Illujanka Illuyankas

Home

Part V

Root / lemma: pik(h)o-

Meaning: lump, knot

Material: Avestan pixa- `knot' in nava-pixǝm `9 knotted '; Latvian piks, pika ` clod, lump of earth and lump of clay ', sniega-pika ` snowball '.

References: WP. II 70.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pi-lo-

Meaning: hair, felt

Note:

Root / lemma: pi-lo- : hair, felt, : Root / lemma: pu-lo- : `hair, felt ' derived from Root / lemma: pel-2a, pelǝ- : plā- : to cause to move, drive, felt.

Material: Latin pilus m. ` hair, stringy material that grows from the head and other parts of the body ', also pila f. ` ball (play/decorative); sphere; mortar| vessel in which things are pounded '; on an s-stem based *pil-s-os ` matted, tangled ', in gr. πῖλος m. ` felt ', πῑλέω `filze', Latin pilleus, -eum ` felt cap (worn at Saturnalia/by manumited slaves); freedom/liberty; beret ' (*pilsei̯o-); Old Church Slavic plъstь ` felt '.

References: WP. II 71, WH. II 302 f., 304 f.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pi-n-

Meaning: a piece of wood

Material: Old Indic pínakā-m `staff, stick, club, mace, joint'; gr. πίναξ, -ακος ` spar, balk, bbeam, board, tablet, slate, board, painting '; Old High German witu-fîna f., Middle Low German vîne ` woodpile, stack of firewood '; Old Church Slavic pьnь m., Serbian pânj etc. ` trunk, stalk, stem of a plant '.

Maybe alb. panjë `maple ' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. II 71; Vasmer 2, 335;

See also: probably to spei- `sharp, pointed bit of wood'.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pīp(p)-

Meaning: to squeak

Note: also not reduplicated pī̆- with variant derivatives. onomatopoeic word

Material: Old Indic píppakā `a certain bird', pippīka- `a bird'? gr. πῖπος f. or πίππος m. `young bird', πῑπώ, πίπρα f. `eine Art Baumhacker ', πιπ(π)ίζω `chirp, twitter '; Latin pīpilō, -āre, pīpiō, -īre, pīpō, -āre `chirp, twitter ', pip(p)it৽re ` of the sound of the mice ', pīpulum ` outcry, the whimpering ', Oscan pipatio `clamor plorantis ', Modern High German (Low German) piepen (with hindered consonant shift); Lithuanian pỹpti `whistle' (loanword?); Czech piptěti ` twitter, squeak, chirp ', sloven. pípa ` chicken; duct, tube, pipe', Serbian piра ` a disease, malady of the chicken ' (Modern High German Pips) etc.;

Maybe alb. pepëtij ` make a low sound '

Czech pikati `chirp, twitter ', ; Bulgarian pile, Serbo-Croatian pïle `poult, young bird that cannot fly' ; similarly alb. bibë `young water bird ', Armenian bibem `pigolare ', gr. πίφιγξ, πιφαλλίς `a bird'.

References: WP. II 70, WH. II 309; Vasmer 2, 363 f.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pīzdā-

Meaning: vulva

Grammatical information: f.

Material: Alb. pith (pidhi) m. `vulva'; čak. pizdà, Russian pizdá, poln. pizda ds., out of it borrowed (?) Lithuanian pyzdà, Latvian pīzda f. ds., and Old Prussian peisda `arse '.

References: WP. II 69, Trautmann 211;

See also: s. S. 889 under sei-.

Page(s): 894

Root / lemma: sei-, soi-

Meaning: to be damp, to drip

Material: With l-formants: FlN: venet. Silis, Silarus, Ligurian Silarus, Illyrian Silarus (Lukanien), Spanish Sil; Middle Irish silid ` drips, flows, allows to flow ', contaminated partially by sel- `to move, stir' (see below su̯el-); Old English sioloÞ `sea'; Lithuanian séilė `saliva, slobber';

with m-formants: Welsh hufen ` skimmings' (*soimeno-); Old High German Modern High German seim ` honey ', Old Icelandic seimr ` honeycomb ', vowel gradation simi m. `sea', Danish sima av ` drip, drop ', westfäl. siǝmern `seep, drip' (Old Saxon *simarōn).

References: WP. II 464 f.;

See also: perhaps the base from seikʷ- and seip- `diffuse'.

Page(s): 889

Root / lemma: sek-1

Meaning: to flow out, dry out (of water)

Note:

Similar Root / lemma: sek-1 : to flow out, dry out (of water) : Root / lemma: sengʷ- : to fall, sink

Material: Old Indic á-sak-ra-, reduplication a-sa-śc-át `not drying up', víṣaktā ` a not milk giving (dried up) cow '; gr. hom. ἔσκετο φωνή ` thickened, curdled, dried up '; (*ἔσκετo, *se-sk-eto, reduplication Aor.), secondary nasalized Lithuanian senkù, sèkti `fall (of water level)', nusèkti ` drain off, to flow off, become dry ', seklùs ` shallow, having little depth ', seklė̃, sẽkis ` shallow place, sandbank', Latvian sekls ` shallow, having little depth ', sīku (*sinku, afterwards:) sikt ` dry up', in addition with Baltic un from on of the causative Lithuanian sunk-iù, suñkti ` let seep ', Latvian sùcu, sùkt ` strain, filter with a sieve or strainer ', Iterative sũkât, East Lithuanian sunkà `juice, sap'; Old Church Slavic i-sęknǫti ` dry up (of water)', prě-sęknǫti ` decrease '.

reduplication si-sk-us `dry (=dried up)' in Avestan hišku- `dry' (also hiškva-), fem. hiškvī, Middle Irish sesc, Welsh hysb `dry, infertile ', Breton hesp `dry' (*sisku̯o-), Old Irish sescenn `swamp, marsh, moor, fen' (`infertile '; compare Old Icelandic saurr `moor, fen': Old English sēar `dry'), besides Breton hesk `dry, infertile ', hesken ds., `of a cow without calf and milk', heska `tarir ', Breton hesquein (besides hespein) ds., Cornish beuch heskyz `a dry cow', Breton hañvesk Adj., `of a cow, which has had no calf in years = Middle Irish samaisc `young cow, two-year-old heifer ' (*samo-sisku̯ī ` the summer-dry '), based on fem. *sisku̯ī, Gen. *sisku̯i̯ās and before i̯ have lost the case obl. u̯; unclear is gr. ἰσχνός `arid, shrunk, fragile, flimsy '.

Note:

Nostratic etymology:

Meaning: shallow

Indo-European: *sek-, *sisk-

Uralic: *čoka

English meaning: shallow; to become shallow, dry

Saam (Lapp): coakke -g- (N) 'low water (in river or sea)', tsā̊hkē (L) ' shallowly (from a sea)', ci̊økke (T), cuøikk (Kld.) ' shallow, low (from the water)', coakko- -g- (N) 'fall (e.g. level of water), sink, decrease', tsā̊hkō- (L) ' get lower water level, sink, fall ', coakka- (K) ' fall (from the water)' ( > Finnish dial. sokku- ' drop, fall ') ?

Selkup: čeka-, te^ka- (Ta.), cakka- (Ke.), čaga- (N) ' parch, dry ', tē̮kki̮- (Tur.) ' become dry '

K. Reshetnikov's notes: Still compare Hun. sekély ' shallow ' (despite its rejection in UEW 61).

Yukaghir parallels: čoɣu ' shallow ', čogunn'e- 'be shallow (of a river)'

Albanian cek ` touch', cekët adj. ` shallow ', cak ` border, line'.

References: WP. II 473 f., Trautmann 256 f., Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalpräs. 185 f.

Page(s): 894-895

Root / lemma: sekʷ-1

Meaning: to follow

Grammatical information: mostly medial

Note: as term of the jargon spoken by hunters originally the one with sekʷ-2, s. Wissmann in: Das Institut f. deutsche Sprache u. Literatur 1954, 142.

Material: Old Indic sácate `accompanies, follows ', sácati, síṣakti, 3. Pl. sáścati (: ἑσπόμην Aor.) ds., Avestan hačaitē, hačaiti ds., Old Indic sákman-, Avestan haxman- n. ` escort, companionship'; Old Indic sākám (m. Instrumental) ` in company of, together with, among, including, involving, comprising, containing '; Avestan hakat̃ Adv. ` at the same time ' (solidified Nom. Sg. n. of participle, *sekʷn̥t); Old Indic sáci Adv. ` at the same time, both ' (: Latvian sec?); Old Indic sácā (m. Locative) ` along with, together with, with, in view of, in the face of ', Avestan hačā, Old Persian hačā ` from, out of ' (Instrumental *sekʷo-s ` following '); zero grade Old Indic ā́skra- (*ā-sk-ra-) ` combined ', as Avestan āskiti f., ` association ' (full grade hačiti- ` accompaniment ');

because of Aryan kh dubious: Old Indic sákhā (sákhi-) ` fellow, comrade, friend', Avestan haxay- (haši-) ds., Old Persian Haxāmaniš- ` ᾽Αχαιμένης ';

gr. ἕπομαι ` follow ', Aor. ἑσπόμην (reduplication, compare Old Indic sáścati) and σπέσθαι, σπόμενος, ἐπί-σπου; due to a *sokʷi̯o-s (= Latin socius, Old Icelandic seggr): ἀοσσέω `help, stand by ' (*sm̥-sokʷi̯ei̯ō), ἀοσσητήρ ` companion, aide, assistant, helper '; participle *ἑπτός as base from σουν-επτᾶ-σθαι συνακολουθῆσαι Hes.;

maybe alb. (*sokʷ) shoku m. shoqe f. `friend' a Latin loanword.

vowel gradation ὀπά̄ων ` fellow ', ὀπάζω ` allow to follow ', ὀπᾱδός, Ionian ὀπηδός ` Веgleiter ' (*soqʷā ` the following, allegiance, followers ');

Latin sequor, -ī ` follow up, accompany, pursue ', participle secūtus (after solūtus, volūtus, for older *sectos = gr. *ἑπτός, Lithuanian at-sèktas ` tracked down, discovered, found '); īn-sequor `pursue' (: Old Indic anu-sac- `go after, track down'); compare sector, -ārī ` accompany eagerly ', seccta f. ` guideline, party, philosophic school '; secundus (participle Praes.) `the following, second '; sequester, -tra, -trum, newer -tris, -tre `(*followiing in between =) intermediatory, intermediary, negotiating, middleman ' (derive from n. es-stem -seku̯os); secus (with Akk.) ` by| beside| alongside; in accordance with ', solidified Nom. Sg. m. a *sekʷo-s ` following ' (compare o. Old Indic sácā); to secus ` by| beside| alongside; in accordance with ') become new compounds sĕquius; socius ` companion, participant, confederate ';

Maybe alb. (*sekʷo-) shkoj ` go, follow', shko-zë ` beech, (*walking tree)' [-zë alb. diminutive suffix] similar to alb. bredh ` fir-tree, spruce', bredh ` wander, (walking tree)', (*sokʷ) shoku `friend, follower'.

Old Irish sechithir (= Latin sequitur) ` follows ', sechem `the following, the results ', sech (with Akk.) `by, past, over, finished, gone by, about - out, namely', Welsh Breton hep `without' (compare Old Indic sácā, Avestan hačā̆, Latin secus);

Old High German beinsegga ` female attendant; waiting woman| waitress; handmaiden ', Old Saxon segg, Old English secʒ, Old Icelandic seggr ` retainer, servant, journeyman, man' (*sokʷi̯os);

Lithuanian sekù, sèkti, Latvian seku, sekt `follow; feel, scent', Lithuanian at-sektas (see above), sekmė f. ` prosperity ', Latvian (veraltet) secen, sec (m. Akk.) `by, past, over, finished, gone by, along there ', (perhaps from *sekeną, *seki = Old Indic sáci).

References: WP. II 476 f., WH. II 506, 518, 519 f., Trautmann 254 f.

Page(s): 896-897

Root / lemma: sekʷ-2

Meaning: to see, show; to speak

Note: identical with sekʷ-1.

Material: Gr. ἐνέπω, ἐννέπω (-νν- expression of the metr. lengthening) ` announce, declare, proclaim, narrate, tell, relate, recount ' (imperative ἔννεπε, Impf. ἔννεπε, Fut. ἐνι-σπήσω (*skʷ-ē-), Aor. ἐνι-σπεῖν, imperative ἐνί-σπες, ἔνι-σπες, 2. Pl. ἔσπετε from *ἔν-σπετε), ἄσπετος `incapable of being uttered or expressed, inexpressible, unspeakable; greatly unutterable ', πρόσ-εψις προσαγόρευσις Hes. (: Latin insectiō), θεσπέσιος ` wonderful, divine' (originally `from the revealed divinity '), from *-σπέ-τιος; θέσπις, θέσπιος ` seer, prophetess ' probably abbreviation from θεσπέσιος; θεσπίζω ` predict, prophesy, augur, foretell the future '; ἀσπάζομαι `greet' (ἀ- from n̥ `in'); ἀσπάσιος ` welcome, desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted ' (*n̥-σπά-σιος);

Latin īnseque ` announce, declare, proclaim ' (= gr. ἔννεπε), also īnsece, с prolonged from forms as: insectiōnēs `narrationes ', insexit `dixerit '; inquam, inquis, -it ` I say, you say, he says ' (inquam subjunctive form *en-skʷām `möcht ' I say'; inquit originally themat. Aorist *en-skʷe-t like ἐνι-σπεῖν);

Umbrian prusikurent `pronuntiaverint ', sukatu `declārātō, pronuntiātō '; k instead of p after forms with labialization of *kʷ before s, t;

Old Welsh hepp, Middle Welsh heby(r), Welsh eb(e), ebr ` said ', Middle Welsh hebu `speak', go-hebu ` answer, respond', Welsh `correspond, meet, comply, conform, correlate ', Middle Welsh gwrtheb ` reaction ', Welsh ` objection ', Cornish gorðeby ` answer, respond'; Middle Welsh dihaereb ` proverb, saying ' (*dē-ad-pro-skʷo-), Old Irish ārosc ds. (*ad-pro-skʷo-); Middle Irish rosc ` dithyrambic poem ' (*pro-skʷo-); Old Irish in-coissig (*ind-com-sech- from *sekʷ-) ` identified ', tāsc `announcement' (*to-ad-skʷo-), ēcosc `apparition' (*en-kom-skʷo-); Middle Welsh atteb, Modern Welsh ateb ` answer' (*ati-sekʷ-), Old Irish aithesc n. ` answer' (*ati-sku̯-om), con-secha ` scolds ', cosc ` punishment ' = Welsh cosp ds. (*kom-skʷo-m), Old Irish diuschi ` rouses, awakens ' (*di-uss-sechi), Old Irish insce ` discourse ' (*eni-sku̯-i̯ā), also Old Irish scēl n. ` narration ' (*skʷetlo-n, from which borrowed Welsh chwedl etc.); Middle Irish scoth f. `word';

Maybe alb. shqip `Albanian language, speech' = Old Welsh hepp, Middle Welsh heby(r), Welsh eb(e), ebr ` said ', Middle Welsh hebu `speak'

Maybe alb. (*sku̯-em) them, thom `speak' (common alb. k- > th-)

Old High German sagen `say' (*sokʷē-), besides Germanic *sagi̯ō < *saʒwi̯ō in Old Saxon seggian, mnl. segghen, Old English secgan (English say), Old Icelandic segja ds., abstract noun Old Icelandic Old High German saga `declaration, narration ' (Modern High German Sage), Old English sagu f. ds.;

Lithuanian sekù, sèkti `tell| tell about| relate| narrate| recount| describe ' (= (ἐν)έπω, inseque), sekimas ` the narrative ', sėkmė̃ f. ` narration, saga, legend, myth ', sakaũ, sakýti `say', pãsaka ` fairy tale, story involving fantastic forces and beings, saga, legend ' etc.;

Old Church Slavic sočiti ` indicate ', sokъ `indicator, one who places blame, accuser', poln. osoka ` accusation, slander ' etc.;

older meaning sekʷ- `see' and `show' (see previously above Irish in-coissig, tāsc, also con-secha, cosc ` reprove ') in: Old Irish rosc m. `eye, look' (*pro-skʷo-);

Gothic saiƕan `see', Old Icelandic sjā from sēa, Old English sēon, Old Saxon Old High German sehan, Modern High German sehen; Gothic siuns `face, eyesight', Old Icelandic sȳn, sjōn f. `vision, sight, apparition', Old English sīen, Old Saxon siun `sight, vision, eye' from *se(g)wní; Adj. Gothic anasiuns, Old English gesīene, Old Icelandic sȳnn `visible, obvious, clear', sȳnast `shine, appear, seem' (= ` appear '); Old High German (gi)siht `the looking, face, sight', Old English gesiht ds.;

Maybe alb. syu, syni ` eye '

besides from lengthened grade *sē(g)wni-: Old High German selt-sāni, Middle High German selt-sǣne `seldom' seltsam ` bizarre, strange, queer, odd, weird ' (but Old English seldsīene ` rare ' from -*sa(g)wni-);

Hittite šakuu̯a- n. Pl. `eyes', šakuu̯āi- `see'; Tocharian A šotre, В šotri `mark, token, sign' (*sekʷ-tr-).

Maybe alb. shikoj `see'

From PIE this root passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *sígá ( ˜ z-)

Meaning: to look, search

Mongolian protoform: *sigiɣa-

Tungus protoform: *sig-

Korean protoform: *čhắč-

Japanese protoform: *sánk-

Note: ТМС 2, 78, Martin 236, Martin 1996, 27. Kor. *čhắč- is an assimilation < *sVhắč- = PJ *sá(n)kas-.

References: WP. II 477 ff., WH. I 702 f., Trautmann 255, Pedersen Tocharian 69.

Page(s): 897-898

Root / lemma: selĝ-

Meaning: to throw away, pour out, send away, free

Material: Old Indic sr̥játi, sárjati ` releases, unburdens, shoots, pours', participle sr̥ṣṭá-, visárjana-m ` descent of the Holy Spirit' (sárga- `the releasing, shooting, pouring ' with g through derailment); Avestan harǝzaiti, hǝrǝzaiti `releases, sends out, sends in ', participle haršta-, harǝzā̆na- n. ` letting through; sieve, filter';

Old Irish selg f. ` hunt' (of releasing the dogs, Old Indic sr̥játi śúnaḥ), sleg f. `spear, javelin' (*sl̥gā); Old Welsh in-helcha `venando ', helgha-ti ` hunt, chase!', Middle Welsh hely, Modern Welsh hel, hela `hunt, chase', heliwr ` hunter', Old Cornish helhwr ds., Middle Cornish helhys, hellys ` hunted ', Cornish helfia `hunting', Breton hem-olc'h ` hunt', di-elc'hat `be panting ';

Middle High German selken stem verb ` letting drip fall down, fall (from clouds)', Old English be-sylcan ` make feeble, weaken ', *ā-seolcan ` is or become sluggish ', only in participle ā-solcen, solcen `idle, rotten ', English sulky.

References: WP. II 508.

Page(s): 900-901

Root / lemma: selk-

Meaning: to drag; plough

Note: perhaps with u̯elk- to an originally root su̯elk- to unite, s. lastly Specht KZ 66, 25 f.

Material: Armenian heɫg `slow, idle' (compare to meaning of German zögern `be indecisive, waver, vacillate, boggle': ziehen `pull, tug, drag, haul', ducere tempus); gr. ἕλκω `pull, drag', ὁλκή f., ὁλκός m. `pull; the dragged, the towed etc.' = Latin sulcus `furrow', sulcō, -āre ` plough ', zero grade Old Engllish sulh `furrow, plough' (*solkei̯ō);

In e-grade:

alb. helq, heq `pull, pull down' (*selkei̯ō) Aorist hoqa `I pulled';

Maybe alb. (*helk) heq ` suffer '

Old High German selah, Old English seolh, Old Norse selr ` seal' as `be dragging laboringly '?

Tocharian В sälk- ` take out, pull out, show '.

References: WP. II 507 f., WH. II 627, Frisk 77.

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: sel-1

Meaning: dwelling

Material: Old High German sal m. `dwelling, hall ', langob. sala ` courtyard, house, edifice, building', Old Saxon seli m. `dwelling, hall, temple', Old English sæl n., salor n., `hall, palace', sele m. `house, dwelling, hall', Old Icelandic salr m. `hall, room, house', Pl. `dwelling, courtyard ', sel (*salja-) `chalet'; Gothic saljan ` stop at, make a stop, abide, remain ', saliÞwōs Pl. `stop, hospice ', Old High German salida, Old Saxon selitha, Old English seld `dwelling'; Old Bulgarian selo `farm, village', selitva `dwelling' (similar formation to Gothic saliÞwōs); Lithuanian salà f. `village'.

References: WP. II 502 f., Trautmann 248.

Page(s): 898

Root / lemma: sel-2, su̯el-

Meaning: beam, board

Material: Old English selma, sealma, Old Saxon selmo `bed', actually `the wooden bedstead '; Lithuanian súolas ` bench ', Lithuanian sìlė `trough, pig trough', Latvian sile ` crib, manger, trough'; alb. gjolë `clearing or pasture where salt is strewn for sheep, patch of ground for sowing ' (*sēlā).

With anlaut su̯-: gr. σέλμα, -ατος (by Hes. also ἕλματα) `balk, beam, timberwork, entablature, scaffold, trestle, esp. deck of the ship, thwart, oar bank ', hom. ἐΰσσελμος ` provide with good thwart ', σελίς, -ίδος `plank, thwart '; also Old High German swelli, Middle High German swelle `balk, beam, threshold', Old Icelandic svalar f. Pl., Old Swedish svali ` gallery, raised balcony-like area, narrow covered walkway which is open on one or both sides ', Modern Icelandic svoli ` block of wood ', e-grade Old Icelandic swill f. ` threshold', zero grade Old English syll, Old Icelandic syll ds., Middle Low German sül, sülle, sille ds.

References: WP. II 503 f.

Page(s): 898-899

Root / lemma: sel-3

Meaning: to take, grab

Material: Gr. ἑλεῖν ` to take with the hand, grasp; take, obtain the power ', ἕλωρ n., ἑλώριον ` booty, spoil, prey, of unburied corpses, Hom. booty, robbery, capture '; doubtful Latin cōnsilium ` deliberation, consultation, a considering together, counsel, council meeting, decision '; cōnsulere senātum ` gather the senate ', then ` debrief ', root nouns cōnsul, ` a consul, one of the two highest magistrates of the Roman state, chosen annually, after the expulsion of the kings ';

Maybe alb. sul ` to attack '

in addition as -u̯o-derivative Old Irish selb f., WWelsh helw m. ` possession ', gall. (Julia) Luguselva `woman's name' (`*property of Lugus'), wherefore Old Irish ad-selb- `render ', to-ad-selb- `allocate, present ', to-selb ` keep, retain possession of '; perhaps also due to the basis *slēi-: Irish slī̆- in fuil(l)em ` interest ' (*fo-slī̆-mo-), adroilliu `earn ' (ad-ro-slī̆-), -tuillim ds. (to-slī̆-); Welsh dyrllyddu, Breton deleza `earn ' (*to-ro-slī-i̯-);

as causative ` make obtain ' here Gothic saljan ` offer, sacrifice', Old Icelandic selia, Old Saxon gisellian, Old High German sellen, Old English sellan ` hand over, sell '; the nouns Old Icelandic sal n. ` payment ', sala f., Old English salu `sale', Old High German sala ` handing over the goods ', sal m. ` blessing which is to be handed over according to the testament ' must be post-verbal; here Old Church Slavic sъlъ ` summoner ', sъlati `send'.

Maybe alb. sillë `dish (*offering)'.

References: WP. II 504 f., Trautmann 292.

Page(s): 899

Root / lemma: sel-4

Meaning: to spring

Material: Old Indic ucchalati `shoot up, rise up, ascend' (Middle Indic from *ud-salati);

gr. ἅλλομαι `spring, jump ' (*seli̯ō), ep. Aor. ἆλτο, verbal noun ἅλμα `spring', ἅλσις ` the jumping ';

Latin saliō, -īre, -uī (-ĭī), -tuum `spring, jump ', saltus `spring', salax `horny, lustful', saltāre ` dance ', salebra ` rough place of the way ' (shaped after latebra); wherefore insultāre;

Middle Irish saltraid ` trampled on, treaded over, trampled underfoot', verbal noun Welsh sathru ` treading ', Middle Breton saotra ` bedraggling ', Vannes sautrein ` treading, bedraggling ';

Lithuanian ãtsala ` water puddle ', sálti `flow', Old Prussian salus ` rain brook'; about Lithuanian salà, Latvian sala `island' s. Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 664;

p-extension in Lithuanian sal̃pas m. `bay, bosom' = Slavic *solpъ in slov. slâp `waterfall, surge '; Slavic *selpjǫ, *sьlpati `spring' in Old Church Slavic vъ-slěpljǫ ds., Infin. Church Slavic slьpati.

References: WP. II 505, WH. II 468, Trautmann 256.

Page(s): 899

Root / lemma: sel-5

Meaning: to sneak, creep

Material: Old Indic tsárati `slinks, sneaks up, steals up, creeps up, creeps over ' with prefix [a]d-, tsáru m. ` creeping animal', Avestan srvant-, sravant- ` sneaking, creeping up' (particle from Aryan *tsr-au-, u-extension respectively u-present); so maybe also Armenian solim, Aor. solec̣ay `crawl; move slowly on| glide; creep on, descend; sink; fall/fail/lose strength; flow down; be carried downstream', solun `earth serpent, sudden| unexpected ' (*t-sol- with alteration from ts- to s-?); gr. ἐιλίποδας βοῦς (Akk.) `drag footed' (actually `sneak footed', compare:) εἰλιτενής epithet of the couch-grass, rapidly spreading troublesome weed, `die sich schleichweise ausdehnende ' (metr. Dehnungen for ἑλι-);

Maybe illyr TN Seleiitani

alb. shligë `snake, adder, viper'; Old Irish selige, Middle Irish seilche (*seleki̯o-) `turtle, tortoise, snail'; Old Irish *selid `slinks, crawls', verbal noun sleith (*sleth from *sl̥tā) `das creeping up a sleeping woman ', intled f. ` pitfall, concealed trap, snare ' (*ind-ṡleth); nir. seilide `snail' (Old Irish *selit from *sel-n̥tī); Lithuanian selù, selė́ti `slink, appear quietly '.

References: WP. II 505 f., Trautmann 255, M. O'Brien Et. celt. 3, 370 f.; E. Schneider WuS. 21, 166 ff.

Page(s): 900

Root / lemma: sel-6, selǝ- : slā-

Meaning: lucky, luck

Material: Latin sōlor, -āri ` comfort, relieve, appease'; Old Irish slān ` unhurt; fit, healthy';

Germanic *sēl- in Gothic sēls `good, suitable ', sēlei ` goodness; good, benefit, asset ', Old Icelandic sǣll `lucky', Old English sǣl m. f. `luck, possibility, opportunity, time', gesǣlig `lucky'. Old High German Old Saxon sālig `lucky, blessed, consecrated ', Old High German sālida ` goodness; good, benefit, asset, luck, salvation' = Old Saxon sālða, Old English sǣlð, Old Norse sǣld f. `luck'; *sol- in Old English sēlra (*sōliza) `better', Adv. sēl `better';

on a heavy basis *s(e)lǝ- : slā- it is based the gr. family of *ἵ̄λημι (*σί-σλη-μι) `be favorable, gracious', imperative hom. ἵληθι, theokr. ἵλᾰθι (*σί-σλᾰ-θι), next to which as Perf.-imperative Aeolic ἔλλαθι (*σε-σλᾰθι); not reduplicated present ἵλαμαι, after demonstrative reduplication ἵ̄λα- colored from *ἕλαμαι (ἑ- still in ΏΕλάερα = ἱλάειρα by Steph. Byz.) as also ἱλαρός `cheerful, blithe, glad' from *ἑλαρός; ἰ̄λάσκομαι (*σι-σλᾰ-σκομαι) ` mache mir jemanden günstig gesinnt, versöhne '; due to of present ἵ̄λη-, ἵ̄λᾰ- on the one hand Laconian ἵληFος, Cretan ἴ̄λεος, Attic ἵ̄λεως, Ionian ἴ̄λεως, on the other hand hom. ἵλα(F)ος, Arcadian ἴ̄λα(F)ος, Lesbian ἴλλαος ` favorable, gracious'.

Maybe gr. ἱλαρός `cheerful, blithe, glad' = Illyrians TN

References: WP. II 506 f., WH. II 556.

Page(s): 900

Root / lemma: selos-

Meaning: swamp, sea

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indic sáras- n. `wash basin, pond, pool, sea', Sárasvatī f. FlN and GN (to sáras-vant- ` rich in water') = Avestan Harax ̌aitī, Old Persian Hara(h)uvatī ` Arachosien '; Old Indic sarasyá- Adj. `pond-, pool-, sea-'; gr. ἕλος n. ` marshy lowland, marsh-meadow, depression, backwater ', ἕλειος ` of the marsh or meadow, growing or dwelling in the marsh '.

References: WP. II 507.

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: selp- (*ghelp-)

Meaning: fat n.

Material:

Hittite: salpa- (salpi- c.) ' (Hunde-)Kot ' (Friedrich 180)

Tokharian: A ṣälyp, B ṣalype `Fett, Öl ' (PT *ṣälype) (Adams 652)

Old Indian: sarpís- n., sarpi- n. `clarified butter ' , sr̥prá- `slippery, oily, smooth '

Old Greek: élpos = élaion, stéar, euthēnía Hsc., kypr. élphos, gen. -eos n. (Cypr.) = boútüron Hsch.; ólpǟ f. `Ölflasche ' , ólpis, -ios/-idos f. `Weinkanne; Ölflaschee '

Germanic: *salb-ṓ(n-) f., *salb-ō- vb.

Albanian: ǵaĺpε Butter

Old Indic sarpís- n. ` melted butter, melting-butter, lard, fat', sr̥prá- ` greasy, smooth, sleek, oiled, blank'; gr. ἔλπος (n.) ἔλαιον, στέαρ Hes. and (with φ after ἄλειφα : λίπος?) ἔλφος βούτυρον. Κύπριοι Hes., ὄλπη, ὄλπις, -ιδος f. ` oil-bottlee '; alb. gjalp, gjalpi ` butter ';

Note: alb. definite ending -i from reduced Old Indian ending -is: Old Indic sarpís- n. `butter ' = alb. gjalpi ` butter ';

Old High German salba, Old Saxon salƀa, Old English sealf ` ointment ', Gothic Old High German salbōn, Old Saxon salƀōn, Old English sealfian `anoint';

Tocharian A ṣälyp, В ṣalype `fat, butter, oil '.

References: WP. II 508.

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: sem-1 (*ḫem-1)

Meaning: to pour

Material: Gr. ἀμάομαι ` collect ', ἄμη f. ` bucket; pail ' (out of it Latin ama `foldable up bucket for the bringing of fire-fighting water ', from which Middle High German ame, ome, Modern High German Ohm ` liquid measure, measurement of fluid quantities '), ἀμίς f. ` wake, trail, trace', ἀμνίον n. ` sacrificial bowl'', ἄμαλλα f. ` fascicle, sheaf ' (ἄμιλλα), but ἄντλος, -ον `heap, storage space in thee hull of a ship, wake, trail, trace' after Benveniste BSL. 50, 39 to Hittite ḫan- ` pour, let flow, make flow, spill, cast, mold, shed ';

Illyrian FlN Semnus (Lucanien);

Latin sentīna ` wake, trail, trace, Schiffsjauche', sentīnō ` schöpfe das Wasser aus, habe meine Not ';

Old Irish sem- `diffuse' in to-eks-sem- ds., to-uks-sem- ` beget, produce ', verbal noun teistiu ` outpour ', tuistiu ` procreation, creation ' (*to-uks-sem-tiō) etc.; compare due to a grading inflection -tiō(n)- : -tīn-es above Latin sentīna (originally Adj., scil. aqua); expanded with -d- further send- in Old Breton do-uo-hinnom gl. ` austum ', Welsh gwe-hynnu ` scoop, drain '; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Lithuanian semiù, sémti ` scoop ', sámtis ` dipper ', with -el- further formations Latvian smel̨u, smel̂t ` scoop '.

References: WP. II 487 f., WH. II 514 f., Trautmann 256, Ifor Williams RC 40, 487, Frisk 88 f.

Page(s): 901-902

Root / lemma: sem-2

Meaning: one, both, half

Material:

Hittite: { san }

Tokharian: A, B ysamo, ysomo ' altogether, collectively ' (Adams 523, 524)

Old Indian: sám- ' together, with '

Avestan: ham- ' mit '

Other Iranian: OPers ham- ' mit '

Old Greek: ha- praef. ' with ' ; homaló- ' gleich, eben, glat ' ; hamó- ' irgend ein ' ; háma, dor. hamā^ ' in einem, zugleich ' ; homó- ' gemeinsam; ähnlich, gleich, eben, glatt ' ; ó-trikhes, usw.

Slavic: *sǭ-, *sъ(n)-, *sъ(n)

Baltic: *sa(-), *sō^(-), *sam^-

Germanic: *sin ' zusammen ' : OSax, OHG sin-hīun, OE sin-hīwan ' conjuges, Ehegatten ' , Got sin-tīns ' täglich ' , OSax sin-nahti, OE sin-niht ' ewige Nacht ' usw.;

Latin: sim-; similis; simul, OLat semol, semul ' zugleich ' ; semel

Other Italic: Umbr sumel ' zugleich '

Celtic: OIr sam- ' zusammen '

1. With prevailing numeral meaning `one':

Armenian mi `one' (*sm-ii̯os); gr. εἷς, ἕν, μία (*sems, *sem, *sm-iǝ), Gen. ἑνός (for *ἑμός or ἁμός after *ἕνς, ἕν) `a, an'; μῶνυξ ` soliped, animal which does not have cloven hoofs ' (*σμ-ῶνυξ), Cretan ἀμάκις, tarent. ἀμάτις `once', compounds Doric ἅτερος (Attic ἕτερος) ` one, the other of two ones ' (= Welsh hanner, Cornish Breton hanter `half');

Maybe alb. (*sem-r) themrë `heel (uncloven animal hoof?)' (common alb. -r- neutral suffix), thua, thoi `nail', thundra ` hoof'.

Latin sem-per ` always' (*sem = gr. ἕν, compare under Germanic sin-); simītu `at the same time, both ', Ablat. from *simītus < *sem-eitus `the uniting', compare Old Irish emith ` a person of worth and learning| fit company for the fellows of colleges, resembling, like; apparently, as though, as if ', Welsh hefyd `also' from *semiti-, to Old Indic sám-iti-; mīlle `1000' from *smī ĝheslī `eine Tausendheit ' (wrongly S. 446), compare the disassembled in *sm̥-ĝheslom Old Indic sahásra-m, Avestan hazaŋra- `a thousand ';

Old Irish cumme `similarly' from *kom-smii̯o- ` completely one, the same '; Germanic *sin (i.e. Indo Germanic *sem in adv. solidification) `*in one' = `together' or `perpetual' or `absolutely, very' in Old Saxon Old High German sin-hīun, Old English sin-hīwan `conjuges, spouse ', Gothic sin-teins `daily', Old Saxon sin-nahti, Old English sin-niht ` eternal night', Middle High German sin-grüene, Old English sin-grēne, Old Icelandic sī-grønn ` evergreen ', Old English sin-here `big army ', Old High German sin-fluot `big flood', Old Icelandic sī-valr, Old English sine-wealt, Old Low German sinu-wel ` totally round ' etc.;

Tocharian A sas m. (composes ṣa-), В ṣe (older ṣes in ṣes-ka ` alone ') from *sem-s; A säṃ f. from *sem; compound form A ṣoma- (*semo-), В somo- (*somo-); Van Windekens Lexique 121.

sm̥- as 1. composition part: Old Indic sakŕ̥t, Avestan ha-kǝrǝt̃ `once' (about Old Indic sa-hásram see above), gr. ἅ-παξ `once', ἁ-πλόος `simple, just', Latin sim-plus, -plex `simple, just', gr. ἑ-κ&ατόν `a-hundred' from *ἁ-κατόν after εἷς or a *ἕν-κατον. compare under *sm̥ `in one together, with'.

With Guttural suffix: gr. ἴγγια εἷς. Πάφιοι (*ἑν-για); Latin singuli ` single, sole, separate ' (against it sincinium `single song' not from *singo-caniom, but popular etymology metathesis from sicinnium from gr. σίκιννις ` dance of Satyrn');

with ĝh presumably Armenian ez ` someone ' (*sem-ĝho-? with it hez `mild, righteous ' as ` simple of customs ' immediately? Pedersen KZ. 39, 414);

with k̂ Old Indic śaśvant- ` be renewing steadily, forming an uninterrupted row, each, every, everybody, everything, all' (from *sa-śvant-, with formants -u̯ent- from Indo Germanic *sm̥-k̂o- perhaps `in a direction, in a row'); perhaps alb. gjith `all, whole' (*sem-k̂o ` around of the same kind '?).

Note:

Alb. gjithë `all, together ' = gjysmë `half' (common alb. s- > gj-).

With l-suffixes: gr. ὁμαλός ` alike, even, smooth ' (`*proceeding in a kind ') vowel gradation Latin similis `similarly' (*semelis `of the same kind '), simul, older semol, semul `at the same time, both ' apocope from *semeli, next to which widened after bis, *tris (ter) *semlis `once' in semel, Umbrian sumel `at the same time, both ' (with the same о as ὁμαλός? or latter only after ὁμός colored from *ἁμαλός?);

with reduplication-stem Old Irish samail ` picture, simile ' (proklit. amal `as, like'), Welsh etc. hafal `similarly, immediately ', Old Irish samlith `at same time; likewise; also; simultaneously; at once ', cosmail `like| very similar; similar in all respects '; Gothic simlē `(* one time =) once ', Old English sim(b)le, simles, simblon ` always', Old High German simble(s), simblum ds., being based on a n. *semlo-m `one time'.

2. semo- ` someone ' = ` anyone, someone; anybody; somebody; anything; something; everything ' (unstressed):

Old Indic samá- ` some, any ', Avestan Old Persian hama- ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything, all men (pl.)| all persons';

Maybe alb. Geg urith, Tosc (*ham-uridhe) hamuridhe ` mole '.

Armenian amēn, amēn-ain ` all, all men (pl.)| all persons';

gr. ἁμό- ` at all one ' in ἀμῆ, Attic ἁμῆ ` anyhow, somehow, in some way ', ἀμόθεν, Attic ἁμόθεν ` from somewhere, originating from somewhere, coming from some unknown place ', ἀμῶς, Attic ἁμῶς ` anyhow, somehow ', οὐδ-αμός ` none, nobody ', οὐδαμῶς ` by no means, not at all, in no way '; Gothic sums ` at all one, a certain ', Pl. `some, many ', Old Icelandic sumr ` a certain, a kind of, as one might say, some| several| a few; one and another; considerable', Old Saxon Old English Old High German sum ds.

3. `*in one = together, with';

sm̥-: Old Indic sa-há, sadhḁ `common, together' = Avestan haδa, Old Persian hadā `together', Old Indic satrā́ `together, completely ' = Avestan haϑrā̆ `together, at the same time, both, together with', Old Indic sádam, sádā ` constantly, steadily always' = Avestan haδa ` always', Old Indic sá-dhrī Adv. `together' (: root *dher- `hold, stop', as also:) gr. ἀ-θρόοι, Attic ἁ-θρόοι `in association, whole, complete ', ἄ-λοχος `shared bed', ἀ-δελφός `couterinus ', ἀ-κόλουθος ` fellow traveller ' (from ἁ- through Aspiratendiss). - Old Indic smát `together with', AAvestan mat̃ `ds.; always, forever '; gr. ἅμα, Doric ἁμᾶ `in one, at the same time, both ', ἁμόθι `together'.

som-: Old Indic sám- `together, at the same time, both with', Avestan Old Persian ha(m)- `with' (in connection with verbs and in Zs. with nouns; Armenian ham- `with' probably from Iranian);

Lithuanian sam-, są- (e.g. sam-dýti `employ, engage', sán-dora ` concord, harmony', są́-žinė ` conscience, sense of right and wrong, joint complicity (of crime)'), Old Prussian san-, sen- (san-insle `belt, girdle'), sen (*sem) preposition `with' (Indo Germanic *sem); Old Church Slavic sǫ- `with' (sǫ-sědъ `neighbor', compare Old Indic saṁ-sád- `congregation, meeting'), sǫ-logъ ` shared bed', compare ἄ-λοχος etc.;

with Old Church Slavic sǫ- changing through vowel gradation is *sъn-, sъ (*som) e.g. in sъn-iti ` be agreed upon/arranged', sъ-vęzati ` tie together ' as well as sъ preposition `with'; whether Lithuanian sù `with' belong, together with Old Church Slavic sъ and gr. ξύν, σύν `with' it could lead back to Indo Germanic *ksu respectively *ksun; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 4877.

From som- derives somo-s: Old Indic samá- ` even, alike, the same ', samám Adv. and preposition `together', samáyā `in the same way, in the middle, through ', *samayati ` levels, brings in order', Avestan Old Persian hama- ` alike, the same', Armenian omn `whoever, somebody ' (Meillet Esquisse2 90); about Old Indic simá- `even' s. Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 578;

Maybe alb. Geg (*somo-s) gjymsë, Tosc gjysmë ` half '

Maybe alb. (*sam-urithe) hamuridhe, urith ` mole' (`the same as a mole '), si ` like'.

gr. ὁμός `common; similarly, alike, even, smooth ', ὁμοῦ Adv. and preposition `together', ὁμό-θεν `from the same place', ὁμό-σε `in the same place', ὅμως ` all the same ' (ὁμοῖος, New Attic ὅμοιος `similarly'); here ὅμηρος (above S. 56), ὁμαρτέω ` accompany ' (to *ὅμαρτος from *som-r̥-to-s), after Szemerényi Gl. 33, 265 to *er-, above S. 327 f.; Old Irish -som `ipse ', Old Irish sund `here', Welsh hwnn `this' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (from Indo Germanic *somdhe, which was reshuffled to sondo-);

Gothic sa sama `the same', Old Icelandic samr, inn sami `the same', samt Adv. ` uninterrupted, continuous ', Old High German der samo `the same', compare also Zs. as Gothic sama-kuns, Old Norse samkynja `from same gender, sex', gr. ὁμόγνιος ds., Old Indic sama-jātīya ` homogenetic, kindred, similar, of the same kind ', Old Norse samfeðra, ὁμοπάτωρ, Old Persian hamapitar- `from the same father ', Old Icelandic sammø̄ðri, ὁμομήτριος `from the same mother ';

ī-Fem. *somī, *smī ` meeting, association, partly also fighting; clashing' in Old Indic samī-ká- n. `fight, struggle, battle'; but gr. ὅμι-λος `heap, congregation, meeting, battle crowd ', ὁμιλίᾱ ` contact, intercourse, dealing, traffic ', ὁΏμῑλέω ` consort ' remain far off because of Aeolic ὄμιλλος, also Latin mīles, compare Szemerényi Arch. Ling. 6, 41; gr. ἅμιλλα ` battle, fight, struggle, contention ' (*sem-il-i̯a), ἁμιλλᾶσθαι ` contest ';

in addition with the concept of peaceful meeting, also of tuning together Old Icelandic sama ` fit, suit'; Gothic samjan `like, try to like', Old Icelandic semja (= Old Indic samayati) ` put together, combine, come to an agreement, order, manage '; in addition probably Germanic *samÞia- in Old High German semfti (Adv. samfto) ` comfortable, calm, friendly', Modern High German sanft, Old Saxon sāfto Adv. `light, easy', Middle Low German sachte Adj. Adv. `gentle, mild', Old English sēfte (Adv. sōfte) ` peaceful, mild', compare in addition esp. Old Indic sāntva- n. `good appeasing words', sā́man- m. n. `ds., mildness, friendly obligingness ';

Germanic *samÞia- is reshaped from a tu-stem *samÞu-, that with Old Indic sāntva- could go back to Indo Germanic *sōm-tu-;

against it is Old English smēðe, smōð, Old Saxon smōði ` smooth, even, gentle, milde' because of westfäl. smǫiǝ originated from *smanÞi; Gothic samaÞ `together', Old Saxon samad, Old English samod, Old High German samit (samant with n after saman-), Modern High German samt; d-derivative in Old Indic samád- f. ` fight, struggle', gr. ὅμαδος ` scuffle, crowd of people ';

lengthened grade Old Indic sāman-, sāmaná- ` peaceful ', sāma-gir- ` talking friendly words ', sāntva- (see above), Avestan hāma- ` alike, the same', np. hāmūn ` plain, level ', Old Irish sām ` tranquility, rest ' (from `*cordial meeting'), sāim ` peaceful, mild', Old Icelandic sōma (*sōmēn) ` be proper, suit, fit ', sōmi m. `honour, award', sø̄mr `proper, fitting', Old Saxon sōmi ds., Old English sōm f. `agreement, congregation, meeting', ge-sōm `unanimous, in complete accord, in one mind, agreed, friendly', Middle High German suome `pleasant, mellifluous'; abgel. Old Icelandic sø̄ma ` show consideration, honor ', Old English sēman ` reconcile '; English seem `befit, shine, appear, seem' is nord. loanword;

Old Church Slavic samъ ` alone, single, sole, one; only one; one and the same ';

with n-formants: Old Indic sāman-, sāmana- see above; with ŏ-grade probably Old Indic samana- n. ` gathering, assembly, meeting, convention, festival meeting ', samanā́ Adv. `together, concomitant, symmetric '; Gothic samana ` together ', Old Icelandic saman `together', Old High German saman, zi samane, Modern High German zusammen; therefrom derived Old Icelandic samna, Old High German samanōn, Middle High German samenen `gather, collect', dissimilation samelen, Modern High German sammeln; with reduplication-stem Irish samain `the festival of 1. Nov.' (actually ` gathering, assembly, meeting, convention '), bech-ṡamain `swarm of bees';

a lengthened grade *sēm perhaps in gall. σο-σιν ` this ' and in n. of Old Irish article (s)an, preceding from *sin ` this ' from *sēm about *sīn; the remaining forms are through transference of the final inflection originated an Adv.-form *sinde (from *sēm-dhe; it allows to be placed after Old Indic sa-dha Indo Germanic *dhe, or after Irish suide from Indo Germanic *so-de (jo-inflection) = gr. ὅ-δε also Indo Germanic *de); Demonstr. Irish sin, Welsh hynn (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), go back to the stem *sindo- and place the enclitic form.

References: WP. II 488 ff., WH. II 511 f., 513, 533 ff., Trautmann 249 f.; J. Gonda, Reflections on the Numerals.

Page(s): 902-905

Root / lemma: sem-3

Meaning: summer, half a year

Grammatical information: (Gen. sem-ós)

Note:

Root / lemma: sem-3 : summer, half a year derived from Root / lemma: sem-2

: one, both, half

Material: Old Indic sámā f. ` half a year, season, year' (= Armenian am), āi-ṣá-mah `this year' (probably reshaped from a Locative *āi-samāi, see above S. 286); Avestan ham- `summer'; Armenian am `year' (= Old Indic sámā), amaṙn `summer' (*semerom); Old Irish sam (*semo-) and samrad (*semo-rōto-, above S. 866), Welsh Cornish haf, Breton hañv `summer'; Welsh hafod ` summerhouse ', Breton havreg ` fallow ', Middle Irish samad m. ` sorrel '; gall. samon[ios] ` the summer months ', samolus ` sorrel, Oxalis acetosella ', samara ` elm seeds '; remain far off the ibero-rom. a kind of fish samauca (Hubschmid. Rom. Phil. 8, 12 f.); Old High German sumar, Old English sumor m., Old Icelandic sumar n. `summer'; as ` one-year-old animal' Old Icelandic simull `( one-year-old) ox', simi, simir ds., Norwegian simla ` reindeer cow' (Indo Germanic sem-), Swedish somel ` reindeer calf '.

References: WP. II 492 f.

Page(s): 905

Root / lemma: sendhro-, -ā

Meaning: clot, melted metal, etc..

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Material: Old Icelandic sindr n. `metal slag ' and ` hammer blow; rabbit punch ' (in addition sindra ` spark, produce sparks '), Old English sinder ds., Old High German sinter ds., Modern High German Sinter, Kalksinter (in addition sintern `seep, ooze, leak out, trickle through, curdle, coagulate, harden '); presumably is related Norwegian dial. sinkla ` cover with an ice crust ' as *sind-kla; Serbian-Church Slavic sedry krьvьnyje, Russian-Church Slavic sjadry krovnyja ` coagulated blood mass ', Serbo-Croatian sȅdra ` travertine, type of limestone deposited at the mouth of a spring ', Czech sádra ` plaster, gypsum ' (from *sēndhrā).

References: WP. II 497, Trautmann 256.

Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: sengʷh-

Meaning: to sing

Material: Prākr. saṃghai `say, instruct'; gr. ὀμφή `voice, prophecy ' (*songʷhā), πανομφαῖος `epithet of Zeus'; Middle Welsh de(h)ongl `define'; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

Gothic siggwan `sing, read out, recite ', Old Icelandic syngua, Old English Old High German Old Saxon singan, singen; Gothic saggws ` song, music, lecture ', Old Icelandic sǫngr `( religious) song', Old English sang, song, Old High German Old Saxon sang, Sang ` chant, song '.

References: WP. II 496, Bloch BSL 31, 62, Vendryes RC 48, 476; after W. Wüst (briefl.) belongs prākr. saṃghai to k̂ens-, above S. 566.

Page(s): 906-907

Root / lemma: sengʷ-

Meaning: to fall, sink

Note:

From Root / lemma: sek-1 : to flow out, dry out (of water) derived Root / lemma: sengʷ- : to fall, sink

Material: Armenian ankanim `fall, retreat, diminish '; gr. ἑάφθη `sank' (ἀσπίς);

Germanic *sinkwan in: Gothic sigqan, Old Icelandic søkkva, Old English sincan, Old Saxon Old High German sinkan sinken, Intensive Danish-Norwegian sakka, Dutch zakken, Modern High German sacken ` sink '; Adj. *sinhti- in Old English sīhte ` marshy ', Middle High German sīht(e), Modern High German seicht ` shallow, having little depth ', Alemannian sīcht `very humid, wet' (of meadow).

References: WP. II 495 f.

Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: seni-, senu-, (seni-), sn̥-ter-

Meaning: for oneself; separate

Material: Old Indic sanu-tár ` apart, from afar, from far away ', sánutara- (?), sánutya- ` furtive, unnoted ' (`*aside, to the side '), Avestan hanarǝ ` apart, without'; gr. ἄτερ (Ionian) ` apart, without' (*sn̥ter);

Old Saxon sundir `without' (= ἄτερ), Old High German suntar ` separate ' and `but, against it', Modern High German sondern ` separate, segregate, set apart ' (this meaning from `besides, without'), Old English sundor `particularly, specially, especially ', Old Norse sundr ` divided ', Gothic sundrō ` apart, especially, particularly ', Adj. Middle High German sunder, besunder, Modern High German besonder;

Latin sine `without, lack' (probably neutr. *seni, standing next to Irish sain from *seni-);

Old Irish sain Adj. `different, particularly, specially ' (*seni-s), Welsh o-han-, a-han- `from', gwa-han `apart, separated, different', Old Welsh han ` garlic| garlic plant '; Welsh hanes ` narration ' = Middle Irish sanas ` mystery, lisp, lisper, speech impairment in which the letters S and Z are incorrectly pronounced ' (*sani-stā); Cornish hanys ` secret '; Tocharian A sne, В snai (*sanai) `without';

The meaning ` separate' allows connection with the reflexive stem *se-, *s(e)u̯e- to, compare with anlaut su̯-: Old Church Slavic svěně `besides, without' and Latin sēd, sē preposition ` without', prefix `without, aside '.

References: WP. II 494 f., WH. II 542 f., H. Lewis EC. 1, 322.

Page(s): 907

Root / lemma: senk-

Meaning: to burn, dry

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Material: Old English sengan, Middle Low German Middle High German sengen `singe' (*sangjan ` make burn '); Low German sangeren ` itch in the skin ' (actually `burn'), old Dutch sengel `spark', Middle High German senge ` dryness, aridity ', sinc (-g-) `the burning', sungen, sunken ` burn ', sungeln, sunkeln ` crackle ', Norwegian dial. sengra, sengla ` smelling after fire ', Swedish dial. sjängla `singe', Icelandic sāng(u)r, n. sangt `singed, burnt, scorched ';

Old Church Slavic prě-sǫčiti, isǫčiti `dry', sǫčilo `oven', Russian izsjaklyj `dry'.

References: WP. II 495.

Page(s): 907

Root / lemma: sen(o)- (*heno)

Meaning: old, *old moon

Material: Old Indic sána-, Avestan hana- `old', Old Indic sanaká- ` ancient, old' (: Latin senex, Franconian Sinigus, gall. Seneca), sanaḥ ` in the distant past, many years ago ', sánā, sanā́t, sanátā ` from time immemorial, for a long time, since long ago, since anyone can remember, always, at all times', sanātána- ` eternal, immortal, perennial '; Armenian hanapaz ` always ', hin `old'; gr. ἕνος `old, of previous years', δί-ενος ` biennial ', ἕνη καὶ νέα ` the day before the new moon and the first one of the beginning month ';

Latin senex, Gen. senis, comparative senior `old, aged'; seneō, -ēre `old, weak sein', senēscō, -ere ` grow old; grow weak| be in a decline; become exhausted ', senium ` condition of old age; melancholy| gloom', senātus, -ūs (Oscan Gen. senateís) ` senate', senectūs ` old age; old men collectively; shed snake skin ', seneciō ds.; Old Irish sen `old', Old Welsh Cornish Breton hen `old man, aged', compounds Old Irish siniu, Welsh hyn; Irish sen-māth(a)ir (= Lithuanian sen-mótė) `grandmother'; gall. Seno-gnātus , Seneca; Gothic sineigs ` an old man ', sinista `oldest', Old Franconian sini-skalkus `the oldest domestic servant', Old Icelandic sina ` grass of the previous year'; Lithuanian sẽnas `old', sẽnis ` graybeard ', seniaĩ ` in the distant past, many years ago, yore, a long time ago', senė́ju `become old' (= Latin seneō).

Maybe alb. (*sena) thinjë ` gray hair '

References: WP. II 494, WH. II 513 f., Trautmann 256.

Page(s): 907-908

Root / lemma: sent-

Meaning: to take a direction, go; to feel

Material: A. in spiritual sense: Latin sentiō, -īre, -si, -sum ` perceive| feel| experience; think| realize| see| understand', sensus, -ūs ` emotion, sense, mind, conviction; opinion', sententia (*sentientia) ` opinion| feeling| way of thinking; thought| meaning| sentence/period; purpose '; Old High German sin, -nnes `sense, mind' (*sent-no-), sinnan ` strive, lust, crave', Modern High German sinnen; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Lithuanian sintėḓti `think'; Old Church Slavic sęštь `smart'.

B. in real sense: Avestan hant- (present hī-šasat̃, Fut. ni-šąsyā) ` reach, let obtain '; Armenian ǝnt`ac̣ `way, gait ', ǝnt`anam `go, travel, journey, hurry ';

Old Irish sēt `way', Welsh hynt ds., Middle Breton Modern Breton hent ds. (= Germanic *sinÞa-), Old Breton Gl. do-guo-hintiliat `inceduus ', Old Cornish cam-hinsic Gl. `iniustus ' (cam- `crooked'), eun-hinsic Gl. ` just| fair| equitable; right| lawful| justified; regular| proper ' (eun- ` justified, legitimate '); therefrom Old Irish sētig `wife, woman' (`travelling companion ', ī-Fem. Adj. *sētach); Welsh carrynt (carr ` cart ') `way, journey', epynt (to eb-, *ek̂u̯o-) ` horse-way', dyffrynt `valley' (dwfr `water'); from *senti̯o-: Middle Welsh hennydd ` fellow ', Breton hantez ` neighbor', Cornish hynsads.;

Gothic sinÞs m. ` time ', Old Icelandic sinn n. ` time ', sinni n. ` gait, journey' (and as descendant of *gasinÞja- also ` cortege, support, assistance, aid '), Old English sīð m. ` drive, travel, journey, way, time ', Old Saxon sīð `way, direction', Old High German sind ` gait, way, journey, drive, travel '; Gothic ga-sinÞa ` travelling companion ', Old Icelandic sinni ds., (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English gesīÞ, Old Saxon gisīð, Old High German gisind ` fellow ', wherefore n. Old English gesīð ` accompaniment ', Old Saxon gesīthi, Middle Low German (ge)sinde ` servants ', Old High German gisindi ` travel entourage, the warlike cortege ', Modern High German Gesinde ` servants', Old Icelandic sinni n. ` cortege '; Old High German sinnan (see above) also `go, travel, wander, come'; causative Gothic sandjan, Old Icelandic senda, Old English sendan, Old High German senten `send' (also Old Icelandic senda `sacrifice'); *senÞōn Denominative from *senÞa- (see above) in Old Icelandic sinna `travel, look after, heed', Old Saxon sīðōn `go, pull, drag, wander ', Old English sīðian ds., Old High German sindōn ds.;

Lithuanian siunčiù (*suntiù assimilated to *siuntiù), sių̃sti, Latvian sùtu, sùtît ` send' (Baltic un reduplication-stem on besides the full grade from Gothic sandjan).

References: WP. II 496 f., Trautmann 292.

Page(s): 908

Root / lemma: sen-, sene-, sen(e)u-, senǝ-

Meaning: to prepare, work on, succeed

Material: Old Indic ásanam `I gained ', sanḗma ` we may win '; sanṓti ` gains ', sanuká- ` predatory ', sánitar- ` gainer, victor', participle sātá- ` won, gained, earned ', sātí- f. ` production, extraction, acquisition ';

gr. *ἄνῡμι, themat. ἀνύω, Attic ἁνύω and hom. ἄνω (*ἄνFω) ` complete '; gr. ἀνύτω ds.; ἀανές οὐ τελεσθησόμενον Hes., ἰν ἀνάτοις ἐν ἀπορίαις Hes. (ἄν-ατος ` incomplete '); hom. ἐννεσί-εργος `ἔργα ἀνύων'; ἔναρα ` the armament of the killed adversary ' (`*fight booty '); therefrom ἐναίρω, Aor. ἤναρον ` slay in battle ', ἐναρίζω ` take off the armor of the slain adversary; slay in battle '; lak. ἐναρσφόρος `τὰ ἔναρα φέρων '; ἔντεα (Sg. ἔντος) `armament, armor'; next to which ἐντύω, ἐντύ̄νω `` finishes, gets everything set up, prepares '; besides τὸ ἔντος stands συν-έντης συνεργός Hes. and αὐθέντης `murderer; master, mister';

Old Irish con-suī ` tries to acquire, makes disputable ', Welsh cynyddu ` conquer, try to win ' etc.;

Hittite šanḫ- ` seek, strive, arrogate'; also ` sweep, wash away ' (`*ransack ').

References: WP. II 493, Pedersen Hittite 185.

Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: septm̥ (*sek̂ʷm-)

Meaning: seven

Note:

Root / lemma: septm̥ (*sek̂ʷh-) : seven derived from a mutated Root / lemma: su̯ek̂s, sek̂s, ksek̂s, ksu̯ek̂s, u̯ek̂s (: uk̂s) : six; common gr.-celt. kʷ > p, gʷ > b.

Material: Old Indic saptá, Avestan hapta, Armenian evt`n, gr. ἑπτά, Latin septem, Old Irish secht n-, Welsh etc. saith, Gothic Old High German sibun, Old English seofon, Old Norse siau (-n preserved after one *siƀun standing as sibuni; t-loss in ordinals sep[t]m̥-tos after dissimilatory has occurred; whether septun the Lex. sal. still pronounced seftun or Latinization is a genuine *sifun, is debatable), Lithuanian septynì, Old Church Slavic sedmь (after the ordinals), alb. shtatë (*s[e]ptm-ti-; abstract number formation as Old Indic saptatí-, Avestan haptāiti- 70, Old Icelandic siaund `number from 7'); Tocharian A ṣpät, В ṣuk(t); Hittite šipta.

Note:

Alb. shtata `seven' from (*s[e]ptm-ti-) is not possible. Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indic saptáthaḥ, Avestan haptaϑa-, Old Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoða, Lithuanian septiñtas; also Old Indic saptatí-, Avestan haptāiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -të are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute suffix -ta is used in the alb. genitive and adjectives.

ordinals: sept(e)mos in Old Indic saptamá-, New Persian haftum, gr. ἕβδομος, dial. ἕβδεμος (the extension derives from a form ἕβδμος, compare Old Church Slavic sedmь), Latin septimus, gall. sextametos, Old Irish sechtm-ad, Welsh seithfed (*septem-etos), Old Lithuanian sẽkmas, Old Prussian sep(t)mas, Old Church Slavic sedmъ; *septm̥-to-s in Old Indic saptáthaḥ, Avestan haptaϑa-, Old Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoða (also accentuated = saptátaḥ; besides Old High German sibunto, Old Saxon sivondo, Old Norse siunde, siaunde), Lithuanian septiñtas.

It seems that number seven spread from PIE to Semitic numeric system:

Semitic

East: Akkadian+ sebe, Central: Arabic sab`ah, Saudi sab`a, Yemeni sab`ah, Syrian sab`a, Lebanese sab`a, Cypriot sába`, Iraqi sab`a, Egyptian sab`a, E Libyan 'sab`a, N African (Darja) seb`a, Moroccan seb`a, Sudanese sa|b`a, Nigerian saba, Zanzibari säba'a, Maltese sebgh=a, Phoenecian+ sh-b-`, Ugaritic+ s-b-'-t, Moabite+ sh-b-`-t, Classical Hebrew+ sheba`, Modern Hebrew sheva`, Classical Aramaic+ shi:Be`a:h, Modern Aramaic shub`a:, Classical Syriac+ shab`a:, Syriac shaw'a, Van shåvå, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-b-', South Arabian (Harsusi) ho:ba, (Sheri) sho:`, Socotra 'yhobe?, N Ethiopic : Geez+ seb`atu, Tigre sabu`, Beni Amir saba`, Tigrinya shob'atte, S Ethiopic : Amharic säbat, Argobba sa'int, Harari sa:tti, E Gurage sabt, Gafat+ säbattä, Soddo säbatt, Goggot säbätt, Muher säbät, Masqan säbät, CW Gurage säbat, Ennemor säB?at.

Indo-European

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *sibum, Western : Old English+ seofon, Middle English+ seven, English seven, Scots seiven, Old Frisian+ sigun, W.Frisian sân, Frisian (Saterland) sogen, Dutch zeven, W/S Flemish ze:vne, Brabants ze:ve, Low Saxon söven, Emsland ze:bm, Mennonite Plautdietsch säwen, Afrikaans sewe, German sieben, Central Bavarian simme, Swabian siibe, Alsatian seve, Cimbrian siban, Rimella shìbne, Rheinfränkisch siwe, Pennsylvania siwwe, Luxembourgeois siwen, Swiss German siebë, Yiddish zibn, Middle High German+ siben, Old High German+ sibun, Northern : Runic+ siu:, Old Norse+ sjau, Norwegian sju, Danish syv, Swedish sju, Faroese sjey, Old Icelandic+ siau, Icelandic sjö, Eastern : Gothic+ sibun, Crimean+ sevene, Italic: Oscan+ *seften, Umbrian+ , Faliscan+ *zepten, Latin+ septem, Romance : Mozarabic+ xebte, Portuguese sete, Galician sete, Spanish siete, Ladino sieti, Asturian siete, Aragonese siet, Catalan set, Valencian set, Old French+ set, French sept, Walloon set, Jèrriais sept, Poitevin sét, Old Picard+ siet, Picard siet, Occitan (Provençal) sèt, Lengadocian sèt, Gascon sèt, Auvergnat sé, Limosin se, Franco-Provençal (Vaudois) sat, Rumantsch Grischun set, Sursilvan siat, Vallader set, Friulian syet, Ladin set, Dalmatian+ sapto, Italian sette, Piedmontese sèt, Milanese sètt, Genovese sette, Venetian sete, Parmesan set, Corsican sette, Umbrian sétte, Neapolitan sèttë, Sicilian setti, Romanian s,apte, Arumanian s,apte, Meglenite s,apti, Istriot s,åpte, Sardinian sette, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ septn, Gaulish+ sextan, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh saith, Cardiganshire soch, Breton seizh, Vannetais seih, Unified Cornish+ seyth, Common seyth, Modern sith, Devonian+ seith, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ secht, Irish seacht, Scots Gaelic seachd, Manx shiaght, Hellenic: Classical Greek+ heptá, Greek eftá, Cypriot eftá, Tsakonian eftá, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ late, Tocharian B+ sukt, Albanian: Albanian shtatë, Gheg (Qosaj) shtat, Tosk (Mandritsa) shtátë, Armenian: +Classical Armenian evthn, Armenian yoth, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ *septi:njai, East : Lithuanian septynì, Latvian septini, Latgalian septeni, Slavic East : Russian semh, sem', Belarussian sem, sem, Ukrainian s--m., sim, West : Polish siedem, Kashubian sétmë, Polabian+ sidêm, Czech sedm, Slovak sedem, West sedem, East shedzem, Upper Sorbian sydom, Lower Sorbian sedym, South: Old Church Slavonic+ sedmi, Bulgarian sédem, Macedonian sedum, Serbo-Croat sëdam, Slovene sedem, Anatolian: Hittite+ shipta-, Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *sapta, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron avd, Digor avd, Avestan+ hapta, Khwarezmian+ 'bhd, Sogdian+ 'Bt

Yaghnobi avd, Bactrian+ Saka+ hauda, Pashto owé, Wakhi yb, Munji avde, Yidgha avdo, Ishkashmi uvd, Sanglechi haft, Shughn wu:vd, Rushani wu:vd, Yazgulami uvd, Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) üvd, Parachi ho:t, Ormuri ho:, Western Northwest : Parthian+ hft, Yazdi haf, Nayini Natanzi haft, Khunsari häft, Gazi häf, Sivandi häf, Vafsi haf, Semnani haf, Sangisari haft, Gilaki haf, Mazanderani haft, Talysh håft, Harzani Zaza hewt, Gorani hawt, Baluchi hept, Turkmenistan apt, E Hill hapt, Rakhshani (Western) (h)ept, Kermanji (S) Kurdish hawt, Zaza (N) Kurdish haft, Bajalani ha:ft, Kermanshahi häft, Southwest : Old Persian+ Pahlavi+ haft, Farsi haft, Isfahani haf, Tajik h=aft, Tati hæft, Chali haft, Fars häft, Lari 'aft, Luri haf, Kumzari haf'ta, Nuristani : Ashkun su:t, Wasi-weri sëtë, Kati sut, Kalasha-ala so:t, Indic : Sanskrit+ saptá, Prakrit+ satta, Ardhamagadhi+ satta, Pali+ satta, Romany (Gypsy) : Spanish estér, Welsh trin t'a: shto:r, Kalderash yeftá, Syrian h.o:t, Armenian haft, Iranian efdá:, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese hata, Vedda pahamay dekamay, Maldivian hate, Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri sat, Shina sât, Brokskat sa:t, Phalura sa:t, Bashkarik sat, Tirahi sat, Torwali sat, Wotapuri sat, Maiya sa:t, Kalasha sat, Khowar sot, Dameli sat, Gawar-bati set, Pashai sa:ta, Shumashti sa, Nangalami sat, Dumaki sot, Western: Marathi sat, Konkani sat, Sindhi sata, Khatri sat, Lahnda satt, Central: Hindi/ Urdu sa:t, Parya sat, Punjabi set, Siraiki sat, Gujarati sat, Rajasthani (Marwari) sa:t, Banjari (Lamani) saat, Malvi sa:t, Bhili xa:t, Dogri sat, Kumauni sa:t, Garhwali sa:t, W Pahari sa:t, Khandeshi sa:t, East Central: Nepali sa:t, Maithili sa:t, Magahi sat, Bhojpuri sa:t, Awadhi (Kosali) sa:t, Chattisgarhi sa:t, Eastern: Oriya saat, Bengali sat, Assamese xat, Mayang ha:d.

Dravidian

Northwest : Brahui haft, Northeast : Kurukh satte:, Malto sa:te, Central : Kolami sa.t, Telugu eedu, Gondi e:ru:ng, Koya e:du, Konda e:ru, Pengo sat, Kui odgi, Kuvi sa:ta, South : Tulu e:l, Koraga eli, Kannada eeLu, Badaga iyyu, Kodagu ye:lü, Kurumba -ö.lu, Toda öw, Kota ye:ye, Tamil aezhu, Malayalam e:lu, Irula elu

Nahali

Nahali sato

Basque

Basque zazpi

Etruscan

Etruscan+ semph

Hurrian

Hurrian+ shindia

References: WP. II 487.

Page(s): 909

Root / lemma: sep-

Meaning: to care of smth.; to honour

Material: Old Indic sápati ` caresses, courts, maintains, pursues ', Avestan hap- (2. 3. Sg. hafšī, haptī) `(in the hand) hold, support '; gr. -ἕπω (with ἀμφι-, δι-, ἐφ-, μεθ-, περι-), Aor. ἐπ-έ-σπον, -σπεῖν ` provide, supply, prepare, process, work on '; ὅπλον n. `tool, appliance, weapon', ὁπλέω `harness', ὅπλομαι ` prepare for me ' etc.;

in addition Indo Germanic *sepeli̯ō in Old Indic saparyáti `veneratur', Latin sepeliō -īre, sepultum ` bury/inter; (Roman cremate + inter ashes); submerge| overcome; suppress; ruin '.

References: WP. II 487, WH. II 517, Benveniste Origines 1, 47.

Page(s): 909

Root / lemma: serk-

Meaning: hedge, to fence

Material:

Hittite: sarnink- (I) ' ersetzen, entschädigen, büßen ' (Friedrich 187)

Tokharian: B sarki ' woof (or warp) ' (Adams 677); A sark, B serke (PT *serke) ' cycle, circle ' (699)

Old Greek: hérkos n. `Gehege, Zaun, Umzäunung, Vorhof; Fangnetz; Abwehr, Schutz ' , hérkato-s `phragmós ' (Hsch.), herkátǟ `phülakǟ́ ' (Hsch.); herkánǟ, horkánǟ f. `Umzäunung '

Latin: sarciō, -īre, -rsī, -rtum `flicken, ausbessern, wieder gut machen ' , sarcina f. `Bündel, Pack, Gepack; Last; Leibesfrucht ' , sartor, -ōris m. `Flickschneider '

Gr. ἕρκος n. ` paddock, corral, pen, fold, fence, bulwark; loop, noose, snare, net, trap, snare', ὁρκάνη `fencing; fence, enclosure ', ὅρκος m., ὅρκιον `oath';

Latin sarciō, -īre ` patch, mend, restore, recoverr', sarctus tectus ` (of a house) decorated and covered, i.e. complete ', sarcina `pack| bundle| soldier's kit; baggage (pl.)| belongings| chattles; load| burden ', sartor `mending tailor ', Umbrian sarsite `*sarcītē '; Hittite šar-nin-k- `replace, compensate '.

Maybe alb. (*sark) thark ` enclosure especially for milking ' (common alb. s- > th-) = Romanian tarc ` enclosure especially for milking ' an early Latin loanword.

References: WP. II 502, WH. 478 f.

Page(s): 912

Root / lemma: ser-1 (*ker- < *kel-)

Meaning: to flow

Material: Old Indic sísarti, sárati ` flows, hurries, goes hunting, pursues '; fut. sariṣyáti, subjunctive sisīrṣati from a heavy basis *serǝ-, compare hom. ῥώομαι `budge me fast, onrush, attack, hurry ' from *srō-i̯ō; a root noun *sr̥ǝ, in addition Old Indic *sī́r, *sĭráḥ, is the base of ā-stem Old Indic sirā́ and sīrā́ ` rivulet, stream'; Old Indic sarít f. `stream, brook, river', saraṇa- ` running ', sa-sr-á- ` flowing, streaming ', sá-sr-i- ` running, hurrying '; saráyu-, sarayū- m. `name of a river', Old Persian Haraiva-, Avestan (Akk.) Harōyūm, np. Harē ` river and region from Herāt ';

Old Indic sárma- m. ` the flow ', gr. ὁρμή ` run up, warm up, attack, urge after something ', whereof ὁρμάω ` set in motion, stimulate ', intransitive `stürme hence, worauf los'; in addition ὅρμενον ` sage, salvia, variety of plant from the mint family ' as `the stimulating ', s. Strömberg, Gr. Pflanzennamen 93; αἱρέω ` gripe, seize' instead of *αἵρω (*seri̯ō) through influence of ἀγρέω ds.;

Old Indic sará- `fluid', sarā́ `river, stream, brook', gr. ὀρός, Latin serum ` whey| the watery part of curdled milk; any similar fluid '; perhaps alb. gjizë (*ser-di̯ā) ` refreshed milk, cheese';

Thracian PN Germi-sera ` warm water ', FlN Σέρμιος; French la Sermane (*Sermanna), northern Italy Sermenza (*Sermentia), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Venetic PN Sirmiō (*Seermiō), Pannonian PN Sirmium, poln. (Venetic) PN Śrem (*Sermo-); Illyrian FlN Sarnus (Kampanien); gall. (Venetic-Illyrian) FlN Sara (*Serā), Sarāvus ` Saar, tributary of the river Mosel, river rising in the Vosges Mountains in northeast France '; Sar- forms many FlN in the Lombardy, Switzerland and France, also appellative (Mantua sariöl `stream, brook' etc.); Welsh FlN Sôr (*Sorā); sor- also in FlN Old Prussian Sar-ape, Lithuanian-poln. Szar-upa, Latvian Sarija;

Middle Irish sirid (*serīti) `wanders through, attacks, haunts, afflicts, loots, demands', verbal noun siriud; Welsh herw (*ser-u̯o-) `wandering, vagrancy; roaming ', Middle Irish serb ` theft ';

Lithuanian apsirti ` encircle ', Latvian sirt ` swarm around, make a raid ', sira (compare Old Indic sirā) `wanderer, beggar'.

References: WP. II 497 f., WH. II 525, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 7271; in addition sreu- `flow', after E. Fraenkel Gl. 32, 33 here gr. ῥέθεα `nostril, nose', ῥόθος `wave flood', as well as ῥίς, ῥῑνός `nose' as `the dripping'.

Page(s): 909-910

Root / lemma: ser-2

Meaning: to guard, watch over, support

Material: Avestan haraiti ` pays attention, watches out, protects '; haurvaiti ds., haurva- ` protecting; guarding, herding ' in pasuš-haurvō spā ` dog protecting the sheep, sheepdog ' (as Latin servō from u-extension); harǝtar- ` guarder, keeper ', harǝϑra- `nourishment, care, cultivation, maintenance '; hāra- ` protecting, herding ', reduplication hišāra- ds.;

gr. ῝Ηρα `* guarder ' from * ῝ΗρFα, ἥρως, -ωος (stem ἡρ&##969;F-, see above) `* guardian, keeper ' (ἥρωες ` demon of land protection '), ` mighty man'; servō, -āre ` watch over; protect| store| keep| guard| preserve| save ', Oscan serevkid `auspicio, iussu '; Umbrian seritu `servato ', anseriato Supin. `observatum ' compare ooserclom perhaps `*observaculum ' from *ser-tlom;

unclear are Old Church Slavic chranjǫ, chraniti `look after, watch over, keep, preserve, protect', chrana `dish, food, nourishment, food' etc. (see Berneker 397 f.); compare Machek Slavia 16, 191 f.;

as guttural extension here Lithuanian sérg-mi, -u, -iu ` protect, guard ', sárgas ` guarder, keeper ', sargùs `watchful, wakeful', Old Prussian but-sargs ` housekeeper', absergīsnan Akk. ` protection'.

References: WP. II 498 f., WH. II 525 f., Trautmann 257 f.

Page(s): 910

Root / lemma: ser-3, sor-

Meaning: red

Material: Old Indic perhaps in sā́ra- m. n. ` marrow of a tree (compare Latin rōbur ` heartwood '), sturdiness, military strength/might/power; heart| main strength| strongest element ';

with formants -to- Lithuanian sar̃̃tas ` red haired (of horses'), Latvian sârts `red in the face';

with formants-bho- Latin sorbum ` sorb| service-berry/apple; fruit of service tree (Pyrus domestica) ', sorbus ` sorb/service tree (Pyrus domestica); sorb| service-berry/apple'; Swedish sarf ` roach, cockroach '; Russian sorobalina ` rosehip, dog rose, blackberry ', Lithuanian serbentà, serbeñtas ` black currant ' (assimilated from *sarbentà?);

with formants -g(h)o- Russian soróga ` cockroach, roach ';

with -k- Latvian sarks `reddish';

with -m- Lithuanian sarmóties ` be ashamed';

with -p- Lithuanian serpės Pl. ` a yellow dyer's herb, Serratula tinctoria', sirpstù, sirpaũ, sir̃pti ` become ripe ' (only from berries and stone fruits, also actually ` become yellow or reddish ').

References: WP. II 499, WH. II 562, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 267.

Page(s): 910-911

Root / lemma: ser-4

Meaning: to put together, bind together

Material:

Hittite: sai- (II) / sija- (I) ' festdrücken, einprägen ' (Friedrich 175)

Tokharian: B ṣaiweñña ' seed? ' (Adams 662); ? A säryām ' seed ' , A sāry- ' to plant ' , sārm ' seed ' ( < *sō-r, cf. Lit. sṓra, Lett. sãra ' millet ' ) (Adams 683)

Old Indian: sā́yaka- `intended or fitted to be discharged or hurled ' , m. `missile, arrow ' ; senā f. `missile, spear ' ; prá-sita- `darting along '

Old Greek: híēmi, 3 pl. hiā^si, inf. hiénai, ft. hḗsō, aor, hē^ka, héēka; híemai, aor. hēkámǟn inf. hénthai, ptc. pro-hémeno- ' release, let go, let fall; throw, hurl ' ; deverbative nouns: kath-etḗr Hipp.+, aph-ḗtōr Hom., hési-s f. (ksǘn- Hom.+), eph-etmǟ́ Hom.+, hesmó-s Aesch.+, sün-ḗmōn A.R., a-ḗmōn Aesch., hḗmōn Hom., Hsch., káth-eto-, ksǘn-eto-, áph-eto (Hdt., Aesch.+), hē^ma Hom., en-etǟ́ Hom.+, eph-étǟ-s m. (Aesch.+), Salamīn-étǟ-s (Solon)

Slavic: *sētī/*sḗjātī, *sḗjǭ; *sḗmę̄; *sēja (> Sloven sę^ja)

Baltic: *sē^- (*sē^-ja-) vb. tr. (1), *sē^jā^ (1) /*sē̃jā^ f., *sē^-tl-ā^ f. (1), *sē^-men-; *sē^-l-en-ā^ f., *sē^-taw-ā^ f. (1), *sē^-n-Vl-ā^ f. (1), *sa-j-u- adj.

Germanic: *sē-ja- vb., *sē-m-an- m., *sē-d-í- c., *sē-d-á- n.

Latin: serō, -ere, sēvī/seruī, satum `säen, pflanzen, hervorbringen, zeugen ' , satus, -a `gesät ' ; satiō f. `das Säen ' , sator, -ōris m. `Säer ' ; sēmen, -inis n. `Same; Geschlecht, Nachkomme ' , pl. Sēmōnēs `Saatgötter ' , Sēmōnia f. `Saatgöttin ' ;

Other Italic: Paelign Semunu `Sēmōnum ' , Umbr semenies, sehmenier `*sēminiīs ' , sehmeniar, sehemeniar `sēminārium '

Celtic: *sat-; *sēlo- > OIr sīl `Same ' ; Cymr had `Same ' , hadu `säen ' , hil `Same, Nachkommenschaft ' , Corn has `Same ' , Bret had `Same '

Old Indic sarat-, sarit- ` filament, thread ', perhaps saṭā ` lichen (vegetation growing on trees); skin eruption, mane, bristle';

gr. εἴρω (*seri̯ō) ` line up, form a line; string together ' (hom. only participle Perf. ἐερμένος, 3. Sg. Plusqpf. ἔερτο), ἐνείρω ` connect, queue ' (: Latin in-serō ` plant| sow; graft on; put in| insert '), ἔνερσις `the joining, putting, sticking ' (: Latin insertiō; ti-stem also in praesertim `in the previous row, preferably, especially; particularly '), ἕρμα n. ` earring ', ὅρμος m. ` necklace ', ὁρμίᾱ f. `fishing line', ὁρμαθός m. `row, chain ', presumably also εἴρερον ` in captivity, in confinement, held captive (of animals, prisoners, etc.) ';

Latin serō, -ere, -tum ` sow| plant; strew| scatter| spreadd; cultivate; beget| bring forth, put in a line, tie, bind, knot ', seriēs ` row| series| secession| chain| train| sequence| order ', serīlia ` rope ', sors `lot, fate' (probably of string of the lot); sera ` bar (for fastening doors); rail of post and rail fence; lock ' (?); Oscan aserum ` lay hands on/grasp; assert/state/allege; free/release; claim; protect/preserve '; Old Irish sernaid ` queue, align, arrange in a line ', subjunctive seraid, verbal noun sreth (*sr̥tā) ` outspread, row' etc. could also contain *ster- and *sper-; Gothic sarwa n. Pl. `armament, armor, weapons ' (probably ` knotted, tied armor ', compare Latin sertae loricae), Old Icelandic sørvi n. ` precious collar, neckband', Old High German Old Saxon saro `armament, armor', Old English searu `armament, armor'; also `skillfulness, artifice', as sierwan ` lie in ambush, plan ';

Old Lithuanian sėris ` filament, pitched thread, thread covered in tar '; Hittite šarra- `break, rupture, divide' (?).

One with ser- identical origin ser- for ` sexual intercourse; wife, woman' one seeks a stem in Old Icelandic serða verb ` lubricity drive, push', sorðenn and stroðenn `muliebria passus ' (Old English seorðan is nord. loanword), Old High German sertan ` have sexual contact ', Welsh serth `inauspicious/unpropitious; ill-omened/boding ill; filthy| polluted| disgusting ', serthedd `disgusting speech'; if Irish serc `love', Breton serc'h `concubine, mistress, kept woman' is to be added, it is accepted a West Indo Germanic ser- ` contact sexually '; about uncertain Indo Germanic *sor- `wife, woman' s. M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein, Studien 32 ff.

Maybe alb. (*sor) thur ` fence, enclosure, plait, weave ' (common alb. -o- > -u- shift)

References: WP. II 499 f., WH. II 52 f., Pedersen Hittite 118.

Page(s): 911

Root / lemma: ser-5, extended serp-

Meaning: sickle

Material: Old Indic sr̥ṇī́ f. `sickle', sŕ̥ṇya- ` sickle shaped ', sr̥ṇi- m ` hook for driving, prodding into the elephant '; Latin sariō, -īre ` hoe; weed (crops); dig over (land) ' (*seri̯ō), sarculum ` weed hatchet, weed hoe ' (*sar-tlom).

With p-extension:

Gr. ἅρπη `sickle' and `a bird of prey', ἁρπάζω `grab, loot, spoil, plunder, despoil ', ἁρπαγή f. `Plünderung', ἁρπάγη f. ` rake ', ἅρπαξ, -αγος `robbing, stealling, greedy ';

Latin sarpiō and sarpō, -ere, -si, -tum `beschneiteln, abschneiteln ', sarmen (*sarp-men), sarmentum ` shoot; twigs (pl.)| cut twigs| brushwood '; Old High German sarf, Middle High German sarph ` sharp, rough, of harsh, astringent taste, cruel, savage, wild'; Old Church Slavic srъpъ, Russian serpъ `sickle', Latvian sirpis `sickle'.

References: WP. II 500 ff., WH. II 470 f., Trautmann 261 f.; J. Gonda Mnemosyne 6, 153 ff.

Page(s): 911-912

Root / lemma: serp-

Meaning: to crawl, *snake

Material: Old Indic sárpati `slinks, crawls, goes' (= ἕρπω, Latin serpō), sarpá- m. `snake'; gr. ἕρπω `slink, go', ἑρπύζω `slink, crawl, creep', ἑρπετόν `crawling animal', vowel gradation Lesbian ὄρπετον `animal' (*sr̥p-), ἕρπης, -τος `lichen in the skin', ἕρπυλλον ` thyme ' (Latinized serpullum); alb. gjarpën `snake' (*serpeno-), shtërpínj ` all creeping '; Latin serpō `crawl, creep, slink', serpēns `snake'.

Note:

alb. gjarpën `snake' = Saami gearpmaš `snake'.

References: WP. II 502, WH. II 524.

Page(s): 912

Root / lemma: seug-

Meaning: sad, grievous; ill

Material: Armenian hiucanim ` waste away, deteriorate, rot '; Middle Irish socht m. (*sug-to-) ` silence, depression ';

Gothic siuks ` sick ', Old Icelandic sjūkr ` sick, grieving ', Old English sēoc (English sick), Old Saxon siok ds., Old High German siuh, sioh, Middle High German siech ` sick, sad '; Gothic siukan ` waste away, be sick '; abstract noun Gothic siukei, Old High German siuhhī, Middle High German siuche ` epidemic '; Middle High German sochen (*sukēn) ` waste away, pain, feel ill ', Old Icelandic sokna ` become sick '; Gothic saúhts ` addiction, disease, malady, sickliness ' (*sug-ti-), Old Icelandic sōtt `disease, malady', Old High German suht `disease, malady', Modern High German (Schwind)sucht, Sucht (here meaning-influence of suchen ` seek '); Old English sȳsl n. f. (*sūh-sla-) ` sorrow ', sēoslig (*seuh-sla-) ` tormented ', Old Icelandic sȳsl, sȳsla ` occupation, activity, office, post, administrative district ', sȳsl Adj. ` bestirs keenly, carefully ' (*sūsli-R).

References: WP. II 472 f.

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū-

Meaning: juice; liquid, *rain, *semen, *milk

Material:

Hittite: {sunnai ' füllt, presst, drängt aus ' - source?}

Tokharian: B ṣwīye ' broth, porridge ' (Adams 669); B sum- ' to drop, trickle ' , sumo ' libation ' , B smaññe ' broth ' (696, 697)

Old Indian: sunóti `to press out, extract ' , ptc. sutá-; sávana- n., savá- m. `pressing out the juice of the Soma plant ' , sóma- m. `juice, extract, juice of the Soma plant '

Avestan: hunaoiti `presst aus, keltert ' , hauma- m. `Soma '

Germanic: *saww=, *saww-ia-

Celtic: *sut- > Ir suth suth `Saft; Milch '

1. Gr. ὕει ` it is raining ', ὕω ` allows to rain ' (*sū-i̯ō), ὑετός `heavy rain' (*suu̯-etos, as νῐφετός);

alb. shi `rain' (*sū-) < (*sū-ii̯) [common Celtic abbreviation]

= Old Prussian: sūji `rain'

Tocharian В swese `rain', sū-, swās- `rain'; to ὕει perhaps ὕθλος (ὕσθλος, ὕσλος grammatical) m. `empty gossip' (as though ` letting drip monotonously ');

Note:

The old laryngeal became a sibilant in satem languages : *heu- > seu-.

Illyrian Savus (*Sou̯os) displays satem characteristics : alb. shiu `rain'.

Irish suth `weather', Early Irish suth `milk', Further allied is root seu-2, (seu̯ǝ-), sū̆- : to bear child; son, beget, Old Irish suth, offspring, English sun = alb. syth `young shoot'.

Note:

Root / lemma: seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū- : juice; liquid, *rain, *semen, *milk derived from Root / lemma: seu-2, (seu̯ǝ-), sū̆- : to bear child; son

2. Old Indic sunṓti ` squeezes, presses ' = Avestan hunaoiti ds.; Old Indic sávana-m, savá- m. ` wine press of Soma ', sutá- ` pressed ', sṓma- = Avestan hauma- m. ` Soma '; Old High German sou, Old English séaw `juice, sap', Icelandic söggr `humid, wet' (*sawwia-); Old Irish suth `juice, sap, milk' (*sŭ-tu-s); here probably also FlN gall. Save, Savara, -ia and (Illyrian) Savus (*Sou̯os).

Note:

Old Indic sávana-m, savá- m. ` wine press of Soma ' : Illyrian Savus prove the satem nature of Illyrian-alb. Proto Illyrian was probbaly the bridge between satem and centum languages.

3. seu-d- in Old English be-sūtian `smudge', westfäl. sot ` filth '; Old Icelandic sut `care, sorrow', sȳta ` grieve '.

4. Guttural extension: seuk-, sū̆k- and seug-, sū̆g-:

Latin sūgō, -ere `suck'; Latin sūcus `juice, sapp', Welsh sugno, Middle Breton sunaff, Modern Breton suna ds., sun `juice, sap', Welsh sugnedydd `pump' (*seuk-n-; Welsh g from Latin loanword sug `juice, sap'), Old Welsh dissuncgnetic ` exhaust, suffer through, endure ' (morphologically difficult group); Old English sūcan, Dutch zuiken `suck'; Old English socian (*sukōn) ` steep, absorb, suck ', gesoc n. `the sucking', Old Icelandic sūga (sjūga) `suck', sog n. ` the sucking ', Old English Old Saxon Old High German sūgan `suck', causative Norwegian dial. søygja, Middle High German söugen ` suckle ', Middle High German suc, soc, g. soges and souc, -ges `juice, sap', Old English sogeða m. `gulp'; Latvian sùkt `suck'; Old Prussian suge f. `rain'.

Maybe alb. shushunjë `leech, bloodsucker' : Latin sanguisuga [sangui `blood + suga `sucker'] : Italian sanguisuga : Spanish sanguijuela; sanguja; sanguisuela : French sangsue : Calabrese sancisùca : Portuguese sanguessuga : Sardinian Campidanesu sangunera : Valencian sangonera : Venetian sangueta : Zeneize sanguetta ` leech '.

5. l-formant: gr. ὕλη `ordure, slime, mud', ὑλίζω `filter, clean'; Old Indic sūra- m. `intoxicating potion'; súrā `alcohol', Avestan hurā `Kumys ' (wogul. sara, syrj. sur from Iranian) = Lithuanian Latvian sulà ` draining off tree juice ' (with ū Latvian sūlât ` siepen '), Old Prussian sulo ` coagulated milk'; Old English sol n. `slime, mud, puddle, slop', Old High German Middle Low German sol ds., Old English sylian `smudge', Old Saxon sulwian, Old High German sullen ds., Modern High German sühlen, suhlen ` roll in the excrement '; Gothic bi-sauljan ` blemish ', Norwegian søyla ds.

6. seup-, seub-: Old Indic sū́pa- m. `broth, soup'; Old Icelandic sūpa, Old English sūpan, Old High German sūfan ` slurp, drink, swig ', sūf `broth, soup', Middle High German suf, sof `soup', Old English sype m. ` soaking up ', Old Icelandicsopi m., Old English sopa `gulp', full grade Old High German souf `soup', Old Icelandic saup n. ` buttermilk '; Old English sopp f. ` sop ', Middle Low German (out of it Middle High German) soppe, suppe `sop', Old High German sopha, soffa ` broth, also with soaked slices; settlings '; Gothic supōn ` spice ' = Old High German soffōn ds. (actually ` dunk into broth '); Middle High German sūft m., Middle Low German sucht `sigh', Old High German sūft(e)ōn, Middle High German siuften, siufzen `sigh'; Old Icelandic Old English sufl n. ` to the main course, e.g., vegetables, salad ', Old Saxon suval, Old High German suvil(i), -a ` sorbiuncula '; Middle Low German sūvel, Dutch zuivel ` the butter content of the milk ';

Maybe turk. (*sū-) su `water, aqua, juice'

Old Church Slavic sъs-ǫ, -ati, Iterative sysati `suck' probably from *sup-s-.

alb. sisë, thithë `teat', thith (*sis-) `suck' [common alb. s- > th-]

References: WP. II 468 f., WH. II 622 f., Trautmann 257, 291 f.

Page(s): 912-913

Root / lemma: seu-2, (seu̯ǝ-), sū̆-

Meaning: to bear child; son

Note:

Root / lemma: seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū- : juice; liquid, *rain, *semen, *milk derived from Root / lemma: seu-2, (seu̯ǝ-), sū̆- : to bear child; son, beget

Material: Old Indic sū́tē (sāuti), sūyatē (sūyati), savati ` bears, begets ', sū́ḥ `progenitor', sū́tu- m. ` pregnancy' (: *sūtu-s in Old Irish suth), sutá- m. `son'; sūtí- `birth, progeny ', súṣuti- f. ` gentle parturition'; Avestan hav- (hunāmi) ` to give birth to children, bring children into the world ', hazaŋrō-hunā ` one who brings 1000 children into the world '; Old Irish suth (*sutu-s) `birth, fruit'; Welsh hog-en `girl' (*sukā), in addition hog-yn `lad, young boy'; due to the present *sū̆nāmi (compare Avestan hunāmi) and *sŭi̯ṓ (compare Old Indic sūyatē): Indo Germanic *sū̆nú-s and *sui̯ú-s originally `*the parturition, birth', then ` foetus, son';

Old Indic sūnú- m.; Avestan hunu-š; Gothic sunus, Old Icelandic sunr, Old High German Old English sunu; Lithuanian sūnùs; Old Church Slavic synъ `son';

gr. υἱύς (Gen. hom. υἱέος) and (secondary) υἱός `son' (in addition hom. υἱωνός `grandchild, grandson' from *sui̯ō[u]-nó-s), as proto Indo Germanic formation verified through Tocharian В soyä (A se) `son' and that reshaped after dustr `daughter' Armenian ustr `son'; also Old English suhterga `grandchild, grandson, nephew ' can be a suitable reshuffling after Tochter `daughter'.

In Italian-Celtic regions are absent these words for `son'.

Maybe alb. (*tsun) çun `son'.

References: WP. II 469 f., Trautmann 292.

Page(s): 913-914

Root / lemma: seu-3 : su- : seu̯ǝ- : sū-

Meaning: to bend, turn

Material:

Hittite: suwai- (I) ' stoßen, drängen, schieben ' (Friedrich 200)

Old Indian: savati `to go, move ' (D.), savati, sauti `to urge, impel ' (D.); suváti ' to set in motion, urge, impel ' , ptc. sutá-, sūta-; savá- m. ' instigator, stimulator ' , sávīman- n. ' setting in motion ' , savitár- m. ' stimulator, rouser, vivifier '

Avestan: hunāiti ' verschafft, sucht zu verschaffen ' , mainyu-šūta- ' vom Geist getrieben ' , hvąnmahi ' wir suchen zu verschaffen ' , apahvanvainti ' sie lenken ab '

Slavic: *sovā́ti, *sū́nǭtī

Celtic: OIr. sōim ' drehe, kehre '

Old Indic suváti ` sets in motion, excites, arouses, animates ', sutá- ` arranged, powered ', prá-sūta- ` gets somebody moving, powered, sent ', nr̥-sūta- ` powered by men ', prá-sūti- ` motion; agitation ', savá- ` actuation, incitation, command, order, enlivenment; the stimulator, the initiator, commanding ', sávīmani Locative `in actuation, at one's request ', savitár- ` hastener, impeller, motivator, exciter; the god Savitar ';

Avestan hav- ` set in motion ', hunāiti ` acquires, seeks to obtain ', hvąnmahi (*su̯-en-) ` we seek to obtain '. apavanvainti (*su̯-en-u̯-) `they divert attention from ', mainyu-šūta- ` driven by the ghost ', hvōišta- `the supreme, the highest, the most significant; the oldest, god';

Old Irish sō(a)id ` turns, turns' (*sōu̯-ei̯e-ti), ess-ro-so- ` fail ' (*turn away); sua(i)nem m. `rope, cord' (*seu-n-i̯a-mō); Lithuanian siaũras (*seu-ro-) ` tight, slim, slender, thin, narrow';

Hittite šuu̯āi- `bump, poke, urge, press, push'.

seu-k-: osset. xurx ` whey, cheese waters ' (Aryan *sukra-: Lithuanian sukrùs `* what easily turned '); Lithuanian sunkalai Pl. `wheys', pã-sukos ds.; Lithuanian sukù, sùkti `turn', sukrùs `movable, nimble, agile', apsùkalas ` door hinge ', Latvian sukt ` escape; to get away ', sukata ` Coenurus cerebralis, larva of the tapeworm Multiceps multiceps found in the brain and spinal cord of ruminants ', Slavic *sъkǫ, *sъkati (preterit-stem *sukā-) in Russian sku, skatъ ` twine, turn together, wind up, roll up ', vowel gradation Church Slavic sukati `turn' (reshaped from *soukei̯e-, compare Russian sučítь ` twine ');

References: WP. II 470, Trautmann 291, Lidén KZ 61, 7 f., Pedersen Hittite 134.

See also: s. also seu̯i̯o- ` left ' and su̯ei- `bend'.

Page(s): 914

Root / lemma: seu-4, seu-t-

Meaning: to boil, move vividly

Material: Avestan hāvayąn ` they stew ', hāvayeiti ` he stews ' (3. Sg. Opt. huyārǝš - Old Indic *suyúr to a present *haoiti after the root class);

in addition Germanic *sauÞ- in Old Icelandic sjóða `simmer, seethe, boil, cook', Old English séoðan (English seethe) ds., Old High German siodan, Middle High German Modern High German sieden, Old Icelandic seyð ` stormy water', seyðir ` cooking fire '; Gothic sauÞs ` sacrificial animal ', Old Icelandic sauðr `sheep, also other small cattle'; Old Swedish sauÞn ` mineral water spring '; Germanic *suÞa- in soð n. ` meat soup, broth';

Lithuanian siaučiù siaũsti `( corn, grain) winnow, fan, the chaff of corn, segregate grain; play; dash, rage ', siuntù, siùsti ` become great '; besides also the meaning `hit' in žem. siũtis ` shove ', Latvian šàust ` flagellate '; compare also Lithuanian saũbti `rage, clamor, dash', šaũbti ` rave around ', Old Lithuanian siaubti ` tell dirty jokes '; Latvian šaulis m. `gate';

Maybe alb. (*ši-) shij `thresh, winnow'.

Russian šučú, šutítь ` jest with, joke', šut (Gen. šutá) m. ` merrymaker, buffoon ', slov. šutec `fool'.

References: WP. II 471 f., Trautmann 260.

Page(s): 914-915

Root / lemma: seu̯ǝ-, sū-

Meaning: to let, leave (?)

Material: Gr. ἐάω ` allow ' (*ἐFάω), ἔβασον ἕασον. Συρακούσιοι, εὖα = ἔα Hes., Fut. ἐά̄σω, Aor. ἔιᾱσα (to *ἐῖα); zero grade Old High German vir-sūmen, Modern High German säumen, ver-säumen (would be denominative of a *sū-mó-s ` slackening, purling, hemming ').

References: WP. II 472, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 682, 752.

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: seu̯i̯o-

Meaning: left

Material: Old Indic savyá-, Avestan haoya- ` left ', Old Church Slavic šujь, f. šuja ds.

References: WP. II 472, Trautmann 260;

See also: perhaps as ` writhed, crooked, humped ' to seu-3 (compare Latin laevus above S. 652).

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: se- (*tve)

Meaning: reflexive pronoun

Note: and (after analogy from *t(e)u̯e) s(e)u̯e-

Comments:

Root / lemma: se- (*tve): reflexive pronoun derived from the Genitive *t(e)u̯e) s(e)u̯e- of Root / lemma: tū̆ : thou

Grammatical information: Gen. t(e)u̯e, Dative toi, tebh(e)i, Akk. te; stem tū̆-, teu̯o-, teu̯e-, tu̯o-, tu̯e- and te- (common Tocharian t- > ts- Greek s-, alb. s- shift)

Material: se- and s(e)u̯e- reflexive pronoun for all persons, genders and numbers; Gen. seu̯e, Dative sebhei, enclitic Gen.-Dative s(u̯)oi; adjectival possessive s(e)u̯o-; se-: se-u̯e- inflectional as te-: te-u̯e `you'.