l̥ to al, the a-vowel can be also explained.

Late Latin daculum `sickle' could be in addition the Ligurian equivalent. Against it Terracini Arch. Glott. Ital. 20, 5 f., 30 f.

References: WP. I 865 f.

Page(s): 247

Root / lemma: dhel-1, dholo-

Meaning: curve; hollow

Material: Gr. θόλος f. ` dome, cupola, domed roof, round building (sudatorium)'; sizil. θολία, lak. (Hes.) σαλία ` round summer hat ', θάλαμος m. ` situated in the interior of house room, bedroom, pantry ', θαλάμη `cave, den (of animals)', ὀφ-θαλμός `eye' (*ὀπσ-θαλμός `* eye socket ');

Welsh dol f. `valley', Breton Dol in PN;

Old Norse dalr `bow'; Gothic dals m. or dal n. `valley, pit, pothole', Old Saxon dal, Old English dæl, Old High German tal n. `valley', Old Norse dalr m. `valley'; Gothic dalaÞ ` downwards ', dalaÞa `under', dalaÞrō ` from below ' (here as *DaliÞernōz ` valley inhabitant ' the Daliterni of Avienus, German Alps in Valais, after R. Much, Germanist. Forschungen, Wien 1925), Old Frisian tō dele `down', Old Saxon tō dale, Middle Low German dale, nnd. dal `down, low', Middle High German ze tal ds.; Old English dell, Middle High German telle f. `gorge, ravine, gulch' (*daljō); changing through vowel gradation Old Norsedø̄ll m. ` valley inhabitant ' (*dōlja-), Norwegian dial. døl ` small valley, long gully resembling dent ' (*dōljō) = Old High German tuolla, Middle High German tüele `small valley, dent ', mnl. doel `ditch, trench, channel'; Old Norse dǣla `gully' (*dēljō), dǣld `small valley' (*dēliðō); ndd. dole `small pit, pothole', Middle High German tol(e) f. ` drainage ditch ' (Old High German dola `gully, ditch, trench, channel, duct, tube, pipe' probably actually ndd.), Old High German tulli, Middle High German tülle, ndd. dölle `short duct, tube, pipe' (also ndd. dal stands for `duct, tube, pipe');

Old Church Slavic (etc) dolъ `hole, pit, pothole, valley', dolu ` downwards ', dolě `under'.

References: WP. I 864 f., Loth RC. 42, 86.

Page(s): 245-246

Root / lemma: dhel-2

Meaning: light, shining

Material: Perhaps Armenian deɫin, Gen. deɫnoy `yellow, sallow, paled, pallid' (*dheleno-);

Middle Irish dellrad ` radiance '; Old English deall `stout, proud, bold, illustrious', Old Norse GN Heimdallr; Mar-dǫll `epithet of the light goddess Freyja ', Dellingr ` father of the day ', Middle High German ge-telle `pretty, good'(?).

References: WP. I 865.

Page(s): 246

Root / lemma: dhel-3

Meaning: to tremble

Material: Armenian doɫam `tremble'; Norwegian and Swedish dial. dilla `swing, swerve ', Norwegian dial. dalla, dulla ` walk on tiptoe; trip ', Low German dallen `amble', Norwegian dilte `trot, walk on tiptoe; trip ', dalte ds.

Doubtful; s. Falk-Тогp under dilte addendum.

References: WP. I 865.

Page(s): 246

Root / lemma: (dhembh-), dhm̥bh-

Meaning: to dig

Note: only gr. and Armenian

Material: Armenian damban `grave, vault, sepulchre, grave; grave, monument, tombstone ', dambaran ds.;

gr. θάπτω (*dhm̥bh-i̯ō), Aor. Pass. ἐτάφην `bury, entomb', ἄθαπτος ` unburied ', τάφος m. `funeral, obsequies; grave, burial mound', ταφή ` funeral, grave', τάφρος (*dhm̥bh-ro-s) f. `ditch, trench, channel'; but Old Prussian dambo f. `ground' is amended in daubo (see 268).

Maybe alb. dhemb `pain, saddness'

Note:

Clearly Root / lemma: (dhembh-), dhm̥bh- : `to dig' derived from Root / lemma: dhem-, dhemǝ- : `to smoke; to blow' which means that Aryans initially burnt the dead while the ritual of burial was born much later.

References: WP. I 852.

Page(s): 248-249

Root / lemma: dhem-, dhemǝ-

Meaning: to smoke; to blow

Material: Old Indic dhámati `blows' (dhami-ṣyati, -tá- and dhmātá-, Pass. dhamyatē and dhmāyátē), Avestan dāδmainya- ` puffing up, swelling, of frogs ', New Persian damīdan `blow', dam `breath, breath ', osset. dumun, dịmịn `smoke; blow';

Maybe alb. Tosc tym n. `smoke': also alb. Geg dhem, alb. dhemb `hurt, ache', dhimbje `pain' [common alb. shift m > mb].

Note:

Clearly from Root / lemma: dhem-, dhemǝ- : `to smoke; to blow' derived Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-): `to reel, dissipate, blow, etc.'.

gr. θέμερος, σεμνός, θεμερῶπις ` somber, dark-looking ' (: Old High German timber `dim');

Middle Irish dem `black, dark';

Norwegian daam (*dhēmo-) `dark', daame m. ` cloud haze ', daam m. `taste, smell, odor' = Old Norse dāmr `taste';

with Guttural-extension: dhengu̯o-, dhengu̯i- ` misty ' in Old Norse dǫkk f. `dent in the landscape ' = Latvian danga (*dhongu̯ā) ` faecal puddle, slop, swampy land, sea mud ', further Old Norse døkkr, Old Frisian diunk `dark' (Germanic *denkva-); zero grade Old Saxon dunkar, Old High German tunkal, Modern High German dunkel (originally and with the meaning ` misty - humid, wet' Norwegian and Swedish Dialectal dunken `humid, wet, dank, muggy', English dank, Dialectal dunk `humid, wet'); in addition Welsh dew m. (*dhengu̯os) `fog, smoke, sultriness' etc, deweint `darkness' (mistakenly Loth RC 42, 85; 43, 398 f), Hittite da-an-ku-i-iš (dankuiš) ` dark, black' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 142);

Old Norse dȳ `slime, mud, ordure, morass' from *dhm̥kio-, compare with grammatical variation Danish dyng `damp, humid, wet', Swedish Dialectal dungen `humid, wet';

with Germanic -p-: Middle High German dimpfen, dampf `steam, smoke', Old High German Middle High German dampf m. `vapor, smoke', Middle Low German English damp `vapor, damp fog', ndd. dumpig `dull, humid, wet, musty ', Modern High German dumpfig, dumpf (also = confused, scattered, sprayed); causative Old High German dempfen, tempfen, Middle High German dempfen ` stew through steam, stew ';

with Germanic -b-: Swedish dial. dimba stem verb `steam, smoke, spray', dimba `vapor', Norwegian damb n. `dust', Old Norse dumba `dust, cloud of dust' (besides with -mm- Old Norse dimmr `dark', Old Frisian Old English dimm ds., Norwegian Dialectal dimma, dumma ` lack of clarity in the air, fog cover ', Swedish dimma `thin fog'), Old High German timber, Middle High German timber, timmer `dark, dim, black';

to what extent of background the s-forms Swedish Dialectal stimma, stimba `steam', norw Dialectal stamma, stamba `stink' Indo Germanic have been newly created or only after concurrence of Old High German toum : Old English stēam, German toben ` rage ' : stieben (see below dheu-, dheu-bh- `scatter, sprinkle'), is doubtful;

Lithuanian dumiù, dùmti `blow', apdùmti ` blow with sand or snow (of wind) ', dùmplės `bellows', dùmpiu, dùmpti `blow' (probably with p-extension), Old Prussian dumsle ` bladder';

Old Church Slavic dъmǫ, dǫti `blow' (to Balto Slavic vocalism s. Berneker 244 f. m. Lithuanian, Meillet Slave comm.2 63 f., 164, Trautmann 63).

References: WP. I 851 f.

Page(s): 247-248

Root / lemma: dhengh-1

Meaning: to press; to cover

Material: Old Irish dingid, for-ding ` oppressed' (see also dheiĝh-); compare Pedersen KG. II 506;

Lithuanian dengiù, deñgti `cover', dangà `cover', dangùs `sky, heaven', in addition diñgti ` disappear' (from `* be covered '), Slavic *dǫga `bow' (: Lithuanian dangà) in Russian dugá `bow', old ` rainbow ', Bulgarian dъgá, Serbian dúga, poln. dial. dęga ds., probably to:

Maybe alb. dega `arched branch' a Slavic loanword.

Also Slavic contamination in alb. dylber < ylber rainbow

Old Icelandic dyngia ` dunghill, house in the earth where the women did the handwork ', Old English dynge, Old High German tunga ` fertilization ', Old Saxon dung, Old High German tung, Middle High German tunc ` the subterranean chamber where the women weaved ' (originally winter houses covered with fertilizer for the protection against the cold), Old English dung ` jail ', Old High German tungen ` depress, fertilize ', Old English English dung ` manure ', Modern High German Dung, Dünger.

Maybe alb. dengu `heap' < deng + *ul (Romanian Albanian suffixed definite article).

References: WP. I 791 f., 854, Trautmann 44 f.

Page(s): 250

Root / lemma: dhengh-2

Meaning: to get, gripe

Material: Old Indic daghnṓti (Aor. dhak, daghyāḥ etc) ` reaches up to, achieves ', -daghná- ` reaching up to something ' (*dhn̥gh-);

gr. ταχύς `quick, fast', comparative θάσσων (*dhn̥gh-);

Old Irish daingen `tight, firm, strong' = Welsh dengyn ds. (*dangino- or *dengino-);

Slavic dęgъ: dǫgъ ` strength, power, luck ' in Russian-Church Slavic djagъ ` strap, leather belt ', Russian djága ` leather belt ', djáglyj `strong, fit, healthy', djágnutь `grow, become strong '; vowel gradation Old Bulgarian ne-dǫgъ `disease, malady' (but Russian dúžij `strong' belongs rather to dheugh-, under S. 271); the meaning has taken place after probably an intermingling with Slavic tęg- `pull, drag, draw ' (Brückner KZ. 42, 342 f).

References: WP. I 791 f., Berneker 190, 217 f.

Page(s): 250

Root / lemma: dhen-1

Meaning: to run, *flow

Material: Old Indic dhanáyati `runs, set in movement', New Persian danīdan `hurry, run', Old Indic dhánvati `runs, flows ', Old Persian danuvatiy ` flows ', Old Indic dhánutar- `running, flowing ';

Messapic river name ardannoa (*ar-dhonu̯-ā) ` situated in the water ' (?), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), apul. PN Ardaneae = Herdonia (Krahe Gl. 17, 102);

Maybe Ardiei Illyrian TN

Latin probably fōns, -tis ` a spring, fountain; fresh or spring water. Transf. spring, origin, source '; perhaps hybridization of to-stem *fontos and ti-stem *fentis (*dhn̥-tí-);

Note: common Latin initial d- > f- shift.

Tocharian АВ tsän `flow', В tseńe ` current, gush ', tsnam `flow'.

References: WP. I 852, Couvreur BSL. 41, 165.

Page(s): 249

Root / lemma: dhen-2

Meaning: surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land)

Note:

From Root / lemma: dhen-1 : ` to run, *flow' derived Root / lemma: dhen-2 : `surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land)' meaning `arid flat area'.

Material:

Old Indic dhánuṣ- n., dhánvan- m. n. ` dry land, mainland, beach, dry land, desert ', dhánu-, dhanū́- f. `sandbank, seashore, island';

gr. θέναρ n. ` palm, sole, also from the surface of the sea or from deepening in the altar to the admission of the offering ', ὀπισθέναρ ` opisthenar, back of the hand ' (*ὀπισθοθέναρ), Old High German tenar m., tenra f. (*denarā̆-), Middle High German tener m. `flat hand', Curtius5 255 (samt Old Indic dhánuṣ-, see below).

In addition Vulgar Latin danea `area' (Reichenauer Gl.), Old High German tenni n., (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle High German tenne m. ff. n., Modern High German Tenne ` barn floor, threshing floor, flattened loam ground or wooden floor as a threshing place, hallway, ground, place, surface generally ', Dutch denne `area, a pavement of tiles, brick, stone; floored, boarded; n. as subst. a floor, story; a row or layer of vines '; as ` smoothly trodden place good as threshing floor ' can be also understood meeklenb. denn `trodden down place in the grain layer ', Middle Low German denne `lowland, depression' (and ` valley forest ' see below), Middle Dutch denne ` den of wild animals ' (and ` valley forest ', see below), dan ` waste, from shrubbery surrounded place, place generally, land, scenery ' (and ` valley forest ', s.under), Old English denn `cave, wild den', Modern English den `cave, pit, pothole', East Frisian dann(e) `bed, garden bed, garden plot '.

About Lithuanian dẽnis m. ` deck board of a small boat ', Latvian denis ds. (Germanic loanword?) s. Trautmann 51, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 455.

References: WP. I 853.

Page(s): 249

Root / lemma: dhen-3

Meaning: to hit, push

Note:

From Root / lemma: dhen-1 : ` to run, *flow' derived Root / lemma: dhen-2 : `surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land)' meaning `arid flat area', then from Root / lemma: dhen-2 : `surface of hand' derived Root / lemma: dhen-3 : `to hit, push'.

Material: Only in extensions (almost exclusively Germanic):

d-extension: Old Norse detta stem verb ` fall down heavily and hard, hit ' (*dintan, compare Norwegian dial. datta [*dantōn] `knock': denta ` give small punches '), Modern Frisian dintje ` shake lightly ', Norwegian deise ` fall tumbling, glide ' (from:) ndd. dei(n)sen (*dantisōn) ` reel back, flee'; East Frisian duns `fall' (s from -dt- or -ds-), Old Norse dyntr, Old English dynt m.. (= Old Norse dyttr), English dint `blow, knock, shove ';

alb. g-dhent, gdhend ` hew wood, plane, beat ', Geg dhend, dhênn ` cut out, cut ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Maybe (*gdhend) gdhë `piece of wood', alb. Tosc dënd `hit, beat'.

Gutt-extension: Old Norse danga (*dangōn) `thrash': Old Swedish diunga stem verb `hit', Middle English dingen `hit, bump, poke', Modern English ding (Scandinavian loanword), Middle High German tingelen `knock, hammer', Norwegian dingle (and dangle) `dangle'; Causative Old Norse dengja, Old English dengan, Middle High German tengen (tengelen) `hit, knock, hammer (Modern High German dengeln)'; Old High German tangal m. `hammer'.

Labial-extension: Swedish dimpa (damp) `fall fast and heavily', ndd. dumpen `hit, bump, poke', English dial. dump ` hit heavily '.

References: WP. I 853 f.

Page(s): 249-250

Root / lemma: dherāgh-

Meaning: to pull; to drag

Note: equal meaning with trā̆gh- (see d.).

Material: Old Norse draga, Gothic under Old English dragan, English draw `pull, drag', Old Norse drag n. ` base of a pulled object ', Norwegian drag ` draught, wash of the waves, watercourse, towing rope ', dial. drog f. (*dragō) ` short sledge, road track of an animal, valley ', Old Norse dregill `band, strap', drōg f. `stripe', Old Swedish drøgh ` sled ', Old English dræge f. ` seine, fishing net which hangs vertically in the water with floats on the top and weights on the bottom ', Middle Low German dragge, nnd. also dregge ` boat anchor ', English dredge ds.; changing through vowel gradation Norwegian dorg f. (*durgō, Indo Germanic *dhr̥̄ghā) `fishing line, which one pulls up behind the boat '; with the meaning `bear, carry' (from `drag', s. Berneker 212), Old High German tragan `bear, carry', sih (gi)tragon ` bear oneself, conduct oneself, behave '.

Maybe alb. Geg (dherāgh-) tërhek `pull, drag' : Polish targać ` carry ' [common alb. -g- > -h- shift]

Probably here Slavic *dārgā in: Serbian-Church Slavic draga `valley', Russian doróga `way, alley, journey', dial. `fishing rod';

maybe alb. (*do-róga) rruga `way, alley, journey' [common alb. de- > zero grade] similar formation to Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long' : alb. (*da-lu-ga-e-eš) glatë `long'; also alb. (*doróga) dërgonj `send in a trip'.

The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : `long': Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian ìlgas, f. ilgà, Latvian il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'.

Serbian drȁga `valley', poln. droga `way, alley, road, journey', Russian doróžitь `hollow out', Czech drážiti ` make a rabbet or a furrow, hollow out '; perhaps also Czech z-dráhati se `refuse, decline', poln. wz-dragać się ` to flinch from doing sth, flinch, shudder ' (as ` protract, draw ') and Old Church Slavic podragъ ` hemline, edge of a dress ' (different under dergh- ` catch ').

Latin trahō `to trail, pull along; to drag, pull violently; to draw in, take up; of air, to breathe; to draw out, hence to leng- then; to draw together, contract. Transf. to draw, attract; to take in or on, assume, derive; to prolong, spin out; to ascribe, refer, interpret', traha ` sledge, drag ', trāgum ` seine ', trāgula `ds., small drag, a species of javelin ' could go back through spirant dissimilation (*ðragō to *dragō) in dhrā̆gh-, but also Indo Germanic t- have (: Old Irish traig `foot' etc, s. trā̆gh-).

References: WP. I 862, Trautmann 45.

Page(s): 257

Root / lemma: dherbh- (dherǝbh-?)

Meaning: to work

Material: Armenian derbuk `rough, stiff, rude';

Old English deorfan stem verb `work; perish, die', gedeorf n. `work, hardship ', Old Frisian for-derva, Middle Low German vor-derven, Middle High German verderben `die, perish', also Causative `spoil';

Lithuanian dìrbu, dìrbti `work', dárbas `work', darbùs ` laborious '.

Note:

Root / lemma: dherbh- (dherǝbh-?) : `to work' derived from Root / lemma: dherebh- : `to harden'.

References: WP. I 863, II 631, Kluge11 101, 649.

Page(s): 257

Root / lemma: dherebh-

Meaning: to harden

Material: Old Indic drapsá-ḥ m. `drip'??;

gr. τρέφεσθαι, τετροφέναι ` curdle, coagulate, harden, be firm ', τρέφω, Doric τράφω `make curdle, coagulate, harden (γάλα; τυρόν), nourish (*make thick, fat, obese), bring up' (θρέψω, ἔθρεψα) τροφός ` nourishing ', f. ` wet nurse ', θρέμμα ` the nourished, foster child, child, breeding livestock ', τρόφις `fat, obese, strong, big, large', τροφαλίς, -ίδος ` fresh cheese, coagulated milk ', ταρφύς `dense', τάρφεα Pl. n. ` thicket ', τραφερή (γῆ) ` firm land';

maybe truncated alb. (*τρόφις) trashë `fat, obese, strong, big, large, coagulated'.

nasalized and with Indo Germanic b (Indo Germanic Articulation variation in nasal surroundings) θρόμβος ` coagulated mass (from milk, blood etc)', θρομβόομαι ` coagulate ', θρομβεῖον ` clots ';

Old Saxon derƀi (*ðarƀia) `strong, mad, wicked, evil', Old Frisian Middle Low German derve `strong, just, rightful ' (different from Old High German derb ` unleavened ' = Old Norse Þjarfr), vowel gradation Old Norse djarfr `gamy, bold' (the older meaning still in Norwegian dial. dirna from *dirfna ` put on weight, recover, regain one's strength '); Old Norse dirfa ` encourage '; nasalized probably Old Norse dramb ` lavishness ' (*be thick), Modern Icelandic drambr ` knots in the wood '; Old Norse drumbr `clot, chunk', Middle Low German drummel ` sturdy person'.

Note:

Probably from (Old Saxon thervi, Old High German derbi ` unleavened ', Modern High German Bavarian derb ` arid, dry, thin ') Root / lemma: (s)ter-1, (s)terǝ- : (s)trē- : `stiff, immovable; solid, etc.' derived the extended root Root / lemma: dherebh- : `to harden' [common st- > t- PIE]

References: WP. I 876.

Page(s): 257-258

Root / lemma: dheregh-

Meaning: thorn?

Note: with formants -(e)s- and -no-. Dubious equation.

Material: Old Indic drākṣā ` grape '; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-

gallorom. *dragenos `thorn', Old Irish draigen m. ` blackthorn ', Welsh draen m., Modern Breton dréan `briar' (Celtic *drageno- from *dhregh-);

perhaps also Old High German tirn-pauma ` of the cornel-tree ', tyrn, dirnbaum ` a cornel cherry-tree ', Modern High German dial. di(e)rle, dirnlein ` Cornelian cherry (dogwood) ', Swiss tierli, whether it is not borrowed from Slavic in very old time;

Lithuanian drìgnės Pl., Latvian driǵenes `black henbane ' (compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 498), whether it is not borrowed from Slavic;

Russian déren, derén ` Cornelian cherry (dogwood) ', Serbo-Croatian drȉjen, Czech dřín ds., poln. (old) drzon ` barberry ', Kashubian dřòn `prickle', polab. dren `thorn'.

Germanic- Slavic basic form could be *dherghno- and would stand admittedly in its meaning `sprout, twig, branch', Pl. `young shrubbery, bush' considerably differently colored gr. τρέχνος (Hes., anthol.), τέρχνος (Maximus), Cypriot τὰ τέρχνιjα very close.

References: WP. I 862 f., Pedersen KG. I 97, M.-L. 2762.

Page(s): 258

Root / lemma: dhereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-)

Meaning: to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband

Material: New Persian darz, darza ` suture', darzmān, darznān ` filament ', darzan `needle', Pahlavi darzīk ` tailor';

Armenian daṙnam (*darjnam), Aor. darjay ` turn over, revolve, turn; return ', daṙn `bitter, sharp' (compare οἶνος τρέπεται ), darj ` turn, reversal, return ', Causative darjuc̣anem ` turn round, turn away, whirl round, return ';

alb. dreth (stem *dredh-), Aor. drodha ` turn round, turn together, twine, spin ', alb.-skutar. nnrizë ` diaper ' (n-dred-zë); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Maybe alb. drizë ` throny bush '.

after Pedersen Hittite 123, 125, Tocharian Sprachg. 20 here Hittite tar-na-aḫ-ḫi ` I pocket, let in ', Tocharian A tärnā-, tärk-, preterit A cärk, В carka `let, allow, disband, release ' (?).

Maybe secondary meaning alb. dreth `perturb, terrify'

also nazalised alb. ndrizë `band, bandage', ndrydh `twist'.

Maybe an older form alb. (*dhereĝh- ) derdh `pour, release, discharge, disband, pocket, deposit (liquid, turn over?), ejaculate semen ' [common alb. -ĝh- > -d-] : Tocharian A tärn৽-, tärk-, preterit A cärk, В carka `let, allow, disband, release ' (?).

Note:

The oldest IE form is actually Hittite tar-na-aḫ-ḫi ` I pocket, plug in, let in ' : alb. (*dhereĝh- ) derdh ` pour, release, discharge, disband, ejaculate semen'. It seems that the old meaning of Root / lemma: dhereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband ' derived from the act of intercourse which became a taboo word in patriarchal society.

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: dhereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband ' derived from the extended Root / lemma: dher-1, dherǝ- : `a kind of deposit or dreg, *ordure, defecate ', Root / lemma: (dher-4:) dhor- : dher- : `to jump, jump at, *stream, ray, drip, sperm' becoming an euphemistic root. The intermediary bridge root between the two was: *dhere-gh-: Gr. θρά̄σσω, Attic θρά̄ττω (Perf. hom. τέτρηχα intransitive) `bewilder, perturb ', ταραχή `perplexity' found in secondary meaning alb. dreth `perturb, terrify, twist'.

References: WP. I 863, Lidén Arm. stem 101 ff., Meillet Esquisse2 111, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 151.

Page(s): 258

Root / lemma: dher-1, dherǝ-

Meaning: a kind of deposit or dreg

Note: Originally with dher-5 ` ordure, defecate'?

Material: a. dhere-gh-:

Gr. θρά̄σσω, Attic θρά̄ττω (Perf. hom. τέτρηχα intransitive) `bewilder, perturb ', ταραχή `perplexity', ταράσσω, Attic -ττω `bewilder' (*dherǝ;gh-i̯ō : Lithuanian dìrgti see below); τρᾱχύς, Ionian τρηχύς `rough, uneven' (probably originally from dirt crusts; -ρᾱ- here from sog. r̥̄, i.e.* dherǝghú-s); τάρχη τάραξις Hes. (vowel gradation as σπαργή: Lithuanian sprógti);

Note: common lat d- > f- shift:

Latin fracēs f. ` (broken bits, fragments; hence) grounds or dregs of oil ', fracēre ` be rancid ' from *dhrǝgh-; c is covered probably from faēcēs, floccēs, there *dherk- otherwise is testified only in Baltic;

in the meaning ` lees, dregs, yeast': alb. drā f., Geg drâ-ni ` residuum of oil, from abundant butter; tartar ' (basic form *draë from *dragā, *dhrǝghā);

Old Norse dregg f., Pl. dreggiar `yeast' (out of it English dregs);

Old Lithuanian dragės (*dhrǝghi̯ās) Pl., Old Prussian dragios Pl. `yeast', Latvian (Endzelin KZ. 44, 65) dradži ` residuum from boiled fat'; Slavic *droska from *dhrǝgh-skā in Middle Old Bulgarian droštija Pl.n. `yeast', Ukrainian dríšči ds., otherwise assimilated to *troska (sloven. trǫ̂ska ` residuum, yeast') and mostly *drozga (Old Church Slavic droždьję Pl. f. `τρυγία, yeast' etc; s. Berneker 228);

here also gallorom. *drasica ` dry malt ' (M.-L. 2767), this anyhow from older *drascā (= Slavic *droskā) or *drazgā (== Slavic *drozgā) transfigured sein wird;

with st-formants: Old High German (*trast, Pl.:) trestir ` what is left of squeezed fruit, dregs, pomace ', Old English dærst(e), dræst f. ` dregs, yeast' (Germanic *ðraχsta-, Sverdrup IF. 35, 154), drōs ds.;

with sn-formants: Old English drōsne f., drōsna m. `yeast, smut', Old High German druosana, truosana `yeast, residuum ';

here probably Lithuanian dérgia (dérgti) ` it is bad weather ', dárgana, dárga ` weather, bad weather ' (glottal stop, compare die gr. root forms and Lithuanian drė́gnas, drėgnùs `humid, wet'); in addition Old Russian padoroga probably ` thunder-storm ', sloven. sǫ́-draga, -drag, -drga ` hail with small grain size; frozen snow lumps, graupel '; Lithuanian dargùs ` nasty, dirty, filthy'; Old Lithuanian dérgesis `filthy person', Old Lithuanian dergėti `hate', Latvian der̂dzêtiês `quarrel, squabble' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 456 m. Lithuanian), Old Prussian dergē `to hate'; Lithuanian dérgti ` become dirty, get dirty ', dar̃gti ` revile ', dárga f. ` rainy weather, defilement, contamination, vituperation ';

b. dherg- in: Middle Irish derg `red'; Middle High German terken ` befoul ', Old High German tarchannen, terchinen `(darken) conceal, hide ', Middle Low German dork ` keel of water depth ', Old English deorc ` swart ', English dark; Old English Þeorcung `dawn, twilight' probably with ð after ðēostor `dark', geðuxod `dark'.

Maybe alb. darkë `evening, evening meal, supper', drekë (*derk-) `dinner, midday'.

c. dherk- in: Lithuanian der̃kti ` make nasty, befoul ', darkýti `vilify, inveigh, deform', darkùs ` nasty ', Old Prussian erdērkts `poisoned', Latvian dā̀rks, dā̀rci (*darkis) `pinto' Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 448 (see the kinship by Leskien Abl. 361); or to Middle High German zurch `ordure', zürchen `defecate'? Zupitza gutturals 170 under accentuation of intonation difference of der̃̃kti compared with dérgesis etc;

here probably Tocharian AB tärkär `cloud' (Frisk Indog. 24);

WP. I 854 ff.

d. dherǝbh- : dhrābh- : dhrǝbh-.

Doubtful Avestan δriwi- (*dhrǝbhi-) `stain, birthmark ';

Middle Irish drab ` grape marc, yeast' (*dhrǝbho-), drabar-ṡluāg ` base, vulgar people';

Old Icelandic draf, English draff ` berm, yeast', Middle Low German draf, Old High German trebir Pl. ` grape marc ', Old Norse drafli m. `fresh cheese', drafna `to disband ', Norwegian drevja ` soft mass '; geminated nl. drabbe ` berm, residuum ', ndd. drabbe `slime, mud'; Swedish drōv n. ` residuum ' (*dhrābho-), Old English drōf, Old High German truobi `cloudy', Gothic drōbjan, Old High German truoben ` tarnish, bewilder', Old English drēfan ` agitate, tarnish ' (identical meaning-Verh. as between gr. ταράσσω and Old Norse dreggiar).

A nasalized form with Baltic u as zero grade vowel of a dissyllabic basis (caused by a limited nasal m?) seems Lithuanian *drumb- in Lithuanian drum̃stas (could stand for *drumpstas) ` residuum ', drumstùs `cloudy', drumsčiù, drum̃sti ` tarnish ' (Schleifton caused by a heavy group mpst ?).

References: WP. I 854 f., WH. I 538 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 715.

Page(s): 251-252

Root / lemma: dher-2, dherǝ-

Meaning: to hold, support

Material: Old Indic dhar- `hold, stop, bear, carry, prop, support, receive, hold upright ' (present mostly dhāráyati; Perf. dadhā́ra, dadhrḗ; dhr̥tá-; dhártum) Pass. ` are held back, be steady, behave sedately ', Avestan dar- `hold, seize, restrain; whereof adhere, observe (a law); hold fast in the memory; perceive with the senses, grasp; sojourn, while, stay' (dārayeiti etc, participle darǝta-), аp. dārayāmiy `hold', New Persian Infinitive dāštan, osset. Infinitive darun, daryn;

Old Indic dháraṇa- `bearing, carrying, preserving ', dharúṇa- ` holding, supporting; n. foundation, prop', dhā́raṇa- ` holding; n. the clamps, the restraining '= Avestan dārana- n. ` means for withholding ', Old Indic dhartár- and dháritar- m. ` holder ', dharitrī ` girder, bearer ', dhartrá- n. `support, prop' = Avestan darǝϑra- n. ` the grasp, understanding ', Old Indic dhárma- (= Latin firmus) m. ` firm, strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong ', dharmán- m. ` holder ', dhárman- n. ` support, prop, law, custom ', dhárīmani Locative ` after the statute, according to custom ', dhā́raka- ` holding; m. container ', dhr̥ti- f. ` the holding on, determination ', dr̥-dhr-á- ` tenacious ', sá-dhrī (or sadhrīm) Adv. ` holding out on a purpose, holding on to a purpose ', sadhríy-аñc- ` be directed by a purpose, be united, together '; didhīršā ` the intention to support to support', Avestan didarǝšatā ` he composes himself for, he gets ready for ';

about Old Indic dhī́ra- `tight, firm' s. Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 25;

Armenian perhaps dadar (reduplication) `abode, residence, rest ' (`*adherence, abide by, stay', compare Avestan meaning ` while, stay, behave quietly '), dadarem ` abate (from the wind)', compare under Old English darian ` the side, flank; of persons ', Dutch bedaren ` become quiet (from the wind, weather)';

gr. with the meaning ` prop themselves up, force open ' (from the heavy root form) θρᾶνος m. ` bench, footstool ', hom. (Ionian) θρῆνυς, -υος ` footstool, thwart ', Ionian θρῆνυξ, Boeotian θρᾶνυξ, -υκος `stool' (place an early proto gr. *θρᾱνο-, which would contain -ρᾱ- from -r̄-, i.e. -erǝ-), Ionian Infinitive Aor. θρήσασθαι ` sit down ' (proto gr. θρᾱ-); due to the thematic root form *dherĕ-: θρό-νος m. `seat'; Cypriot lak. θόρ-ναξ ὑποπόδιον Hes.; with the meaning ` grasp through the senses, observe ' and ` hold on custom, a religious custom ', ἀ-θερές ἀνόητον, ἀνόσιον Hes. (compare under Lithuanian derė́ti ` be usable '), ἐνθρεῖν φυλάσσειν Hes. (from the thematic root form *dhere-; against it from *dherǝ-:) θρήσκω νοῶ Hes. (Ionian), θράσκειν (ᾱ) ἀναμιμνήσκειν Hes., Ionian θρησκηΐη, Koine θρησκεία `worship', θρῆσκος `religious, godly, pious', θρησκεύω ` observe the official law of god '.

Is ἀθρέω `observe keenly ' up to zero grade n̥ the preposition *en (or α- = *sm̥-?) to compare afterwards with ἐνθρεῖν? (Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v.) Probably here ἁθρόος, ἀθρόος ` concentrated, crowded together, gathered ' (compare to meaning Old Indic sadhryañc-; Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v., in addition Brugmann IF. 38, 135 f.).

Mit. Old Indic dhāraka- ` container ' is compared with θώρᾱξ, -ᾱκος ` breastplaate; trunk; vagina'.

Latin frē-tus ` relying on, confiding in ', Umbrian frite `leaning, supported, relying, depending, trusting, daring, confident; trust, confidence, reliance, assurance', Latin frēnum ` bit, bridle, rein' and `rein', if originally ` holder ' (stand to gr. θρᾶνος as plē-nus to Old Indic pūr-n̥á-); with a meaning ` tenacious, tight, firm: fast' perhaps ferē `closely, almost, nearly ', fermē (*ferĭmēd, Sup.) ` quite approximately, nearly ', as well as firmus ` firm, strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong ' (with dial. i).

Old Welsh emdrit ` orderly ', Welsh dryd ` economical ' (*dhr̥to-).

Old English darian ` hidden, concealed, secret, unknown ' (`*restrain, hold themselves together, ' or ` keep shut so one does not see somehow '), Dutch bedaren ` become quiet (from the wind, weather)', in addition Old Saxon derni `hide, conceal', Old English dierne `hide, conceal, clandestine ', Old High German tarni ` lying hid, hidden, concealed, secret, unknown ', tarnen, Middle High German tarnen `cover up, conceal', Modern High German Tarn-kappe.

Lithuanian deriù, derė́ti `employ, engage (*belay), buy', derù, derė́ti ` be usable ', Causative darãu, darýti `make, do', dorà f. ` the useful ', Latvian deru, derêt `employ, engage, hire out, arrange ', Causative darît `make, create, originate';

perhaps with formants -go-: Latvian dā̀rgs `dear, expensive, precious', Old Church Slavic dragъ ds., Russian dórog, Serbo-Croatian drâg ds.;

Hittite tar-ah̯-zi (tarḫzi) ` can, be able, defeated ' (*dhr̥̄-?) belongs rather to ter-4.

guttural extensions:

dheregh- `hold, stop, hold down; tight, firm':

Avestan dražaite, Infinitive drājaŋhe `hold, stop, contain oneself, guide, lead', upadaržuvainti ` they hold out, persist = accomplish, finish ', wherefore Old Indic -dhr̥k (only Nom.) in compounds `bearing, carrying'; this form (*dhr̥gh-s) testifies for anlaut dh- the Aryan and hence probably also Slavic family;

Old Church Slavic drъžǫ, drъžati `hold, stop, contain ' (etc, s. Berneker 258); Russian drogá ` wooden bar or metal strip uniting the front and the rear axis of a cart, centre pole ', Dem. dróžki Pl. ` light, short carriage ', hence Modern High German Droschke.

As nasalized forms in addition Avestan drǝnjaiti ` solidifies, strengthens, hardens ', ā-drǝnjayeiti ` determines ', subjunctive dīdraɣžaite ` looks for protecting himself '; participle draxta-; also Avestan drǝnjayeiti, dādrājoiš, participle draxta- ` learnt by heart, murmured memorized prayers ' (compare Church Slavic tvrъditi ` moor ': Russian tverditь ` learn by heart '); Middle Irish dringid ` he climbs ', drēimm `climb' (`*holding on climbing'); kymr. dringo ` rise, climb '; Old Norse drangr ` high cliff ', drengr (*drangja-) `thick stick, column ' (and übertr. `young man, husband'), Old Church Slavic drǫgъ ` shaft, pole, turnpike '; different Specht Dekl. 139.

dhereĝh- `hold down, tight, firm':

Old Indic dŕ̥hyati, dr̥ṁhati (dr̥ṁháti) `makes tight, firm', participle dr̥ḍhá- `tight, firm'

Note:

Common Indic alb. -ĝh > -ḍh = Avestan -ĝh > -z shift

Maybe Illyrian TN Dardanoi = PN Dardistan in India

Troad = Troy < Dardanus founder of Troy

Old Indic drahyát- `proficient', Avestan darǝzayeiti `binds tight, fetters', Desid. dīdǝrǝžaiti, darǝza- m. ` the fastening, binding, snatch, griffin ', dǝrǝz- f. `band, manacle', dǝrǝzra- `tight, firm', probably also New Persian darz ` suture' and similar to Iranian words for ` sew filament ';

Thracian GN Darzales;

probably Lithuanian dir̃žas `strap', diržmas `strong', Old Prussian dīrstlan `strong, stately', dirž-tù, dir̃žti ` become tenacious, hard ';

Lithuanian dar̃žas `garden', Latvian dā̀rz `garden, courtyard, enclosure, fenced area ' could be reconverted with metathesis from *žar̃das (compare Lithuanian žar̃dis ` Roßgarten ', žárdas ` hurdle ') (different Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 448 f.), but to dir̃žas (above) and Old High German zarge, Middle High German zarge f. ` border, side, verge of a space, edge ';

Slavic *dьrzъ `bold, foolhardy ' in Old Church Slavic drъzъ, sloven. dr̂z, Czech drzý, Russian dérzkij ds. and Old Church Slavic drьznǫ, drьznǫti ` have the audacity, venture ', Russian derznútь etc.

dhereugh-:

awnord. driūgr ` withstanding, strong, full', driūgum `very', aschw. drȳgher ` respectable, strong, big, large', North Frisian dreegh `tight, firm, persistent ' (but to dhreugh-1 belong Old English drȳge `dry', drēahnian ` dry up, strain, filter', - with h instead of g? -, Old Norse draugr ` withered tree trunk', Old High German truchan `dry');

here as ` withstand ' and ` hold together - assemble ' Gothic driugan ` do military sservice ' (Old English drēogan ` withstand, commit '), Old English gedrēag `troop, multitude, crowd', Old High German truht- f. ` cohort, troop, multitude, crowd', Old Saxondruht-, Old English dryht, Old Norse drōtt f. ` cortege ', Gothic draúhti-witōÞ `(*laws of war =) military service ', gadraúhts `warrior', Old Norse drōttinn `prince, lord, master, mister', Old English dryhten, Old High German truhtīn `master, mister' (suffix as in Latin dominus), Old High German trust (*druhsti-) ` warrior's troop ';

Lithuanian draũgas ` travelling companion ', Old Church Slavic drugъ ` fellow, other etc', družina `συστρατιῶται';

Old Prussian drūktai Adv. `tight, firm', podrūktinai ` I confirm ', Lithuanian žem. drúktas, driúktas `thick, bulky, strong';

Old Irish drong `troop, multitude, crowd', Old Breton drogn ` meeting together, union, assembly ', drog ` a party, group; esp. a political party, faction, side ' are, as late Latin drungus ` troop ' borrowed from Germanic (see below trenq-1).

References: WP. I 856 ff., WH. 505 f., 536, Trautmann 45, 59 f.

Page(s): 252-255

Root / lemma: dher-3, dhereu-, dhrē̆n-

Meaning: expr. (to purr, murmur, etc.), onomatopoeic words

Material: Gr. θόρυβος ` woozy noise', θορυβέω `make a noise, bewilder', τονθορύζω `grumble, murmle', τονθρύς φωνή Hes.; θρῦλος m. `murmur, din, fuss, noise', θρῡλέω `murmle, babble'; θρέομαι (*-F-) `cry loudly', τερθρεία `empty gossip, subtleness ', τερθρεύομαι `make empty gossip' (see Boisacq s. v.), θρόος, θροῦς ` loud cry ', θροέω ` shout, let become loud ';

Old Saxon drōm, Old English drēam m. ` making a glad noise, jubilation ' (different Kluge KZ. 26, 70: as `*troop, multitude, crowd', *ðrauɣma-, to Gothic draúhts); Old English dora m. `bumblebee' (*ðuran-), English dorr- `cockchafer';

reduplication Latvian duñduris `big, giant gadfly, brake, wasp', deñderis (?) ` weeping knave, boy' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 455).

Also for Celtic and Balto-Slavic words, are mentioned under der- `murmur', Indo Germanic anlaut dh- comes in question.

dhren-:

Old Indic dhráṇati ` sounds ' (Dhātup.);

gr. θρῆνος m. `funeral song, lament, dirge', θρηνέω ` lamentation ', θρώναξ κηφήν (drone) Hes., τεν-θρήνη ` hornet ', ἀν-θρήνη (*ἀνθο-θρήνη) ` forest bee '; Old Saxon dreno, Old High German treno `drone', lengthened grade Old Saxon drān ds., also Old English drān drǣn f. `drone'; zero grade Gothic drunjus ` clangor ', Norwegian dryn n. ` low shout', drynja ` low roar, bellow', Low German drönen ` make noise, talk slowly and monotonously ' (out of it Modern High German dröhnen).

An anlaut doublet maybe lies in Lithuanian trãnas, Old Church Slavic *trǫtъ, *trǫdъ `drone' before; compare Trautmann 326.

s-extension in Middle Irish drēsacht ` creaky or squeaking noise ', gall.-Latin drēnsō, -āre `cry (of swan)', ndd. drunsen ` low roar, bellow', Dutch drenzeln ` whimper ', Hessian drensen ` groan ', Modern High German dial. trensen ` elongated roar, bellow' (from cows).

A Guttural-extension probably in Armenian dṙnč̣im `blow the horn, toot' (*dhrēnk-) and Old Irish drēcht `song, tale ' (*dhrenktā), proto Slavic. *drǫkъ (*dhr̥nk-) in sloven. drok `pestle' etc;

perhaps Tocharian A träṅk-, В treṅk- `speak'.

References: WP. I 860 f., WH. I 374, Mladenov Mél. Pedersen 95 ff.

Page(s): 255-256

Root / lemma: (dher-4:) dhor- : dher-

Meaning: to jump, jump at, *stream, ray, drip, sperm

Material: Old Indic dhā́rā `stream, ray, drip, sperm ';

gr. (Ionian) θορός, θορή ` manly sperm ', θορίσκεσθαι ` absorb sperm ', poetically θρῴσκω, Attic θρῴσκω, Fut. θοροῦμαι, Aor. ἔθορον `spring', θρωσμός ` protrusion, hill' (θρω- from*dherǝ-, because of о of the secondary forms is developed to *dhore-, dhorǝ-, θρω-);

from a base dhereu-: θόρνυμαι, θορνύομαι ` spring, jump ' (oρ probably Aeolian instead of αρ from ṛ) compare θαρνεύει ὀχεύει. σπείρει. φυτεύει Hes., θάρνυσθαι ὀχεύειν Hes.; θοῦρος `stormy, boisterous ' probably from *θορFος (Bechtel Lexil. 167);

Middle Irish dar- ` spring, jump', Impf. no-daired, preterit ro-dart, Verb noun dāir, Gen. dāra, myth. PN Dāire (*dhāri̯o-s), der `girl', Welsh -derig `rutting, in heat'.

References: WP. I 861, WH. I 528, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696, 708.

Page(s): 256

Root / lemma: dher-5, dhrei-d-

Meaning: to defecate

Note: (whether related to dher-1 `muddy residuum ' and dher-4?)

Material: Latin foria Pl. `diarrhea' (by Varro of pigs), foriō, -īre `defecate';

gr. δαρδαίνει μολύνει (*dhr̥-d-) Hes., after Fick KZ. 44, 339 Macedonian, either from θαρ-θ- with fractured reduplication or from θαρ-δ- with the same formant -d- as the i-extension dhr-ei-d-; very dubious;

Lithuanian der-k-iù der̃kti ` soil with feculence, defecate '.

Maybe alb. Geg derdh, Tosc derth (*der-k-) ` release semen, pour ' [common alb. -k- > -th-, -g- > -dh-]

dhr-ei-d-:

Old Norse drīta (dreit), Old English drītan, Middle Dutch ndd. drīten, Old High German trīzan ` defecate ', o-grade Old Norse dreita `make defecate', zero grade Middle English Modern English dirt (from *drit), Old Icelandic drit, Flemish drits, trets ` filth, faeces ', westfäl. driǝt ` scared shitless, the defecated ';

Russian dial. dristátь ` have diarrhea', Bulgarian drískam, dríštъ `have diarrhea', Serbian drískati, dríćkati, Czech dřístati ds. (Slavic *drisk-, *drist- from *dhreid-sk-, -(s)t-, Berneker 224).

References: WP. I 861 f., WH. I 527 f.

Page(s): 256

Root / lemma: dhers-

Meaning: to dare

Note: (also with -i-, -u- extended)

Material: Old Indic dhr̥ṣ-ṇṓ-ti, dhárṣ-ati ` is audacious, courageous, ventures', dhr̥ṣú- (Grammatical), dhr̥ṣ́at ` hearty ' (= Avestan darǝšat̃), dhr̥ṣṇú- `bold, valiant, gamy, audacious, cheeky ', dhr̥ṣṭá- ` insolent, cheeky ', dhr̥ṣita- `bold, gamy', dādhr̥ṣi- ` intrepid, bold', with object dharṣayati ` ventures in, makes a mistake, overcomes ', dharṣaṇa- n. `attack, maltreatment ', dharṣaka- ` attacking, assaulting '; Avestan daršam Adv. `violent, very', darši-, daršyu-, daršita- `bold', Old Persian adaršnauš ` he ventured ', dādarsi- EN;

gr. Lesbian θέρσος n. ` courage, boldness' (hom. Θερσίτης ` bold, cheeky '), with from Adj. displaced zero grade Ionian Old Attic θάρσος (Attic θάρρος) ds., Attic θράσος n. ` courage, boldness; audacity, brashness ', θαρσέω, θαρρέω `be gamy', θαρσύς (Rhodian Θαρσύβιος, Theran Θhαρύμαqhος), θρασύς `bold, gamy; foolhardy, cheeky ' (= Old Indic dhr̥ṣú-), Lesbian Adv. θροσέως, θάρσῡνος ` courageous, confident, trusting ' (*θαρσο-σῡνος);

Latin infestus ` aggressive, hostile, dangerous ', infestāre ` to attack, disquiet ' and manifestus ` palpable, clear, visible, evident; caught out, detected ' (*dhers-to-);

Gothic ga-dars (: Old Indic Perf. dadhárṣa ` has had the audacity '), Infinitive gadaúrsan, ` I venture ', Old Saxon gidurran, Old English dear, durran, Old High German (gi)tar, (gi)turran `venture, risk', Old High German giturst, Old English gedyrst f. `boldness, audacity ' (= Old Indic dr̥ṣṭí-ḥ `boldness');

Maybe alb. (*(gi)tar) guxoj `dare' : Old High German (gi)tar, (gi)turran `venture, risk'.

Lithuanian nasalized Lithuanian dręsù `dare, venture' (*dhrensō), drįstù, drį̃sti (dhrn̥s-) `venture, risk', drąsà (*dhrons-) `forwardness', drąsùs = Latvian drùošs `gamy, brave' (*dhrons-; Old Lithuanian still drįsùs and dransniaus); without nasalization Old Prussian dīrstlan `stately' and dyrsos `proficient' (*dirsu-);

here perhaps Tocharian A tsär `rough', tsraṣi `strong', В tsirauñe ` strength '.

References: WP. I 864, WH. I 698 f., Trautmann 60, Van Windekens Lexique 147.

Page(s): 259

Root / lemma: dheubh-, dhubh-

Meaning: spike, wedge

Note: uncertain, because almost only Germanic

Material: Gr. τύφοι σφῆνες Hes.

diminutive Middle High German tübel, Middle Low German dövel `clot, chunk, peg, plug, spigot, nail' (Modern High German Döbel, Dübel with md. anlaut), Old High German tubila, -i ` spigot ', English dowel-pin `peg, plug, pin'; Middle Low German dövicke, Dutch deuvik ` spigot '; Swedish Norwegian dubb `peg, plug', Tirol tuppe `big piece of wood', Middle Low German dob(b)el, Middle High German top(p)el `dice, cube'. Besides Germanic words the meaning `hit': East Frisian dufen, duven `bump, poke', Dutch dof ` shove, stroke', Old Icelandic dubba, Old English dubbian ` knight, make a man a knight ', East Frisian dubben `bump, poke'; there it also gives Germanic *ðaƀ- `hit' (see below dhā̆bh- `marvel'), could be a new variant of *ðuƀ- (perhaps come about under the help of words for `peg, plug, spigot ').

References: WP. I 848.

Page(s): 268

Root / lemma: dheu-b-, dheu-p-

Meaning: deep, *black, bottom, dark waters

Note:

The shift gʷ- > -b- , kʷ- > -p- is a common gr. hence all other IE tongues borrowed Root / lemma: dheu-b-, dheu-p- : `deep, dark' from respectively proto Illyrian gr. dheu-gʷ-, dheu-kʷ-. But proto Illyrian gr. dheu-gʷ-, dheu-kʷ- is an extenstion of an older root. After Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here Thracian PN Δόβηρος (*dhubēr-), Δέβρη (*dheubrā) it seems that Baltic languages derived the concept of `deep' from Illyrian `black, dark', hence from Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-): `to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.' derived Root / lemma: dheu-b-, dheu-p- : `deep, *dark'.

Material: forms in -b:

gr. βυθός, Ionian βυσσός m. `depth (of the sea)', probably reconverted with metathesis from *dhub-;

maybe alb. (*byssa-h), bytha `buttocks, backside hole' : gr. βυθός, Ionian βυσσός m. `depth (of the sea)' [common alb. -s- > -th-] the same formation as poln. dupa `buttocks, backside hole', Serbo-Croatian dȕpe, Gen. -eta ` buttocks '.

after Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here Thracian PN Δόβηρος (*dhubēr-), Δέβρη (*dheubrā);

Also alb. PN Dibra

Illyrian δύβρις θάλασσα (Kretschmer Gl. 22, 216), also in alb. Tosc FlN Tubra, Drove etc (Pokorny Urillyrier 99);

Old Irish domain, fu-dumain, Welsh dwfn, Cornish down, Breton doun (i.e. dun) `deep (*dhubni-), gall. dubno-, dumno- `world' (Dubno-rīx actually ` world king'), Old Irish domun ds., Old Welsh annwf(y)n, Modern Welsh annwn ` God's kingdom and the underworld ' (*an-duƀno- actually ` underworld, outside world ' as Old Icelandic ūt-garðr); s. also under S. 268 Slavic *dъbno;

maybe alb. (*diep) djep `(*deep) cradle, hollowed wood' : poln. dziupɫo n., dziupla f. ` tree hole '.

Gothic diups, Old Icelandic diūpr, Old English dēop, Old Saxon diop, Old High German tiof `deep'; Gothic daupjan, Old English dīepan, Old Saxon dōpian, Old High German toufen ` baptize ' (actually `dive'), Old Icelandic deypa `dive'; with -pp-: Norwegian duppa `dive' and j-formation, Old English dyppan `dive; baptize', ndd. düppen, Old High German tupfen `bathe, wash'; with gemin. spirant faer. duffa `swing' (from barge); with gemin. voiced-nonaspirated Norwegian dubba ` bend down ', dobbe ` marshy land' (compare Wissmann Nom. postverb. 170, 186); nasalized Norwegian dump m. `dent in the earth', Danish dial. dump `cavity, lowland, depression', English dump ` deep hole full with water ', Old High German tum(p)filo `whirlpool', Middle High German tümpfel, Modern High German (from Ndd.) Tümpel ` deep place in the flowing or standing water; puddle ', English dimple ` cheek dimple ', Dutch domp(el)en `dive, sink';

Lithuanian dubùs `deep, hollow', in addition FlN Dùbė, Dubingà and Dubýsa (= Welsh FlN Dyfi from *Dubīsā, Pokorny Urillyrier 46 f.), dùgnas `bottom' (probably because of Latvian dibens from *dùbnas = Slavic *dъbno, gall. dubno-; s. die Lithuanian by Berneker 245 f.); also the FlN Belorussian Dubna (= Latvian Dybnòja) `the deep river' and the Old Prussian PN Dum(p)nis, Dubna show still bn; dumbù, dùbti ` become hollow, sink in ', daubà, dauburỹs `gorge, ravine, gulch', dúobti `hollow out', duobė̃ `cave' (Latvian duôbs, duôbjš `deep, hollow', dùobe `pit, pothole, grave' with uo from ōu?), dubuõ, -eñs ` basin ', duburỹs, dัburỹs, dubur̃kis ` pit full of water, hole, pool ', nasalized dumburỹs ` deep hole full with water ', dum̃blas `slime, mud, morass' (yet see above S. 261); Latvian dubęns (besides dibęns) `ground, bottom' (compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 465 under 509), dubt ` become hollow, sink in ', dubl'i Pl. m. `ordure, morass'; Old Prussian padaubis `valley' and daubo f. `ground' (compare above S. 249);

Old Bulgarian dъbrь (and out of it dъbrъ) `φάραγξ, gorge, ravine, gulch' (: Latvian dubra `puddle, slop'); Church Slavic dъno (*dъbno) `ground, bottom'; about den FlN pomerell. Dbra s. S. 264.

forms in -p:

Old High German tobal, Middle High German tobel `narrow valley', Modern High German Tobel; Old Swedish dūva probably stem verb `dive', Old Icelandic dūfa `press downwards', dȳfa, deyfa `dive', Old English dīefan, dūfan ds., English dive, Middle Low German bedūven ` flooded, be coated ', bedoven ` sunk down ';

Slavic *dupa f. in sloven. dúpa ` burrow ', Czech doupa `hole', Old Bulgarian dupina `cave', mbg. Russian-Church Slavic dupl'ь `hollow, light', Russian dupɫó n. `cavity in tree truck', Serbo-Croatian dȕpe, Gen. -eta ` buttocks ', dúplja ` tree hollow ', old dupan `cave' etc; vowel gradation poln. dziupɫo n., dziupla f. ` tree hole ' etc

Note:

From Slavic languages Root / lemma: dheu-b-, dheu-p- : `deep, *dark, bottom' passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *tū́p`e ( ˜ *ti̯ūp`i, *č-)

Meaning: bottom

Turkic protoform: *dǖp

Mongolian protoform: *dow-

Note: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. The relationship to TM *dō- 'to sit down (of birds)', suggested in ТМС 1, 211, is unclear; if it exists, we may be dealing here with an archaic case of *-p`-suffixation.

from here as *dheu-g-: Germanic *dū̆-k-, *du-kk- `tauchen = dive, sich ducken = crouch'?

References: WP. I 847 f., WH. I 565, 867, Trautmann 45 f.

Page(s): 267-268

Root / lemma: dheugh-

Meaning: to touch, press, milk

Material: Indo-Iranian *dhaugh- `milk' in Old Indic duháti, athematic dógdhi `milked', the desirable cow Kāma-duh(ā) ` the plentifully bestowing ' (= gr. Τύχη), Persian dōɣ, dōxtän etc, Old Persian han-dugā ` proclamation ' (compare Latin pro-mulgāre);

gr. τυγχάνω (τεύξομαι, ἔτυχον, ἐτύχησα, τετύχηκα) `meet, find, meet by chance; achieve a purpose or an aim; intransitive to find oneself, and be close ', τύχη ` success, luck, destiny, lot ', goddess Tύχη (probably originally a the desirable cow?); τεύχω (τεύξω, Aor. ἔτευξα, hom. τετυκεῖν, Med. τετύκοντο, τετυκέσθαι - with sek. k -, Perf. τετευχώς, τέτυκται, τετεύχαται) ` make suitable, make, produce, arrange, produce ', τιτύσκομαι ` to make, make ready, prepare ', τεῦχος n. ` all made, ware, pottery, stuff, esp. armament, military equipment, weapons; ship instrument; pot, vessel ';

Irish dūan ` a poem, ode, song ' (*dhughnā), dūal ` fitting' (*dhughlo-);

Old Icelandic Infinitive duga, present dugi, preterit dugða ` be useful, be suitable for, succeed ', preterit present Gothic daug, Old English dēag, Old Saxon dōg, Old High German toug ` it is good for, is useful ', Causative Middle Low German dӧ̄gen ` withstand ', Old Saxon ā-dōgian `ds., sort, order, arrange', Old English gedīegan `bear, endure, come through '; Old High German tuht ` skillfulness, power ', Middle High German tühtec, Modern High German tüchtig = Old English dyhtig ` stalwart ' (about Gothic dauhts ` feast ' s. Feist 116);

Lithuanian daũg `much, a lot of', dáuginti ` increase, intensify '; Russian dúžij etc `strong'.

References: WP. I 847, Benveniste BSL. 30, 73 f., Pisani REtIE. 1, 238 ff.

Page(s): 271

Root / lemma: dheu-1

Meaning: to run, *stream, flow

Material: Old Indic dhávatē `runs, streams ', lengthened grade dhā́vati ds., dhāutí-ḥ f. `wellspring, stream, brook'; Middle Persian dawīdan `run, hurry', pām. dav- `run, rush';

Maybe alb. (*dhu̯eti) dēti ` sea ' : Middle Irish dōe `sea' common alb. attribute nouns suffixed in -t formant. [see alb. numbers].

gr θέω, ep. also θείω, Fut θεύσομαι `run'; lak. σῆ τρέχε Hes.; θοός `quick, fast', βοη-θόος ` auf einen Anruf schnell zur Hand, helfend ', in addition βοηθέω (instead of *βοηθοέω) `help', θοάζω ` move in quick dashing movement; scoot, move fast ';

gr.-Illyrian δυάν κρήνην Hes.;

Old Norse dǫgg, Gen. dǫggwar (*dawwō), Old English dēaw, Old Saxon dau, Old High German tou, Modern High German Тau (*dawwa-);

doubtful Middle Irish dōe `sea' (*dheu̯iā) as ` the violently moving ';

Maybe Illyrian TN Tau-lanti (wetland, swamp): Modern High German Тau (*dawwa-)

here probably *dhu-ro- in Thracian FlN ᾽Α-θύρας (*n̥-dhu-r-) and in numerous Venetic-Illyrian FlN, so Illyrian Duria (Hungarian), Modern High German Tyra, Thur, older Dura (Alsace, Switzerland), northern Italy Dora, Doria, French Dore, Doire, Doron, iber. Durius, Turia etc (Pokorny Urill. 2, 10, 79, 105, 113, 127, 145, 160, 165, 169 f.);

Note:

Finally the ancient Dorian tribe that overrun Mycenaean civilization was of Illyrian origin. Their name meant `river people' since they spread very rapidly traveling on fast river boats. Their migration took Mycenaean cities by surprise. The Dorian expansion was similar to the Viking rapid expansion hundreds of years later.

maybe Illyrian (*Durra-hion) Dyrrhachium -i, n. a port in Illyria.

after Rozwadowski (Rev. Slavic 6, 58 ff.) here the FlN Düna, west-Slavic Dvina (*dhu̯einā), borrowed as Finnish väinä `wide river', Estonian väin(a) ` straits ', syrj. `dyn ` estuary '.

References: WP. I 834.

Page(s): 259-260

Root / lemma: dheu-2, dhu̯-ēi-

Meaning: to vanish, faint, die

Material: Gothic diwans (*dhéu̯-ono-) `perishable, mortal', vowel gradation Old High German touwen, Old Saxon dōian `die', Old Norse deyja, dō (*dōw), dāinn `die'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Gothic dauÞs ` dead ', also af-dauiÞs ` afflicted ', Old High German tōt, Old English dēad, Old Norse dauðr ` dead ', Gothic dauÞus `death', Old High German tōd, Old English dēaÞ, Old Norse dauð-r, -ar and dauðe `death';

Old Irish duine (*dhu-n-i̯o-), Pl. dōini (*dheu̯en-i̯o-), Welsh dyn, Cornish Breton den `person' (`mortal, human being', Brugmann ZfceltPh. 3, 595 ff.); s. also under ĝhðem-;

perhaps Latin fūnus (fōnus?) n. ` a funeral, burial. Transf., the corpse; death; destruction, ruin; a cause of ruin ', whether from *dheu̯(e)-nos ` in death '; formally, nevertheless, exactly = Old Irish n. s-stem dūn `fortress', probably originally ` hill castle ' (see below dheu-4 S. 263);

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift.

after Marstrander Prés. à nasale inf. 151 here Old Irish -deda ` dwindles away ' from *dhe-dhu̯-ā-t; compare also above under dhē-3;

in Germanic also the meaning ` insensible, become unconscious ', awnord. dā (*dawa) ` unconsciousness, faint, swoon ', preterit dō also ` became numbed ' (of limbs), Old Swedish dāna ` faint, pass out ', Norwegian daana ` become stiff, become lame (from limbs), faint, pass out ' (Ableit. from participle dāinn), Icelandic doði ` insensibility ', doðna ` become unfeeling, became numbed ', Gothic usdauÞs ` not indolent, diligent, active, quick, unwearied, indefatigable, energetic, eager ', Old High German tawalōn ` to dwindle, to die ', Dutch dauwel ` sluggish woman '; further Old Norse dā also ` delight of the soul ' (`*anesthetization '), dā (*dawēn) ` admire, venerate '; Old Norse dān f. `death'.

extension dhu̯-ēi-: dhu̯-ī- in:

Armenian di, Gen. dioy ` dead body, corpse', Old Irish dīth (*dhu̯ītu-) `end, death'; Old English dwīnan (stem verb) ` abate, dwindle ', besides dem nōn-Verb Old Norse duīna and duena ds.; Old English dwǣscan ` annul, annihilate ' (*dwaiskjan), Lithuanian dvìsti `die' (Būga by Endzelin KZ. 52, 123).

Maybe alb. Tosc (dvìsti) vdes, Geg dekë `die' [commom alb. -s- > -k- shift].

Clearly from Root / lemma: dheu̯es-, dhu̯ē̆s-, dheus-, dhū̆s- : `to dissipate, blow, etc. *breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die' derived Root / lemma: dheu-2, dhu̯-ēi- : `to vanish, faint, die'.

As Lithuanian dvìsti `die' : Lithuanian dvesiù, dvesiaũ, dvė̃sti ` breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die ' (see below);

References: WP. I 835, WH. I 451, 568.

Page(s): 260-261

Root / lemma: dheu-3

Meaning: shining, to shine

Material: Old Indic dhavalá- `gleaming white', dhā́vati `makes blank, purifies, cleans, swills ', Avestan fraδavata ` rubbed off (cleaning) ';

gr. θοός . . . λαμπρός, θοῶσαι . . . λαμπρῦναι Hes., ὀδόντες λευκὰ θέοντες Ps.-Hsd., θαλέιον καθαρόν. καὶ θωλέον Hes. (Kontr. from *θοFαλέος).

References: WP. I 835, Schulze KZ. 29, 260 f. = Kl. Schr. 369.

Page(s): 261

Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-)

Meaning: to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.

Material:

Hittite: tuḫḫai- (I) ' be in labor, have labor pains ', tuḫḫima- c. ' be in labor, labor pains, pains of child-birth ' (Friedricḫ 226); tuḫḫuwai- (tuḫḫui-) c. ' dense smoke?, fume, smog? ' (227)

Hittite: tuhhai- (I) ' kreissen, Geburtswehen haben ' , tuhhima- c. ' Kreissen, Geburtswehen ' (Friedrich 226)

Old Indian: dhūnóti, dhunoti, dhuvati, pf. dudhāva, pass. dhūyáte, ptc. dhūna-, dhūtá- `to shake, agitate ' ; dhūni- f. `shaking, agitation ' , dhavítra- n. `fan '

Other Iranian: NPers dūd `Rauch '

Armenian: dedevim `schwanke, schaukle '

Old Greek: thǖ́ō, ep. thǘi̯ō, ep. thǖ́nō, thǖnéō, aor. éthǖsa `einherstürmen, brausen, stürmen, toben ' ; thǖmó-s m. `Geist, Mut, Zorn, Sinn ' , thǖmái̯nō `zürnen ' ; thüáō `in Brust sein (von Schweinen) ' , thǘella f. `Sturmwind ' ; thǖ^no-s = pólemos, hormḗ, drómos Hsch.

Slavic: *dū́tī, *dū́jǭ; *dū́dlo; *dū́nǭ

Germanic: *dū-ja- vb.

Celtic: *dūli- > MIr dūil `Wunsch, Begehr ' ;

With m-formant:

Old Indic dhūmá-ḥ m. `smoke, vapor', dhūmāyati ` smokes, steams ' = Latin fūmāre `smoke, steam, reek, fume', formal also = Old High German tūmōn ` turn in circles ';

gr. θῡμός `breath, life, soul, heart, spirit, courage, mind, temper, will, anger, wrath' (θῡμιάω still purely sensually `smoke, fumigate '; θῡμάλ-ωψ ` charcoal pile ', θυμικός ` ardent ', θῡμαίνω `rage against' etc);

Latin fūmus ` smoke, steam, vapor ' (fūmāre see above);

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift.

Lithuanian dū́mai Pl. `smoke', Latvian dũmi Pl., Old Prussian dumis ds.;

Old Church Slavic dymъ `smoke';

maybe alb. Tosc tym `fume' [common alb. d- > t- shift.] : also alb. Geg dhem, alb. dhemb `hurt, ache', dhimbje `pain' [common alb. shift m > mb].

Note:

with ŭ: Middle Irish dumacha Pl. `fog' (nir. dumhach from *dhumuko- ` misty, dark'); gr. θύμος, -ον ` thyme ' (strong-smelling pllant as also θύμβρα, θύμβρον `Satureja thymbra L.' s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian; after Niedermann Gl. 19, 14 to Russian dubrávka, dubróvka `Potentilla Tormentilla', that after Berneker 215 to Old Church Slavic dǫmbъ `oak' [see below S. 264] belongs).

Latin fimus `crap, muck, manure' (as *dhu̯-i-mos due to growing from suffio, -īre);

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift.

with Indo Germanic ou: Old High German toum `vapor, haze, mist, Duft', Old Saxon dōmian `steam'.

In addition coloring adjective the meaning ` smoke-color, fog-gray, dismal ': Old Indic dhūmrá- ` smoke-color, gray, puce, cloudy, dull (also from the mind)', dhūmala- ` smoke-color, puce ';

Lithuanian dum̃blas `slime, mud, moor on the bottom of pond ', Latvian dubl'i `slime, mud, ordure' (presumably = Old Indic dhūmra-; compare but under S. 268 and Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 509), Latvian dũmal'š ` swart, brown', dũmaîns ` smoke-color ', dumjš, fem. dumja ` dark brown, paled, cloudily (from the eyes), stupid ', dumûksnis `swamp, marsh', dumbra zeme `black moorland ', dum̃bris, dum̃brs ` spring, fountain, moor, morass ' (compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 514; in detail about such moor names after the color Schulze Kl. Schr. 114);

compare with dem coloring name suffix -no-: Latvian dûńi, dùn&##769;as Pl. `slime, mud';

with -ko-, respectively of the root extension with -k-: Latvian dûksne, dùkste `swamp, marsh, pool, morass' :dũkans ` a red-brown hue, swart ';

with -g-: Latvian duga ` the glutinous mucus which swims on the water ', dugains ûdens ` impure water ', dugains uguns ` dark, clouded flame ', dungans ` a red-brown hue ' (if latter not from *dumgans, compare bal̃gans `whitish', salgans ` sugary ');

with -t- Tocharian В tute `yellow'?

With l-formant :

Old Indic dhūli-, dhūlī f. ` dust, dusty surface of the earth, pollen ', dhūlikā `fog', alb. dëlënjë, dëllinjë ` juniper ' (as ` wood smoking chips ', from *dhūlīni̯o-);

Maybe alb. dyllë `wax, bee wax' : Lithuanian dū́lis m., Latvian dũlãjs, dũlẽjs ` smoker, smoking incense incense to drive away the bees ' (see below).

Note:

Maybe alb. dëllinjë ` juniper ' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆l- : ` to blossom, be green ' : alb. (*dalīni̯ā) dëlinjë `juniper' similar to Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ-: `to reel, dissipate, blow, etc.'.

Latin fūlīgo ` soot; powder for darkening the eyebrows '

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift

Middle Irish dūil ` wish, desire ' (*mind boiling , as θῡμός `the soul'), Lithuanian dū́lis m. ` smoker, smoking incense incense to drive away the bees '

Maybe alb. dyllë, dylli ` bee wax '.

Lithuanian dùlkė `mote, speck'; Latvian dũlãjs, dũlẽjs ` a more smoking than burning torch to take the honey from the bees '; Lithuanian dul̃svas ` smoke-color, mouse grey'; changing through vowel gradation Russian dúlo ` barrel (of a gun, a cannon '), dúlьce ` mouth piece of a wind instrument ' (etc, s. Berneker 237; previously Slavic derivatives of duti `blow').

Verbs and and single-linguistic nominal formation:

Note:

Old Indic and alb. prove that Root / lemma: dāu-, dǝu-, dū̆- : `to burn' derived from Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-) : `to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke etc.'.

Maybe alb. dhunoj `violate, rape', dhunë `violence';

Old Indic dhūnṓti (dhunōti, dhuváti) ` shakes, moves to and fro, ventilates ', Fut. dhaviṣyati, Perf. dudhāva, Pass. dhūyáte, participle dhutá-ḥ, dhūtá-ḥ `shaken, agitated', Middle Persian dīt `smoke'; Old Indic dhunāti ` moves to and fro, shakes ', participle dhūnāna-, dhūni- f. `the shaking', dhūnayati ` moves to and fro, shakes ', dhavítram n. ` flabellum, whisk ', dhavitavyà- ` fan, ventilate '; Avestan dvaidī ` we both beset '? (*du-vaidī); Kuiper Nasalpräs. 53 places here Old Indic dhvajati (Dhp. 7, 44), Avestan dvažaiti ` flutters ' (in addition Old Indic dhvajá-ḥ `banner, ensign, flag') from *dhu̯-eg- (?);

Armenian de-dev-im ` sway, swing ' (compare that likewise reduplication intensive dhvajá-ḥ Old Indic dō-dhavīti);

gr. θύ̄ω (ἔθῡσα), Lesbian θυίω ` storm along, roar, rave, smoke ' (*dhu-i̯ō, υ: from θύ̄σω, ἔδῡσα, as also ū in Old Indic Pass. dhūyáte and Old Norse dȳja `shake' neologism is; in the meaning `rage' maybe from *dhusi̯ō, s. dheu̯es-), θυάω, θυάζω ds., θύελλα `storm' (see S. 269 unter dheu̯es-), ep. θύ̄νω ` roam, therefore blow, rage ' (*θυνFω), θυνέω ds. (*θυνέFω), θῦνος πόλεμος, ὁρμή, δρόμος Hes. with the meaning `smoke (smoke offering), smell': θύ̄ω (θύ̄σω), τέθῠκα ` sacrifice ', θυσία `sacrifice, oblation', θῦμα ` sacrificial animal ', θύος n. ` incense (hence Latin tūs `incense, frankincense'), oblation, sacrifice, oblation' (therefrom θυεία `mortar' s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian)

Maybe alb. thuk `mortar', thyenj `break, grind'.

gr. θυόεις, θυήεις ` laden with incense, odorous, fragrant ', θύον ` a tree whose wood was burned because of its fragrance ', θυία, θύα ` an African tree with scented wood ', θυηλή ` oblation ' ( : Ionian θυαλήματα : Attic θῡλήματα, *θῠFα- : *θυ:-, s. Bechtel Lex. 168 f., Boisacq s. v.), θῠμέλη ` sacrificial altar, altar'.

On the base of the meaning `(together) whirl' θί̄ς, θῑνός `heap, sandpile, esp. dune, sandbank, heaps generally ', from *θF-ῑν, shaped as ακτί̄ν-, γλωχί̄ν-, δελφί̄ν-, ὠδί̄ν-, compare gr. θίλα `heap' (Hes.), to meaning under Modern High German Düne; barely with Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 5702 to Old Indic dhíṣṇya- ` litter put on earth ';

alb. Geg dêj, Tosc dënj `fuddle', Med. ` dwindle away, melt ' (*deuni̯ō, compare Gothic dauns ` fume, haze, mist'), dêjet ` flows, melts ';

Maybe alb. dêje `vein (where the blood flows)', duf `air blow, anger, impatience, rage' : Old English dofian `rage' : Latin suffio -ire `to fumigate' (see below), also duplicated alb. (*duh-duh) dudë `gum'.

Latin suf-fiō, -fīre ` to fumigate, perfume; to warm ' (suffīmentum ` incense '; about fĭmus see above) from *-dhu̯-ii̯ō, as fio `of persons and things, to be made, come into existence; with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to be valued at; of actions, to be done; of events, to happen ' from *bhu̯-ii̯ō, foeteo, -ēre `evil smell, stink' due to a participle *dhu̯-oi-to-s (as pūteō from *pūtos);

Note:

common Latin d- > f- shift. Clearly Latin suffio -ire `to fumigate' derived from an Illyrian alb. duf `blow'.

here (as *piled up) gall., proto Irish Δοῦνον, latin. dūnum, Old Irish n. s-stem dūn ( : Latin fūnus, s. S. 260) `castle' (*hill), Old Welsh din (Modern Welsh dinas) ds.; Old Irish dú(a)ë, arch. dóë ` bulwark, rampart, wall' (*dhōu̯i̯o-); Old Irish dumae m. `hill', gall. GN Dumiatis; also Old Irish dé f. Gen. dīad `smoke', Middle Irish dethach ds. (*dhu̯ii̯at-);

Old English dūn m. f. `height, mountain', English down ` sand-hill, dune', mnl. dūne, Middle Low German dǖne, out of it Modern High German Düne; compare to meaning Ukrainian vý-dma `dune' to Slavic dъmǫ `blow'; whereas is Germanic *tū-na- ` fence, a preserved place ' (Old Icelandic Old English tūn ds., `town, city', Modern High German Zaun) probably Celtic loanword;

Old Norse dȳja `shake' see above;

Gothic dauns f. ` sweet scent, smoke ' (*dhou-ni), Old Norse daunn m. ` fetidness ' (compare alb. dej; about Old High German Modern High German dunst see below the root form *dheu̯es-); Old Norse dūnn m. `down feather (*fan)' (out of it Middle Low German dūne, whereof again Modern High German Daune `soft loose fluffy feathers, as on young birds'; compare Middle Dutch donst ` down feather (*fan), dust powder (*ash)' = German Dunst ` fume '; s. Falk-Тогp under dun); Old Saxon dununga ` delusion ' (ŭ or ū?); Old Icelandic dūni `fire';

Lithuanian dujà f. `mote, speck', dujė ` down feather (*fan) '; dvỹlas ` black, black-headed ', vowel gradation dùlas ` grayish ';

Slavic *dujǫ, *duti (e.g. Russian dúju, dutь) `blow', changing through vowel gradation *dyjǫ in sloven. díjem, díti ` blow, smell, breathe quietly '; Old Church Slavic dunǫ dunǫti (*dhoun-) `blow' (changing through vowel gradation with Old Indic dhū̆-nóti, -nāti, gr. θύ̄νω);

Tocharian A twe, В tweye `dust'.

Hittite: tuhhuwai- (tuhhui-) c. ' Qualm?, Dunst? ' (Friedrich 227);

Tokharian: A twe, B tweye ' dust, ashes ' (PT *tweye) (Adams 323)

Old Indian: dhūli- f. `dust, powder ' , dhūlikā f. `fog, mist (L.) ' ; OInd dhūmá- m. `smoke, vapour, mist ' ; dhūmrá- `smoke-coloured, grey, dark-red ' , dhūmala- `smoke-coloured, purple ' ; dhūsara- `dust-coloured, grey '

Old Greek: thǘō, aor. thǖ^sai̯, p. tüthē^nai̯, pf. téthüka, m.-p. téthümai̯ `ein Rauch- od. Brandopfer darbringen, opfern im allg. ' ; ék-, pró-thüsi-s f.; thǘos n. `Raucherwerk ' , thü[ē]tǟ́ f. `id. ' , thǖ^ma n. `Opfer ' , thǘtǟ-s `Opferer ' , dial. `Opferplatz ' , thüsíǟ f. `Opfer, Opferfest ' , thǘo-n `ein Baum, dessen Holz wegen seines Wohlgeruches verbrannt wurde ' , thümélǟ `Opferstätte, Alter ' , thümálōps, -ōpos m. etwa `Feuerbrand, glühende Kohle ' ; thümiáō `in Rauch aufgehen lassen, räuchern '

Slavic: *dɨ̄́tī, *dɨ̄jǭ (Sloven díti, díjem `wehen; duften ' ); *dɨ̄́mъ

Baltic: *dū^-l-ia- (1) c., *dū^-l-jā^ (1) f., *dul^- vb. inch.; *dwā̃-l-a- c., *dwel^- vb. inch., *dū^-m-a- (1) c., *dū^-m-a- adj., *du-j-ā^ f., *dū^- vb. intr.

Germanic: *dau-m-a- m., *dau-m-ō- vb.; *dau-n-i- c., *dū-n-a- m.; *du-sk-a- adj.

Latin: fūlīgō, -inis f. `Russ ' ; fūmus, -ī m. `Rauch, Dampf, Qualm, Brodem ' ;; suffiō, -īs, -īre `räuchern ' ; foetēre `übelriechen, stinken; verhasst sein ' ; ? fimus, -ī m., fimum n. `Mist, Kot, Dünger ' ;; fuscus, -a `dunkelfärbig, schmutzigschwarz, dunkelbraun ' , furvus, -a `schwarz, finster '

Other Italic: Osk Mefit<eí> `Mefītī ' , Mefítaiiaís `*Mefītaeī ? > Lat mefītis, -is f. `schädliche Ausdünstung; Göttin der schädlichen Dünste '

Celtic: MIr dumacha `Nebel ' ; *dum= > Ir dumhach `nebelig, dunkel '

compare still perhaps identical proto root *dheu- `run, flow'.

Root extensions:

I. bh-extension: dheubh- ` fly, smoke; misty, darkens, also from the mind and the reflection '.

Gr. τύφω (θῦψαι, τῠφῆναι) ` smoke, vapor, fume, make smoke; burn slowly, singe; Pass. smoke, give off vapor, gleam ', m. τῦφος ` smoke, steam, dense smoke; wooziness, folly, silly pride ';

Maybe poln. duma ` pride ', dumny ` proud '.

τετῡφῶσθαι `be brainless, conceited, haughty', τῡφῶς, -ῶ or -ῶνος `whirlwind, thunderstorm ', τῡφεδών, -όνος ` disastrous fire ', τῡφεδανός, τῡφογέρων ` feeble-minded age '; τυφλός `blind, dark, stupid ', τυφλόω ` blind ', τυφλώψ `blind', τυφλώσσω `become blind'.

Old Irish dub (*dhubhu-) `black', Old Welsh dub (*dheubh-), Modern Welsh du, Old Cornish duw, Middle Cornish du, Breton dū́ `black', gall. Dubis ` Le Doubs (eastern France) ', i.e. ` black, dark water '; probably also Middle Irish dobur `water', Welsh dwfr, Cornish dour (i.e. dowr), Breton dour (i.e. dur) ds., gall. Uerno-dubrum river name (`alder water ') are named after the same observation;

however, maybe there are Celtic words with Indo Germanic b which must be assumed that belong to dheub- `deep' (under S. 268), because `deep' and `black' could be slightly identical.

So can the pomerell. FlN Dbra (*dъbra) be identical just as well with Latvian dubra, Church Slavic dъbrь.

Note:

Root / lemma: dheu-b-, dheu-p- : `deep, *dark' derived from Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-): `to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.'.

Gothic daufs (-b-) `deaf, obdurate', Old Norse daufr `deaf, idle', Old English dēaf `deaf', Old High German toup (-b-) `deaf, obtuse, foolish', Old Norse deyfa, Middle High German touben ` deafen, stun, make feeble ', changing through vowel gradation Low German duff `muggy (air), dim (color), muted (sound)';

Maybe alb. duf `air blow, anger, impatience, rage' : Old English dofian `rage'.

Dutch dof, Middle High German top ` senseless, brainless, crazy ',

Maybe alb. topis `stun';

ō-Verb: Old High German tobon, Old Saxon dovōn ` be mad ', Old English dofian `rage', ē-Verb: Old High German tobēn, Modern High German toben, as well as (as participle a stem verb) Old Norse dofinn ` dull, limp, half-dead ', wherefore dofna ` limp, become stale '; Old Norse dupt n. `dust', Norwegian duft, dyft f. ds., Middle High German tuft, duft `haze, mist, fog, dew, hoarfrost ', Old High German tuft `frost', Modern High German Duft `fine smell, odor' (or zur root form dheup-, see below); Gothic (hraiwa-) dūbō, Old Norse dūfa, Old English dūfe, Old High German tūba ` dove, pigeon ' (after the dark color). Nasalized Gothic dumbs, Old Norse dumbr, Old English dumb ` dumb ', Old High German tumb ` silent, stupid, incomprehensibe ', Old Saxon dumb ` oafish '. However, a *dhu-m-bhos `dark' seems to be supported also by Slavic (see below).

Maybe expressive alb. Tosc dudum ` dumb '

Perhaps (Berneker 215) Old Church Slavic dǫbъ `oak, then tree generally ' as `tree with dark heartwood ' as Latin rōbur. Against it can be by Latvian dumbra zeme `black moorland ' etc b Einschublaut between m and r, see above, also by Lithuanian dum̃blas `slime, mud' (Middle High German tümpfel, Modern High German Tümpel, Prellwitz KZ. 42, 387, rather to Modern High German tief, Middle Low German dumpelen ` submerge ', s.Schulze SBpr.Ak. 1910, 791 = Kl. Schr. 114).

Besides dhūp- in: Old Indic dhūpa- m. `smoke, incense ', Old High German tūvar, tūbar ` phrenetical ' (also in Duft? see above).

2. dh-extension: dheu-dh- ` whirl, shake, confuse through another'.

Old Indic dṓdhat- ` stupefying, vehement, raving ', dúdhi-, dudhra- ` boisterous ', probably also dúdhita- (epithet of tamas ` darkness ') perhaps ` confused, thick';

gr. θύσσεται τινάσσεται Hes. (*θυθι̯εται), θύσανος ` tassel ', hom. θυσσανόεις ` festooned with tassels or fringes ' from *θυθι̯α (*dhudhi̯a = Latvian duža `bundle'), τευθίς, τεῦθος, τευθός ` squid ' (`misting, muddling the water ');

Germanic *dud-, geminated *dutt- and *dudd-: Danish dude, older dudde ` ryegrass, darnel ' (but about Icelandic doðna ` become insensitive ' see above S. 260), Low German dudendop, -hop ` drowsy person', Old Frisian dud ` anesthetization ', Norwegian dudra `tremble', Old English dydrian ` deceive '; with -dd-: English dial. dudder `bewilder', dodder `tremble, wobble, sway', English dodder ` any plant of the genus Cuscuta; any of various choking or climbing weeds '; with -tt-: Middle Dutch dotten, dutten ` be crazy ', Middle Low German vordutten `bewilder', Middle High German vertutzen, betützen ` become deaf, but get collectedness ', Icelandic dotta ` fall asleep due to tiredness, nod because of exhaustion ';

similarly, on the basis of *dhu̯edh-: East Frisian dwatje ` stupid girl', dwatsk ` oafish, eccentric ', Jütisch dvot ` suffering from Coenurus cerebralis '; Swedish dodra, Middle High German toter m. ` yellow plant, dodder ', Middle English doder, Modern English dodder ` any plant of the genus Cuscuta, comprising leafless threadlike twining plants with parasitic suckers; it attaches itself to some other plant as to flax etc. and decaying at the root, is nourished by the plant that supports it ', Dutch (vlas)-doddre ds. After Falk-Torp under dodder if the word was transferred as a name for certain plants with yellow thredlike stems: Old Saxon dodro, Old High German totoro, Old English dydring `egg - yellow ' (-ing prove the derivative of plant name); rather has been for it `clump' = ` thick mass' in contrast to melting egg white the mediative meaning (Persson) or compare Norwegian dudra `tremble' the elastic shivering of this colloid rocking core; compare Old Icelandic doðr-kvisa `a bird'.

3. k-extension: dhu̯ēk-, dhū̆k- and dheuk-:

Old Indic dhukṣatē, dhukṣayati with sam- ` blown up the fire, kindled, animated ', dhūka- m. (unleashed) `wind'; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-

Lithuanian dvė̃kti, dvėkúoti, dvėkterėti `breathe, pant, gasp', dvõkti `stink', dvãkas `breath, breeze, breath', dùksas `sigh', dūkstù, dū̃kti ` become raving, rage ', dū̃kis `fury', Latvian dùcu, dùkt ` roar, rage ', ducu, ducêt it. `roar', dūku (*dunku), duku, dukt ` become mat '; color names as Latvian dũkans ` swart ' (see above) hit presumably the bridge to:

Old High German tugot `variegated', tougan ` dark, concealed, mysterious, miraculous ', n. ` mystery, miracle ', Old Saxon dōgalnussi ` mystery, hiding place, nook', Old English dēagol, dīegle ` clandestine ', Old High German tougal ` dark, concealed, secret '; also Old English dēag f. `paint, color, red or purple dye; red or purple color; rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue ', dēagian `dye', English dye.

4. l-extension: dh(e)u̯el- (compare in addition above the l-nouns as Old Indic dhūli-) ` whirl up, cloud (water, the mind); murky, dark, spiritually weak '.

Gr. θολός `slime, mud, smut, esp. from murky water, the dark juice of the cuttlefish ' (= Gothic dwals), Adj. `cloudy', θολόω `cloudy', θολερός `muddy, cloudy, eclipse; verwirrt, beguile ';

Δύαλος, name of Dionysos by the Paeones (Hes.) ` the raving ', Illyrian Δευάδαι οἱ Σάτ[υρ]οιὑπ' `Iλλυριῶν (Hes.);

maybe alb. dal `go out, move out, wander aimlessly', nasalized ndal `stop, hinder, delay' : Old Norse dvelja `hinder, delay', Old Saxon bidwellian `hinder', Old Norse dvǫl f. `delay', Old English dwala m. `aberration'.

Old Irish dall `blind', clūas-dall `deaf' (`unable to hear, blind'), Welsh Cornish Breton dall `blind' (about *du̯allos < *du̯l̥los from *dhu̯l̥no-s);

Gothic dwals ` oafish ', Old Norse dvala f. ` coma, doze, stupor '; changing through vowel gradation Old Saxon Old English dol ` clownish, crazy', Old High German tol, tulisc `crazy, nonsensical ', Modern High German toll, English dull ` stupid, tasteless, weak (also from colors)', Old Norse dul f. ` concealment, illusion, arrogance ', dylja ` negate, conceal ' and on the other hand Old Norse dø̄lskr (*dwōliska-) `crazy'; Old Saxon fardwelan stem verb `miss, fail', Old Frisian dwilith ` errs '; Old English participle gedwolen ` wrong, mistaken ', Old High German gitweɫan ` be dazed, tarry ', Old Norse dulinn ` conceited, arrogant '; Causative Old Norse dvelja `hinder, delay', Old Saxon bidwellian `hinder', Old English dwelian ` misguide ', Old High German *twaljan, twallen, Middle High German twel(l)en `hinder, delay'; Old Norse dvǫl f. `delay', Old English dwala m. `aberration', Old High German gitwolo ` infatuation, heresy'; Gothic dwalmōn `crazy, be phrenetical ', Old English dwolma, Old Saxon dwalm ` anesthetization ', Old High German twalm ` anesthetization, narcotic smoke, smoke', Old Norse dylminn ` thoughtless, frivolous ', Danish dulme ` drowse '.

5. n-extension : dhu̯en(ǝ)- ` scatter, sprinkle, be moved violently; whirling smoke, fog, cloud; befogged = dark, also from the darkening of the consciousness, the death '.

Old Indic ádhvanīt ` he burnt out, was extinguished, dwindled ' (of anger, actually ` evaporated, sprayed '), Causative dhvā̆nayati ` darkens ', participle dhvāntá- `dark', n. ` darkness';

Avestan dvan- with pre verb `fly' (apa-dvąsaiti ` macht sich auf zum Davonfliegen ', upa-dvąsaiti ` goes flying there ', Causative us-dvąnayat̃ ` he allows to fly upwards '); dvąnman- n. `cloud', aipi-dvąnara- `cloudy, misty ', dunman- `fog, cloud';

gr. θάνατος `death', θνητός ` perishable ' (*dhu̯enǝtos and *dhu̯n̥̄tós), Doric θνά̄σκω `die', reshaped after the present in -ίσκω Attic ἀποθνῄσκω (-θανοῦμαι, -θανεῖν), Lesbian θναίσκω ds. (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 362, 709, 770);

Latvian dvans, dvanums `haze, mist, vapor', dviñga `haze, mist, coal steam ' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 546).

6. r-extension: dheu̯er- (dhu̯er-, dheur-) ` whirl, attack, hurry; vortex = dizziness, folly '.

Old Indic (unleashed) dhōraṇa- n. `trot', dhōrati ` trots ' (=Slavic dur-, see below); perhaps dhurā́ Adv. ` violent, forcible '; dhāṭī ` raid, night raid ', if Middle Indic development from *dhvārtī ` Heranstürmen ';

perhaps gr. ἀ-θύ̄ρω (*ἀ- = n̥ `in' + *θυρι̯ω) ` play, I amuse ', ἄθυρμα ` play, toys; jewellery, ornament things ' (if `play' from `spring');

Lithuanian padùrmai Adv. ` with impetuosity, stormy', Old Prussian dūrai Nom. Pl. `shy'; Russian durь ` folly, fatuity, stubborness ', durě́tь, ` lose the mind ', durítь `make pranks', durák `fool', dúra `fool, clown', durnój `evil, bad, ugly', dial. ` unreasonable, furious ', durníca ` henbane, ryegrass, darnel ', Ukrainian dur, dura ` anesthetization, dizziness, tomfoolery ', Serbian dûrīm, dúriti se `flare up, foam' etc;

Tocharian A taur, В tor `dust'?

References: WP. I 835 ff.; WH. I 499 f., 561 f., 57 If., 865; Trautmann 62 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 686, 696, 703.

Page(s): 261-267

Root / lemma: dheu̯es-, dhu̯ē̆s-, dheus-, dhū̆s-

Meaning: to dissipate, blow, etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die

Note: extension of dheu̯-4; also expressions for ` dark colors ' seem to be supposed to be added as ` fog-gray, dust-color '.

Material: Old Indic dhvaṁsati ` sprays, sprinkles, disintegrates, goes to pieces ', participle dhvastá-, Кaus. dhvaṁsáyati, dhvasáyati ` powdered, destroyed ', dhvasmán- m. ` obscuration ', dhvasirá- ` powdered, sprayed ', dhvasrá- ` powdered, indistinguishable ', dhvásti- f. ` the spraying ' (= Old High German tunist, dun(i)st ` wind, storm, breath, smoke ', Old English Old Frisian dūst `dust'), dhūsara- ` dust-colored '; to formation (*dhu̯-és-mi, Konj. dhéu-s-ō besides *dhu-n-és-mi, Konj. *dhu̯-én-s-ō) compare Kuiper Nasalpräs. 41;

gr. θύ̄ω (θυίω) ` blow, storm, surge, smoke, sacrifice ' as *dhŭ-i̯ō (υ: from θύ̄σω, ἔθῡσα) to infinitive root *dheu̯- (see S. 262), however, maybe in the meaning `rage' from *dhŭs-i̯ō, as θυῖα f. `female bacchant ', θυιάς `a mad or inspired woman, a Bacchante' ds. (θυάζω ` be grasped by bacchanalian dizziness ') probably from *dhŭs-i̯a because of θυστάδες Βάκχαι Hes. and θύσθλα the implements of Bacchus, the thyrsi and torches ', θυστήριος epithet of Bacchus;

Note: common Latin d- > f-:

Latin furō -ere ` to rage, rave, be mad ' could be *dhusō , so that Furiae = gr. θυῖαι; compare also v. Blumenthal IF. 49, 172 to δύσμαιναι Βάκχαι; ἐχθύσση ἐκπνέυσῃ Hes.; but θύελλα ` a furious storm, hurricane ' probably feminine of *θυελος ` storming, raging ', probably from *θυFελος; θῡμός `anger, soul ' is = θῡμός ` air, a current of air, breeze, breath, wind ' and not because of Latvian dusmas `anger' lead back to a various basic form *θυσμός; compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 521;

Vowel gradation form *dhu̯es- in hom. θέειον and θέιον (with metr. lengthening to θήιον), Attic θεῖον ` sulphur steam, sulphur ' (*θFεσ-(ε)ιον?).

Perhaps here θεός `god' because of Lithuanian dvasià `ghost', Middle High German getwās `ghost' and forms as gr. θέσ-φατος ` spoken from god ', θεσπέσιος, θέσπις `divine' as *θFεσός from *dhu̯esos after Hirt Indog. Gr. I 195, Pisani REtIE. 1, 220 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 450, 458, WH. I 102; Lithuanian by Feist 122;

alb. dash `Aries, ram, sheep (*animal), after Jokl (L.-k. Unters. 240) from *dhu̯osi̯-;

Latin perhaps furō, see above; fimbria f. ` fringe, border, edge ' maybe from *dhu̯ensriā; with the vowel gradation form dhu̯ē̆s- : februō, -āre ` clean, expiate religiously ' from februum ` religious purification ' (Sabinian after Varro), as also Februārius ` the cleansing month ', on the basis of *dhu̯es-ro- ` fumigating '; fērālis ` relating to the dead, funereal; deadly, fatal; mournful; n. pl. as subst. the festival of the dead, in February ' probably also here;

Note:

Common Latin d- > f-.

whether bēstia, bēllua ` an animal without reason, a brute, beast, large animal; as a term of reproach, monster ' belong here as *dhu̯estiā, *dhu̯ēslou̯ā, it is extremely dubious because of anlauts in spite of WH. I 102;

Note:

Common Latin dw- > b-.

gallorom. dūsius ` impure, foul daemon, incubus ', out of it lad. eng. dischöl, Modern High German westfäl. dūs, Basque tusuri `devil'; compare Pedersen Ét. celt. 1, 171; Old Irish dāsacht `fury', dāistir immum ` I become raving ' (*dhu̯ōs-t-, vowel gradation with Old English dwǣs etc); Old Irish dōë `idle', perhaps as *dhousio- to Modern High German dösig;

Old English dwǣs `stupid, crazy', Middle Low German dwās ds., Middle High German twās, dwās m. `idiot, fool, villain ', getwās n. `ghost; foolishness ' (compare to the former meaning Middle High German tuster n. `ghost'; to lengthened grade Old Irish dāsaid); vowel gradation Old English dysig ` clownish ', English dizzy ` giddy ', Middle Low German dūsich ` benumbed, giddy ', Low German düsig, dösig, Old High German tusic ` sluggish ', Middle Low German dūsen, dosen ` pass away thoughtlessly ', English doze `doze', Modern High German (ndd.) Dusel (in the meaning ` light drunkenness ' compare Modern High German Dialectal dusen ` carouse ' and Middle High German tūsen `rant, make a noise, whizz ');

in addition: Norwegian dūsa `doze', Old Norse dūsa ` behave quietly ', dūs ` calm ', dūra `sleep', Middle High German türmen ` be dizzy, reel, lurch ' etc;

with Germanic au: Middle High German dōsen ` behave quietly, slumber, drowse ', tōre ` insane, fool', Modern High GermanTor, töricht, Middle Low German dōre m. `fool, crazy person';

Maybe alb. Geg torrë `fool'

with the meaning ` spray, get dusty, scatter ': Middle High German tæsen, dæsen `scatter', verdæsen `destroy' (from *dausjan), Norwegian Dialectal døysa `lump, pile up', probably originally from ` dust heaps and waste heaps ', under which medium meaning can be added also Old Norse dys f. ` from pouting stones of burial mounds ', Norwegian Dialectal dussa ` messy heap ';

with the meaning ` scatter, sprinkle, dust rain ': Norwegian duskregn ` dust rain ', duska, dysja ` rain finely, trickle ', English dusk `cloudy, dim', Modern High German Bavarian dusel ` dust rain '; West Germanic *dunstu- ` transpiration ' (see above S. 263) in Old High German tun(i)st `wind, storm', Middle High German tunst ` fume, mist ', Old English Old Frisian dūst n. `dust' (Old Norse dust n. `dust' is Middle Low German loanword), Danish dyst ` flour powder ', Middle Low German nnd. dust m. `dust, chaff, husk';

with the meaning `breathe - animal': Gothic dius n. `wild animal' (*dheus-), Old Norse dȳr n. `Vierfüßler, wild animal', Old High German tior `animal', Old English dēor `wild animal', Adj. `violent, wild, valiant';

Lithuanian dvesiù, dvesiaũ, dvė̃sti ` breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die ';

maybe alb. (*dves) vdes `breathe out the spirit, perish, die';

As Lithuanian dvìsti `die' : Lithuanian dvesiù, dvesiaũ, dvė̃sti ` breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die ' (see above);

Note:

Aryans created the storm god, sky god Deus Pater from the ritual of burning the dead. Hence the very spirit of the dead was identified with the breath in the cold, smoke in heaven. Animal fat was burned to appease the sky god hence animals were named after the father god.

Latvian dvẽsele f. `breath, soul, life', vowel gradation (*dhu̯os-), Lithuanian dvasas m., dvasià f., Gen. dvãsios `ghost', `breath', Latvian dvaša ` air, breath, smell ' (: Russian dvochatь, Indo Germanic *dhu̯os-); zero grade (*dhū̆s-), Lithuanian dùsas `sigh' and `haze, mist' (=Ukrainian doch), dūstù, dùsti `run out of breath', Latvian dust `pant, gasp', dusmas `anger', Lithuanian dūsiù, dūsė́ti `take a deep breath, sigh, gasp heavily', dū́sauti ds.; Lithuanian daũsos f. Pl. (*dhous-) ` the upper air, paradise ', dausìnti ` ventilate, air ';

Russian dvóchatь, dvochátь `pant, gasp' (see above); Old Church Slavic (vъs)dъchnǫti ` take a deep breath, heave a sigh ', Ukrainian doch `breath, breeze' (*dъchъ), Old Church Slavic dychajǫ, dyšǫ, dychati `breathe, exhale, blow', duchъ (: Lithuanian daũsos) ` respiration, breath, spirit ', duša `breath, soul' (*dhousi̯ā), dušǫ, duchati `breathe, blow, from wind' etc

maybe alb. (*dychati) dihat `breathe heavily' a Slavic loanword.

words for sombre colors (`dust-colored, fog-gray ') :

Old Indic dhūsara- ` dust-colored ' (see above); Latin fuscus ` dark-colored; of the voice, indistinct ' (*dhus-qo-), furvus ` dark-colored, black ' (*dhus-u̯o-);

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift.

Old English dox (*dosc) `dark', English dusk `cloudy, dim; twilight ' (= Latin fuscus; compare also Norwegian dusmen ` misty '), with formants -no- Old English dunn (Celtic loanword?), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Saxon dun ` chestnut-colored ', Old Norse dunna ` the common domestic duck ', Old Saxon dosan, Old English dosen ` chestnut-colored ', Old High German dosan, tusin ` pale yellow ' (West Germanic Loanword is Latin dosinus `ash-colored'); Middle Irish donn `dark', Welsh dwnn `subfuscus, dark-colored, blackish ', gall. PN Donnos etc (*dhu̯osnos). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Note:

Probably from a fusion of Root / lemma: dheu̯es-, dhu̯ē̆s-, dheus-, dhū̆s- `to dissipate, blow, etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die' + Root / lemma: dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ā- : `to shine; day; sun; sky god, god' derived Slavic (*dus-diu-): Old Church Slavic: dъždь `rain' [m jo] (see below).

References: WP. I 843 f., WH. I 102, 386, 472 f., 570 ff., Trautmann 64 f.

Page(s): 268-271

Root / lemma: dhēigʷ- : dhōigʷ- : dhīgʷ-

Meaning: to stick, plant

Material: Latin fīgō, -ere `to fix, fasten, make fast, attach, affix; esp. with oculos, to fix the gaze; to thrust home a weapon, etc. so as to fix fast; to transfix ' (Proto Latin ī, compare fīgier S. C. Bacch.), Old Latin fīvō, Umbrian fiktu ` you shall fix, fasten, drive, thrust in, attach, affix, post, erect, set up ', afiktu ` he/she shall fasten, implant, drive in, affix '; probably in addition as ` pinned ' also fīnis ` boundary, limit, border; summit, end; object, aim; in pl. enclosed area, territory ' (= Lithuanian dỹgsnis `prick, sting'), compare fīniō, -īre also ` to bound, limit, enclose, restrain; to define, determine, appoint; to put an end to, conclude, finish; esp. to finish speaking, or to die; pass., to end, cease ';

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift.

Maybe alb. Geg kufini, Tosc kufiri ` boder, edge ' < Italian confine ` boder, edge ' < Latin confine ` N boundary| border| border-line; confine| neighborhood (L+S) '. (primordial alb. e shquar e pashquar)

Old English dīc ` drainage ditch, canal', ndd. dīk, Old Icelandic dīk(i)n, Middle High German tīch, from which Modern High German Deich, Teich (actually) `the digging'.

Lithuanian dýgstu, dýgti, Latvian dîgt `germinate' (actually `jut. stick out, protrude', Lithuanian dygùs `spiky, prickly '), in addition dygiù, dygė́ti ` feel piercing pain ', dyglỹs `thorn', dỹgė ` gooseberry ', Old Prussian digno ` the hilt of a sword ' (as Modern High German Heft ` the handle of a cutting or piercing instrument, as a knife, spear, etc.; the hilt of a sword, dagger ', that is to say ` wherein the blade is fixed, to fix'); zero grade Lithuanian díegiu, díegti, Latvian diêgt `prick', Lithuaniandíegas `germ, sprout', Old Prussian deicktas ` site, place ', originally ` point, dot, prick, sting'; with ōi: Lithuanian dáigas `germ, sprout, seedling ', dáiktas ` point, dot; thing', daigìnti ` make germinate ';

References: WP. I 832 f., WH. I 495 f., 865; Trautmann 49 f.

Page(s): 243-244

Root / lemma: dhē(i)- (besides dh-ei-?)

Meaning: to suck

Note: (:dhǝi-, dhī̆- and dhē-, dhǝ-) s. esp. Schulze KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 363.

Material: Old Indic dhāya-ḥ ` nourishing, nursing ', dhā́yas- n. ` the sucking ', dhāyú- ` thirsty ', dhā́tavē `to suck', Fut. dhāsyati, Aor. ádhāt ` he sucked ', su-dhā́ `juice, sap, nectar', dhātrī ` wet nurse, mother', dhēnú- f. ` producing milk ' = Avestan daēnu- ` female of four-footed animals '

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ1ʷe- > Avestan ae-

Old Indic dhḗnā ` milker ', vowel gradation dhītá- ` sucked ', Perf. Plur. 1. 3. da-dhi-má (i = ǝ), da-dh-úḥ; reduplication noun da-dh-an-, Nom. dá-dh-i, Gen. dadhnás `sour milk' (: Old Prussian dadan, alb. djathë);

Maybe alb. (*dhei-) Geg dhëj, Tosc dhi, Pl. dhen, dhentë ` goat', edha ` goats' : alb. Geg dhanë ` to give, produce'.

from stem dhǝi-: dháyati `sucks' (*dhǝ́i̯eti : Causative *dhoi-éi̯e-ti in Slavic dojiti, Gothic daddjan) and dhinṓti ` nourishes ';

Armenian diem `suck' (i == Indo Germanic ē or rather ī, so that = Old Norse dīa), stn-di `( sucking breast =) suckling ', dal from dail ` beestings ' (dhǝi-li-), dayeak ` wet nurse ' (from *dayi- = Indo Germanic dhǝ-ti-);

gr. θήσατο ` he sucked ', θῆσθαι `milk', θήνιον `milk', τιθήνη ` wet nurse ' (short form τίτθη underlikewise, whereat different Falk-Torp under taate), γαλαθηνός ` sucking milk ', τι-θασός `tame, domesticated, well-bred';

alb. djathë `cheese' originally ` curd made from sour milk ' (: Old Indic dádhi), gr.-alb. dithë `cheese'; (common alb. Slavic infix -j-).

Note:

Spectacularly alb. djathë (*das), gr.-alb. dithë `cheese' derived from a solidified Illyrian root *dh-ei-s `curd made from sour milk' because of common alb. -s > -th.

Latin fēmina `wife, woman' (`*the nursing one'); about fēlīx, fecundus see below;

Old Irish dīnu `lamb', dīth `he/she has sucked' (ī = Indo Germanic ē or ī), denaid `he sucks' (*di-na-ti), Breton denaff `suck', Welsh dynu `suck';

Gothic daddjan = Old Swedish dæggja ` suckle ' (proto Germanic *ðajjan, compare Old Indic dháyati, Old Church Slavic dojǫ; das Germanic *ðajj- has originated normally from *dhoi-eie-), Old Swedish dīa, Danish Norwegian die `suck', Middle High German dīen, tīen ` suckle; breast feed a baby' (compare zero grade Armenian diem), zero grade Old High German tāen, present tāju (= Latvian dêju `suck'), westfäl. däierrn ` nourish a calf with milk ';

Latvian dêju, dêt `suck', at-diene, at-dienîte ` a cow that calves in the second year ', Lithuanian dienì f. `pregnant' (= Old Indic dhēnú-), dienà ds. (= Old Indic dhēnā `cow'), Old Prussian dadan `milk' (= Old Indic dadhan-); Old Church Slavic dojǫ ` suckle ' (Old Indic dháyati), doilica ` wet nurse ', with ě (= Indo Germanic ē or ǝi) dětь f. ` children, kids. ', děva, děvica `girl, virgin' (replaced by `* woman ' = ` the nursing one, the one who suckles ', s. Berneker 197).

With l-formant: Old Indic dhārú- ` sucking ' = gr. θῆλυς ` nourishing (ἐέρδη), lactating, female ' (fem. θήλεια and θῆλυς), θηλώ, θηλαμών ` wet nurse ', θηλάζω ` suckle, suck', θηλή ` brisket ', alb. dele `sheep' (*dhǝil-n-), delmë ds., dhallë `sour milk', Illyrian dalm- `sheep' in PN Δάλμιον, Δελμίνιον, VN Dalmatae, Delmatae, Messapic PN Gen. m. dalmaihi, fem. PN dalmaϑoa; Latin fēlō, -āre ` suckle ', fīlius `son' (`**suckling ', from *fēlios) = Umbrian feliuf, filiu ` give milk, give suck ';

Note:

Common lat d- > f- phonetic shift

Middle Irish del `teat' (*dhĭ-lo-), delech ` milker ', Danish dæl ` mammary glands or udder of the sow ', Swedish Dialectal del m. `teat', Old High German tila f. ` female breast', Old English delu f. ` nipple, teat', Old Norse dilkr `lamb, baby, youngling'; Latvian dêls `son', dēle ` bloodsucker, leech ', Lithuanian dėlė̃ ds., pirmdėlė̃ ` the first born ', pirmdėlỹs ` who has just been born '; Latvian dīle ` sucking calf', dīlît ` suckle '.

Identical alb. djalë, Pl. djelm, djem `son' : Latvian dêls `son'.

(common alb. Slavic infix -j-).

from gr. θῶσθαι (*θωι̯εσθαι) `to feast', θοίνη ` feast ' (from *θωι-νᾱ?) with gradation suit here, is doubtful; if θῶξαι and (Doric) θᾶξαι ` μεθύσαι ' as *θοι̯ακ-σαι points to a light root*dhŏi- (also then θοίνη; also θῶσθαι could be θοι̯α-σθαι)?

Latin fēlīx `fertile, lucky' to fēlāre goes back to a fem. Subst. *fēlī-c- ` the nursing one = fertile ', after Specht (KZ. 62, 237) from *fēlu̯ī-k-s, Femin. to Old Indic dhārú-, gr. θῆλυς; Latin fēcundus `fertile', fētus, -ūs `(1) pregnant; fruitful, fertile; teeming with, full of. (2) that has brought forth, newly delivered; (3) m. the bringing forth or hatching of young; of the soil, bearing, producing. Transf., that which is brought forth; offspring, brood; of plants, fruit, produce, shoot ', fēta `filled with young, pregnant, breeding, with young ', also ` what is born ', effēta `past bearing, exhausted, worn out, weak after a lot of parturition', fēnus, -oris `yield, interest on money, usury', perhaps also fēnum `hay' (as `yield') define themselves through a special application from dhēi- ` suckle ' for `be fertile';

in addition but not *dhōnā- `corn, grain' : Old Indic dhānā́ḥ f. Pl. `grain, seeds', dhānyá- n. `corn, grain', np. dāna `corn, grain', Avestan dānō-karša- `an ant kind ', i.e. ` towing grain (= an ant) ', Tocharian В tāno ` corn, grain ' and Lithuanian dúona, Latvian duõna f. `bread' (originally ` corn ', Old Lithuanian ` provision for retired farmers, retirement, settlement on retirement '); Doric-Illyrian (Cretan) δηαί. . . αἱ κριθαί EM., δητταί αἱἐπτισμέναι κριθαί (*dhē-k-i̯ā-) Hes.; different Jokl by WH. I 475;

References: WP. I 829 ff., WH. I 474 ff., 864, Trautmann 51.

See also: s. also above dhē-1, dhē-dhē-.

Page(s): 242

Root / lemma: dhē-1, reduplication dhē-dh(ē)-

Meaning: child word for `grandparents'

Material: Gr. θεῖος `uncle', θεία `aunt' (*θη-ος, θη-ᾱ), τήθη `grandmother' (from *θη-θη), Italian (venet.) deda `aunt' (?), gr. τηθίς `aunt' (in addition GN Θέτις); Illyrian deda ` wet nurse ' (Krahe IF. 55, 121 f.), also probably originally to root dhē(i)- ` suckle '; Lithuanian dė̃de, dė̃dis `uncle' (but diẽdas ` graybeard, old man, elder ' from wr. dźěd ds.), Old Church Slavic dědъ `grandfather'; similarly Modern High German deite, teite, Swiss däddi `father, elder ', Russian djádja `uncle'.

Note:

Turk. dayi `uncle' derived from Russian djádja `uncle' while alb. daja n. f. `uncle' could have existed before turk. dayi `uncle', however, alb. cognate is phonetically identical with other cognates: also turk. hala `paternal aunt' : alb. halla `paternal aunt', turk. teyze `maternal aunt' : alb. teze `maternal aunt'.

References: WP. I 826, Trautmann 47, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 193.

Page(s): 235

Root / lemma: dhē-2

Meaning: to put, place, say

Material:

Hittite: dai-, tai- (II) ' setzen, legen, stellen ' , tija- (I) ' treten, hintreten, sich stellen ' , tittanu- (I) ' hinstellen, hinsetzen ' , zikk- (I) ' legen, fetsetzen ' (Friedrich 202-203, 223-225, 260-261)

Tokharian: A tā-, tä-s-, B tättā-, tä-s-, tā-s- ' to place, set ' (Adams 283 f)

Old Indian: dádhāti, aor. adhām, med. ádhita, ptc. hitá-, -dhitá-, inf. dhātum, pf. dadhā́u, dadhimá `to put, place, set ' ; dhā́tu- m. `layer, constituent part ' ; dhāka- m. `receptacle ' ; dhā- m., f., dha- m. `placer, holder ' (in comp.), dhi- m. `receptacle ' (in comp.); dhātár- m. `establisher, founder ' ; dhiti-, hiti- f. `putting, placing ' (in comp.); dhā́na- n. `receptacle, case, seat ' , dhána- n. `prize of a contest, contest ' , (in comp.) `putting, placing ' ; dhā́man- n. `dwelling-place, abode, domain '

Avestan: dađaiti `ersetzt ' , ptc dāta-; vī-đātu- n. `Begründung, feste Fügung ' , pf. 3 sg. dađa; gaođi- `Milchbehälter ' ; gao-đana- n. `Milchgefäss ' ; dāman-, dąman- n. `Stätte, Wohnstätte; Geschöpf ' ; ni-đāiti- f. `das Niederlegen, Ablegen, Verbergen '

Other Iranian: OPers ipf. sg. adadā, ptc dāta-

Armenian: dnem `ich setze ' , aor. ed `er setzte '

Old Greek: títhēmi, aor. éthēka, pl. éthemen, p. etéthēn, pf. téthēka, m.-p. téthemai̯, va. thetó-; thētón = bōmón Hsch.; aná-thēma n. `das Aufgestellte, Weihgeschenk ' etc., théma n. `Satz, Einsatz, Thema usw. ' ; thēmṓn, -ō^nos m. `Haufe ' , théma n. `iintergelegtes Geld, aufgestellte Behauptung, Satz; Stammform (Gramm) ' ; thétǟ-s m. `Versetzer, Verpfänder ' ; thetḗr = tolmḗtēs, práktēs Hsch., dia-thetḗr `Anordner ' ; thesmó-s, dor. tethmó-s, lak., ark., lokr. thethmó-s m. `Satzung, Gesetz, Sitte ' , thési-s f. `das Satzen, Aufstellung, Stellung, Lage, Adoption, Satz etc. ' , pl. thémethla n. `Fundamente, Grund(lage) ' ; thḗkǟ f. `Behältnis, Kasten, Grab ' ; hom. thōǟ́, dial. thōi̯i̯ē, thōa f. `Strafe, Busse ' ; att. thā^ko-s, ep., ion., dor., poet. thō^ko-s m. `Sitzung, Sitz, Stuhl ' , *thawako-: thabakón = thākòn ḕ homorón (fort. thā^kon ḕ thrónon) Hsch.; thōmó-s m. `Haufe, Schober '

Slavic: *dējā́tī, *dḕjǭ; *dḗtī, *dḗnǭ/*dedjǭ; *dēvā́tī; *na-, *o-dedjā; *sǭ̃dъ, *nādъ, ? *zādъ, ? *podъ, ? *ūdъ; *obьdo; *bolgo-dētь

Baltic: *dē^- (2) vb., *ded-in^- vb., *dēw-ē^- vb., *dē̃-tl-iā̃ f., *dē^-ti- c., *dē^-m-iā̃, *de(d)-m-iā̃ f., *dā-m-iā̃ f., *dē^-s-n-ia- c.

Latin: condō, -dere, -didī, -ditum; pf. -didī; conditor m. `Gründer, St ifter ' ; conditiō f. `Gründung ' , conditus, -ūs m. `Gründung ' , addō, -dere, -didī, -ditum `apotíthēmi ' ; sacerdōs `Priester ' , crēdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum `vertrauen auf jd., darlleihen, Glauben schenken, meinen '

Other Italic: Osk prúftú `posita ' ; prúffed `posuit '

Celtic: Gaul dede `posuit ' ; *dhatlo- ' Versammlung ' > OIr dāl, OCymr datl, Cymr dall, OBret dadl; Bret dael `contestation, querelle '

Old Indic dádhāti, Avestan daδāiti ` he places ', Old Persian Impf. Sg. adadā ` he has installed ', Old Indic Aor.á-dhā-m `I placed', Med. 3. Sg. á-dhita (= gr. ἔθετο) ; to-participle Old Indic hitá-ḥ (-dhitá-ḥ in ved. compounds) `set, settled ' (= Latin con-ditus, ab-ditus, crēditus, probably also gr. θετός ` sedate, calm, settled, placed, set; having position; taken as one's child, adopted '), with full grade Avestan Old Persian dāta- (= Lithuanian dė́tas ` sedate, calm, settled ', Old Prussian sen-ditans Akk. Pl. f. ` folded ', also gr. θητόν βωμόν Hes., actually ` set raised platform, placed stand '); Infinitive Old Indic dhā́-tum (= Lithuanian dė́tų Supin., Old Church Slavic dětь `to place' : Latin [late] conditus, -ūs m. ` pickled, preserved; of corpses, embalmed; in gen., seasoned, savory ', Supin. -um, -ū, compare also Old Indic dhā́tu-ḥ), m. ` component, set', Avestan vīδātu- n. ` grounds, rationale, steady acquiescence '); i̯o-present Old Indic dhāyatē ` places for oneself ' (= Latvian dêju, dêt `place, lay eggs', dẽju dẽt ` solder together ', Old Church Slavic dějǫ `lay, place', Old Czech děju `make'); Perf. Old Indic dadhā́u, dadhimá, Avestan 3. Sg. daδa (: gr. τέθεμαι, Latin -didī, Oscan prú-ffed, Old High German teta etc).

Armenian ed Aor. `he placed' (= Old Indic á-dhāt; 1. Sg. edi, 2. Sg. edir), present dnem ` I place ' (*dinem, Indo Germanic *dhē-no-, compare Russian dĕ́nu `sit, put, lay, place', Serbo-Croatian djènēm ` do, put, lay ');

Maybe alb. Geg me ndejt (*in-den) `to sit, while, stay', ndej `hang lose, place' (common Romance pre verb in- prefix)

Phrygian εδαες `has placed' (*e-dhǝ-es-t? rather = Hittite da-a-iš);

gr. τίθημι `put' (Aor. ἔθηκα - see below -, ἔθεμεν, ἔθετο, Fut. θήσω, participle θετός);

Messapic hi-pa-des ` has placed ' (*ĝhi-po-dhēs-t, J. B. Hofmann KZ. 63, 267);

Latin abdere ` put away, remove, set aside, stow away', con-dere ` to put together, make by joining, found, establish, build, settle' (in addition Cōnsus [*kom-d-to-] an ancient deity, god of secret plans), perdere ` to make away with, destroy, ruin, squander, dissipate, throw away, waste, lose ', crēdere `believe, trust' (see below *kered- `heart'); about the interference of dare with respective forms s. WH. I 362; Perf. condidī etc, Oscan prú-ffed ` has placed ' (*-fefed).

Note:

Common italic.-Latin d- > f- shift.

With einer k-extension Latin faciō, -ere, fecī (: ἔθη╈α), factum ` to make, form, do, perform; of feelings and circumstances, to cause, bring about ', Oscan fakiiad, Umbrian fac̣ia ` he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, produces, composes ', fakurent Fut. II [subjunctive] `they will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ', praen. (passionate inscription) FheFhaked `he/she has made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ', Oscan fefacit Konj. Perf. `let he/she have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ', fefacust Fut. II `he/she will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ';

with *fēk- Umbrian feitu, fetu [Imperative]` he/she will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ':

facilis `( feasible) easy to do; easy to manage, convenient, favorable ', Umbrian fac̣efele ds.; faciēs ` shape, form, figure, outward appearance; esp. face, countenance. Transf., character, nature; seeming, pretence ', facinus, ponti-fex, arti-fex bene-ficus ; to meaning of interficiō ` to put out of the way, destroy, bring to naught, slay, kill' (`*allow to disappear') compare Old Indic antar-hita-ḥ ` vanished '.

The same k-extension besides in gr. ἔθηκα also in θήκη ` receptacle ', Old Indic dhā-ká-ḥ ` container ' and Phrygian αδ-δακετ ` afflicts, causes death ', Med. αδ-δακετορ; Venetic vhaχsϑo ` he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, erects, produces, composes ' (*fak-s-to, the f probably from Ital.);

Hittite dak-ki-eš-zi (dakkeszi) ` makes, places down ' (: Latin facessō), dak-šu-ul (daksul) `friendly' (: Old Latin facul); perhaps Tocharian A tākā `I was, became', B takāwā ds. (different Pedersen Tocharian 194);

gall. dede ` he/she has placed '; compare Latin con-, ab-, crē-didī, Old High German teta ` I made, did'; Old Irish -tarti `gives, yields ' (*to-ro-ad-dīt from *dhē-t), Perf. do-rat (*to-ro-ad-dat from *dhǝ-t), Thurneysen Gr. 35;

Old High German tōm, tuom, Old Saxon tōn, Old English dōm `do', Infinitive Old High German tuon, Old Saxon Old English dōn (*dhō-m) `do', preterit Old High German teta `I made, did' (2. Sg. tāti, Pl. tātu-m; reshaped after the type of Gothic sētum), Old Saxon deda (2. Sg. dedōs, 3. Pl. dādun, dedun), Old English dyde < dudi (see above to Old Indic dadhā́u); particle Perf. Pass. Old High German gi-tān, Old English dōn ` done ' from *dhē-no- = Old Church Slavic o-děnъ ` wrapped, dressed ';

in the ending of reduced Präter. (Gothic salbō-dēdun etc) one tries to seek mostly the root dhē-, whereas in Gothic kunÞa ` granted ', must contain the Indo Germanic -t-, to accept an other formation. compare Hirt, Indo Germanic Gr. IV, 99, Sverdrup NTS. 2, 55 ff., Marstrander, NTS. 4, 424 f., Specht KZ. 62, 69 ff., Kretschmer Sbb. Wien, 225. Bd., 2. Abh., 6 f.

Lithuanian dė́ti `lay, place, put', present 2. Pl. old deste (*dhe-dh-te), Sg. demì, desie-s, dest(i) (compare Būga Kalba ir s. 158, 213), neologism dedù; Latvian dêt (see above);

Old Church Slavic děti `lay, place, say', present deždǫ (*dedi̯ō) and dějǫ (see above); dějǫ, dějati `lay, place, do'; -va-iterative Old Church Slavic o-děvati `(to put), dress ', Russian děvátь `set down, do, place';

in addition probably Lithuanian dėviù, dėvė́ti `wear a dress'; a formant u̯ also in gr. *θοFακος and (assimilation) *θαFακος, compare θοάζω `sit, put', Ionian θῶκος (hom. θόωκος written for θό[F]ακος) `seat', θάβακον θᾶκον ἤ θρόνον Hes., Attic also θᾶκος ds., hom. θαάσσω `sit', Attic poet. θά̄σσω ds. (see to gr. group Bechtel Lexil. 161 f., Boisacq 335); compare also Thracian -dava ` settling, settlement ' from *dhēu̯ā or *dhǝu̯ā; probably reshuffling after the concurrent *dō-: *dou- `bestow, give';

Note:

The suffix -dava ` settling, settlement ' frequently scattered over the Thracian territory and city names is absent in Illyrian toponyms, hence Illyrian-alb. and trak. were two different people.

Hittite da-a-i (dāi) ` places, lays ', 1. Sg. te-eḫ-ḫi (tehhi), 3. Pl. ti-an-zi (Pedersen Hittite 91, 112 f., 166), preterit 3. Sg. da-a-iš; perhaps also dak-ki-eš-zi (see above);

Hittite: dai-, tai- (II) ' place, lay, put ', tija- (I) ' step, tread, be positioned ', tittanu- (I) ' put, place ', zikk- (I) ' lay, place ' (Friedricḫ 202-203, 223-225, 260-261)

Hittite: te- (I) 'say' (Friedricḫ 219-220) : Old Church Slavic děti `lay, place, say'

Tocharian A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes- `lay, place' (*dhē-s- Pedersen Tocharian 186 f.);

Tocharian B tättā- 'to place, set' (Adams 283 f)

Lycian ta- `lay, place' (Pedersen. Lycian and Hittite 30 f.).

Root nouns (in compositions): e.g. Old Indic vayō-dhā́-ḥ ` imparting vitality ', saṁ-dhā́ f. ` pact, agreement, promise ' (: Lithuanian arklì-dė ` stable '), saṁ-dh-á-m ` association ' (: Lithuanian sam-das), ratna-dh-á-ḥ ` imparting treasure ', ni-dh-í-ḥ m. ` container, treasure, tribute', sam-dh-í-ḥ m. ` association, covenant, fusion ', Avestan gao-δi- ` milk container '; Lithuanian samdas ` rent, rental ', iñdas `vessel', nuodaĩ ` poison ', (old) núodžia ` debt, blame, offense ', pãdis ` the hen lays an egg ';

Old Prussian umnode ` bakehouse ', Lithuanian pelùdė, Latvian pelude ` chaff container ', Old Church Slavic obь-do n. `θησαυρός', sǫ-dъ `κρίσις, κρῖμα'; compare Berneker 193 ff., Trautmann 47 f.; if so also Old Icelandic oddr, Old English ord, Old High German ort `cusp, peak' as *ud-dho-s ` pointed up'?

nominal formation:

Old Indic dhā́tar- m. ` instigator, founder ', dhātár- `creator, god' (compare also Old Church Slavic dětelь `perpetrator'), gr. θετήρ, Latin con-ditor ` a founder; hence, in gen., contriver, composer, author ';

compare *dhǝ-tlo- in Old Irish dāl, Old Welsh datl, Modern Welsh dadl, Old Breton dadl `congregation, meeting', Modern Breton dael ` contest, quarrel ' (compare to meaning Phrygian δουμος);

*dhǝ-ti- in Old Indic -dhiti-ḥ f. ` stead ', dēvá-hiti-ḥ ` God's statute ', gr. θέσις f. ` statute, order ', Latin con-diti-ō f. ` an agreement, stipulation, condition, compact, proposition, terms, demand '; *dhē-ti-s in Avestan ni-δāiti- f. ` laying down, putting away, hiding ', Gothic gadēds ` deed, position, place ', Old Icelandic dāð ` skillfulness, deed, act', Old English dǣd, Old High German tāt `deed, act', Lithuanian dė́tis ` load, burden ', Pl. dė́tys ` lay of the chicken, the goose ', Old Church Slavic blago-dětъ ` Grace, blessing, gratitude '; *dhǝ-t- in Thracian PN Δάτος, alb. dhatë (*dhǝ-tā) ` site '; *dhō-t- in Avestan dami-dā-t ` the created creature ', Latin sacer-dōs ` a priest, priestess ' (*sacro-dhōt-s).

Old Indic dhāna-m ` container ', Elean συνθῆναι (?) `pact, covenant', Old High German participle gitān, Old English dōn ` done ', Old Church Slavic o-děnъ `(completed), vested '; Old Indic dhána-m ` sacrifice, offering, price in competition etc ', nidhánam ` layover, stay, inhabitation etc', gōdhana-m ` cattle possession ', Avestan gao-δana- n. ` milk container '.

Old Indic dhā́man- n. ` statute, law, dwelling, troop, multitude, crowd etc', Avestan dāman-, dąman- n. `site, creature', gr. ἀνά-θημα ` anything devoted to evil, an accursed thing ', ἐπί-θημα ` something put on, a lid, cover; statue on a grave', θημών m. `heap'; εὐθήμων `probably keeping tidy, keeping in order '; Thracian plant name κοα-δάμα ποταμογείτων (Dioskor.) (from *kʷa-dhēmn̥) ` water settlement ', PN Uscu-dama; secondary (after θέσις) gr. θέμα n. ` that which is placed or laid down: money deposited, deposit; also, of grain; treasure, pile, of loaves, coffer, position, situation, nativity, common burial-place, common land, private burial-ground, something proposed as a prize, case proposed for discussion, theme of an argument, proposition, premise, arbitrary determination, primary (non-derivative) element or form, of the present tense, mode of reduction of an irregular syllogism ', compare also Infinitive θέμεναι; Avestan dāmi- f. ` creation ', Adj. (also fem.) ` constituting, originating, creator, god'; gr. θέμις `that which is laid down or established by custom', Gen. originally θέμιστος `*allowed by the laws of God and men, righteous ' as Goddess's name, then `right, law, custom', θέμεθλα Pl. ` the foundation of a building; the innermost, core ', θεμέλιοι λίθοι ` the foundation-stones ', hom. θεμείλια (ει metr. lengthening) ` the foundations, lowest part, bottom, ground';

Alb. themel ` the foundation of a building; the innermost, core ' : hom. θεμείλια (ει metr. lengthening) ` foundation, ground' [probably a loanword]; themën `heel, bottom of the foot'.

zero grade: θαμά `*massed; frequent, often ', θαμινός `frequent, often, massed', hom. θαμέες, femin. θαμειαί Pl. ` the piled up, tightly packed, crowded, close-set, thick ' (from *θαμύς), θάμνος ` thicket, shrubbery, bush, shrub'; in a *dhǝ-mo- ` settlement, branch, dwelling' (compare θαιμός οἰκία, σπόρος, φυτεία Hes. [*dhǝmi̯o-], also Old Indic dhāman- `dwelling') or `heap, troop, multitude, crowd (the servant)' correlates one perhaps rightly also with Latin famulus ` a servant, a male slave, attendant ', familia ` a household (of slaves), establishment ', Oscan famel ` a servant, a male slave, attendant ', famelo ` a household (of slaves), establishment ', Umbrian fameřias ` a household (of slaves), establishment ';

Note:

Common Latin d- > f- shift

ō-grade gr. θωμός `heap, barn, haystack'; Phrygian δουμος `an assembly, meeting, congress, a living together', Latin ab-dōmen `lower abdomen' as `intimate, hidden, secret part', compare Old High German intuoma ` the chief internal organs of the body, significant organs ' (would be Latin *indōmen), Middle Low German ingedōme, Bavarian ingetum ds., Gothic dōms m. `judgement, fame' (dōmjan `adjudicate'; from dem Germanic Russian dúma `thought, notion, care; council meeting ' etc, s. Berneker 237), Old English dōm `opinion, sense, mind, judgement, court', Old High German tuom `judgement, feat, deed, act, custom, state, status', Lithuanian domė̃, domesỹs ` attention, directing of the thought and will on something ', also Lithuanian dėmė̃ ` spot upon which attention is directed ' etc, dėmė́tis = domė́tis ` wonder, care, concern, follow, go, take interest '.

Old Icelandic dǣll ` easy to do, easy, without difficulty ' (*dhē-li-s); compare Proto Norse dalidun ` they did ' (preterit of Germanic *dēlian), Lithuanian pa-dėlỹs ` nest-egg (the hen lays an egg) ', priedėlė̃, príedėlis ` inclosure ', Old Bulgarian dĕlo n. `work', wherefore (see Berneker 195 f., Trautmann 48) Old Church Slavic dělja, děljьma m. Gen. `because of', Lithuanian dė̃l, del̃, dė̃liai, Latvian dẽl' with Gen. `because of, for the sake of'.

Maybe from Slavic ne `not' + Old Church Slavic: dělo `work, matter' = Bulgarian неделя (nedel'a), Serbian nedelja, Czech neděle, Polish niedziela `Sunday, holiday = no work' : Lithuanian: dėlioti `put down, away' : Albanian djelë `Sunday, holiday'.

An occasional formation compare still gr. τεθμός (Pind.), θεθμός (lak. etc), θεσμός (Attic) ` statute ' after Thurneysen (KZ. 51, 57) to Old Irish dedm, Welsh deddf (*dhe-dh-mā) ds. (different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 49212); θωή, Attic θωά: ` punishment '. Very doubtful a s-extension would be attributed to Old Icelandic des (*dasjō) ` hay stick, hay rick ' (loanword from dem Old Irish?), Old Irish dais (*dasti-) `heap, hay rick', wherewith E. Lewy (KZ. 52, 310) compares rather osset. dasun `pile up, lump'.

References: WP. I 826 ff., WH. I 266, 362 f., 439 ff., 863, Trautmann 47 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 492, 686, 722, 725, 741, Pedersen Hittite 141 ff., 192.

Page(s): 235-239

Root / lemma: dhē-3, dhǝ-

Meaning: to disappear

Material: Latin famēs f. `hunger', ad fatim, affatim `ad lassitudinem, zur Genüge', fatīgō `hetze ab, ermüde', fatīscō, -or `gehe auseinander; ermatte';

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift

Old Irish ded- (present ru-deda, Fut. Plur. dedait, preterit con-ro-deda) ` vanish, pass away, die away, disappear, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay '; Old English demm `damage' (*dhǝ-mi-s);

with -s Old Norse dāsi `idle' (Germanic *dā̆s-), Middle High German dǣsic `still, uncommunicative, stupid', changing through vowel gradation Norwegian dial. dase ` flabby person', Danish dase ` be decayed '; Old Norse dǣsa(sk) ` swelter, decay ', dasask ` go bad, get worse'; Middle English dasen ` stun ' (English daze), dasewen ` be dark '.

In all parts some dubious connections. About Old Irish de-d(a). compare Pedersen KG. II 504 f.(from Perf. *dhe-dou̯e from to Gothic diwans ` perishable '? s. dheu- ` disappear ', where also about Old Irish dīth, Armenian di). The Germanic family finally reminds partly under *dheu̯es- ` whisk ' discussed from ndd. dösig and have been directed partly after this not only in the s-extension, but also in the meaning itself; at least, is to be reckoned on an old relationship from Old Norse dǟesask etc. and Irish -deda .

References: WP. I 829, WH. I 451.

Page(s): 239

Root / lemma: dhēs-, dhǝs-

Meaning: a root used in religious terms

Material: Armenian di-k` `gods' (PL *dhēses);

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift

Latin fēriae (Old Latin fēsiae) ` days of rest, holidays, festivals', fēstus ` of holidays, festive, festal, solemn, joyful, merry, originally from the religious celebration to devoted days ', Oscan fíísnam Akk. ` an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ', Umbrian fesnaf-e `in a shrine, sanctuary, temple '; zero grade Latin fānum (*fas-no-m) ` a shrine, sanctuary, temple ' and Old Indic dhiṣṇya- ` devout, godly, pious, holy' (insecure dhiṣaṇyant- , see below dhei̯ǝ- `see'); about gr. θεός `god' see below dheu̯es-, about Latin fās, fāstus above S. 105 f.

References: WP. I 867, WH. I 453, 3 f.; EM2 333, 347 f.

Page(s): 259

Root / lemma: dhlas- or dhelB- (:dhl̥s-)

Meaning: to squeeze, press

Material: Old Indic dhr̥ṣád- ` millstone ';

gr. θλάω ` squeeze, crush ' (Indo Germanic *dhlas-ō or *dhl̥sō), ἐθλάσθην, θλαστός;

Czech dlasmati `press' (*dhlās-mo- or *dhols-mo-);

φλάω `θλάω' is hybridization of θλάω with φλί̄βω, as on the other hand φλί̄βω through hybridization with θλάω is also transfigured to θλί̄βω.

References: WP. I 877, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676.

Page(s): 271

Root / lemma: dhl̥gh-

Meaning: debt

Material: Old Irish dligim ` be entitled to, earn ', Middle Welsh dlÿu, with epenthet. vowel dylyu ` withheld, kept back ', Cornish dylly ds., Middle Breton dellit ds., Old Irish dliged n. `obligation, law, right' (*dhl̥ghito-m), Welsh dled, dyled, me. d(y)lyet f. ` obligation ', besides dlit ` earnings ' (*dhl̥ghītā); Gothic dulgs ` debt ' (in money); Old Church Slavic dlъgъ ` debt ', Russian dolg, Serbo-Croatian dûg (Gen. dûga), poln. dɫug, Czech dluh ds.

Gothic dulgs and the Slavic words have probably common origin.

References: WP. I 868, Trautmann 55.

Page(s): 271-272

Root / lemma: dhō[u]- : dhū-

Meaning: rope

Material: Gr. θῶμι(γ)ξ, -ιγγος f. `rope, ccord, band, strap, string of the bow ' (places ahead *θω-μο- or -μᾱ);

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift

Latin fūnis ` a rope, sheet, line, cord '; vowel gradation ō[u]-: ū-, if Latin ū not at most dial. development from ō; after J. Duchesne-Guillemin (BSL. 41, 178) ostensibly here Tocharian AB tsu-, В tsaw `to unite ' (??).

References: WP. I 868, WH. 567 f. compare also Petersson Heterokl. 169 f.

Page(s): 272

Root / lemma: dhō-

Meaning: to sharpen

Material: Old Indic dhā́rā `cutting edge, sharpness, blade', Avestan dārā f. ds., tižidāra- ` with sharp edge ', gr. θοός `sharp, sharp', ἐθόωσα `I sharpened, sharpen' (*θο-Fός u̯o-participle, as e.g. *δα-Fός ` sliced ' in δαΐζω; for *dhǝ- to o compare δοτός: δω-).

from here due to *dhǝ-ro- ` pointed ' (: Old Indic dhā-rā) also Old English daroð m. `spit, pike, spear, lance', Old High German tart m. `spit, pike', Old Norse darrað-r m., darr n. `spit, pike'? And at most in addition as ` wound with a pike ' further die Germanic family of Old Saxon Old English derian `injure, hurt', Old High German terren besides tarōn, -ēn `harm, injure', Old English daru f. `damage, pity, injury ', Old High German tara f. ` injury '?

References: WP. I 867 f.

Page(s): 272

Root / lemma: dhrebh-

Meaning: to crush, grind

Material: Gothic gadraban `cut out, λατομεῖν'; Old Norse draf n., Old English dræf n. `offal', Old Norse drafna ` separate in small parts ', blōÞ-drefjar m. ` bloodstain ';

Old Church Slavic drobljǫ, drobiti ` crush, break, rupture, grind', Russian drobь f. `break, piece, fragment', Russian-Church Slavic drobьnъ, Bulgarian dróben `small, little', next to which with vowel gradation e : Bulgarian drében ds., dreb ` secession of wool, by rippling the flax; liver ', Russian drébezg `shards, debris'; Fick BB. 2, 199, Berneker 225-226 (m. further Lithuanian).

With Gothic hlaiw, Þatei was gadraban us staina compares Hoffmann BB. 18, 288 τράφος τάφος Hes., so that the application of our root to `quarrying out of stones' would be old.

A similar to root dhreb- in:

Old Norse drepa `prick, bump, poke, slay', Old English drepan `slay, meet', Middle Low German drepen `meet, fight', Old High German treffan `meet, touch', Old Norse drep n. `blow, knock', Old English gedrep ds., Middle High German tref m. n. ` prank, blow, club, meeting ', Old English drepe m. (*drapi-) ` manslaughter ', Old Norse drāp n. ds.; presumably as kvǣði drepit stefjum: Old Norse drāpa f. ` one from several distinguished parts of existing poem by sog. stef; usually a praise song'.

References: WP. I 875 f.

Page(s): 272-273

Root / lemma: dhregh-1

Meaning: to run

Material: Armenian durgn, Gen. drgan `potter's wheel' (after Meillet BSL. 36, 122 from *dhr̥gh-);

gr. τρέχω (Doric τράχω), Fut. ἀποθρέξομαι, θρέξω `run', τροχός (: Old Irish droch) `wheel', τρόχος `run', τρόχις ` runner, summoner ', τροχίλος `sandpiper'; barely τράχηλος ` nape, neck '?? PedersenIF. 5, 56, Zup. KZ. 36, 57;

Old Irish droch `wheel' (*drogo-n);

It shows in palatal whereas Latvian drāžu, drāzu, drāzt `quick, fast run', Lithuanian padróžti ds., but to say the least could be considered just as well as a variant in palatal besides dherāgh- `pull, drag'. Yet are likewise Lithuanian (pa)dróžti as also Latvian drāzt ` run quickly, fast ' identical with Lithuanian dróžti, Latvian drāzt `carve' (see dhreĝ-). The primary meaning is `carve'. All numerous other interpretations are to be explained by casual use.

References: WP. I 874 f.

Page(s): 273

Root / lemma: dhregh-2

Meaning: to pain, to suffer

Material: Old Indic drā́ghatē (Dhatup.) `afflicts, plagues, strives itself ';

osset. äw-därzin `stir, tease, irritate' (E. Lewy KZ. 52, 306);

Old English dracu f. `plague, agony', dreccan `stir, tease, irritate, plague' (? with expressive k?);

Old Church Slavic raz-dražǫ, -dražiti ` enrage, irritate ', Serbian dra&̂žīm, drážiti `stir, tease, irritate';

Maybe alb. trazonj `stir, tease, irritate' a Slavic loanword.

a ni-abstract noun *dražnь `irritation' lies Russian draznítь `stir, tease, irritate, banter' the basic, z instead of ž after the synonymous forms -znь.

Also a root *dhrāgh- or *dhrēgh-: *dhrōgh-: *dhrǝgh- is possible.

References: WP. 1 875.

Page(s): 273-274

Root / lemma: dhreĝ-

Meaning: to pull

Note: synonymous with trā̆gh- (see there)

Material: Old Indic dhrájati ` glides, slides there ', prá-dhrajati ` hurries ', dhrájas- n., dhrajati- f. ` the pranks, pull', dhrā́j- perhaps ` attraction ', dhrā́ji-, dhrājí- f. `pull, urge, desire';

Old Norse drāk f. `stripe' (: Old Indic drāj-); nasalized in addition perhaps Gothic drigkan, Old Icelandic drekka, Old English drincan, Old High German trinkan `drink' (`make a good gulp, draw from drinking-vessel ');

Maybe alb. dreka, drekë `dinner', darkë (*drakë) `supper'

Lithuanian drežóti ` smooth down ', drýžas, druožė̃ ` streaky ', also (?) Lithuanian drė́ž-iu, -ti ` rend ', nudrė́žti `pull down, destroy' (Juškević 346); in addition probably dróžti `carve, hit, gehen' etc, Latvian drāzt ds.; see below dregh-1;

Latvian dragât `pull' against it presumably to Middle Dutch trecken `pull, drag', s. der-4 (dergh-, dreg-) `flay' and Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 488 m. Lithuanian

References: WP. I 874.

Page(s): 273

Root / lemma: dhreibh-

Meaning: to drive, to push

Material: Gothic dreiban `drive, push, bump, poke', Old Norse drīfa `come pulling, pull, drag, stream' etc, Old English drīfan `drive, push, hunt, chase, overthrow ', Old Saxon drīƀan `be moved, dispelled ', Old High German trīban ` beat, strike, knock, push, drive, hurl, impel, propel, expel ' (zero grade schw. Verb tribōn ` set in violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge ', uolatribōn ` thrust through, pierce through, transfix '); Old Norse drift f. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, snowdrift ', drif n. ` what floats through the air, snowfall ', Old English drif n. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, the driven ', drāf f. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, drift, herd', Middle High German trift ds., Modern High German Trift `pasture, herd';

Lithuanian drimbù, drìbti ` laggard, clodhopper, lubber, looby, hobbledehoy, lummox, squab, dub, lug', sniẽgas drim̃ba ` the snow falls thickly ' (= Old Norse Þā drīfr snǣr); from drib-, to which could belong likewise the i- as the e- series, the transfer has occurred in the e- series: drebiù, drė̃bti ` pour, make stains with viscous liquid '.

References: WP. I 872, 876, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 68 f., Specht KZ. 68, 41.

Page(s): 274

Root / lemma: dhreugh-1

Meaning: to tremble, shake

Material: Old English drȳge `dry' etc, see above S. 254 f. under dhereugh-;

Lithuanian drugỹs `fever; butterfly', Latvian drudzis `cold fever; fever', drudzinât ` neigh after fodder ' (`*to shake'), perhaps Old Prussian drogis `reed' (if for drugis, s. Trautmann Old Prussian 323 m. Lithuanian, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 502); perhaps Latvian drugt ` collapse, diminish ', Berneker 231 between; s. also under S. 279;

poln. drżę, drżec `tremble', old also `have a fever', drgać, perf. drgnąć `tremble, quiver; flounder, twitch ', Russian drožú, -átь, perf. drógnutь `tremble, quiver' (etc, s. Berneker 231). Dissyllabic root form *dhereugh- or *dhereug- one supposes in gr. τοιθορύσσειν σείειν Hes., τοιθορύκτρια ἡ τοὺς σεισμοὺς ποιοῦσα Hes. and τανθαρύζω, τανθαλύζω ds. Hes.

Maybe alb. Geg (*dhereugh-) dredh `tremble, twist', dridhem `tremble, quiver, have a fever' [common alb. -gh- > -dh-].

References: WP. I 873 f., Berneker 231.

Page(s): 275

Root / lemma: dhreugh-2

Meaning: to deceive, harm

Material: Old Indic drúhyati `seeks to harm, harms' (Fut. dhrōkṣyáti, participle drugdhá-); common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-

Old Persian Imperf. adurujīya (= Old Indic adruhyat) ` lied ', Avestan družaiti ` lies, cheats ', Old Indic drṓgha-, drōha- m. `insult, damage, betrayal ', Avestan draoga- ` fallacious ', m. `lie, falsity, deception ', Old Persian drauga- ` fallacious ', Old Indic drúh- ` injuring ', f. ` damage, fiend, ghost', m. `fiend, demon', Avestan druǰ- f. `lie, falsity, deception; impersonating the lie, falsity';

Middle Irish aur-ddrach (after the sounds from *druag = Old Indic drōgha-) `ghost';

Old Saxon bidriogan, Old High German triogan ` deceive ', Old Norse draugr m. `ghost'; zero grade Old Saxon gidrog n. ` delusion ', Middle Dutch gedroch ds., Old High German gitrog n. `deceit, devilish phantasmagoria '; Old Norse draumr, Old High German troum, Old Saxon drōm, English dream `dream' (Germanic *ðrau(ɣ)ma- ` delusion ').

Indo Germanic dhreugh- is very probably related with dhu̯er- ` bring to trap through deception ', while to zero grade *dhru-gh- from *dhu̯r̥-gh- adjusted itself to a new zero grade Indo Germanic *dhreugh-, *dhrough-. With the extending gh would be identical with Modern High German Zwerg, if this word not goe back to a miscellaneous Indo Germanic dhu̯ergh- ` dwarfish, crippled ' (see there).

References: WP. I 874.

Page(s): 276

Root / lemma: dhreu-

Meaning: to crumble, grind

Note: with it are probably linked from intransitive ` crumble ' explicable words for `tumble, fall down, trickle down '

Material: 1. dhreus-, dhrēu-s-:

Gr. θραύω (τέθραυσμαι, ἐθραύσθην) `rupture, crunch ', θραυστός, θραυλός (*θραυσ-λός), θραῦρος (Hes.) `frail, breakable', θραῦμα, θραῦσμα `piece, fragment, wound', θρᾱνύσσω (Lycian), συντεθρά̄νωται (Eur.) `shatter ' (point at *θραυ[σ]-ανός, s. Boisacq s. v. m. Lithuanian); θρῡλίχθη (Hom.), θρῡλίξας (Lycian) `break, rupture, shatter ', θρῡλεῖ ταράσσει ὀχλεῖ Hes.(*θρῦλος from *θρῡσ-λο-; gr. -αυ- and -υ:- are to be interpreted as zero grade and lengthened grade of dhrēus-, next to which dhreus-; s. Bechtel KZ. 46, 164);

Welsh dryll `piece, fragment' (*dhrus-li̯o-), gallorom. Pl. drullia ` dross ' (Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 163);

Gothic drauhsnōs f. Pl. ` gobbet, crumbs '; probably as metathesis from *dhrūs-kna with nearest connectable Baltic druska; interference to Modern High German trocken, Old English drēahnian - s. dher-2, dhreugh- `hold, stop' - respecctive words would permit to look at most at both traditional forms as really spoken; but compare besides Gothic drausnōs ds.;

Gothic driusan `fall, tumble, fall down', Old Saxon driosan, Old English drēosan `fall', norw dial. drysia ` trickle down '; Causative Gothic gadrausjan `prostrate', Old High German trōren `drip, trickle, make drip, moult '; in addition as ` collapse, bend ' with lautsymbolisch gedehnter zero grade: Old English drūsian ` be sluggish (from age)', English drowse `be sleepy'; Old High German trūrēn ` be knocked down, mourn; lower the eyes ', Middle High German trūrec ` sad '; Old English changing through vowel gradation drēorig ` grieving '; Old Norse dreyri m. (*drauzan-) ` the blood dripping from the wound ', Old Saxon drōr m. `blood' (Old English changing through vowel gradation drēor m. ds.), Middle High German trōr m. `dew, rain, blood';

Latvian druska `crumb', Lithuanian druskà `salt' (*crumb), Old Prussian druskins `earwax' (consigns dmskins); in addition Balto Slavic *druzga `small piece' in Lithuanian drùzgas ds., sloven. drûzgati `crush', etc

Labial extensions:

dhreubh-: gr. θρύπτω (ἐτρύφην) ` grind, crumb, spall, crumble; enfeeble, soften, make fragile ', θρύμμα and τρύφος n. `piece, fragment', τρυφή ` softness, luxuriance ', τρυφερός ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle ' (see also Boisacq s. v. θρύπτω);

Latvian drubaža ` Trumm ', drubazas `splinter of wood'.

dhreup-: Old Saxon drūƀōn, drūvōn ` be grieving '; Latvian drupu, drupt ` zerfallen, in Trümmer gehen ', draûpît ` crumb, spall, crumble '; compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 505.

dhreub-: Old Norse driūpa, Old Saxon driopan, Old English drēopan, Old High German triofan `drip, drop ', o-grade schw. Verb, Old English drēapian ` drip, trickle down ', e-grade drēopian ds., Old Norse drūpa (*-ēn) `überhangen, droop down, bend down ', Old Norse dropi m. `drip', Old English dropa, Old Saxon dropo ds.; Intensive Old English dryppan, droppian, Old High German tropfōn `drip', tropfo `drip'; Old Icelandic dreypa, Old English dríepan `drip, trickle';

Old Irish drucht `drip' (*dhruptu-s).

References: WP. I 872 f., WH. I 553 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 21, 104, 136, 140 f., 182, Trautmann 61 f., Kluge11 s. v. Trauer.

Page(s): 274-275

Root / lemma: dhrigh- (or dhreikh-)

Meaning: hair, bristle

Note:

Root / lemma: dhrigh- (or dhreikh-) : `hair, bristle' derived from Root / lemma: dhereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband'.

Material: Gr. θρίξ, τριχός f. `hair, bristle', therefrom θρίσσα, Attic θρίττα f. ` a fish with fine fishbone ', τριχίας, τριχίς ds.;

Maybe alb. drizë ` blackthorn, sloe ' : gr. θρίξ f. `hair, bristle' : Old Irish driss ` blackthorn '.

Middle Irish gairb-driuch (*drigu- or *driku-) `bristle' (garb `rough');

from gr. θρίσσα derives probably Italian-lombard. trissa ` burbot '; out of it probably likewise Swiss Trische (11. Jh. trisca);

whether Balto Slavic *draika- `stretched long' as *dhroiko- here belongs, also Lithuanian driẽkti ` distend, take off (a thread)', drỹkti ` hang down in long threads ', slovak. driek m. `stem', driečny ` stocky ', Old Bulgarian drьkolь ` shaft, pole', etc, could our root be placed as *dhreikh- .

Maybe alb. (*dhreikh) derth, derdh ` hang down, pour ', (*dhreikh) dreth, dredh `twist, curl (hair)', dredhë `lock, curled hair' common alb. -k > -th.

References: WP. I 876, Jud BullGlPat. Suisse Rom. 11, 82, Trautmann 58 f., Berneker 223, 232.

Page(s): 276

Root / lemma: dhrono-

Meaning: multicoloured

Material: For gr. θρόνα Pl. `flower decorations in garments (by alexandrin. poets for φάρμακα, charm, spell, sorcery, necessitated medicinal herbs), colored garments, colored animals' infer Hoffmann BB. 15, 86, Lidén Stud. 67 f. a basic meaning `varicolored'.

Under these basic meaning compares Lidén aaO. alb. drē-ri, Geg drę-ni- m. `deer' (Animals like the deer and roe are named often as ` dappled, varicolored'), therefore an Illyrian basic form *drani- (Indo Germanic dhroni-) through the probable Illyrian Hesych explanation αρανις ἔλαφος (Λ- recommended for Δ-) is advisable.

Stokes Mél. Kern [RC 24, 217] supposed for θρόνα ` embroidery ' because of Middle Irish druine ds.

References: WP. I 876 f., WH. I 374.

Page(s): 276-277

Root / lemma: dhug(h)ǝter-

Meaning: daughter, *thin girl

Note: guttural as with eg(h)om ` I ', see there.

Root / lemma: dhug(h)ǝter- : `daughter' derived from dh-suffixed root: dheu-dh- ` shake, confuse ' of Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (:dhu̯ē-), dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-) : `to reel, dissipate, blow, etc.' earlier Root / lemma: deuk- : `to drag, pull, attract'.

Material:

Hittite: Lyk. kbatra- ' daughter ' (Melchert)

Tokharian: A ckācar, B tkacer Tochter (Adams 312)

Old Indian: duhitár- f. `daughter '

Avestan: dugǝdar-, duɣdar- ' Tochter '

Other Iranian: NPers duxtar, duxt ' Tochter '

Armenian: dustr, gen. dster `Tochter '

Old Greek: thügátēr, -trós, acc. thügatéra f. `Tochter '

Slavic: *dъtjī, gen. *dъtjere; *pāstorъkā, -ɨ̄ ' Stieftochter '

Baltic: *duktē̃ (-er-) f.

Germanic: *doxtēr

Maybe from *dhu̯edh-: East Frisian dwatje ` stupid girl ', dwatsk ` simple, unusual ', jütisch dvot ` suffering of dizziness '

Note:

meaning Latin alb. Geg (*vargha) varza, tosk vajë `girl, virgin' : Latin virga ` thin branch, rod ' (from *u̯iz-gā), virgō ` girl, virgin ';

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh-): `to turn, press, strangle' < [common Latin Germanic -s- > -r-] of Root / lemma: u̯eis-2 : `to turn, bend'.

Old Indic duhitár- (duhitā́), Avestan dugǝdar-, duɣδar- (from *dughter-), New Persian duxtar, duxt, Armenian (with s from k after u) dustr, Gen. dster, (dowstr)

gr. θυγάτηρ (shift of stress as in μήτηρ, but still θυγατέρα as μητέρα), Oscan futír, Dative fu(u)treí (Vetter Gl. 29, 242);

Maybe Luvian tuwatar- : Lycian cbatru, kbatra : Tocharian A ckācar, В tkācer `daughter'.

Gothic daúhtar, Old Norse dōttir (Runic Nom. Pl. dohtriR), Old High German tohter, Lithuanian duktė̃, -er̃s, Old Prussian duckti, Old Church Slavic dъšti, -ere, Tocharian A ckācar, В tkācer `daughter'.

Note:

Old Church Slavic: dъšti `daughter' [f r], dъštere [Gens]

Russian: doč' `daughter' [f r], dóčeri [Gens]

Old Czech: dci `daughter' [f r], dceře [Gens]

Serbo-Croatian: kćī `daughter' [f r], kćè ̀ri [Gens]; šćī `daughter' [f r], šćéra [Gens]

Slovene: hčí `daughter' [f r], hčére [Gens]; hčī `daughter' [f r], hčēre [Gens]

Alb. Tosc (*hoc) gocë `daughter', Geg cucë `daughter'.

References: WP. I 868, WH. I 557.

Page(s): 277

Root / lemma: dhu̯en-, dhun-

Meaning: to hum

Material: Old Indic dhvánati ` sounds, soughs', dhvaní- m. `sound, echo, thunder, word', dhvaná- m. `sound, a certain wind', dhvanita- n. `sound, tone, echo, thunder', dhúni- ` soughing, roaring, thundering ', dhunáyati ` soughs ';

Old Norse dynr m. ` resonance ', Old English dyne n. ds., English din, Old High German tuni ds.; Old Norse dynia (preterit dunda) `din, drone, rant, roister', Old English dynnan, Old Saxon dunnian Middle High German tünen `din, drone'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Germanic extensions therefrom seem Old Norse dynkr `din, fuss, noise, blow, knock', Middle English dunchen, English dunch ` strike with a short rapid blow, jog with the elbow ' and ndd. dunsen `din, drone, stomp', Swedish dial. dunsa `crack, creak, hit'.

Interference of new sound imitations (onomatopoeic words) comes for Germanic words just as for Lithuanian dundė́ti `violent knock, hit, din, drone' in question.

References: WP. I 869.

Page(s): 277

Root / lemma: dhu̯er-, dhu̯erǝ-

Meaning: to ruin by deceiving

Note: (:dhu̯r̥- : dhru-)

Material: Old Indic dhvárati ` damages ', participle dhrutá-, -dhrut (and -dhvr̥t), dhrúti- f. ` deception, seduction ', *dhvará- ` deceiving ' in dhvarás- f. (Nom. -ā́ḥ) `a kind of female daeemon '; dhū́rvati ` brings down through deception, damages ' (zero grade of a heavy basis dhu̯erǝ-), dhū́rta-ḥ ` deceitful ', m. ` cheater ', dhūrtí- f. ` deceitful injury, damage ';

Latin fraus, -dis f. `deceit, cunning deception, damage, punishment ', frausus sum (Plaut), Umbrian frosetom ` cheated, beguiled, defrauded, robbed ', Latin frūstra (newer frūstrā) ` in deception, in error, in vain ', therefrom frūstror, -āri ` deceive, cheat ' belong probably as d-extension our root here (see above under dhreugh-); unclear is only a (popular saying? EM 382; incredible WH. I 543);

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift

here probably Hittite du-wa-ar-na-aḫ-ḫu-un (dwarnaḫḫun?) ` I broke '.

References: WP. I 869 f., 874, WH. I 543 f.

Page(s): 277

Root / lemma: dhu̯ergh- : drugh-

Meaning: low (in stature), crippled

Material: Bartholomae IF. 12, 131 Anm. connects Avestan drva- (i.e. druɣva-), which is reckoned under other names of physical ailments and perhaps stands for ` dwarfish, crippled ', with Old Norse dvergr, Old English dweorg, English dwarf, Middle Low German dwerch, nnd. dwarf, Old High German twerc, Middle High German twerc, -ges, Modern High German Zwerg, wherefore zero grade *durgī in Old Norse dyrgja `dwarf, midget', ndd. dorf; after Krogmann (KZ. 62, 143) in addition Latvian drugt `sink down' (see above dhreugh-1).

Otherwise for Germanic the interpretation would derive as ` creature of deception ' with regard to to Old Indic dhvarás- `a kind of female daemon ', root dhu̯er- `bring down through deception ';

it could have derived from dhu̯er- then with the same -gh, which agrees also with the root form dhreu-gh- (dhu̯er-gh- : dhu̯r̥gh- : dhrugh-, dhreugh-); also latter deriving from appellation for puckish creature of deception.

References: WP. I 871 f.

Page(s): 279

Root / lemma: dhu̯ē̆r-, dhu̯ō̆r-, dhur-, dhu̯r̥-

Meaning: door

Note: besides this conservative stem, the proto form of plural and dual of such a measure (see below), woud probably fit to a certain degree already proto forms -o- and -ā-extensions partly with to supposed collective meaning, partly (as neuter) in the position as 2. composition parts.

Material:

Hittite: ? an-dur-za (adv.) ' darin ' < * ' indoors ' (Tischler 37-38)

Tokharian: B twere ' door ' (Adams 323)

Old Indian: dvār f., acc. duráḥ, dúraḥ, du. dvārā(u); dvā́ra- n. `door '

Avestan: acc. dvarǝm, loc. dvarǝ ' Tor; Hof '

Other Iranian: OPers duvarayā ' am Hofe ? am Tore ? '

Armenian: pl. durkh, acc. a-durs `Tür ' , i durs `hinaus, draussen ' ; durrn, gen. dran `Tür, Tor, Hof; drand `Türpfosten, Türschwelle '

Old Greek: thǘrǟ f. `Tür, Torflügel ' , pl. `Tür(e), Tor ' , thǘretron Türchen, pl. thǘretra `Türfutter, Tür ' , thürṓn, -ō^nos m. `Vorhalle, Vorraum '

Slavic: *dvьrь, pl. *dvьrī

Baltic: *dwar-[a-]s m., *dur-i-s f., *dur̃-w-i- c.

Germanic: *dur-i- f., *dur-u- c., *dur-a- n.

Latin: foris, -is f., pl. forēs, -ium f. `Tür ' ; forās `hinaus ' , forīs `draussen, ausserhalb ' , forum, -ī n. `Vorhof des Grabes (umzäunter Grabbezirk); Marktplatz, Marktflecken, Gerichtstag '

Other Italic: Umbr. furo, furu `forum '

Celtic: Gaul doro `ostium ' , duros, duron m., n. `ostium ' ; OIr dorus n., in-dorus `vor Tür ' , dor m. `ostium ' ; Cymr dor f. `Tür ' , drws `Tür '

Albanian: derε f. Tür

Old Indic Nom. Pl. dvā́raḥ, Akk. Pl. duráḥ, dúraḥ, Nom. Du. dvā́rā(u) `door' (loss of Aspiration originally in den bh-case through influence of dvāu `two'), durōṇá- n. `dwelling, homeland' (-no-derivative of Locative Du. Aryan *dhurău); o -stem dvāram n. (new) `door' in compounds śatádura- n. `secretive place with 100 doors'; Avestan Akk. Sg. dvarǝm, Locative dvarǝ `gate, courtyard ', Old Persian duvarayā ` at the gate ';

Armenian Pl. dur-k`, Akk. z-durs (*-n̥s) `door', i durs ` out of doors, forth, out, outside ', Sg. duṙn, Gen. dran `door, gate, courtyard ' (n-Dekl. derive from Akk. Sg. in -m ), dr-and ` doorpost, doorsill ' (*dhurr + *anǝtā, see there);

gr. presumably from conservative stem still θύρδα ἔξω ᾽Αρκάδες Hes.; θύραζε ` out through the doors, out of doors, forth, out ' (i.e. θύρασ-δε, either Old Indic duraḥ, Armenian durs or from ā-stem θύρᾱ, so that from -ᾱνς about -ᾰνς), as 1. composition part perhaps θυραυλέω ` habe meinen Aufenthalt an (vor) der Türe, lagere im Freien ' from θύρ-αυλος (but it could have derived also from θύρα), very archaic θαιρός `the revolvable doorpost ' (also ` Wagenachse, Eckpfosten des Wagenkastens ' from *dhu̯r̥-i̯o-);

o-stem in πρόθυρον `room before the door, vestibule of the house' (: Old Indic śatá-dura- n.);

ā-stem θύρᾱ `door' (hom. mostly Pl.), Attic θύρᾱσι ` outside ', hom. θύρη-θι, -φι; compare still θύριον `Türchen' (: Old Indic dúr(i)ya- `zur door or zum Haus gehörig'), θυρίς, -ίδος `window' (actuallly `Türchen') θύρετρον `door', θυρεός `Türstein; großer long shield', θυρών `Vorhalle, vestibule in Haus' (: Gothic daúrōns f. Pl. `zweiflügliges gate', yet barely in historic connection with it);

alb. (dhu̯er-) derë f. `door', Pl. düer (conservative stem *dhu̯ōr-);

Note: conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)

Phonetic mutations: Alb. alb. (dhu̯era) derë f. `door' : gr. (dhu̯era) θύρᾱ `door' : Proto-Slavic form: [dvьrь See also: dvorъ - Page in Trubačev: V 171-172] Old Church Slavic: dvьrь `door' [f i] : Russian: dver' `door' [f i]

Therefore proto Illyrian gave alb. dhu̯e- > de-, gr. dhu̯e- > du-, Slavic dhu̯e- > dve-.

Latin Plur. forēs f. ` folding-doors ' (older conservative stem *dhu̯or- reshaped to i-stem); the Sg. foris, -is is secondary; ā-stem in forāss ` out through the doors, out of doors, forth, out ', forīs ` an open space, public place, court, market-place ' (the vowel after forēs); in addition forum n. ` an open space, public place, court, market-place '; Umbrian furo, furu, ` an open space, public place, court, market-place '; about Latin forus see above S. 134;

Welsh Old Breton Cornish dor f. `door' (*dhurā or *dhu̯orā; latter vowel gradation certainly in Old Irish dorus n. `door', in-dorus `before' from Celtic *du̯orestu-; with it phonetically not compatible Welsh drws `door', from Thurneysen IA. 33, 25 places to Middle Irish drut, druit `shut', nir. druidim ` I close ' from *druzd-); o-stem gall. doro `door', Duro-, -durum in PN, Old Irish dor m. ds.; Old Cornish darat, Middle Cornish daras `door', Breton Pl. dorojou, dial. doredou (Loth RC 20, 355) from *dhu̯orato-; compare gall. *doraton `grille, lattice door' in gallorom. *doratia (or *duratia?), Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 139; unclear is gall. dvorico (Holder I 1390), GN?;

Old High German turi, Old Franconian duri `door', Old Norse dyrr ` doorway ', fem. Pl. (Nom. Pl. *dhur-es); Old English duru ds. (extended after Akk. Pl. *dhur-n̥s, Germanic *durunz, also Old High German Dative Pl. tur-un, -on); o-stem Gothic daúr n., Old High German tor, Old Saxon dor, dur, Old English dor n. `gate' (*dhurom); Gothic daurōns see above (: θυρών); Old Icelandic for-dyri n. ` vestibule ';

Lithuanian durìs Akk. Pl. dùrų Gen. Pl., dial. and old dùres Nom. Pl. (then i-inflection: Nom. Pl.dùrys), Latvian duris, dùrvis, Old Prussian dauris f. Pl. `door' (au error); however, lacks Lithuanian dvãras ` grange ' because of dvérti ` unbolt, unlock ' (also dùrys `door' from `*aperture'?) it is not certainly poln. loanword;

Old Church Slavic dvьri `door' (*Akk. Pl. in -n̥s; root stem dhu̯r̥- from the reduced case with consonant-ending e.g. Locative *dvьrchъ); o-stem Old Church Slavic dvorъ ` courtyard ';

Hittite: ? an-dur-za (adv.) ' within, inside, in ' (*'indoors'), Tischler 37-38.

Tocharian В twere `doors'.

References: WP. I 870 f., WH. I 529 f., Trautmann 63, EM 377 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6251.

Page(s): 278-279

Root / lemma: digh-

Meaning: goat

Note:

Root / lemma: digh- : `goat' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: deiĝh- : `to prick; tick'. From the older root Root / lemma: deiĝh- : `to prick; tick' derived Root / lemma: aiĝ- : `goat' and Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ- : `goat' [common Baltic - Illyrian - alb. de-, da- > zero]. Hence the gr. cognate derived from proto Illyrian

Material: Gr.- Thracian δίζα αἴξ. Λάκωνες (*dighi̯a), compare Thracian PN Διζα-τελμις (as ᾽Εβρου-τελμις to ἔβρος τράγος Hes.);

Maybe alb. (*dhida) dhija `goat' (common alb. Iranian -d- > -l- > -j- phonetic mutation).

Old High German ziga `goat', with hypocoristic consonant increase Old English ticcen, Old High German zickī, zickīn `young goat, kid' (but about Modern High German Zecke see above under deiĝh-); here perhaps Norwegian dial. tikka `sheep' (event. hybridization of Swedish dial. takka `sheep' with nord. equivalent of Zicklein), tiksa `sheep, bitch', tikla `young sheep or cow', as well as Old Norse tīk f. `bitch' = Middle Low German tīke ds.

Armenian tik `hose from animal skin ' it is put here by Lidén (Arm. Stud. 10 f., Don. nat. Sydow 531) as originally ` goatskin ', must go back to *dig- (taboo distortion?).

References: WP. I 814, WH. I 632, 868. After Risch (briefl.) perhaps originally Lockruf.

Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dī̆p-ro-, dī̆p-erā

Meaning: cattle

Material: Armenian tvar `ram, herd of cattle' (*tivar < *dī̆perā); Gothic tibr ` oblation ' (meliorated from aibr), Old High German zebar ` sacrificial animal ', Old English tīfer, tīber ds., Late Middle High German ungezī̆bere, unzī̆ver, Modern High German Ungeziefer actually ` impure, animal not suited to the sacrifice '. Old French (a)toivre ` draft animal ' derives from Germanic

Maybe alb. (*dī̆berā) dorbëria `heard of cows'.

References: WP. I 765, WH. I 323, Feist 19 b, 477 a.

Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dl̥kú- (?)

Meaning: sweet

Material: Gr. γλυκύς, γλυκερός `sweet', γλυκκόν γλυκύ, γλύκκα ἡ γλυκύτης Hes. (-κκ- from -ku̯-), γλεῦκος (late) `must, stum' (vowel gradation neologism); γλ from δλ because of folg. κ; -λυ- from -λα- after folg. υ; about late δεῦκος `must, stum', δευκής `sweet' s. WH. I 380;

Latin dulcis `sweet, mellifluous, gentle' (from *dl̥ku̯i-s).

References: WP. I 816, WH. I 380.

Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā

Meaning: tongue

Comments:

Maybe Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā : `tongue' derived from Root / lemma: dhereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-) : `to wind, turn'.

Note: often reshaped through anlaut change and rearrangements

Material: Old Indic jihvā́ f., Avestan hizvā ds. (Proto Aryan *ĝiĝhu̯ā from *daĝhu̯ā with i from lih- `lick' or from jih- ` turn down '; Iranian *sizvā probably through sound dissimilation);

Maybe alb. (*dn̥ghu̯ā) gluha `tongue, language' not from Latin lingua because alb. has preserved -h- = -g- as in Germanic languages in contrast to Latin. Hence alb. d- > g- mutation is of Aryan origin. Alb. (*dn̥ghu̯ā) gluha `tongue' is similar to formation alb. (*dlagh-t-) glatë, gjatë, gjat `long' (common Indic Albanian d- > g- shift).

besides ū-stem in Old Indic juhū́ f. `tongue, spoon' (with u after juhṓti ` pour into the fire ', different Wackernagel-Debrunner III 192), Avestan hizū m. ds.; with -ōn- for -ā Old Persian hizbāna-, Middle PPersian huzvān ds., North Aryan biśān m. `tongue, discourse ' (*viźhvān after E. Leumann North Aryan Spr. 127 f.);

Armenian lezu, Gen. lezvi places in ending -ghu̯ā away from *dn̥ghu̯ā, the first syllable probably influenced by leiĝh- `lick';

Note: common Latin d- > l-; also common Italic-Latin d- > f- shift.

Old Latin dingua, Latin lingua (with l- from lingere); Oscan fangvam (Vetter Serta Hoffilleriana 153;

Old Irish teng (ā-stem) and tengae, Gen. tengad with t- after tongid ` swears '; but Old Irish ligur `tongue' to Latin ligurriō;

Maybe Liguria Illyrian tribal name of Celtic origin.

unclear is Middle Welsh tafawt, Welsh tafod, Old Cornish tauot, Middle Breton teaut, Breton teod, wherefore Cornish tava, Middle Breton taffhaff, Breton tan̄va `taste' (Celtic *tamāto-?);

Gothic tuggō f., Old Norse Old Saxon tunga, Old English tunge, Old High German zunga, with -ōn- instead of -ā; as vowel gradation neologism perhaaps here Old Norse tangi ` clutch piece of the blade ', Middle Low German tange `sand shift between two marshes';

Balto Slavic inžū- m. in Old Prussian insuwis; Lithuanian liežùvis (after liẽžti `lick'); Old Church Slavic języ-kъ, Serbo-Croatian jèzik, poln. język, Russian jazýk; to contraction of anlaut d- s. J. Schmidt, Krit. 77;

Tocharian A käntu, Gen. käntwis, B käntwo, Obl. käntwa sa (*kantwa, reconverted with metathesis from *tankwa, Indo Germanic *dn̥ĝhu̯ā).

Wrong etymology:

(common Indic Albanian d- > g- shift) > later common Germanic Celtic Tocharian g- > k- shift). Hence Illyrian Albanian Aryan gn̥ĝhu̯ā > Tocharian A käntu).

References: WP. I 1792, WH. I 806 f., Trautmann 104, Specht Dekl. 83, Havers Sprachtabu 123 f.

Page(s): 223

Root / lemma: dous-

Meaning: arm

Material: Old Indic dóṣ- n. (m.), Gen. doṣṇáḥ ` forearm, arm, lower part of the forefoot with animals', Avestan daoš- m. ` upper arm, shoulder', New Persian dōš `shoulder'; Old Irish doë (*dous-n̥t-s), Gen. doat `arm'; Latvian pa-duse (zero grade) ` armpit; bosoms of the dress '; sloven. pâzduha, pâzdiha besides pâzuha, pâziha `armpit', and with the same d-loss (an explanation attempt by Berneker 233 f.) Old Bulgarian etc pazucha `κόλπος '.

References: WP. I 782, Trautmann 64.

Page(s): 226

Root / lemma: dō- : dǝ-, also dō-u- : dǝu- : du-

Meaning: to give

Grammatical information: (perfective) Aoristwurzel with secondary present di-dō-mi.

Material:

Hittite: da- (II) ' nehmen ' (Friedrich 201-202)

Old Indian: dádāti, fut. dāsyati, aor. 3 sg. ádāt, pt. dattá-, (in comp.) -tta-, inf. dāváne; dā́tár- m. `giving, giver ' ; dāti- `liking to give ' ; dāná- n. `act of giving, gift ' ; dāyá- `gebend ' , dāya- m. `gift, donation ' ; dā́- m.`giver '

Avestan: dadāiti `er gibt ' , dāʮra- n. `Geschenk ' , dāiti- `Geben, Schenken, Gewährung ' ; dāvōi `zugeben '

Other Iranian: OPers imp. dadātuv

Armenian: aor. etu; tamk `damus ' , tam `do ' ; tur `Geschenk '

Old Greek: dídōmi, aor. édōka, pass. dothē^nai̯, pf. dédōka, m.-p. dédomai̯, va. dotó- `geben ' ; dṓs f. `Gabe ' ; dósi-s f. `das Geben, Gabe ' , dōtínǟ f. `Gabe, Abgabe, Pachtzins ' ; apó-, diá-, pró-doma; dō^ro-n n. ` Gabe, Geschenk ' ; dṓtōr `Geber ' , dotḗr m., dótei̯ra f. `Geber(in) ' , dṓtǟ-s, epi-dṓtǟ-s m. hom., att. aor. inf. dọ̄^nai̯, kypr. dOwenai̯ (o˜ō), opt. düwanoi `er möge geben ' , inf. dowenai, hom., att. inf. aor. do^̣nai̯ `geben ' < *doénai̯ ? *dowénai̯?; dános n. `Gabe; Darlehen, Schuld '

Slavic: *dā́tī, *dā̃mь, *dā̃sī, *dā̃stь, *dādę̄tь; *dājā́tī, *dā̀jǭ; *bolgo-, *po-dātь; *dānъkъ; *dānь; *dā̀rъ (u-St.), *dārī́tī C; *pro-dājā etc.; pl. *pody (Rus dial. NE по́ды `подати, денежные поборы ' СРНГ); *prīdъ; *dāvā́tī

Baltic: *dō^- (*dō^-mei^) (2) vb., dā- vb.; *dā^w-ā^- (1) vb., *dā^w-an-ā^ (2) f., *dā̃w-ia- c.; *dō^-tl-iā̃, *dō̃-tl-iā̃ f., *dā^-tl-a- c., *dā^-t-a- c.

Latin: dō, damus, datis, dare, datum `geben, gewähren ' ; reddō, reddidi, -ditum, -dere `zurückgeben ' ; datus, -a `gegeben; dator, -ōris m. `Geber ' ; datū `zu Geben ' ; datus, -Us m. `Gabe ' ; datiō, -ōnis f. `das Geben ' ; dōs, -tis f. `Mitgift ' ; datio `das Schenken ' ; dōnum, -ī n. `Gabe, Geschenk ' ; duim, duīs etc. `dem, dēs etc. ' ; fut. II interduō, concrēduō; ? pl. dautia n. `Bewirtung fremder Gäste und Gesandter in Rom '

Other Italic: Osk. dúnúm `Gabe ' , dúneís `doni ' , [d]uunated `donavit ' , da[da]d `dedat ' , dadid `dederit ' , didest `dabit ' , dedet `dedit ' ; Vestin didet `dat ' , data `data ' , duno `donum ' , Paelign dida `det ' , datas `datae ˜ datas ' ; Falisk datu `datum ' , doviat `det ' ; Mars dunom `donum ' , Umbr dirsa, dersa, teřa `det ' , dirsans `dent ' ; teřte `datur ' , ateřafust `circumtulerit ' , dede `dedit ' , teřust, dirsust `dederit ' , purdovitu, purtuvitu `poricito ' , purtuvies `porricies ' , purtiius `porrexeris ' , purditom `porrectum ' , purtifile `porricibilem ' ; dia `det, faciat ' ; dunu(m) `donum '

Celtic: *dāno-m > Ir dān `donum, ars, ingenium (Begabung) ' ; Cymr dawn `Geschenk '

Albanian: dašɛ `ich gab ' ; đɛnɛ `gegeben ' , f. `Gabe, Abgabe ' , geg đąnɛ id.

Old Indic dá-dā-ti (Aor. á-dā-m, Opt. dēyām, Fut. dāsyáti, Aor. Med. ádita = gr. ἔδοτο, Infinitive dámanē : gr. δόμεναι, compare Latin daminī `hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender', whether originally infinitive) `gives' (pāli. dinna to a present *di-dā-ti), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Avestan dadāiti ds., Old Persian imperative dadātuv ` he should give '; root nouns Old Indic dā́[s] ástu ` be a giver '; Infin. dā́tum (: Latin Supin. datum); participle ditá-ḥ (uncovered), secondary dattá-ḥ, zero grade in ā-t-tá-ḥ, prá-t-ta-ḥ `devoted', vowel gradation in tvā́-dāta-ḥ ` you gave from ', Avestan dāta-; to Fut. Old Indic dāsyāmi (: Lithuanian dúosiu) s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 78811;

Armenian ta-m `dō', ta-mk` `we hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ' (*dǝ-i̯e-mi), Aor. etu (= á-dā-m, Indo Germanic *e-dō-m);

gr. δί-δω-μι `give', Aor. ἔδωκα, Opt. δοίην (*doii̯ēm). Fut. δώσω, Aor. Med. ἐδοτο, participle δοτός, Infin. hom. δόμεναι and hom. Thessalian etc δόμεν (locative without suffix);

Venetic zoto `he/she has handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished ' = gr. ἔδοτο; zonasto `he/she has given as a present, presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed, confered ' maybe from *dōnā-s-to from a denominative *dōnāi̯ō (*dōno-m : Latin dōnum); mess. pi-do (*dō-t : Old Indic a-dāt);

alb. (*dhu̯o-sm̥) da-shë, dhashë Aor. ` I gave ' (*dǝ-sm̥); : alb. subjunctive dhashtë ` let him give '

Latin dō, dās, dat, dămus (*dǝ-mós), dătis, dănt (secondary fur *dent from *(di)-dṇ-ti), Old Latin danunt; dedī, dătum, dăre `give, grant, bestow', refl. ` betake oneself' (dās with ā after stā- for *dō = Lithuanian duõ, dúo-k [Specht KZ. 55, 182], gr. hom. δί-δω-θι);

Vestinian di-de-t ` delivers, gives up, renders, furnishes, pays, surrenders ', Paelignian di-da `he/ she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ', Umbrian dirsa, dersa, teřa ` he/ she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ' (*didāt), teřtu, dirstu, titu `he/ she shall deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ' (*di-de-tōd), teřte `he/she has been given' (*di-da-ter), a-teřa-fust `he/she will have handed round ' (*am-de-da-fos-t); Oscan da[da]d ` he/ she should give away, give up, surrender, deliver, consign, yield, abandon, render ' (*dād(-di)-dād), dadid `he/she will have delivered, given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered ' (*dād(-de)-dīd), di-de-st `he/she will hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ', dedet, Umbrian dede `he/she has handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered ' (= Latin dĕ-d-ĭt, old dedet), Umbrian teřust, dirsust `he/she will have handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered ' (*dedust), etc; Faliscan porded `he/she has stretched out, spreaded out, put forth, reached out, extended ' (*por(-de)-ded);

reduplication present Italian *di-dō(?) in Latin reddō (reddidī, redditum, reddere) `give back' from *re-d(i)-dō (?) is ostensibly themat. metathesis from *di-dō-mi; other compounds are dē-dō, dī-dō, ē-dō, prō-dō, trā-dō and *ven-dō;

participle Latin dătus `bestowed' = Faliscan datu `given, delivered, given up, surrendered ', Vestinian data ` been delivered, given up, surrendered ', Paelignian datas ` been delivered, given up, surrendered ' (: gr. δοτός); Supin. datum (: Old Indic Infin. dā́tum);

here perhaps in spite of WH. I 193 Latin ce-dō ` go from, give place, remove, withdraw, go away, depart, retire!' Pl. cette from *ce-dǝte (: gr. δότε);

Lithuanian dúomi (nowadays secondary dúodu, Latvian duôdu, based on neologism to Old Lithuanian Ipv. duodi from *dō-dhi-, East Lithuanian dúomu), 2. Sg. dúosi, 3. Sg. dúost(i) `gives', Old Prussian dāst ds., after Kořínek Listy filol. 65, 445 and Szemerényi Et. Slavic Roum. 1, 7 ff. (compare E. Fraenkel Baltic Sprachw. 11 f.) not on older reduplication (angebl. *dō-dǝ-mi, Balto Slavic *dōdmi, 3. Sg. *dō-dǝ-ti, Balto Slavic *dōdti > *dōsti), but on an unreduplicated athemat. inflection (*dōmi, Pl. *dǝmós); Lithuanian dúosti, Old Bulgarian dastъ are imitations from Lithuanian ė́sti `eats' etc, which lie besides Lithuanian *ė́(d)mi, Old Bulgarian jamь (from *ēd-m-), where d would be perceived as suffix of the root; to Fut. Lithuanian dúosiu see above S. 223.

The same would be assumed from Old Church Slavic damь ` I will give ', 3. Pl. dadętь (after jadętь etc); Old Church Slavic dažda `gift' is an analogical form after *ědja `food, eating', where d was perceived again a formant.

Infin. Lithuanian dúoti, Latvian duôt, Old Prussian dāt (*dō-ti-) = Old Church Slavic dati, Serbian dȁti, Russian datь.

For preterit Lithuanian daviaũ, Latvian devu `gave' see below.

participle *dō-na- in Old Church Slavic prě-danъ, Serbian dân, Czech dán, Ukrainian dányj ` bestowed'; *dō-ta- ds. in Old Prussian dāts, Lithuanian dúotas, Latvian duôts; einzelsprachl. innovations are Serbian dial. dât, Czech dátý; in addition Lithuanian duotina `nubile, marriageable', Russian-Church Slavic podatьnъ, Russian podátnyj ` generous '; Supin. *dōtun `to give' in Old Prussian daton (Infin.); Lithuanian dúotų, Old Church Slavic otъdatъ, sloven. dat; compare Slavic *datъ-kъ in sloven. dodâtɛk, poln. dodatek, Russian dodátok `bonus, addition';

Hittite dā- `take', 1. Sg. da-aḫ-ḫi (daḫḫi), 3. Sg. da-a-i (dāi), would be placed here by Pedersen (Muršilis 68) and Kretschmer (Glotta 19, 207) (`give' - `for give to oneself'- `take'); against it Couvreur Ḫ 206 ff.

nominal formation: Old Indic dā́tar-, dātár- `giver', gr. δώτωρ, δωτήρ ds., zero grade δοτήρ, δότειρα, Latin dător, datrīx. - Old Indic dātrá-, Avestan dāϑra- n. `gift'.

*dō-tel- in Old Church Slavic dateljь (*dō-tel-i̯u-) `giver', Czech udatel ` bighead ', Russian dátelь `giver'.

Old Indic *dāti- `bestowal, gift' in dā́ti-vāra- `allotting willingly, generous ', havya-dāti- ` procuring the offering, presenting the sacrifice ', Avestan dāiti- `grant, gift, impartment ', gr. δῶτις Hes. (and conservative stem *dō-t- in δώς) `gift', Δωσί-θεος, -φρων, Latin dōs, -tis `dowry';

Lithuanian Infinitive dúoti: Slavic *datь `gift' (e.g. in Old Church Slavic blagodatь `χάρις', Russian pódatь `tax'), Infinitive dati; zero grade Old Indic díti-ḥ, gr. δόσις `gift', Latin dati-ō, -tiōnis (old *-tīnes) ` the bestowing ' (suffix as in gr. δωτί̄νη `gift'); with zero gradation in enclitic Old Indic bhága-tti- `luck bringer'.

Old Indic dā́na- n. `gift' (substantiviertes -no-participle) = Latin dōnum, Oscan etc dunum ds. (duunated `he/she has presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed, confered '); Welsh dawn ds., Old Irish dān m. ` gift, present, practical skill, innate quality, nature, temperament (faculty, talent)', compare Slavic *danъ-kъ in Serbian dának `tribute, tax' etc and den -ni-stem Old Church Slavic danь `tribute, tax, toll', Lithuanian duõnis `gift'; zero grade alb. dhënë ` bestowed', f. `gift, tribute, tax', Geg dhânë; (*dhu̯on-)

Also alb. (*dhu̯onti) dhunti ` gift, faculty, talent'.

gr. δῶρον `gift' (-ro- in pass. value, compare e.g. clā-ru-s), Old Church Slavic darъ `gift' (m. as *danъkъ), Armenian tur ds.;

Maybe alb. (*dhu̯onata) dhurata ` gift, faculty, talent ' rhotacism n/r; darsmë, dasmë `wedding' : Latin dōs, -tis `dowry';

Old Indic dāyá- `giving', dāyá- m. `gift', Old Prussian dāian Akk. `gift', Serbian prȍ-daja `sale' (etc, Berneker 176).

Maybe nasalized alb. ndanj, shpërndanj (*shprë-ndanj)`allot, give, separate' : Lithuanian priẽdas `bonus, addition, wage increase'.

As 2. composition part Old Indic -dā- e.g. in aśvadā́- ` horse giving, horse offering ', Slavic with structure in o-Dekl., e.g. Russian dial. pó-dy Pl. ` tributes, taxes ', Serbian prî-d ` Draufgabe beim Tausch '; Lithuanian priẽdas `bonus, addition, wage increase'.

dō̆-u- lies before in Old Indic dāvánē `to give' (also Perf. dadáu `have bestowed'), Avestan dāvōi `to give', Cypriot δυFάνοι ` he may give ', Infinitive δοFεναι (about Arcadian participle ἀπυ-δόας s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 745 f.), contracted hom.-Attic δοῦναι;

Latin duim, duīs etc `I, you should hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender', Fut. II -duō, contain an Aorist-stem *du- fromm *dou̯-; duim is from Optative *-dou̯īm originated in compounds (prō-duint from *prō-dou̯int, etc), then also by compounds from *dhē- : per-duim, etc For Italian optative *dou̯īm probably trod only secondary in Umbrian and Faliscan a present *dou̯iō in Faliscan doviad ` may grant ' (it seems to be reduced in compounds hence Latin duam etc *doviām), Umbrian pur-dovitu, pur-tuvitu, -tuetu ` stretch out, spread out, put forth, reach out, extend ', purtuvies ` stretch out, spread out, put forth, reach out, extend ', Umbrian purditom (*-d(o)u̯itom) ` stretched out, spread out, put forth, reached out, extended ', purtiius (*d(o)u̯īus) `you will have stretched out, spread out, put forth, reached out, extended ', purtifile `* stretched out, spread out ', from synkopiertem *por-d[o]u̯ī́- with alteration from du̯ to d; in purdovitu Imperative it was hindered syncope through Indik. *pór-dovīt;

Lithuanian daviaũ ` I gave ', dovanà f. `gift', Latvian dâvana f. `gift', iterative dãvât, dāvinât `offer, give', Old Church Slavic -davati `allot' (the pattern forms for the Iterative in -vati).

About Old Saxon twīthōn `grant' etc see below deu-2 `friendly grant'.

References: WP. I 814 ff., WH. I 266, 360 ff., 371 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6868, 722, 741, 794, 806 ff., Trautmann 56 ff.

Page(s): 223-226

Root / lemma: dreĝh-

Meaning: unwilling, displeased

Note: or perhaps originally `be slack, tough'?

Material: Gothic trigo `mourning, grief, repulsion', Old Norse tregi m. `mourning, grief, hindrance ', tregr ` unwilling, averse ', treginn ` grieving ', Old English trega m. `mourning, grief, affliction '; Old Saxon trego m. `pain', tregan (only Infinitive) with Dative `be afflicted ', Middle Dutch tregen ` lose the courage ', Old Norse trega = Old English tregian `afflict, sadden'; compare with a probably old concrete meaning ` zähe, zähe haftend ' Norwegian Dialectal treg also ` persistent, firm ', trege `tough fibre, filament, sinew, hard skin', Swedish trägen ` fatigueless '; lengthened grade Old High German trāgi `idle, slow, querulous ', Old Saxon trāg `evil, bad', Old English trāg f. ` affliction, wickedness ', Old Saxon Old High German trāgī f. ` sluggishness, displeasure ';

Lithuanian dryž-tù, drižaũ, drìžti `faint, languid, slack become' (Būga Kalba ir. s. 219), drìžinti `slack make'; to Lithuanian ri compare Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 83. [common Illyrian-Baltic -ĝh- > -d- shift]

Maybe alb. treth `castrate, clip' [common alb. -g > -th shift] (see below)

Note:

Root / lemma: tr-eu-d- : `to press, push, * displeasure' derived from Root / lemma: dreĝh- : `unwilling, displeased' [common Illyrian-Baltic -ĝh- > -d-, Illyrian alb. -g > -th.

References: WP. I 821 f., Persson Beitr. 46 f.

Page(s): 226-227

Root / lemma: drē- : drǝ-, extended dr-ē̆m-

Meaning: to sleep

Material: Old Indic drā́ti, drā́ya-ti, -tē `asleep', ni-drā́ `sleepp'; in addition zero grade ni-drita-ḥ `sleeping, dozed off';

Armenian tartam `slow, sleepy ' (*der-d-, Pedersen KZ. 39, 416);

gr. hom. Aor. ἔδραθον (*e-dr̥-dh-om), new ἔδαρθον ` slept ', secondary καταδαρθάνω ` dozed off ';

Latin dormiō `sleep, drowse ' (*dr̥m-īi̯ō);

Slavic *drēmi̯ō ` drowse ' in Church Slavic dremlju drěmati ` drowse ', Serbian drȉjemljêm drijèmati ` have sleep desire ', etc

maybe alb. dremit `drowse'.

About the formal Verhältnisse s. EM. 284, to -em- extension also Pedersen Groupement 22.

References: WP. I 821, WH. I 372, Trautmann 60.

Page(s): 226

Root / lemma: dumb- (-bh?)

Meaning: penis, tail

Material: Avestan duma- m. `tail', New Persian dum, dumb (*dum(h)ma-), Old High German zumpfo `penis', Middle High German zumpf(e), zumpfelīn (Sütterlin IF. 4, 93); in addition perhaps Avestan dumna- n. `hand (?)' (*dumbna-), s. Scheftelowitz IF. 33, 142 with numerous parallels for the meaning-development ` shaft, pole, staff - penis, tail' and `staff - arm, hand'. Probably to Middle Low German timpe `cusp, peak, acme, apex ', Old English ātimplian `provide with nails', nasalized form from Germanic *tippa `tip, tail' in English tip `cusp, peak', Middle High German zipf(el); Germanic *tuppa- `pigtail' in Old Norse toppr ds., Old English topp m. `acme, apex', Middle High German zopf `plait, tress', with bb: Middle Low German tobbe, tubbe `spigot', compare Latvian duba `assigned sheaf'; Germanic *tappan `spigot' in Old English tæppa m. (English tap), Middle Low German tappe m., Old High German zapho, Middle High German zapfe m. apparently `popular saying' with intensive consonant increase, nasalization and vowel change a : i : u; compare above S. 221 drop-: drip-: drup-.

References: WP. I 816, Fick III 155, 164, 168, Petersson Heterokl. 70 f.