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Part II

Root / lemma: deph-

Meaning: to stamp, push

Material: Armenian top`el (-em, -eci) `hit'; gr. δέφω `knead, drum; tumble ', argiv. δεφιδασταί `fuller', with s-extension δέψω (Aor. participle δεψήσας) `knead; tan, convert hide into leather' (out of it Latin depsō `to knead'), δέψα `tanned skin'; διφθέρα `leather' (*διψτέρα); Serbian dȅpîm, dȅpiti `bump, poke, hit', poln. deptać `tread'.

Maybe alb. zhdëp `hit ' Slavic loanword

Note:

It seems that Root / lemma: deph- : `to stamp, push' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : `to astonish, be speechless'

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 342, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 298, 351.

Page(s): 203

Root / lemma: derbh-

Meaning: to wind, put together, *scratch, scrape, rub

Material: Old Indic dr̥bháti `joined, patched together, winded ', participle sándr̥bdha- `group of shrubs planted together', dr̥bdhí- f. ` convolution, concatenation, daisy chain ', Avestan dǝrǝwδa- n. `bundle of muscles' Pl. `flesh (of muscles) ', Old Indic darbhá- m. ` hassock, clump of grass, grass', darbhaṇa- n. `netting';

Maybe truncated alb. dredha `convolution', dredh `curl' : Old Indic dr̥bdhí- f. `convolution', Avestan dǝrǝwδa- n. `bundle of muscles ' Pl. `flesh (of muscles)'.

Armenian toṙn `σχοινίον, funiculus, a noose, halter, snare, trap' (*dorbh-n-);

gr. δάρπη `basket' is contaminated from *δάρφη and τάρπη ds. (Güntert IF. 45, 347);

Old English tearflian (*tarbalōn) ` roll oneself ', Old High German zerben, preterit zarpta refl. ` turn, turn round '; e-grade Middle High German zirben schw. verb ` turn in circles, whirl', Modern High German Dialectal Swiss zirbeln ds., Modern High German Zirbeldrüse, Zirbelwind (probably also Zirbel ` pineal ', see below deru-); zero grade Old English torfian `throw, lapidate' (compare drehen : English throw), as Old Norse tyrfa `cover with turf', Old Norse torf n. `turf', torfa f. ` peat clod ', Old English turf f. `turf, lawn', Old High German zurba, zurf f. `lawn' (Modern High German Torf from Ndd.); Old English ge-tyrfan `to strike, afflict';

maybe alb. diminutive (*turfel) turfulloj `snort, blow' : Old English ge-tyrfan `to strike, afflict'.

Belorussian dórob `basket, carton, box ', Russian old u-dorobь f. `pot, pan', dial. ú-doroba `low pot, pan'(`*wickerwork pot coated with loam '), Belorussian dorób'ić `crook, bend'; zero grade *dьrba in Russian derbá `Rodeland, Neubruch', derbovátь ` clean from the moss, from the lawn; uproot the growing', derbítь `pluck, tear, rend', Serbian drbácati `scrape, scratch', Czech drbám and drbu, drbati `scratch, scrape, rub; thrash', with lengthened grade Russian derébitь `pluck, rend' (perhaps hat sich in latter family a bh-extension from der- `flay', Slavic derǫ dьrati eingemischt). S. Berneker 211, 254 with Lithuanian

References: WP. I 808.

Page(s): 211-212

Root / lemma: der(ep)-

Meaning: to see, *mirror

Note:

The Root / lemma: der(ep)- : `to see, *mirror' derived from Root / lemma: derk̂- : `to look'.

Material: Old Indic dárpana- m. `mirror'; gr. δρωπάζειν, δρώπτειν `see' (with lengthened grade 2. syllable??).

References: WP. I 803; to forms -ep- compare Kuiper Nasalpras. 60 f.

See also: compare also δράω `sehe' and derk̂-`see'.

Page(s): 212

Root / lemma: derǝ-, drā-

Meaning: to work

Material: Gr. δράω (*δρᾱιω) `make, do', Konj. δρῶ, Aeolic 3. Pl. δρᾱίσι, Aor. Attic ἔδρᾱσα, hom. δρηστήρ `worker, servant', δρᾶμα `action', δράνος ἔργον, πρᾶξις . . . δύναμις Hes., ἀδρανής `inactive, ineffective, weak';

Maybe alb. nasalized form nder (*der-) `hang loose';

hom. ὀλιγοδρᾰνέων `make only less powerful, fainting, unconscious'; hom. and Ionian (see Bechtel Lexil. 104) δραίνω `do';

Lithuanian dar(i)aũ, darýti, Latvian darît `do, make'; in spite of Mühlenbach-Endzelin s. v. darît not to Lithuanian derė́ti ` be usable', Latvian derêt ` arrange, employ, engage' etc, because the meaning deviates too strongly.

References: WP. I 803, Specht KZ. 62, 110, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6757, 694.

Page(s): 212

Root / lemma: dergh-

Meaning: to grasp

Material: Armenian trc̣ak ` brushwood bundle ' (probably from *turc̣-ak, *turc̣- from *dorgh-so-, Petersson KZ. 47, 265);

gr. δράσσομαι, Attic δράττομαι ` grasp ', δράγδην ` griping ', δράγμα ` handful, fascicle, sheaf ', δραγμεύω ` bind sheaves ', δραχμή, Arcadian Elean δραχμά, gortyn. δαρκνά̄ (i.e. δαρχvά̄; s. also Boisacq 109) ` drachma ' (`*handful of metal sticks, ὀβολοί'), δράξ, -κός f. `hand', Pl. δάρκες δέσμαι Hes.;

Middle Irish dremm, nir. dream `troop, multitude, crowd, dividing of people' (*dr̥gh-smo-), Breton dramm `bundle, fascicle, sheaf ' (false back-formation to Pl. dremmen);

Old High German zarga `side edging a room, edge', Old Norse targa f. `shield', Old English targe f. (nord. loanword) `small shield' (actually ` shield brim '), Alsace (see Sutterlin IF. 29, 126) (käs-)zorg m. `vessel, paten on three low feet ' (= gr. δραχ-);

References: WP. I 807 f.

Page(s): 212-213

Root / lemma: derk̂-

Meaning: to look

Note: punctual, wherefore in Old Indic and intrinsic in Irish linked suppletively with a cursive present other root

Root / lemma: derk̂- : to look derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-3 und ĝherǝ-, ĝhrē- : to shine, shimmer + zero grade of Root / lemma: okʷ- : to see; eye

Material: Old Indic [present is páśyati] Perf. dadárśa `have seen', Aor. adarśat, adrākṣīt (ádrāk), participle dr̥ṣṭá-, causative darśáyati `make see'; Avestan darǝs- ` behold ', Perf. dādarǝsa, participle dǝrǝšta-; Old Indic dṛ́ś- f. `sight', ahardŕ̥ś- ` looking day ', upa-dŕ̥ś- f. `sight', dŕ̥ṣṭi- f. `sight', Avestan aibīdǝrǝšti- ds. (Gen. Sg. darštōiš), Old Indic darśatá- `visible, respectable ', Avestan darǝsa- m. `sight, gaze, look';

common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-

gr. δέρκομαι ` look, keep the eyes open, be alive', δέδορκα, ἔδρακον, δέρξις `vision' (with a changed lengthened grade compared with Old Indic dr̥šṭi-), δέργμα `sight', δεργμός `look, gaze', δυσ-δέρκετος `heavy to behold' (= Old Indic darc̨ata-), ὑπόδρα Adv. `one looking up from below' (*-δρακ = Old Indic dr̥c̨-, or from *-δρακ-τ), δράκος n. `eye', δράκων, -οντος `dragon, snnake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. δράκαινα;

alb. dritë `light' (*dr̥k-tā);

Note:

Maybe alb. darkë `supper, evening meal, evening' : drekë `dinner meal, midday' : Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome, dark'.

after Bonfante (RIGI. 19, 174) here Umbrian terkantur ` seen, discerned, perceived ' (that is to say ` shall be seen, discerned, perceived ');

Old Irish [present ad-cīu] ad-con-darc `have seen' (etc, s. Pedersen KG. II 487 f.; present adrodarcar `can be seen'), derc `eye', air-dirc `illustrious', Breton derc'h `sight', Old Breton erderc `evidentis', zero grade Irish drech f. (*dr̥k̂ā) `face', Welsh drych m. (*dr̥ksos) `sight, mirror', Welsh drem, trem, Breton dremm `face' (*dr̥k̂-smā), Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome, dark' (an- neg. + *drecht = alb. dritë);

Gothic ga-tarhjan ` make distinct ' (= Old Indic darśayati); Germanic *torʒa- `sight' (== Old Indic dr̥ś-) in Norwegian PN Torget, Torghatten etc, Indo Germanic to- suffix in Germanic *turhta- : Old English torht, Old Saxon toroht, Old High German zoraht, newer zorft `bright, distinct'.

References: WP. I 806 f.

See also: Perhaps with der(ep)- (above S. 212) remote, distant related.

Page(s): 213

Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, der-) or dōr- : dǝr- (*dhesor)

Meaning: hand span, *hands

Material: Gr. δῶρον `palm, span of the hand' (measurement of length), ὀρθόδωρον ` the distance from the wrist to the fingertip ', hom. ἑκκαιδεκάδωρος `16 spans long ', zero grade Arcadian Akk. δά̄ριν σπιθαμήν Hes. (lak. δάρειρ Hes. is false spelling for δάρις, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 506);

In -e- grade:

Maybe Armenian ǳeṙḳ ` hand '.

alb. (*du̯or-) dorë `hand' from *dōrom (M. La Piana IF. 58, 98); [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

Phonetic mutations: alb. (*du̯or-) dorë `hand' : gr. δῶρον `palm, span of the hand' : Latvian (*du̯or-)dùre, dûris `fist'; proto Illyrian alb. du̯o- > do- , gr. du̯o- > do-, Latvian du̯o- > dù-.

Old Icelandic tarra ` outspread ', terra ds.

Only under a beginning du̯er- : dur- or du̯ōr-: du̯ǝr : dur- to justify major key-phonetical comparison with Celtic dur-no- in Old Irish dorn `fist, hand', Welsh dwrn `hand', dyrnod (Middle Welsh dyrnawt) `slap in the face, box on the ear', dyrnaid (Middle Welsh dyrneit) ` handful ', Breton dorn `hand', dournek ` who has big hands '; however, these words also stand off in the coloring of meaning `pursed, clenched hand, fist, fisticuff, punch' so far from gr. that they do not demand an association with them.

On the other hand for Celtic *durno- one considers relationship with Latvian dùre, dûris `fist'; this is to Latvian duŕu, dũru, dur̃t `prick, bump, poke' to put (compare pugnus : pungo); if so also Celtic dur-no-? compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 529 and see below der-4.

Note:

From alb. Geg (*du̯ōr), dorë hand, (*du̯ǝr), duer Pl. `hands' it seems that the oldest root was alb. Pl. (*du̯ǝr), duer Pl. `hands' [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]. Hence the original of proto Illyrian - gr. idea was Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two' meaning two hands.

References: WP. I 794 f.

Page(s): 203

Root / lemma: (der-2), reduplication der-der-, dr̥dor-, broken reduplication dor-d-, dr̥-d-

Meaning: to murmur, to chat (expr.)

Material: Old Indic dardurá-ḥ `frog, flute'; Old Irish deirdrethar `raged', PN Deirdriu f. (*der-der-i̯ō); Bulgarian dъrdóŕъ `babble; grumble', Serbian drdljati `chatter', sloven. drdráti `clatter, burr ';

Maybe alb. dërdëllit `chatter, prattle' a Slavic loanword.

Maybe Dardanoi (*dardant) Illyrian TN : gr. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes : Lithuanian dardė́ti, Latvian dardêt, dārdêt `creak' probably `talk indistinctly '; common Illyrian alb. n > nt > t.

with fractured reduplication: gr. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes., Irish dord ` bass ', fo-dord ` growl, bass ', an-dord `clear voice' (`not-bass '), Welsh dwrdd `din, fuss, noise' (Welsh twrdd `din, fuss, noise' t- has taken over from twrf ds.), Old Irish dordaid `bellow, roar' (from deer); Lithuanian dardė́ti, Latvian dardêt, dārdêt `creak'; Tocharian A tsārt- `wail, weep, cry' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 19), with secondary palatalization śert- (Van Windekens Lexique 145).

References: WP. I 795, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 447.

See also: The Celtic, Tocharian and Balto-Slavic words could also belong to dher-3.

Page(s): 203-204

Root / lemma: (der-3), drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu-

Meaning: to run

Material: drā-:

Old Indic drā́ti ` runs, hurries ', Intensive dáridrāti ` wanders around, is poor ', dári-dra- ` wandering, beggarly ';

gr. ἀπο-διδρά̄σκω ` run away ', Fut. δρά̄σομαι, Aor. ἔδρᾱν; δρᾱσμός, Ionian δρησμός `escape', ἄδρᾱστος `striving not to escape', δρᾱπέτης ` fugitive ', δρᾱπετεύω ` run away, splits, separates from' (compare to -π- Old Indic Causative drāpayati ` brings to run ', Aor. adidrapat [uncovered] `runs');

Old High German zittarōm (*di-drā-mi) `tremble (*ready to flee)', Old Icelandic titra `tremble, wink' (originally perhaps ` walk on tiptoe; trip, wriggle restlessly ');

perhaps here Slavic *dropy ` bustard ' (Machek ZslPh. 17, 260), poln. Czech drop, older drop(i)a etc, out of it Middle High German trap(pe), trapgans.

dreb-:

Lithuanian drebù, -ė́ti `tremble, quiver';

poln. (etc) drabina `ladder';

Old English treppan (*trapjan) `tread', Middle Low German Dutch trappen `stomp', ndd. trippen, Modern High German (Low German)trappeln, trippeln, Middle High German (Low German) treppe, trappe f., Modern High German Treppe, Old English træppe f. `trap', Modern High GermanTrappel, East Frisian trappe, trap `trap, splint, staircase, stairs ';

through emphatic nasalization, as in Modern High German patschen - pantschen, ficken - fiencken (see W. Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 160 ff., ZdA. 76, 1 ff.) to define:

Gothic ana-trimpan `approach, beset', Middle Low German trampen `stomp', Middle High German (ndd.) trampeln `appear crude', English tramp, trample `tread', Middle High German trumpfen `run, toddle'.

drem-:

Old Indic drámati ` running ', Intensive dandramyatē ` runs to and fro ';

gr. Aor. ἔδραμον, Perf. δέδρομα `run', δρόμος `run';

Old English trem, trym ` Fußtapfe ', Old Norse tramr `fiend, demon' (see above), Middle High German tremen `waver', Danish trimle `roll, fall, tumble', Swedish Dialectal trumla ds., Middle High German trame ` rung of a leader, stairs';

here probably Modern High German FlN Dramme (Göttingen), Dremse (Magdeburg), from *Dromi̯ā and *Dromisā (probably North Illyrian), in addition poln. (Illyrian) Drama (Silesia), Bulgarian Dramatica (Thracian); s. Vasmer ZslPh. 5, 367, Pokorny Urillyrier 3, 37, 127;

Maybe alb. dromcë `piece, chip (of a blow)'

insecure is Woods KZ. 45, 62 apposition of serb dȑmati `shake', dȑmnuti `upset, allow to shake ', sloven. dŕmati `shake, jiggle', drámiti ` jiggle from the sleep ', drâmpati ` ungentle jiggle ';

maybe alb. dremit `sleep', dërrmonj `exhaust, tire, destroy' Slavic loanwords.

Alb. proves that from Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : `to cut, split, skin' derived Root / lemma: (der-3), drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu- : `to run'.

Czech drmlati ` flit, stir; move the lips, as if one sucking', drmoliti ` take short steps ' (these in the good suitable meaning; `shake' from ` stumble with the foot '?), drmotiti `chat, prate' (probably crossing of meaning with the onomatopoeic word root der-der-2, see there).

dreu- (partly with ū as zero grade, probably because of *dreu̯āx-), FlN (participle) dr(o)u(u̯)entī/i̯ā:

Old Indic drávati ` runs, also melts ', FlN Dravantī, drutá- `hurrying', Avestan drāvaya- `run' (being from daēvischen), draoman- n. `attack, onrush', aēšmō-drūt(a)- ` calling from Aēsma, sends to attack ' (very doubtful Old Indic dráviṇa-m, dráviṇas- n. `blessing, fortune', Avestan draonah- n. ` bei der Besitzverteilung zufallendes Gut, Vermögensanteil ' perhaps as `traveling fortune'?);

Illyrian-Pannonian FlN Dravos (*drou̯o-s), out of it serbokr. Dráva, compare apoln. Drawa (Illyrian loanword); Indo Germanic *drou̯ent- `hurrying' > Illyrian *drau̯ent- (: above Old Indic Dravanti), out of it dial. *trau̯ent- in FlN Τράεντ- (Bruttium) > Italian Trionto; Indo Germanic *druu̯ent-, Illyrian *druent- in poln. FlN Drwęca, Modern High German Drewenz; Italian *truent- in FlN Truentus (Picenum);

maybe alb. (*druent-) Drinos river name `hurrying water?' common alb. nt > n.

gall. FlN (from North Illyrian?) Druentia (French la Drance, Drouance, Durance, Swissla Dranse); *Drutos, French le Drot; Drutā, French la Droude;

Lithuanian sea name *Drùv-intas (Belorussian Drywiaty); Old Prussian stream, brook Drawe.

Auf dreu-, participle *dru-to- based on perhaps (see Osthoff Par. I 372 f. Anm.) Gothic trudan `tread', Old Norse troða, trað ds.; Old English tredan, Old High German tretan `tread' (by Osthoffs outlook of vowel gradation neologism), Old High German trata `tread, spoor, way, alley, drift, trailing', Old Saxon trada `tread, spoor', Old English trod n., trodu f. `spoor, way, alley' (English trade `trade' is nord. loanword), Old High German trota, Middle High German trotte f. ` wine-press ', Intensive Old High German trottōn `tread'; Modern High German dial. trotteln ` go slowly '.

Here also Germanic root *tru-s- in East Frisian trüseln `lurch, stumble, go uncertainly or staggering ', trüsel ` dizziness, giddiness ', Dutch treuzelen ` to be slow, dawdle, loiter', westfäl. trūseln, truǝseln ` roll slowly ', Middle High German trollen (*truzlōn) `move in short steps constantly', Modern High German trollen, Swedish Dialectal trösale `fairy demon, ghost', Norwegian Dialectal trusal `idiot, fool', trusk ` despondent and stupid person';

Maybe through metathesis alb. (*trusal) trullos, trallis `make the head dizzy', tru `brain'

as well as (as *truzlá-) Old Norse troll n. `fiend, demon', Middle High German trol, trolle m. `fairy demon, ghost, fool, uncouth person' (compare unser Trampel in same meaning; the Wandals called the Goths Τρούλους, Loewe AfdA. 27, 107); it stands in same the way besides Germanic tre-m- (see below) Old Norse tramr `fiend, demon'.

In Germanic furthermore with i-vocalism Middle Low German trīseln, westfäl. triǝseln `roll, lurch', holl.trillen `tremble' (from which Italian trillare `quiver, trill hit') etc against association of Old Indic drávati with Avestan dvaraiti `goes' see below *dheu-, *dheu̯er- `flee'.

References: WP. I 795 ff., Krahe IF. 58, 151 f., Feist 45.

Page(s): 204-206

Root / lemma: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū-

Meaning: tree

Note: see to the precise definition Osthoff Par. I 169 f., Hoops Waldb. 117 f.; in addition words for various wood tools as well as for `good as heartwood hard, fast, loyal'; Specht (KZ. 65, 198 f., 66, 58 f.) goes though from a nominalized neuter of an adjective *dṓru `das Harte', from which previously `tree' and `oak': dṓru n., Gen. dreu-s, dru-nó-s

Material:

Hittite: taru- n. ' Holz ' (Friedrich 217)

Old Indian: dāru, gen. droḥ, drúṇaḥ, in. drúṇā, loc. dāruṇi `wood, timber ' ; dru- n., m. `wood or any wooden implement ' , m. `tree, branch ' ; dárvi-, dárvī- f. `(wooden) ladle ' ; drọ́na- n. `wooden vessel, trough, bucket ' ; druṇī- f. `watertrough ' ; druma- m. `tree '

Avestan: dāuru, gen. dravš ' Baumstamm, Holzstück, Waffe aus Holz, etwa Keule '

Old Greek: dórü, gen. hom. dọ̄rós, dọ̄́ratos, pl. dọ̄^ra, du. dọ̄^re, trag. gen. dorós, dat. dorí, dórei, att. gen. dóratos n. `Holz, Baumstamm, Speer ' ; {dórü ' Eiche ' - not found!} kret. dorā́ = dokós ' Balken ' EM || drǖ^-s, drüós f. `Baum, bes. Eiche ' ; hom. pl. drümá n., drǖmá `Wald ' ; hom. déndreo-n, att., ion. déndro-n n. `Baum ' ; éndruon ' oaken peg or pin ' , Hs. ' heart-wood of trees ' [éndroia Hsch. written for éndrua ' heart-wood of trees ' LS 561)] || ?? drói̯tǟ f. `Badewanne, Wiege, Sarg '

Slavic: *dervo; *drъvo; *drъkolъ; *drɨ̄nъ; *drъmъ (Rus dial. дром `хворост; чаща c валежником ' СРНГ 8:199)

Baltic: *der̃w-ā^ f., dar̃w-ā^ f., *derw-iā̃, *drew-iā̃, *draw-iā̃, *draw-ia- c., *drā^w-ā^ (1), -iā f.

Germanic: *tri(w)-u- n.; *trauj-ō-n- f.; *tirw-ōn-, *tirw-iōn- f., *tirw-an- m., *tirw-a- n., *tarw-ōn- f.; *tirw-ia- n., *triu-n-an- m., *trú-s-a- n., *trū́-s-a- n.

Celtic: OIr derucc (gg), gen. dercon glans, Cymr derwen, pl. derw, bret. deruenn ds.; gall. ON Dervus Eichenwald, abrit. ON Derventio; MIr drochta `Fass Tonne '

Albanian: dru, art. druri m. ' timber, wood, log ' ; pl. drurë ' trees '

Old Indic dā́ru n. `wood' (Gen. drṓḥ, drúṇaḥ, Instrumental drúṇā, Locative dā́ruṇi; dravya- `from tree'), drú- n. m. `wood, wood tool ', m. `tree, bough', Avestan dāuru `tree truck, bit of wood, weapon from wood, perhaps club, mace, joint' (Gen. draoš), Old Indic dāruṇá- `hard, rough, stern' (actually `hard as wood, lumpy '), dru- in compounds as dru-pāda- ` klotzfüßig ', dru-ghnī ` wood ax ' (-wooden rod), su-drú-ḥ `good wood'; dhruvá- `tight, firm, remaining ' (dh- through folk etymology connection in dhar- `hold, stop, prop, sustain' = Avestan dr(u)vō, Old Persian duruva `fit, healthy, intact ', compare Old Church Slavic sъ-dravъ); Avestan drvaēna- ` wooden ', Old Indic druváya-ḥ ` wooden vessel, box made of wood, the drum', drū̆ṇa-m `bow, sword' (uncovered; with ū New Persian durūna, balučī drīn ` rainbow '), druṇī ` bucket; pail ', dróṇa-m `wooden trough, tub'; drumá-ḥ `tree' (compare under δρυμός);

Old Indic dárvi-ḥ, darvī́ `(wooden) spoon';

Armenian tram `tight, firm' (*drū̆rāmo, Pedersen KZ. 40, 208); probably also (Lidén Arm. stem 66) targal `spoon' from *dr̥u̯- or *deru̯-.

Gr. δόρυ `tree truck, wood, spear, javelin' (Gen. hom. δουρός, trag. δορός from *δορFός, δούρατος, Attic δόρατος from *δορFn̥τος, whose n̥ is comparable with Old Indic drúṇaḥ);

Cretan δορά (*δορFά) `balk, beam' (= Lithuanian Latvian darva);

sizil. ἀσχέδωρος `boar' (after Kretschmer KZ. 36, 267 f. *ἀν-σχε-δορFος or -δωρFος ` standing firm to the spear '), Arcadian Doric Δωρι-κλῆς, Doric Boeotian Δωρί-μαχος , Δωριεύς ` Dorian ' (of Δωρίς ` timberland ');

Note:

Who were Dorian tribes? Dorians were Celtic tribes who worshipped trees. In Celtic they were called Druids, priests of ancient Gaul and Britain (also Greece and Illyria). The caste of Druids must have worshiped the dominant thunder god whose thunderbolt used to strike sacred trees. Druids must have planted the religion around the sacred oak at Dodona.

δρῦς, δρυός `oak, tree' (from n. *dru or *deru, *doru g.*druu̯ós become after other tree name to Fem.; as a result of the tendency of nominative gradation), ἀκρό-δρυα ` fruit tree ', δρυ-τόμος ` woodchopper ', δρύινος ` from the oak, from oak tree ', Δρυάς ` dryad, tree nymph ', γεράνδρυον `old tree truck', ἄδρυα πλοῖα μονόξυλα. Κύπριοι Hes. (*sm̥-, Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v.), ἔνδρυον καρδία δένδρου Hes.

Hom. δρῠμά n. Pl. `wood, forest', nachhom. δρῡμός ds. (the latter with previous changed length after δρῦς); δένδρεον `tree' (Hom.; out of it Attic δένδρον), from reduplication *δeν(= δερ)-δρεFον, Diminutive δενδρύφιον; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583;

δροF- in Argolic δροόν ἰσχυρόν. ᾽Αργεῖοι Hes., ἔνδροια καρδία δένδρου καὶ τὸ μέσον Hes., Δροῦθος (*ΔροF-υθος), δροίτη ` wooden tub, trough, coffin' (probably from *δροFίτᾱ, compare lastly Schwyzer KZ. 62, 199 ff., different Specht Dekl. 139); δοῖτρον πύελον σκάφην Hes. (dissimilation from *δροFιτρον), next to which *dr̥u̯io- in δραιόν μάκτραν. πύελον Hes.

PN Δρύτων: Lithuanian Drūktenis, Old Prussian Drutenne (E. Fraenkel, Pauly-Wissowa 16, 1633); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

in vocalism still not explained certainly δρίος `shrubbery, bush, thicket '; Macedonian δάρυλλος f. `oak' Hes. (*deru-, compare Old Irish daur); but δρίς δύναμις Hes., lies δFίς (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4955);

alb. dru f. `wood, tree, shaft, pole' (*druu̯ā, compare Old Church Slavic drъva n. pl. `wood'); drush-k (es-stem) `oak'; vowel gradation *drū- in dri-zë `tree', drüni ` wood bar ';

Note:

Maybe alb. druvar ` woodcutter, woodchopper ' a Slavic loanword.

Thracian καλαμίν-δαρ `sycamore', PN Δάρανδος, Τάραντος (*dar-ant-) ` Eichstätt a district in Bavaria ', Ζίνδρουμα, Δινδρύμη ` Zeus's grove ', VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι, Δρόσοι, Dru-geri (dru- `wood, forest');

Maybe VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι : Etruria (Italy)

from Latin perhaps dūrus ` hard, harsh; tough, strong, enduring; in demeanour or tastes, rough, rude, uncouth; in character, hard, austere,sometimes brazen, shameless; of things, hard, awkward, difficult, adverse ' (but about dūrāre ` to make hard or hardy, to inure; intransit., to become hard or dry; to be hard or callous; to endure, hold out; to last, remain, continue ' see below S. 220), if after Osthoff 111 f. as `strong, tight, firm as (oak)tree ' dissimilated from *drū-ro-s (*dreu-ro-s?);

Maybe alb. duroj `endure, last', durim `patience' .

but Latin larix `larch tree', loanword is from an Indo Germanic Alpine language, Indo Germanic *derik-s, is conceivable because of heavy l;

Note:

Common Latin d- > l- hence Latin larix (*derik-s) `larch tree'.

Maybe Pelasgian Larissa (*dariksa)

Old Irish derucc (gg), Gen. dercon `glans', Welsh derwen `oak' (Pl. derw), Breton deruenn ds., (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), gall. place name Dervus (`oak forest'), abrit. Derventiō, place name, VN Dervāci ; Old Irish dērb `safe '; reduced grade Old Irish daur, Gen. daro `oak' (deru-), also dair, Gen. darach ds. (*deri-), Old Irish daurde and dairde `oaken '; derived gall. *d(a)rullia `oak' (Wartburg III 50); Macedonian δάρυλλος f. `oak'; zero grade *dru- in intensification particle (? different Thurneysen ZcPh. 16, 277: `oak-': dru- in Galatian δρυ-ναίμετον ` holy oak grove '), e.g. gall. Dru-talos (`*with big forehead'), Druides, Druidae Pl., Old Irish drūi `Druid' (`the high; noble ', *dru-u̯id-), Old Irish dron `tight, firm' (*drunos, compare Old Indic dru-ṇa-m, dāru-ṇá-, dró-ṇa-m), with guttural extension (compare under Modern High German Trog) Middle Irish drochta `(* wooden) barrel, vat, cask; barrel, tub', drochat `bridge'; here also gallorom. drūtos `strong, exuberant (: Lithuanian drūtas)', gr. PN Δρύτων, Old Irish drūth `foolish, loony' (: Old Icelandic trūðr `juggler, buffoon'?), Welsh drud `foolish, loony, valiant' (Welsh u derives from roman. equivalent);

deru̯- in Germanic Tervingl, Matrib(us) Alatervīs, Old Norse tjara (*deru̯ōn-), Finnish loanword terva, Old English teoru n., tierwe f., -a m. `tar, resin' (*deru̯i̯o-), Middle Low German tere `tar' (Modern High German Teer); Old Norse tyrvi, tyri `pinewood', tyrr `pine' (doubtful Middle High German zirwe, zirbel ` pine cone ', there perhaps rather to Middle High German zirbel `whirl', because of the round spigot);

dreu̯- in Gothic triu n. `wood, tree', Old Norse trē, Old English trēow (English tree), Old Saxon trio `tree, balk, beam'; in übtr. meaning `tight, firm - tight, firm relying' (as gr. ἰσχῡρός `tight, firm': ἰσχυρίζομαι ` show firmly, rely on whereupon, trust in '), Gothic triggws (*treu̯u̯az) `loyal, faithful', Old High German gi-triuwi `loyal, faithful', an: tryggr `loyal, faithful, reliable, unworried ', Gothic triggwa ` alliance, covenant ', Old English trēow `faith, belief, loyalty, verity', Old High German triuwa, Modern High German Treue, compare with ders. meaning, but other vowel gradation Old Norse trū f. `religious faith, belief, assurance, pledge', Old English trŭwa m., Middle Low German trūwe f. ds., Old High German trūwa, Old Icelandic trū f., besides trūr `loyal, faithful'; derived Old Norse trūa `trust, hold for true' = Gothic trauan, and Old English trŭwian, Old Saxon trūōn, Old High German trū(w)ēn `trust' (compare n. Old Prussian druwis); similarly Old Norse traustr `strong, tight, firm', traust n. `confidence, reliance, what one can count on', Old High German trōst `reliance, consolation' (*droust-), Gothic trausti `pact, covenant', changing through vowel gradation English trust `reliance' (Middle English trūst), Middle Latin trustis `loyalty' in Old Franconian `law', Middle High German getrüste `troop, multitude, crowd';

maybe alb. trüs, trys `press, crowd'

(st- formation is old because of New Persian durušt `hard, strong', durust `fit, healthy, whole'; Norwegian trysja `clean the ground', Old English trūs `deadwood', English trouse, Old Icelandic tros `dross', Gothic ufar-trusnjan `disperse, scatter'.

*drou- in Old English trīg, English tray `flat trough, platter', Old Swedish trö `a certain measure vessel' (*trauja-, compare above δροίτη), Old Norse treyju-sǫðull (also trȳju-sǫðoll) `a kind of trough shaped saddle';

*drū- in Old Icelandic trūðr `jester', Old English trūð `merrymaker, trumpeter' (:gallorom. *drūto-s, etc)?

*dru- in Old English trum `tight, firm, strong, fit, healthy' (*dru-mo-s), with k-extension, respectively forms -ko- (compare above Middle Irish drochta, drochat), Old High German Modern High German trog, Old English trog, troh (m.), Old Norse trog (n.) `trough' and Old High German truha ` footlocker ', Norwegian Dialectal trygje n. `a kind of pack saddle or packsaddle', trygja `a kind of creel', Old High German trucka `hutch', Low German trügge `trough' and with the original meaning `tree, wood' Old High German hart-trugil `dogwood';

maybe nasalized alb. trung (*trügge) `wood, tree'

Balto Slavic *deru̯a- n. `tree' in Old Church Slavic drěvo (Gen. drěva, also drěvese), Serbo-Croatian dial. drêvo (drȉjevo), sloven. drẹvộ, Old Czech dřěvo, Russian dérevo, Ukrainian dérevo `tree'; in addition as originally collective Lithuanian dervà, (Akk. der̃vą) f. ` chip of pinewood; tar, resinous wood'; vowel gradation, Latvian dar̃va `tar', Old Prussian in PN Derwayn; lengthened grade *dōru̯-i̯ā- in Latvian dùore f. ` wood vessel, beehive in tree';*su-doru̯a- `fit, healthy' in Old Church Slavic sъdravъ, Czech zdráv (zdravý), Russian zdoróv (f. zdoróva) `fit, healthy', compare Avestan dr(u)vō, Old Persian duruva ds.

Baltic *dreu̯i̯ā- f. ` wood beehive ', substantive adj. (Old Indic dravya- ` belonging to the tree ') : Lithuanian drẽvė and drevė̃ `cavity in tree', Latvian dreve ds.: in vowel gradation Lithuanian dravìs f., Latvian drava f. ` wood beehive ', in addition Old Prussian drawine f. `prey, bee's load ' and Lithuanian dravė̃ `hole in tree'; furthermore in vowel gradation East Lithuanian drėvė̃ and drovė̃ f. ds., Latvian drava `cavity in beehive';

proto Slavic *druu̯a- Nom. Pl. `wood' in Old Church Slavic drъva, Russian drová, poln. drwa (Gen. drew); *druu̯ina- n. `wood' in Ukrainian drovno, slovz. drẽvnø;

Slavic *drъmъ in Russian drom ` virgin forest, thicket ', etc (= Old Indic drumá-ḥ, gr. δρυμός, adjekt. Old English trum);

Lithuanian su-drus `abundant, fat (from the growth of the plants)' (= Old Indic su-drú-ḥ `good wood');

Baltic drūta- `strong' (== gallorom. *drūto-s, gr. PN Δρύτων) in Lithuanian drū́tas, driū́tas `strong, thick', Old Prussian in PN Drutenne, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), PN Druthayn, Druthelauken; belongs to Old Prussian druwis m. `faith, belief', druwi f., druwīt `believe' (*druwēti: Old High German trūen), na-po-druwīsnan `reliance, hope'. Beside Lithuanian drū́tas also drū́ktas; see below dher-2.

In vowel gradation here Old Church Slavic drevlje ` fore, former, of place or time; higher in importance, at first or for the first time ', Old Czech dřéve, Russian drévle `ages before'; adverb of comparative or affirmative.

Hittite ta-ru `tree, wood', Dative ta-ru-ú-i;

here also probably Tocharian AB or `wood' (false abstraction from *tod dor, K. Schneider IF. 57, 203).

Note:

The shift d- > zero is a Baltic-Illyrian inherited by Tocharian

References: WP. I 804 ff., WH. I 374, 384 ff., 765 f., Trautmann 52 f., 56, 60 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 463, 518, Specht Dekl. 29, 54, 139.

Page(s): 214-217

Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē-

Meaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree)

Note:

Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : `to cut, split, skin (*the tree)' derived from Root / lemma: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū- : `tree'

Material: Old Indic dar- `break, make crack, split, burst ', present the light basis dárṣ̌i, adar, dárt, n-present the heavy basis dr̥ṇā́ti ` bursts, cracks', Opt. dr̥ṇīyā́t, Perf. dadā́ra, participle dr̥ṭa-, of the heavy basis dīrṇá-, Causative dā̆rayati, Intensive dardirat, dárdarti (compare Avestan darǝdar- `split'; Czech drdám, drdati `pluck, pick off, remove'), dardarīti `split up', dara-ḥ m., darī f. `hole in the earth, cave' (: gr. δορός `hose', Latvian nuõdaras `dross of bast', Church Slavic razdorъ), dŕ̥ṭi-ḥ m. `bag, hose' (= gr. δάρσις, Gothic gataúrÞs, Russian dertь), darmán- m. ` smasher ' (: gr. δέρμα n.), next to which from the heavy basis dárīman- `destruction'; -dāri- `splitting' (= gr. δῆρις), dāra- m. `crack, col, gap, hole', dāraka- `ripping, splitting', darī- in dardarī-ti, darī-man- with ī for i = ǝ (compare Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. 1 20), barely after Persson Beitr. 779 of the i-basis; New Persian Infinitive dirīδan, darīδan, jüd.-Persian darīn-išn;

Maybe alb. (*dāras) dërrasë `board, plank (cut wood)', dërrmonj `destroy, break, exhaust, tire'.

Dardani Illyrian TN

Note:

The name Dardani Illyrian TN and [Latin transcription: Dōrieĩs] Greek: Δωριει̃ς, Attic -ιη̃ς derive from the ssame root.

Dardanus

by Micha F. Lindemans

The son of Zeus and Electra. He sailed from Samothrace to Troas in a raft made of hides. He eventually married Batea, the daughter of King Teucer, who gave him land near Abydos. There he founded the city of Dardania (the later, ill-fated city of Troy).

Hence the name Dardanelles for what was once called the Hellespont.

DARA

DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. § 4). 1. A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian (Peripl. p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of Nearchus, vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.

2. A city in Parthia. [APAVARCTICENE]

3. A city in Mesopotamia. [DARAS] [V.]

DARADAE

DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the central part, in Darfour (Daradôn ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. § 35), the other in the W., on the river DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]

DARADAX

DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. § 10). It has been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the river was a palace of Belesis, then satrap of Syria, with a large and beautiful park, which were destroyed by Cyrus the Younger. (Anab. l. c.) [G.W.]

DARADUS

DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados ê Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. § 6), a river of Africa, falling into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin. v. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio d'Ouro. [P. S.]

DARAE

DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S. steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]

DARADRAE

DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]

DARANTASIA

DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.

DARAPSA

DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]

DARDAE

DARADRAE

DARDANI

DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-west of Moesia, and extending also over a part of Illyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. § 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl. 57; Plin. iii. 29; Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.]

Avestan darǝdar- (see above) `split', Infinitive dǝrǝnąm (: Old Indic dr̥ṇā́ti), Iterative dāraya-, participle dǝrǝtō (= Old Indic dr̥tá-);

Armenian teṙem ` skin, flay, make callous' (because of ṙ probably for root form *der-s-, Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); doubtful Armenian tar `foreign land', tara- `besides, without, afar', taray Aor. `take to one's heels, made oneself scarce' (Persson Beitr. 778 a 2);

gr. δέρω `skin, flay', i̯o-present δείρω ds. (as Lithuanian derù besides diriù), Aor. Pass. ἐδάρην, participle δρατός, δαρτός (= Old Indic dr̥tá-); δορός `hose' (= Old Indic dara-, Latvian nuõ-daras); δάρσις `the skinning' (= Old Indic dŕ̥ti-), next to which with (has changed) lengthened grade Attic δέρρις, -εως `skin, leathery dress, cover'; *δέρτρον, dissimilation δέτρον ` the membrane which contains the bowels '; δέρας, -ατος n. `skin, fur' (hheavy basis?), δέρος n., δέρμα n., δορά `fell, fur'; lengthened grade δῆρις, -ιος (poet.) `fight, struggle'(= Old Indic -dāri-); here probably also δαρ-δαίνω ` bedraggle ' instead of *δαρ-δαίρω (: Old Indic dár-dar-ti)?

Welsh Cornish Breton darn `piece, part' (= Old Indic dīrṇá-);

Gothic dis-taíran (= gr. δέρω) `break, pull apart', ga-taíran `tear, destroy', Old English teran `tear', Old High German zeran, fir-zeran `tear, destroy'; Middle High German (ver)zern, Modern High German (ver)zehren `consume', Middle English, Middle Low German terren `quarrel, squabble', ndd. terren, tarren `stir, tease, irritate, banter', Old High German zerren `pull'; Gothic intransitive dis-, ga-taúrnan `tear' (: Old Indic dr̥ṇā́ti), holl. tornen ` unstitch, unpick, take apart ', compare nominal Old English Old Saxon torn, Old High German zorn `anger, fight, violent displeasure ' and in original meaning holl. torn ` cleavage, separation' (= Old Indic dīrṇá-, Welsh darn; also Old Indic dīrṇá- is named besides `split' also ` confused, put in desperation '); next to which zero grade Old Norse tjǫrn f. (*dernā), tjarn n. (*dernom) `small sea', originally probably ` water hole ' (compare Old Indic dara-, darī `hole in the earth'); causative is trod to ga-taúrnan (iterative) gatarnjan `mug, rob' (but Old High German uozurnen ` despise ' Denominative of *uo-zorn); Gothic gataúra m. `crack', gataúrÞs f. `destruction' (= Old Indic dr̥ti-, gr. δάρσις); Old Norse torð- in compounds, Old English tord n. `ordure' (*dr̥-tóm ` separation ', compare Latvian dìrstu, dìrst ` defecate ', dir̃sa ` buttocks ', Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 470, and of a guttural extension Middle High German zurch, zürch m. ` animal excrements ');

besides of the heavy basis Old Norse trōð n. `batten, lath, support from poles' (*drō-to-m), Middle High German truoder f. ` slat, pole, from it manufactured rack '; Old High German trā̆da `fringe' (Modern High German Troddel), Middle High German trōdel (for *trādel) ` tassel, wood fiber ';

actually to der-(e)u- (see below) with nasal infix belong *dr̥-nu̯-ō in Middle High German trünne f. ` running shoal, migration, swarm; surge ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German abe-trunnig, ab-trunne ` apostate ', ant-trunno ` fugitive ', and *dren-u̯ō in trinnan ` seclude oneself ', Middle High German trinnen, trann ` be separated from, depart from, run away ', Modern High German entrinnen (*ent-trinnen), Causative Germanic *tranni̯an in Middle High German trennen `cut, clip', Modern High German trennen, holl. (with metathesis) tarnen, tornen `separate' (the latter, in any case, more directly to derive from *der- `split'; nn of Germanic *trennan from -nu̯-); certainly here Swedish Dialectal trinna, trenta ` split fence rack ', further with the meaning ` split trunk piece as a disc, wheel ' Old High German trennila `ball', trennilōn `roll', Middle Low German trint, trent ` circular ', trent m. ` curvature, roundness, circular line ', Old English trinde f. (or trinda m.) `round clump', Middle High German trindel, trendel ` ball, circle, wheel '

With fractured reduplication or formant -d- (compare gr. δαρδ&##945;ίνω and Czech drdati) and from `tear, tug unkindly' explainable meaning probably here Germanic *trat-, *trut- in Old English teart ` stern, sharp, bitter ', Middle Dutch torten, holl. tarten `stir, tease, irritate, challenge, defy ', Middle Low German trot ` contrariness ', Middle High German traz, truz, -tzes ` obstructiveness, animosity, contrariness ', Modern High German Trotz, Trutz, trotzen, Bavarian tratzen `banter'; with the meaning-development ` fray ' - `thin, fine, tender' perhaps (?)Middle Low German tertel, tertlīk `fine, dainty, mollycoddled ', Danish tærtet ` squeamish ' (perhaps also Norwegian Dialectal tert, tart `small salmon', terta ` small play ball '); Old High German Modern High German zart (the last from *dor-tō-, compare Middle Persian dart ` afflicted ', New Persian derd `pain' Wood KZ. 45, 70);

Lithuanian diriù (: δείρω), žem. derù (: δέρω), dìrti `flay, cut off the grass or peat' (heavy basis compared with Old Indic dŕ̥ti-, gr. δάρσις, Gothic gataúrÞs), nudìrtas ` flayed ', Latvian nuõdara ` pole with cut branches, bread slice ', Pl. -as ` dross, esp. of bast' (: Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 772, Old Indic dara-, gr. δορός), Lithuanian dernà `board, plank, balk'; with u-colored zero grade Lithuanian duriù, dùrti `prick' (preterit dū́riau) = Serbian ù-drim (ù-driti) `hit' (Russian u-dyrítъ `hit' with iterative grade to *dъr-, compare Lithuanian dū́riau, Berneker 179 f.). Against it are Lithuanian dur̃nas ` frenzied, stupid', Latvian dur̃ns borrowed from Slavic; compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 519.

Slavic *derō and *diriō in Old Church Slavic derǫ, dьrati `rend, flay' and *dьrǫ (Serbian zȁdrēm, Czech dru); u-darjǫ, u-dariti `hit' (*dōr-, compare *dēr- in gr. δῆρις), with iterative grade raz-dirati `tear', Serbian ìz-dirati ` exert oneself, (maltreat oneself); clear off, pass away, disappear ' (in addition Old Church Slavic dira `crack'; s. Berneker 201, whereas also about the meaning-development of probably related family Serbian díra ` hole, crack ', Bulgarian dír'a ` track of a person or animal, or from wheels ', dír'ъ `search, seek, feel, pursue'); about *dъr- in Serbian ù-drim see above;

nouns: with ē-grade sloven. u-dę̂r `blow, knock', with ŏ-grade Old Church Slavic razdorъ `crack, cleavage ' (= Old Indic dara-, gr. δορός, Latvian nuõ-daras), Serbian ù-dorac `attack, with zero grade (Indo Germanic *dr̥to-): serb Church Slavic raz-drьtь ` lacerate ', Ukrainian dértyj ` torn, flayed ' (= Old Indic dr̥ta-); Indo Germanic *dr̥ti- : Russian dertь ` residue of crushed grain, bran; cleared land ' (= Old Indic dŕ̥ti- etc); Russian (etc) dërnъ `lawn, meadow' (: Old Indic dīrná- etc, meaning as in Lithuanian dir̃ti `cut the lawn grass');

Maybe alb. (*dermó) dërrmoj `exhaust' a Slavic loanword.

Russian dermó ` rags stuff, the unusable, rubbish, dirt ' (*dross by splitting, peeling), dërkij `rash, hasty, fast ', dranь f. ` shingle, lath', drjanь = `dermó', dráka ` brawl ', drač `nail puller, tool used to remove nails', o-dríny Pl. `chaff' etc.

With l- extended Lithuanian nu-dìrlioti `peel the skin', Serbian dr̂ljām, dŕljati `harrow', dr̂ljīm, dŕljiti `divest' (Berneker 255);

Tocharian AB tsär- `separate, split', tsrorye `cleft, fissure, crack' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 19).

d(e)rī- (: *derēi-?) only barely covered (see esp. Persson Beitr. 779 f.):

Gr. δρῑ-μύς `(incisive, splitting) piercing, sharp, herb, bitter' (probably after ὀξύς reshaped from *δρῑ-μός or -σμός), Latvian drīsme `crack, scratch ', perhaps (if not derailment of vowel gradation to Lithuanian dreskiù because of whose zero grade drisk-) from Latvian drìksna (*drīskna) ` scratch ', draĩska ` tearer ', compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 488 f., 500;

remains far off δρῖλος ` bloodsucker, leech, penis', actually ` the swollen ', to δριάουσαν θάλλουσανHes. (M. Scheller briefl.).

With u- forms of the light (der-eu-) and heavy basis (derǝ-u-, dr̥̄-u-) ` tear, (the land) break, burst, erupt ': dorǝ-u̯ā: dr̥̄-u̯ā `species of grain', deru-, de-dru- etc `lacerate skin'.

Middle Persian drūn, drūdan `reap';

about Germanic forms with nasal infix see above S. 207;

here Old Norse trjōna f. (*dreu-n-ōn-) ` proboscis of the pig' (`bursting, burrowing '), trȳni n. ds., Middle High German triel (*dreu-lo-) m. `snout, muzzle, mouth, lip',

maybe alb. Geg (*trȳni) turini, Tosc turiri `mouth of animals, snout'

Norwegian Dialectal mūle-trjosk, -trusk (*dreu-sko-) `horse muzzle' (Falk-Torp under tryne). Because of the meaning insecure is Falk-Torps apposition under trøg and trygle of Old Norse trauða ` lack, come short ', trauðla Adv. `barely', trauðr ` querulous ' and - with g-extension - Old English trū̆cian ` be absent, lack, come short ' (Modern English dial. to truck `to fail', Middle Low German trüggelen `beg, cheat, deceive');

Latvian drugt ` diminish, collapse ' (Irish droch, Welsh drwg ` penurious, evil, bad' from k-extension?, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 505).

Old Indic dū́rvā ` millet grass ' (dr̥̄-u̯ā);

compare gr. delph. δαράτα f., Thessalian δάρατος m. `bread' (*dr̥ǝ-), Macedonian δράμις ds.;

gall. (Latin) dravoca ` ryegrass ' (*drǝ-u̯-); Breton draok, dreok, Welsh drewg ds. are borrowed from Roman. (Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 158);

Middle Dutch tanve, terwe, holl. tarwe `wheat', English tare `weed, ryegrass, vetch' (Germanic *tar-u̯ō, Indo Germanic *dorǝu̯ā);

Lithuanian dìrva `farmland' (*dr̥̄-u̯ā, with intonation change the ā-stem), actually ` freed, cleared ', dirvónas ` virgin soil, land ' (compare to meaning Russian Dialectal dor ` new tillage, cultivated land ', rózdertь ` land made arable '), Latvian druva `the tilled farmland, sown field ' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 470, 505), Russian (see Berneker 186) derévnja ` village (without church); land property ', Dialectal `piece of field', pášet derévnju `tills the field';

with the meaning ` skin rash ' (`splitting off skin flakes, cracked skin'):

Old Indic dar-dru- m. `kind of skin rash ', dar-dū́- m. (uncovered), da-drú- m., da-dru-ka- m. ` leprosy ';

Latin derbita f. `lichen' is loanword from gall. *dervēta (compare also Middle Irish deir, Old Irish *der from *derā `lichen'), to Welsh tarwyden, tarwden (Pl. tarwed) (besides darwyden through influence of the prefix group t-ar-, Pedersen KG. I 495), Middle Breton dervoeden, Modern Breton deroueden `sick of lichen '(*deru̯-eit-);

Germanic *te-tru- in Old English teter `skin rash', Old High German zittaroh (*de-dru-ko-s = Old Indic dadruka-), Modern High German Zitterich `skin rash';

Lithuanian dedervinė̃ ` rash resembling lichen ' (Trautmann 47, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 450; compare in similar meaning of the root form *der- Czech o-dra, Pl. o-dry ` prickly heat, miliaria, heat rash', poln. o-dra ` measles ', of the g-extension Bulgarian drъ́gnъ-se ` rub myself, itch myself, become scabby ');

dereg- :

Middle Dutch treken stem verb `pull, tear' and `shudder', Old High German trehhan ` push, poke, intermittently tear, scrape, cover scraping ', *trakjan in Middle Low German trecken `pull, tear (transitive. intransitive)', Old English træglian `to pluck', wherewith because of the same vocal position maybe is to be connected to Latvian dragât `pull, rend, upset, shake', draguls ` shivering fit ', drāga `a strong angry person, renders and demands a lot '; Latvian drigelts, drigants, Lithuanian drigãntas `stallion' are loanword from poln. drygant; compare Būga Kalba ir s. 128, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 498.

deregh- (see Persson root extension 26, Berneker 254 and 212 m. Lithuanian):

Old English tiergan (Germanic *targi̯an) `banter, stir, tease, irritate', Middle Low German tergen, targen `pull, stir, tease, irritate', holl. tergen, Modern High German zergen `pull, tear, anger', Swedish Dialectal targa ` tug with the teeth or sharp tools ', Norwegian Dialectal terga `banter'; Lithuanian dìrginu, dìrginti ` flurry, irritate, stimulate, excite, pull (the trigger of a gun) '; Russian dërgatь `pluck, pull, tear, rend ' (etc), sú-doroga `cramp'.

derek-:

Δρέκανον name of foreland in Kos (as Δρέπανον plural as name of forelands, Bugge BB. 18, 189), δόρκαι κονίδες, δερκύλλειν αἱμοποτεῖν (actually `tear the skin open' as analogous meaning δερμύλλειν) Hes.;

gr. δόρπος m., δόρπον n. `supper' (*dork- + u̯o-forms) = alb. darkë `supper, evening' (unclear the vowel gradation relation in drekë `lunch, middle of the day'; compare Persson Beitr. 8591); perhaps to (North Illyrian?) PN Δρακούινα (leg. Δαρκούινα?) in Wurttemberg, as ` place to rest ';

Note:

This seems wrong etymology since alb. drekë `lunch, middle of the day' seems to have derived from Root / lemma: derk̂- : `to look, light'; gr. δέρκομαι ` look, keep the eyes open, be alive', δέδορκα, ἔδρακον, δέρξις `vision', δέργμα `sight', δεργμός `look, gaze', δυσ-δέρκετος `heavy to behold' (= Old Indic darc̨ata-), ὑπόδρα Adv. `one looking up from below', δράκος n. `eye', δράκων, -οντος `dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. δράκαινα; alb. dritë `light' (*dr̥k-tā);

According to alb. phonetic laws alb. dritë `light' derived from (dr̥ik-a) not (*dr̥k-tā) because of common alb. -k- > -th-s;

Maybe alb. (*darc̨ata-), darkë `supper, evening meal, evening'; (*drech), drekë `dinner meal, midday, light of the day': Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome, dark' (see above).

sloven. dr̂kam, dr̂čem, dr̂kati ` glide, slither, on the ice trail; run, trot run ' (probably from `clear off, run away, leave'), Czech drkati `bump, poke, jolt', Bulgarian dъ́rcam, drъ́cnъ ` pull, riffle flax, hemp ' (Berneker 255, Persson Beitr. 85, 359).

deres-:

Armenian teṙem (see above under der-);

Middle Irish dorr `anger', dorrach `rough, coarse' (see Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); presumably Old English teors, Old High German zers `penis', Norwegian ters `nail'; also Old Norse tjasna f. `kind of nail' from *tersnōn-?, Norwegian trase `rag, clout', trasast ` become ragged', tras `deadwood', trask `offal, deadwood';

Maybe alb. trastë `bag, (ragged cloth?)', tras `pull (a boat on the coast) : Rumanian trage `pull'

sloven. drásati ` disband, separate', Czech drásati `scratch, scrape, stripe', drasta, drásta `splinter, scrap, shred; garment ', draslavý `rough, jolting ', zero grade drsen `rough', drsnatý ` jolting '(compare above Middle Irish dorr).

dre-sk:

Lithuanian su-dryskù, -driskaũ, -drìksti `tear', dresskiù, dreskiaũ, -drė̃ksti ` rend ', draskauḟ, draskýti iterative `tear', Latvian draskât ds., draska `rag', Lithuanian drėkstìnė lentà ` crafty slat, thinly split wood ' (Leskien Abl. 325, Berneker 220, 224)., Bulgarian dráskam, dráštъ (*draščǫ) ` scratch, scrape; fit tightly ', perfective drásnъ (*drasknǫ); dráska ` scratcher, crack'; Czech old z-dřies-kati and (with assimilation of auslaut and a sounding anlaut) z-dřiezhati `break, rupture', dřieska, dřiezha `chip, splinter', nowadays dřízha `chip, splinter'; poln. drzazga `splinter';

With formant -p-:

drep-, drop-:

Old Indic drāpí-ḥ m. `mantle, dress', drapsá-ḥ m. `banner (?)' (= Avestan drafša- `banner, ensign, flag, banner'), Lithuanian drãpanos f. Pl. ` household linen, dress', Latvian drãna (probably *drāp-nā) `stuff, kerchief, cloth'; gallo-rom. drappus `kerchief, cloth' (PN Drappō, Drappus, Drappes, Drapōnus) is probably Venetic-Illyrian loanword; the a-vowel from Indo Germanic o or, as das -pp-, expressive;

gr. δρέπω ` break off, cut off, pick ', δρεπάνη, δρέπανον `sickle', also δράπανον (out of it alb. drapën `sickle' ds.), that is defined through assimilation of δρεπάνη to *δραπάνη; o-grade δρώπτω διακόπτω Hes. (= Serbian drâpljēm), δρῶπαξ, -κος ` Pechpflaster, um Haareauszuziehen ', δρωπακίζω `pull the hair out'; Old Norse trǫf n. Pl. ` fringes ', trefr f. Pl. ds., trefja `rub, wear out', Middle High German trabe f. `fringe';

*drōp- in Russian drjápa-ju, -tь (with unclear ja), dial. draḓpatь, drapátь `scratch, rend ', Serbian drâpām, drâpljēm, drápati `tear, wear out; scratch, scrape', poln. drapać `scratch, scrape, scrape, rub, flee'; dr̥p-, Slavic *dьrp- in Bulgarian dъ́rpam, perfective drъ́pnъ ` tear, pull, drag ', Serbian dr̂pām, dŕpati and dȑpīm, dȑpiti ` rend '; Balto Slavic dreb-, drob- `scrap, shred, dress' in Latvian drė́be f. `stuff, dress, laundry', Lithuanian dróbė f. `canvas, fabric', drãbanas m. `rag, scrap, shred', drabùžis, drobùžis m. `dress'; Upper Sorbian draby m. Pl. ` dress stuff ', Czech-mähr. zdraby m. Pl. `rag, scrap, shred' have probably through influence the root *drob- (see below dhrebh-) `carve, slit, dismember ' -b- instead of -p-;

drip-:

Gall. (Venetic-Illyrian) PN Drippia, Drippōnius (compare above Drappus etc);

Note: Alb. drapën `sickle' : (Venetic-Illyrian) PN Drippōnius

Bulgarian drípa `rag, scrap, shred', sloven. drîpam (drîpljem), drípati `tear, have diarrhea', Czech dřípa `scrap, shred', dřípati ` rend, tear';

drup-:

Gr. δρύπτω ` scratch', ἀποδρύπτω, -δρύφω (with secoondary φ instead of π, s. Persson Beitr. 859) ` scrub, flay off the skin', δρυφή ` scratching, peeling ', δρυπίς `a kind of thorn '.

For variation of a : i : u in ` popular words ' compare Wissmann Nomina postverbalia 162 ff.

References: WP. I 797 ff., WH. I 342 f., 373, 861, Trautmann 51 f.

Page(s): 206-211

Root / lemma: des-, dēs-

Meaning: to find

Material: Gr. δήw `become find' (futur. gebrauchtes present), ἔδηεν εὖρεν Hes.;

alb. ndesh `find, encounter', ndieh (*des-sk̂ō) `feel, find'; perhaps also Old Church Slavic dešǫ, desiti `find', vowel gradation Russian-Church Slavic dositi (udositi) `find, meet', whether not to dek̂-; whereas is Old Indic abhi-dāsati ` is hostile, attacked ' rather Denominative of dāsá-ḥ `slave, fiend'.

About alb. ndesh s. also above S. 190.

Note:

Alb. (*in-des) ndesh `find, encounter' derived from (*in-des) common Romance in- prefix).

References: WP. I 783, 814, Trautmann 54, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 780.

Page(s): 217

Root / lemma: deuk-

Meaning: to drag

Material: Gr. δαι-δύσσεσθαι ἕλκεσθαι Hes. (*δαι-δυκ-ι̯ω with intensive reduplication as παι-φάσσω). In addition perhaps also δεύκει φροντίζει Hes., wherefore hom. ἀδευκής ` inconsiderate '; unclear is Πολυδεύκης ` der vielsorgende ' (but Δευκαλίων is dissimilated from *Λευκαλίων, Bechtel), and with zero grade ἐνδυκέως `keen, eager, painstaking '. The meaning `care, worry, be considerate of ' arose from `pull, drag' perhaps about `bring up'; similarly stands for Old Norse tjōa (*teuhōn) `help' (see Falk-Torp 1315 f.).

Somewhat other spiritual change of position shows Latin dūcere as ` to draw; to draw along or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider'.

Alb. nduk ` pluck, tear out the hair ', dial. also ` suck out '.

Middle Welsh dygaf `bring' (*dukami); about Old Irish to-ucc- (cc = gg) `bring' see below euk-.

Latin dūcō (Old Latin doucō), -ere, dūxī, dŭctum ` to draw; to draw along or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider ' = Gothic tiuhan, Old High German ziohan, Old Saxon tiohan, Old English tēon `pull, drag' (Old Norse only in participle toginn).

verbal compounds: ab-dūcō = Gothic af-tiuhan, ad-dūcō = Gothic at-tiuhan, con-dūcō = Gothic ga-tiuhan, etc.

root nouns: Latin dux, ducis m. f. ` a guide, conductor; a leader, ruler, commander ' (therefrom ēducāre `bring up, educate, rise '; linguistic-historical connection with formally equal Old Norse toga, Old High German zogōn `pull, drag' does not exist), trādux `(here guided) vine-layer '. Is Old Saxon etc heritogo, Old High German herizogo ` military leader ', Modern High German Herzog replication of στρατηγός? compare Feist 479.

ti-stem: Latin ductim `by drawing; in a stream', late ducti-ō `duct' (besides tu-stem ductus, -ūs ` direction, leadership, duct, conduction ') = Modern High German Zucht (see below).

Specially rich development form in Germanic, so: iterative-Causative Old Norse teygia `pull, drag, pull out' = Old English tíegan `pull, drag' (*taugian); Old High German zuckan, zucchen, Middle High German zucken, zücken `quick, pull fast, wrest, draw back' (with intensive consonant stretch; therefrom Middle High German zuc, Gen. zuckes m. ` twitch, jerk'); Old Norse tog n. `the pulling, rope, cable', Middle High German zoc, Gen. zoges m. `pull', whereof Old Norse toga, -aða `pull, drag', Old English togian, English tow `pull, drag', Old High German zogōn, Middle High German zogen `pull, drag (transitive., intransitive), rend, pull', compare above Latin (ē)-ducāre; Old English tyge m. i-stem `pull', Old High German zug, Modern High German Zug (*tugi-); Old High German zugil, zuhil, Middle High German zugil, Modern High German Zügel, Old Norse tygill m. `band, strap, strip', Old English tygel `rope'; Old Norse taug f. `rope', Old English tēag f. `band, strap, manacle, paddock ' (therefrom Old English tīegan `bind', English tie); with zero grade Old Norse tog n. `rope, hawser'; Old Norse taumr m. `rope, cable, rein', Old English tēam m. ` pair of harnessed oxen, yoke, bridle, parturition, progeny ' (therefrom tīeman ` proliferate, be pregnant ', English teem), Dutch toom `brood', Old Frisian tām `progeny', Old Saxon tōm `a strap or thong of leather; plur., reins, bridle; scourge, whip', Old High German Middle High German zoum m. `rope, cable, thong, rein', Modern High German `bridle, rein' (Germanic *tauma- from *tauʒ-má-); Old High German giziugōn `bear witness, prove' (actually ` zur Gerichtsverhandlung gezogen warden '), Middle High German geziugen ` prove from evidence ', Modern High German (be)zeugen, Zeuge, Middle Low German betǖgen ` testify, prove ', getǖch n. ` attestation, evidence '; further with the meaning `bring out, bring up, generate' Old High German giziug (*teugiz) ` stuff, device, equipment ', Modern High German Zeug, Middle Low German tǖch (-g-) n. ` stuff, device ' and `penis', Middle High German ziugen, Modern High German zeugen; Gothic ustaúhts ` consummation ', Old High German Middle High German zuht f. `raise, upbringing, breed, breeding, progeny ', Modern High German Zucht (= Latin ductus see above); therefrom Modern High German züchtig, züchtigen, Old English tyht m. ` upbringing, breed, breeding', Old Frisian tucht, tocht `ability to procreate'.

Specially because of Zucht ` progeny ', Bavarian also ` breeding pig ' one draws Old High German zōha, Middle Low German tӧ̄le (*tōhila), Modern High German schwäb. zauche `bitch', Modern Icelandic tōa ` vixen ' to the root; yet compare Middle High German zūpe `bitch', Norwegian dial. tobbe `mare, small female creature ' and Germanic *tīkō and *tiƀō `bitch'.

A simple root form *den- `pull, drag' perhaps in Old Norse tjōðr n. (*deu-trom) ` tether, bandage rope ' = Middle English teder-, teÞer ds., Old High German zeotar `shaft', Modern High German Bavarian Zieter ` front shaft ' (also Old English tūdor, tuddor n. ` progeny '?); but Old Indic ḍōrakam `rope, strap' is dravid. loanword (Kuiper Proto-Munda 131).

References: WP. I 780 f., WH. I 377 f., 861.

Page(s): 220-221

Root / lemma: deu-1

Meaning: to plunge, to penetrate into

Material: Old Indic upā-du- ` to go into, (of clothes), to put on, to wear, assume the person of, enter, press into, cover oneself, wear';

The cause of -(e)s- stem seems to belong to: Old Indic doṣā́, new dōṣa-ḥ ` evening, darkness ', Avestan daošatara-, daošastara- ` situated towards evening, to the west ', New Persian dōš `the former yesterday night';

gr. δείελος (more properly δειελός) `evening' (metr. lengthening for *δεελός from δευσελός? originally Adj. ` vespertine ', as still in hom. δειελὸν ἦμαρ); gr. δύω (Attic υ:, ep. ῠ), transitive ` sink, dive, swathe ' (only in compounds: καταδύω `sink'), intransitive (in simplex only in participle δύων; Aor. ἔδυν) `dive in, penetrate (e.g. αἰθέρα, ἐς πόντον), slip in, pull in (clothing, weapons; so also ἐνδύω, ἀποδύω, περιδύω), sets (from the sun and stars, dive, actually, in the sea)', also med. δύομαι and δύ̄νω (hom. δύσετο is old augment tense to the future, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 788); ἁλιβδύω, Kallimachos `sink in the sea' (β unclear, s. Boisacq s. v.; preposition *[a]p[o]?); δύπτω `dip, dive, sink' (after βύπτω); ἄδῠτον ` the place where one may not enter ', δύσις ` disappearing, dive, nook, hideaway, setting of the sun and stars ', πρὸς ἡλίουδύσιν ` towards evening ', δυσμαί Pl. ` setting of the sun and stars '; unclear ἀμφίδυμος, δίδυμος ` coupled ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 589; after Frisk Indog. 16 f. here also δυτη `shrine'. ALB.DARKE

References: WP. I 777 f., WH. I 3, 682.

Page(s): 217-218

Root / lemma: (deu-2 or dou-) : du-

Meaning: to worship; mighty

Material: Old Indic dúvas- n. ` offering, worship instruction ', duvasyáti ` honors, reveres, recognizes, recompenses ', duvasyú-, duvōyú- `venerating, respectful '; Old Latin duenos, then duonos, Classical bonus `good' (Adv. bene, Diminutive bellus [*du̯enelos] `pretty, cute');

Note: common Latin du̯- > b-.

probably = Old Irish den `proficient, strong', Subst. ` protection'; Latin beō, -āre ` to bless, enrich, make happy ', beātus ` blessed, lucky' (*du̯-éi̯ō, participle *du̯-enos); in addition Old Saxon twīthōn `grant', Middle Low German twīden ` please, grant', Old English langtwīdig ` granted long ago', Middle High German zwīden `grant', md. getwēdic `tame, domesticated, compliant ' (*du̯-ei-to-; Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 499);

after EM2 114 perhaps still here gr. δύ-να-μαι ` has power '.

Perhaps also here Germanic *taujan `make' (from `* be mighty ') in Gothic taujan, tawida `make', Proto Norse tawids `I made', Old High German zouuitun `exercebant (cyclopes ferrum)', Middle High German zouwen, zöuwen ` finish, prepare ', Middle Low German touwen `prepare, concoct, tan, convert hide into leather', wherefore Old English getawa ` an implement, utensils, tools, instruments ' (therefrom again (ge)tawian `prepare', English taw ` make ready, prepare, or dress (raw material) for use or further treatment; spec. make (hide) into leather without tannin ') and (with original prefix stress in nouns) Old English geatwe f. Pl. `armament, armor, jewellery, weapons ' = Old Norse gǫtvar f. Pl. ds., Old Frisian touw, tow `tool, rope, hawser', Modern Frisian touw ` the short coarse fibres of flax or hemp, tow ', Middle Low German touwe `tool, loom', touwe, tou `rope, hawser' (out of it Modern High German Tau), Old High German gizawa ` household furniture, apparatus ' (but also `succeed', see above), Middle High German gezöuwe n. `appliance' (out of it with Bavarian-dial. vocalization Middle High German zāwe), Modern High German Gezähe (see about these forms Psilander KZ. 45, 281 f.).

In addition with ē (Psilander aaO. expounded also *taujan through proto Germanic abridgement from *tǣwjan) perhaps Gothic tēwa `order, row', gatēwjan `dispose', Old High German zāwa ` coloring, paint, color, dyeing', langobard. zāwa ` row, division of certain number, uniting', Old English æl-tǣwe ` altogether, wholly, entirely well, sound, whole, healthy, well ' (about possible origin of Germanic *tēwā from *tēʒ-wā́ see below *dek̂- `take'; then it would be natural to separate from taujan); with ō Gothic taui, Gen. tōjis `action', ubiltōjis ` evildoer, wrongdoer ', Old Norse tō n. `uncleaned wool or flax, linen thread material ' = Old English tōw `the spinning, the weaving' in tōw-hūs ` spinnery ', tōw-cræft ` skillfulness in spinning and weaving ', English tow ` the short coarse fibres of flax or hemp, tow '; with l-suffix Old Norse tōl n. `tool', Old English tōl n. ds. (*tōwula-), verbal only Old Norse tø̄ja, tȳja `utilize, make usable ', actually `align', denominative to *tōwja- after Psilander aaO., while Falk-Torp seeks under tøie therein belonging to Gothic tiuhan *tauhjan, *tiuhjan.

Thurneysen places (KZ. 61, 253; 62, 273) Gothic taujan to Old Irish doïd ` exert, troubled '; the fact that this, however with doïd ` catches fire ' is identical and the meaning `make' has developed from ` kindle the fire, inflame', seems unlikely.

About other interpretations of taujan s. Feist 474 f.

References: WP. I 778, WH. I 111, 324 f., 852.

Page(s): 218-219

Root / lemma: deu-3, deu̯ǝ-, du̯ā-, dū-

Meaning: to move forward, pass

Material:

Hittite: tuwa (adv.), tuwala- ' fern, weit ' (Friedrich 231)

Old Indian: dūrá- `distant, far ' , comp. dávīyas-, superl. daviṣṭha -; duvás- `stirring, restless ' , duvasana- id. (of an eagle); davati (aor. subj. daviṣāṇi) `to go (away) ' ; dūtá- m. `messenger, envoy '

Avestan: dūraē-ča `fern, fernhin ' , dūrāt_ `von fern, fern, fernhin, weit hinweg ' , duye `jage fort ' , avi-frā-đavaite `reisst mit sich fort (vom Wasser) ' , dūta- m. `Bote, Abgesandter '

Other Iranian: OPers duraiy `fern, fernhin '

Armenian: {erkar}

Old Greek: déu̯tero- `der zweite ' || dǟró- ' long, lasting '

Germanic: *tūw-a- vb., *tauw-ia- vb.

Latin: dūrō, -āvī, -āre ' длиться, продолжать существование, продолжаться; укореняться, становиться застарелым; тянуться, не прерываться; оставаться, сидеть безвыходно '

Old Indic dū-rá-ḥ `remote, distant, wide' (mostly locally, however, also chronologically), Avestan dūraē, Old Persian duraiy `afar, far there ', Avestan dūrāt̃ ` at a distance, far, far there, far away ', compounds Sup. Old Indic dávīyas-, dávišṭha- `more distant, most distant'; ved. duvás- ` moving forward, striving out ', transitive Avestan duye ` chase away ', avi-frā-δavaite ` carry away itself (from water)'; Old Indic dūtá-ḥ, Avestan dūta- ` summoner, delegator'; perhaps here Old Indic doṣa-ḥ m. `lack, fault, error' (*deu-s-o-);

gr. Doric Attic δέω, Aeolic hom. δεύω (not *δευσ-, but *δεF-) `lack, err, miss', Aor. ἐδέησα, ἐδεύησα; impersonal δεῖ, δεύει, participle τὸ δέον, Attic τὸ δοῦν `the needful '; Medium δέομαι, hom. δεύομαι `lack' etc, hom. ` stay behind sth, fall short, fail to attain, be insufficient ', Attic ` please, long for '; ἐπιδεής, hom. ἐπιδευής ` destitute, lacking ', δέημα `request'; in addition δεύτερος ` follow in the distance, the second one ', in addition superlative hom. δεύτατος.

Perhaps in addition with -s-extension (see further above Old Indic doṣa-ḥ) Germanic *tiuzōn in Old English tēorian `cease, languish' (*stay behind), English tire `exhaust'.

compare further md. zūwen (strong. verb) ` move in the front, move, proceed there ', Old High German zawen ` proceed, go ahead, succeed', Middle High German zouwen `hurry, somewhat hasten, proceed, go ahead, succeed', zouwe f. `haste, hurry'.

2. Old Persian duvaištam Adv. `for a long time', Avestan dbōištǝm Adj. ` long, extended ' (temporal); about Old Indic dvitā́, Avestan daibitā, Old Persian duvitā-paranam see below du̯ōu `two';

Armenian tevem ` last, endure, hold, hold off ', tev ` endurance, duration', i tev ` long time through ', tok `duration, endurance ' (*teuo-ko-, *touo-ko-), vowel gradation erkar `long' (temporal) from *du̯ā-ro- (= gr. δηρόν), erkain `long' (spacial);

gr. δήν (Elean Doric δά̄ν Hes.) ` long, long ago ' (*δFά̄ν), δοά̄ν (*δοFά̄ν) `long' (accusative of *δFᾱ, *δοFᾱ `duration'), δηρόν, Doric δᾱρόν ` long lasting ' (*δFᾱ-ρόν), δηθά `long', therefrom δηθύνειν `hesitate, stay long ', δαόν πολυχρόνιον Hes. (*δFᾱ-ι̯ον); about δᾱρόν compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 482, 7;

Latin dū-dum ` some time ago; a little while ago, not long since; a long while ago or for a long time ' (to form see WH. I 378). Here also (in spite of WH. I 386) dūrāre `endure' because of Old Irish cundrad `pact, covenant' (*con-dūrad); but Welsh cynnired `movement' remains far off in spite of Vendryes (BSL. 38, 115 f.); here also Latin dum, originally ` short time, a short while ', see above S. 181;

lengthened grade Old Irish doë (*dōu̯i̯o-) `slow';

Old Church Slavic davĕ ` erstwhile, former ', davьnъ `ancient', Russian davnó `since long ago', etc;

Hittite tu-u-wa (duwa) ` far, away ', tu-u-wa-la (Nom. Pl.) `remote, distant' from *du̯ā̆-lo-, Benveniste BSL. 33, 143.

References: WP. I 778 ff., WH. I 378 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348, 595, 685.

Page(s): 219-220

Root / lemma: deup- (: kteup-?)

Meaning: a kind of thudding sound, onomatopoeic words

Material: Gr. hom. δοῦπος ` dull noise, din; sound of the kicks '; δουπέω ` to sound heavy or dead '; the in hom. ἐγδούπησαν, ἐρίγδουπος ` loud-thundering ' (μασίγδουπον ...μεγαλόηχον Hes.) revealed treading original anlaut γδ- is maybe parallel with κτύπος `blow, knock' besides τύπος or is copied to it, so that no certainty is to be attained about its age; after Schwyzer would be (γ)δουπέω intensive to zero grade κτυπ-; Serbian dȕpīm, dȕpiti `hit with noise', sloven. dûpam (dupljem) dúpati ` punch on something hollow, rustle thuddingly ', dupotáti, Bulgarian dúp'ъ ` give the spurs to a horse ', Latvian dupêtiês `dull sound' (Balto Slavic d- from gd-? or older as gr. γδ-?);

Maybe onomatopoeic alb. dum (*dump) ` thudding sound' [common alb. p > mp > m]

after Van Windekens Lexique 138 here Tocharian A täp- ` allow to sound, announce ' (*tup-) in Infin. tpässi, participle Pass, cacpunder

References: WP. I 781 f., Endzelin KZ. 44, 58, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 518, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7183.

Page(s): 221-222

Root / lemma: de-, do-

Meaning: a demonstrative stem

Material: Avestan vaēsmǝn-da ` up there to the house ';

gr. -δε in ὅ-δε, ἥ-δε, τό-δε ` that here, this ' (I - deixis), ἐνθά-δε, ἐνθέν-δε, τεῖ-δε, hinter Akk. the direction, e.g. δόμον-δε, οἶκον δε, οἶκόνδε, ᾽Αθήναζε (*Αθᾱνᾰνσ-δε), as Avestan vaēsmǝn-da (Arcadian θύρδα ἔξω Hes., reshuffling of -δε after double forms as πρόσθε : πρόσθα), also in δε-ῦρο (δεῦρο emulated Pl.) `here', Latin quan-de, quam-de ` as like ' = Oscan pan, Umbrian pane `as', also Oscan pún, Umbrian pon(n)e `as well as' (*quom-de), Latin in-de ` thence, from there ' (*im-de), un-de ` whence, from where '; gr. δέ `but'; gr. δή ` just, now, just, certainly ', ἤ-δη `already', ἐπει-δή ` since, whereas, because '; δαί after interrogative words `(what) then?';

Indo Germanic *de put also in Old Irish article in-d (*sind-os, Indo Germanic *sēm-de);

Italian -*dām in Latin quī-dam, quon-dam, Umbrian ne-rsa `as long as' (probably solidified Akk. f.*ne-dām ` not at the same time '; besides m. or n. in:);

Latin dum (*dom) `still', as Konj. `while, during the time that; so long as, provided that; until', originally demonstratives `then', compare etiam-dum, interdum, nōndum, agedum (: gr. ἄγε δή), manedum, quidum `as so?' , then in relative-conjunctional meaning, as also in dummodo, dumnē, dumtaxat; Oscan ísídum ` the same as' however, is to be disassembled in ís-íd-um, as also in. Latin īdem, quidem, tandem, tantusdem, totidem is not to be recognized with dum from *dom the changing by vowel gradation -dem; īd-em from *id-em = Old Indic id-ám ` just this ', compare Oscan ís-íd-um, as quid-em from *quid-om = Oscan píd-um, and as a result of the syllable separation i-dem would be sensed as -dem an identity particle and would grow further);

but the primary meaning of dum is ` a short while ', wherefore u perhaps is old (compare dūdum) and dum belongs to root deu̯ǝ- (EM2 288 f.).

Indo Germanic *dō originally `here, over here' in Latin dō-ni-cum (archaically), dōnec (*dō-ne-que), for Lukrez also donique ` so long as, till that, to, finally ', but also `then' (dō- equal meaning with ad-, ar- in Umbrian ar-ni-po ` as far as ' from *ad-ne-qʷom) and in quandō `when' = Umbrian panupei ` whenever, as often as; indef. at some time or other '; Old Irishdo, du, Old Welsh di (= ði), Cornish ðe `to' from *dū (in gall. du-ci `and'), Thurneysen Grammar 506; Old English tō, Old Saxon tõ (te, ti), Old High German zuo (za, ze, zi; the abbreviated forms are in spite of Solmsen KZ. 35, 471 not to understand as previously proto Indo Germanic vowel gradation variants), Modern High German to (Gothic du `to' with Dative and preverb, e.g. in du-ginnan `begin', seems proclitic development from *tō(?), is marked from Brugmann II2, 812 as unresolved); Old Lithuanian do preposition and prefix `to'; Old Church Slavic da ` so, and, but; that ' (meaning-development `*in addition' - `still, and', from which then the subordinating link); different Pedersen Tocharian 5.

Besides Indo Germanic *dŏ in Old Church Slavic do `until, to'.

Lithuanian da-, perfective verbal prefix, and Latvian da `until - to', also verbal prefix e.g. in da-iet ` go to, go forth, set out, go there, go to that certain place ', derive from dem Slavic.

en-do: Old Latin endo, indu `in', Latin only more as composition part, e.g. indi-gena, ind-ōles, other formations in hom. τὰ ἔν-δ-ῑνα (right ἔνδῐνα) `intestines, entrails ', Middle Irish inne `ds.' (*en-d-io-); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), against it was contemplated Old Irish ind- preposition and prefix `in' from Thurneysen Grammar 521 as after in- uncolored correspondence from gall. ande and further Pedersen KG. I 450 connected with Gothic and `until', Old Indic ádhi; and gr. ἔνδο-θι ` indoors, in, within ', ἔνδο-θεν ` from inside ' are reshaped as Lesbian Doric ἔνδοι after οἴκο-θι, -θεν, -ι from ἔν-δον, s. *dem- `to build'; Hittite an-da `in' to *en-do(or *n̥-do?), Pedersen Hittite 166. Whereas it is the adverbial- and predicate character of nouns Old Irish in(d), Old Breton in, Middle Welsh yn probably instrumental of article; s. further Thurneysen Grammar 239.

dē (as dō probably an Instrumental extension) in Latin dē `prep. with abl. in space, down from, away from. Transf., coming from an origin; taken from a class or stock, made from a material, changed from a previous state; of information, from a source. in time, following from, after; in the course of, during. about a subject; on account of a cause; according to a standard', Faliscan de (besides Oscan dat `dē' (for *dād, with t after post, pert etc; Oscan-Umbrian *dād is probably replacement for *dē after ehtrād etc, respectively after the ablative transformed in Instrumental -ē(d), ō(d):ād); as preverb in da[da]d ` give away, give up, surrender, deliver, consign, yield, abandon, render ', dadíkatted ` dedicate, consecrate, set apart ', Umbrian daetom ` a fault, crime '; in addition compounds Latin dēterior ` lower, inferior, poorer, worse ', Sup. dēterrimus, dēmum (Old Latin also dēmus) ` of time, at length, at last; in enumerations, finally, in short; 'id demum', that and that alone ' (`*to lowest ' - `lastly, finally'), dēnique ` at last, finally; in enumerations, again, further or finally; in short, in fine ';

Old Irish dī (besides de from Indo Germanic dĕ, wherewith perhaps gall. βρατου-δε ` from a judicial sentence ' is to be equated), Old Welsh di, Modern Welsh y, i, Cornish the, Breton di ` from - down, from - away ', also as privative paarticle (e.g. Old Welsh di-auc ` slow, tardy, slack, dilatory, lingering, sluggish, inactive, lazy ', as Latin dēbilis; intensifying Old Irish dī-mōr ` very large ' as Latin dēmagis `furthermore, very much')

The meaning ` from - down, from - away ' these with gr. δή, δέ formally the same particle probably is only a common innovation of Celtic and Italic; also German? (Holthausen KZ. 47, 308: Old High German zādal `poverty, need' from *dē-tlom, of *dē ` from - away ', as wādal `poor, needy' : Latin vē `enclitic, or, or perhaps'?).

The ending of the following adverbial groups also belongs to this root: Old Indic tadā́ `then', Avestan taδa `then', Lithuanian tadà `then'; Old Indic kadā́ `when?', Avestan kadā, Younger Avestan kaδa `when?', Lithuanian kadà `when'; Old Indic yadā́ `when, as', Avestan yadā, Younger Avestan yaδa `when', Old Church Slavic jeda `when' (compare also Old Indic yadi `if', Old Persian yadiy, Avestan yeδi, yeiδi `as soon as' and Avestan yaδāt `whence'); Old Indic idā́ `now, yet'; also the Slavic formations as Russian kudá `whereto, where';

Maybe alb. ku-do (*kudá)`everywhere, anywhere', nasal nga-do (kądě) `everywhere'

Old Church Slavic kądu, kądě `whence', nikъda-že `never', poln. dokąd `whereto, where', Old Church Slavic tądě ` from there ', sądu ` from here ' , but it could contain also Indo Germanic dh.

A cognate stem *di perhaps in enclitic Iranian Akk. Avestan Old Persian dim ` her, she ', Avestan dit `es', diš Pl. m. f., dī Pl. n., and Old Prussian Akk. Sg. din, dien `ihn, sie' (etc); compare but Meillet MSL 19, 53 f.

References: WP. I 769 ff., WH. I 325 f., 339 f., 370 f., 694, 859, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 624 f.

Page(s): 181-183

Root / lemma: dēg-

Meaning: to grab?

Material: Gothic tēkan `touch';

Maybe alb. takonj `touch'

Additional cognates: [PN taka = WFris. take, EFris. tāken, MDu. tāken grasp, seize, catch, rel. by vowel gradation to Goth. tēkan]

with vowel gradation Old Norse taka, (English take) `take'; Tocharian B tek-, tak- `touch', B teteka ` as soon as '.

Maybe alb. takonj `touch' : Gothic tēkan `touch';

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 351, Van Windekens Lexique 138, 139 (compares also Latin tangō `to touch'), Pedersen Tocharian 2071.

Page(s): 183

Root / lemma: dē- : dǝ- and dēi-, dī-

Meaning: to bind

Note:

Root / lemma: dē- : dǝ- and dēi-, dī- : `to bind' derived from du̯ai , du̯ei-, stems of Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two' meaning `bind in two'

Material: Old Indic dy-áti (with ā-, ni-, sam-) `binds' (dy- zero grade of *dēi-, from 3. Pl. dyánti, compare Avestan nī-dyā-tąm 3. Sg. Med. in pass. meaning ` it has made soil holdback ', -ā-extension from the zero grade di-, Bartholomae Old Iranian Wb. 761), Old Indic participle ditá- ` bound ' (= gr. δετός), dā́man- n. `band, strap' (= gr. -δημα), ni-dātār- `binder';

gr. (hom. Attic) δέω (*δέjω) `bind', δετός ` bound ', δετή ` shavings tied together as a torch, faggot, torch, fetter, sheaf ' (δε- for Indo Germanic *dǝ- as θετός : τίθημι), ἀμαλλοδετήρ ` sheaf binder ', δέσις `the fastening, binding', δεσμός `band, strap', κρήδε-μνον `head fascia', δέμνια Pl. ` bedstead '; hom. present δίδημι `bind' is to δήσω after τίθημι: θήσω `neologism'; ὑπό-δημα (compare Old Indic dā́man-) `sandal', διάδημα ` a band or fillet, turban, diadem ';

alb. duai ` fascicle, sheaf ' (about *dōn- from Indo Germanic *dē-n-), del `(*band, strap), sinew, tendon, vein' (Indo Germanic*dō-lo-).

References: WP. I 771 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 340 f., 676, 688.

Page(s): 183

Root / lemma: dǝĝh-mó-s

Meaning: slant

Material: Old Indic jihmá-ḥ ` slantwise, slant, skew' (Proto Aryan *źiźhmá- assimilation from *diźhmá-), gr. δόχμιος, δοχμός `slant, skew' (assimilation from *δαχμός).

References: Pedersen KZ. 36, 78, WP. I 769.

See also: Other possibilities see below gei- `turn, bend'.

Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dhabh-2

Meaning: proper, * fitting, dainty

Material: Armenian darbin ` smith ' (*dhabhr-ino-);

Latin faber, fabrī `craftsman, artist', Adj. `ingenious, skilful', Adv. fabrē `skilful', affabrē ` skillfully ', contrast infabrē, fabrica ` dexterity, workshop ' (Paelignian faber is Latin loanword); perhaps here Latin (Plaut.) effāfilātus ` exposed ', Denominative from *fāfilla, `*acquiescence' (f dial.?);

Note:

common Latin d- > f-;

alb. Tosc thembërë `heel, hoof (where a smith would attach a horseshoe)' [common alb. f- >th-.

Gothic ga-daban ` occur, arrive, reach, happen, be suitable ', Perf. gadōb ` to be clearly seen, to be conspicuous ', Adj. gadōf is ` it is suitable, proper, fitting' = Old English gedēfe ` fitting, mild' (*ga-dōbja), gedafen `proper', gedafnian ` be fitting, suitable' = Old Norse dafna `proficient, proper, become strong, prosper, thrive', Old English gedæfte ` fitting, mild', gedæftan `sort, order, arrange';

Old Church Slavic dobrъ `good, beautiful, beauteous, fair ' (= Armenian darbin, Latin faber), dobjь, dobljь `the best, assayed, examined, tested, strong ', doba (older r/n-stem) `fitting, applying, opportunity', podoba `ornament, adornment, decorousness, decency ', u-dobьnъ `light', u-dobь Adv. `light'; Lithuanian dabà ` quality, nature, habit, character ', dabìnti `adorn', dabnùs `dainty' etc.

Maybe alb. i dobët (*u-dobьnъ) `emaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful)', dobi `profit, advantage'.

Note:

Root / lemma: dhabh-2 : `proper, * fitting, dainty' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : `to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see below]

References: WP. I 824 f., Trautmann 42 f., WH. I 436 f., 863.

Page(s): 233-234

Root / lemma: dhanu- or dhonu-

Meaning: a kind of tree

Material: Old Indic dhánvan- n., dhánu- m., dhánuṣ- n. `bow', dhanvana- m. ` a certain fruit tree ' : Old High German tanna `fir, oak' (*danwō), Middle High German tanne, Old Low German dennia `fir'. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

References: WP. I 825.

Page(s): 234

Root / lemma: dhau-