Illujanka Illuyankas

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Part V

Root / lemma: pik(h)o-

Meaning: lump, knot

Material: Avestan pixa- `knot' in nava-pixǝm `9 knotted '; Latvian piks, pika ` clod, lump of earth and lump of clay ', sniega-pika ` snowball '.

References: WP. II 70.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pi-lo-

Meaning: hair, felt

Note:

Root / lemma: pi-lo- : hair, felt, : Root / lemma: pu-lo- : `hair, felt ' derived from Root / lemma: pel-2a, pelǝ- : plā- : to cause to move, drive, felt.

Material: Latin pilus m. ` hair, stringy material that grows from the head and other parts of the body ', also pila f. ` ball (play/decorative); sphere; mortar| vessel in which things are pounded '; on an s-stem based *pil-s-os ` matted, tangled ', in gr. πῖλος m. ` felt ', πῑλέω `filze', Latin pilleus, -eum ` felt cap (worn at Saturnalia/by manumited slaves); freedom/liberty; beret ' (*pilsei̯o-); Old Church Slavic plъstь ` felt '.

References: WP. II 71, WH. II 302 f., 304 f.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pi-n-

Meaning: a piece of wood

Material: Old Indic pínakā-m `staff, stick, club, mace, joint'; gr. πίναξ, -ακος ` spar, balk, bbeam, board, tablet, slate, board, painting '; Old High German witu-fîna f., Middle Low German vîne ` woodpile, stack of firewood '; Old Church Slavic pьnь m., Serbian pânj etc. ` trunk, stalk, stem of a plant '.

Maybe alb. panjë `maple ' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. II 71; Vasmer 2, 335;

See also: probably to spei- `sharp, pointed bit of wood'.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pīp(p)-

Meaning: to squeak

Note: also not reduplicated pī̆- with variant derivatives. onomatopoeic word

Material: Old Indic píppakā `a certain bird', pippīka- `a bird'? gr. πῖπος f. or πίππος m. `young bird', πῑπώ, πίπρα f. `eine Art Baumhacker ', πιπ(π)ίζω `chirp, twitter '; Latin pīpilō, -āre, pīpiō, -īre, pīpō, -āre `chirp, twitter ', pip(p)it৽re ` of the sound of the mice ', pīpulum ` outcry, the whimpering ', Oscan pipatio `clamor plorantis ', Modern High German (Low German) piepen (with hindered consonant shift); Lithuanian pỹpti `whistle' (loanword?); Czech piptěti ` twitter, squeak, chirp ', sloven. pípa ` chicken; duct, tube, pipe', Serbian piра ` a disease, malady of the chicken ' (Modern High German Pips) etc.;

Maybe alb. pepëtij ` make a low sound '

Czech pikati `chirp, twitter ', ; Bulgarian pile, Serbo-Croatian pïle `poult, young bird that cannot fly' ; similarly alb. bibë `young water bird ', Armenian bibem `pigolare ', gr. πίφιγξ, πιφαλλίς `a bird'.

References: WP. II 70, WH. II 309; Vasmer 2, 363 f.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pīzdā-

Meaning: vulva

Grammatical information: f.

Material: Alb. pith (pidhi) m. `vulva'; čak. pizdà, Russian pizdá, poln. pizda ds., out of it borrowed (?) Lithuanian pyzdà, Latvian pīzda f. ds., and Old Prussian peisda `arse '.

References: WP. II 69, Trautmann 211;

See also: compare also pezd- S. 829.

Page(s): 831

Root / lemma: plab-

Meaning: to babble, etc..

Material: Old Irish labar ` talkative, loquacious, wordy, chatterer, one who speaks a lot ', Welsh llafar `language, sound', Old Cornish lauar ` continued speech, talk, conversation, discourse ', Breton lavar `word', Irish amlabar ` dumb ', Welsh aflafar, Old Cornish aflauar ` infant', Old Irish labraid, rel. labrathar `speaks', Welsh llafaru `talk, speak', Cornish lauaraf `I speak '; Celtic FlN Labarā ` Labor ' (Bavaria); [common Armenian Celtic p- > zero].

perhaps to ndd. Middle English flappen `hit, gossip, babble, chatter ', English flap `hit';

Maybe Illyrian TN Labeatae (Labeates) `talkative people, babblers '? : Celtic FlN Labarā ` Labor ' [Illyrians were probably called by the natives as babblers. Similarly Slavs called Germans Niemcy ` mute, dumb', Greeks called foreigners barbars ` babblers'].

in the kind of the sound imitation anyhow different is Latin plōrāre ` cry over| cry aloud; lament| weep; deplore '.

However, Albanian llaf ` word', llafe ` empty words ' derived from Turkish laf ` talk, word, say, spiel, words, empty words '.

References: WP. II 93.

Page(s): 831

Root / lemma: plā-k-1: plǝ-k-, ple-k- : plō̆-k-, plei-k- and pelǝ-g- : plā-g- : plǝ-g-

Meaning: wide and flat

Note: extension from pelǝ- S. 805

Material:

Hittite: palhi- ' breit ' , palhasti- n./c. ' Breite ' , palhatar n. (r/n) id., palhessar n. (r/n) id. (Friedrich 156)

Tokharian: A, B plāk- (PT *plāk-) ' be in agreement, accord, agree ' ( = Lat. placēre) (Adams 423); A, B plätk- ' arise, develop, swell, overflow ' ( < ' spread ' ) (Adams 427)

Old Indian: práthate `to spread, extend ' , pr̥thú- `broad, wide ' , pr̥thá- m. `flat or palm of the hand ' , práthas- n. `width, extension '

Avestan: fraʮah- n. `Breite ' ; pǝrǝʮu- `weit, breit, geräumig '

Armenian: lain `breit '

Old Greek: pélethro-n n. Hom., inscr. (Delph., Corc.) ' a measure of land ' , (inscr., Syrac.) ' stadium, running-ground ' ; peléthrisma = pléthrisma Hsch.; pléthro-n n. ' measure of lemgth = 100 ft.; 10.000 square feet; = Lat jugerum ' (Hdt., Xen+) || pláks, gen. plak-ós `Fläche, Flachland, Meeres-, Bergfläche ' || plágos n. `Seite ' (Tab. Heracl.), pl. plágia die Seiten, Flanken, plágio- `waagerecht, quer, schief ' || platǘ- `weit, breit, eben ' , plátos n. `Weite, Breite, Umfang ' , plátǟ f. `Ruderschafel, Ruder ' , plátǟ-s m. `Untersatz eines Grabdenkmals ' , platamṓn, -ō^nos m. `platter Stein, Falsenplatte, flacher Strand '

Slavic: *ploskъ(jь)

Baltic: *plā^-n-a- (2) adj., *plā^-n-a- (1) c., *pla-n-a- c.; *plā-k-a- c., *plā^k-s-t-ja- adj., *plā^-k-an-a- (1) adj., *plak- vb. intr., *pla-k-an-a- adj., *plā̃k-iā̃ f.; *pla-d-iā̃ f.

Germanic: *flá-x-ō f., *flá-x-i- c., *fla-g-ṓn- f.; *flṓ-x-ō f.; *flṓ-r-ō(n-) f., *flṓ-r-a- m.; *flō-k-a- n., *flō-k-an- m., *fla-k-a- n., *fla-k-a- adj., etc.; *fla-t-a- adj., *fla-t-ja- n.; *flō-t=; *fla-ʮ-ōn- f., -an- m., etc.

Latin: plānus, -a `platt, eben, flach; klar ' ; planta f. `Fusssohle ' || placeō, -uī, -ēre `gefallen ' ; placidus, -a `flach, eben, glatt; ruhig, still, sanft ' ; plācāre `ebnen; besänftigen, beruhigen ' || plaga f. `Fläche; Netz, Teppich, Überzeug; Gegend, Landschaft '

Celtic: OIr lār `solum, pavimentum ' ; Cymr llawr `solum, pavimentum ' ; Gaul Are-licca `Peschiera am Gardasee ' = "östlich von der Felsplatte von Sirmione"; MIr lecc `Steinplatte ' (< *plǝk-nā́); *hletos-, etc.: Gall. Litana (silva), Litanobriga; OIr lethaim `dehne aus, erweitere ' ; Cymr lled `Breite ' ; lledu `ausbreiten ' ; comp. lled `breiter, weiter ' ; lethon `breit ' ; llydan `breit ' ; Corn les `Breite ' ; ledan `breit ' ; Bret let, led m. `Breite ' ; ledaff `ausbreiten '

Albanian: špaɫ offenbare, pɛrpaɫ veröffentliche

Gr. πλάξ, -κός ` surface (of the sea, a mountain plateau), level surface, level area of land' (= Old Icelandic flǣr Pl. from *flahiz), πλακόεις `flat', πλακοῦς, -οῦντος m. `flat cake' (out of it Latin placenta) ;

Latin placeō, -ēre ` please| satisfy| give pleasurre to ', placidus `flat, even, smooth, gentle| calm| mild| peaceful| placid ', vowel gradation plācāre `appease; placate; reconcile', nasalized perhaps plancus `platypodia, flatfoot, foot condition in which the instep of the foot is flat rather than arched';

Maybe alb. pëqej ` I like, it pleases me ' a Latin loanword.

Old Icelandic flā, Pl. flǣr (*flah-iz = πλάκ-ες) and flār (*flahō) f. `Absatz an einer rock wall, rock face ', Norwegian flaa ds.; Norwegian flag n. `open sea', Old Icelandic flaga `thin layer of earth', Middle Low German vlage `layer of earth'; zero grade Old Icelandic flō (*flōhō) f. ` layer, position ', Old English flōh (stānes) f. `flagstone ', Old High German fluoh, Middle High German vluo ` abruptly falling cliff wall ', Modern High German Flühe, Swiss Fluh, Flüh ` rock wall, rock face '; perhaps Germanic ō from Indo Germanic ō because of Latvian pluoci m. Pl. ` position, layer ';

Lithuanian plãkanas `flat', plõkas ` stone or clay floor ', plãkė `the lead, graphite';

Latvian plāce `shoulder blade, large flat bone forming the back of the shoulder, bladebone', plācenis `flat cake'; plùoku (*planku) plakt ` become flat ', plaka ` cowpat ', plakans `flat';

doubtful is the formal assessment from Lithuanian plókščias `flat', plaštakà `flat hand' (at first through Dissim. from *plāskti̯os), Latvian plāskaîns ` smooth, both flat and broad ', Old Church Slavic ploskъ `flat' (*plā̆k-sko-);

Tocharian AB plāk- ` agreed with, concurred with, shared the same opinion with ', A plākäm ` permission ', В plāki ` agreement, consent, permission, approvement ', am-plākätte ` without asking for permission ';

on a light root form *plek- based on probably Lithuanian pleksnė̃ `broad beet, turnip ', Latvian pl'ęka (besides plaka ` cowpat '), plece `flatfish, flounder, type of flatfish ', plęcs `shoulder', further:

zero grades *pl̥kā́ f., Celtic *(p)lika in gall. Arelica (Lake Garda), actually ` to the east of the cliff of Sirmione ', fass. lia `bottom of the stove ' (Hubschmid Zh. Pr. 66, 62 f.), expressives -kk- in Middle Irish lecc `flagstone ', Welsh llech, Breton lec'h ds.

A i-root plei-k- in Lithuanian pleikiù, pleĩkti ` make broad ', plaikstýti ` open the upper clothes about the chest and shoulders ', actually ` open broadly '; to Middle High German vlīen, vlīgen ` lay in layers, place, combine, sort, order, arrange, prepare, make ready, adorn', md. vlī(h)en ds.

root form on -g: gr. πέλαγος `open sea' (`surface of the sea '), wherefore the pre-Greek resident of the thessalischen plain, die Πελασγοί ` inhabitant of the plain ' (*πελαγ-σκοί); herald. πλάγος n. `side', τὰ πλάγια `the sides, flanks', πλάγιος `(*the turning side =) crosswise, slant, skew, crooked, slantwise '; Latin plaga `surface, plain, area, net, coating, layer; region, landscape ', plagula ` bed-curtain ', plagella `rag, cloth ';

Modern Icelandic flōki m., Old English flōc m. ` flounder, type of flatfish ', English flook-footed ` flatfooted '; Old High German flah (-hh-), Dutch flak, flach ` smooth ', Old Saxon flaka f. ` sole ', Norwegian flak n. ` disc, floe, floating mass of ice', Old Icelandic flaki, fleki m. ` wooden partition, wooden shed ', Tirol-kärnt. flecken `board, plank, balk'.

References: WP. II 90 f., WH. II 314 ff., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 365 f., 367.

Page(s): 831-832

Root / lemma: plāk-2, plāg- , also plēk-, plēg-

Meaning: to hit

Material: Gr. πλήσσω (*plāki̯ō), πλήγνῡμι `hit', πληγή, Doric πλᾱγα `blow, knock', πλῆκτρον `beetle, hammer etc.'; nasalized πλάζω (*πλαγγι̯ω) `hit, nail up ' (πλάγξω, ἐπλάγχθην); Latin plāga `blow, knock, wound'

Alb. plaga ` wound' Latin loanword.

Latin plangō, -ere ` strike| beat; bewail; lament for| mourn ';

Alb. plagos ` strike, wound ' Latin loanword.

Middle Irish lēn, Gen. lēoin `affliction, wound' (*plakno-), léssaim ` hit violently ' (*plang-sō); Gothic faiflōkun `ἐκόπτοντο, mourn, grieve ', Old English flōcan ` applaud ', Old Saxon flōcan ` enchant, curse ', Old High German fluohhon ds., fluoh ` curse', Old Icelandic flōki ` rammed felt '; from Germanic here probably also words for ` impact, collision, gust of wind' and ` hit with the wings, flutter, flicker': Old Icelandic flaga `sudden attack ', Middle Low German Middle High German vlage ` shove, attack, storm', English flaw `gust of wind, crack'; Old Icelandic flǫgra `flutter', Old High German flagarōn ` fly around ';

with Germanic k: Old Icelandic flǫkra (flakurōn) `wander around, wander about', Middle High German vlackern, Dutch vlakkeren `flicker', Old English flacor ` flying ', flicorian `flicker', Old Icelandic flǫkta (*flakutōn) ` roam around, wander, flutter', expressive Old Icelandic flakka `flutter, wander around, wander about', old Dutch vlacken ` twitch '; nasalized Middle Low German vlunke (`wing'); Old Icelandic flengja `thrash' (English fling `throw' from Old Icelandic), wherefore (?) Latin lancea `the originally Spanish lance, light spear| lance ' (Celtic word);

Lithuanian plakù, plàkti `hit, chastise, castigate', plõkis m. `stroke from a fasces '; Old Church Slavic plačǫ, plakati sę ` hit one’s chest, weep, cry, wail ';

besides plāk/g- stands plēk/g-: Latin plectō, -ere `punish, curse, chastise, castigate', Lithuanian plíek-iu, -ti `hit, thrash, chastise, castigate', dial. plėgà `cudgel, beating, hitting, flogging '.

References: WP. II 91 ff., WH. II 315 f., 321 f., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 364 f.;

See also: probably to pelǝ-: plā- S. 805, also originally ` broadly hit'.

Page(s): 832-833

Root / lemma: plā̆t- (plā̆d-), plē̆t-, plō̆t-, plǝt-

Meaning: wide, flat

Note: extension to pelǝ- : plā- ds., see there; to Vokalverhältnis compare plāk- : plēk- ds. and plāk- : plēk- : plĕk- `hit'

Material: Aryan *pleth-: Old Indic práthati ` outspread, extend, spread out, distribute, stretch out ', -tē ` extends, spreads ', pr̥thhá- m. `flat hand', práthas- n. = Avestan fraϑah- n. ` width ', Old Indic pr̥thú-, Avestan pǝrǝϑu- `wide, broad, spacious ', fem. Old Indic pr̥thvī́, Avestan pǝrǝϑwī (also as Subst. ` surface '), besides from *pl̥t(h)ǝu̯- : pr̥thivī́ f. `earth' (`surface of the earth ') = gr. Πλάταια, gall. GN Litavī f., gall.-Latin Letavia, leg.*Litavia, Modern Welsh Llydaw ` Brittany ', Middle Irish Letha ds.;

Armenian lain ` broad' (*pletǝ-no-).

gr. πλατύς `flat, broad' (= Old Indic pr̥thú-), πλάτος n. ` width ' (reshuffling from *πλέτος = Old Indic práthas- after πλατύς), πλάτη `Ruderschaufel ', ὠμο-πλάτη f. `scapula, shoulder blade ', πλάτανος `sycamore'; πλαταμών ` each flat body ' (: Old Indic prathimán- m. ` width, dilatation, expansion, extension, widening '); πλαταγή `das Klatschen '; formally are not rather clear παλαστή `flat hand', πλάστιγξ `flat bowl';

Latin planta f. ` sole, foot ' (*pla-n-tā); planta ` sole (of foot); (esp. as placed on ground in standing/treading); foot ' is back-formation to *plantāre `the flattened';

Welsh lled, Cornish les, Breton let, led m. ` width ' (from n. *pletos = Old Indic práthas-), Welsh lledu, Breton ledaff ` outspread ', Old Irish lethaim ` expands, extends ' (probably also Old Irish leth n. `side, flank ' etc.), comparative Welsh lled `wide, further' (*plet-is), Old Irish letha `wide', Positive*pl̥teno- in Old Irish lethan, Welsh llydan, Breton Cornish ledan ` broad', gall. Litana (silva), Litano-briga; Middle Irish leithe `shoulder' (*pleti̯ā), Middle Irish lethech ` flounder, flat fish '; Old Irish less, Welsh llys `castle' (*pl̥t-to-?);

Maybe Old Irish leth n. `side, flank ' : alb. leth, ledh `mud, alluvium; wall, flat earth, mound, river mouth, balk'.

in Germanic with vowel gradation а : ō: Middle High German vluoder ` flounder, type of flatfish ', nasalized Middle High German Low German flunder ds., Middle Low German vlundere ds., Dutch vlonder `thin board', Old Icelandic flyðra f. ` deadwood ', Swedish flundra ds., Norwegian also `small flat stone '; Germanic *flaÞōn in Old High German flado `sacrificial cake ', Middle High German vlade `wide, thin cake', Modern High German Fladen, Kuh-fladen, Norwegian flade m. `small plain, flat field'; Middle Low German vladder `thin duff, layer of organic material which covers the forest floor ';

Lithuanian plõtyti ` outspread ', plótas ` level surface, level area of land', plõtis ` width ', Latvian plãtît, plèst `thinly spread '; Old Church Slavic *plastъ `wrong; injustice', Russian plast ` layer ' (root form *plāt-); Lithuanian splečiù, splė̃sti `spread, extend, lay broadly ' (doubtful because of anlaut s-, which is nowhere else in our family), platùs ` broad' (a = o, different from πλατύς, pr̥thú-), plantù, plàsti ` become wide ', Old Prussian plasmeno f. ` half front of the sole '; from the root form plĕt-: Lithuanian plėtóti ` sprawl, spread out ', Old Church Slavic plesna ` sole ' (*plet-s-nā, to es-stem Old Indic práthas-); but Slavic *plęsati ` dance ' because of Lithuanian plęšti not here (*plenk̂-);

Old Church Slavic plešte `shoulder', Russian plečȅ ds. (Russian bělo-plekij `weißschultrig ', neologism to plečȅ = Old Bulgarian plešte, compare above Middle Irish leithe).

With final sound voiced-nonaspirated: Old Icelandic flatr, Old High German flaz ` even, flat', Old Saxon flat `flat' (full grade Middle Low German vlōt ds.), Old Icelandic-Old English flett n., Old Saxon flet, fletti ` floor in the house ', Old High German flazzi, flezzi ` flattened bottom, threshing floor, hall, hallway, portico, foyer, vestibule, lobby, entrance hall ' (Modern High German Flötz ` smooth mountain layer '); Old High German flazza `palm'; Latvian plañdît ` make broad '.

References: WP. II 99 f., WH. II 316 ff., 319 f., Trautmann 222 f., 225 f.

Page(s): 833-834

Root / lemma: plek̂-

Meaning: to plait, weave

Note: presumably further formations from pel- ` fold, plait'

Material: Old Indic praśna- m. `netting' (also plā́śi- m. ` intestines, entrails '); Avestan ǝrǝzato frašnǝm ` silver coat of mail, silver garment made of linked metal rings '; gr. πλέκω ` braid, weave into a braid ' (= Latin plicō), participle πλεκτός; πλεκτή `rope, band, net', πλέγμα n., πλέκος n., πλόκανον `netting, wickerwork ', πλοκή `netting; bine, tendril, threadlike and clinging part of a climbing plant ', πλόκος, πλόκαμος, πλοχμός (*πλοκ-σ-μος, compare the es-stem τὸ πλέκος) ` braid, plait, lock, curl ', alb. presumably plaf ` multicolored; dappled, woollen cover' (*plok̂-s-ko-), plëhurë ` coarse canvas, rough fabric';

Note:

Alb. plëhurë ` coarse canvas, rough fabric' is the nominative form of the participle plëhur.

Latin plicō, -āre ` multiply by X (only with numerical prefix)| X-tuple; add togeter ', with i after the compounds explicāre, implicāre, applicāre; t-present plectō, -ere, -xi, -xum `flax, wattle, braid, intterwine, plait| twine ' = Old High German flehtan, Old English fleohtan (in addition flustrian ds.), Old Icelandic flētta `flax, wattle, braid'; Old Icelandic flētta f. ` braid ', Old English fleohta m. ` hurdle ', Gothic flahta ` hair lock '; Old High German flahs, Old English fleax n. `flax' (about Dutch vlijen `flax, wattle, braid' s. Franck van Wijk 749); Old Church Slavic pletǫ, plesti `flax, wattle, braid' (if with West Indo Germanic guttural from *plek-tō), vowel gradation Old Church Slavic plotъ `fence';

Maybe alb. mpleks ` braid'.

References: WP. II 97 f., WH. II 321, 323, Trautmann 224, Lommel KZ. 53, 309 ff.

See also: zur t-extension see above S. 797 under pek̂-.

Page(s): 834-835

Root / lemma: pleuk-

Meaning: flake, feather, hair

Material: Old High German (expressive) floccho `lanugo', Modern High German Flocke, Middle Low German vlocke ` flock, tuft of wool, snowflake ';

Maybe alb. flokë ` flake, hair '

Norwegian dial. flugsa, flygsa ` snowflake '; Lithuanian pláukas ` hair', plaukaĩ `hair', Latvian plauki ` snowflakes; rubbish while weaving; dust, powder; ergot, disease of cereal grasses in which fungal growths replace healthy grains ', plaũkas ` rubbish while spinning, flakes, fibers; hulls, husks '; Latvian plūcu, plūkt ` tear, rend, pluck, split, are torn apart; peel ', Lithuanian plùksna, plùnksna ` feather '.

References: WP. II 97.

Page(s): 837

Root / lemma: pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-ti̯o-

Meaning: lung

Note:

Root / lemma: pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-ti̯o- : lung, derived from Slavic alb. prefix pe- + Root / lemma: legʷh- : light (adj.), lung.

Material: Old Indic klṓman- m. n. `the right lung ' (Dissim. from p - m to k - m) = gr. πλεύμων ` lungs ' (through support in πνέω also πνεύ̄μων); Latin pulmō, mostly Pl. ` lungs ' (from *pelmōnes or *plumṓnes);

Balto-Slavic *pleuti̯ā- and *plauti̯ā- n. Pl. in Lithuanian plaũčiai and Latvian plàuši, plàušas m. Pl., Old Prussian plauti (secondary f.) ` lungs '; Old Church Slavic plušta and *pljušta n. Pl. (Old Russian pljuča ` lungs '), Serbian pljûća f. `liver'.

The lung swims on the water, also as ` float ' to pleu- (pel-) ` to run, flow; to swim '.

References: WP. II 95 f., WH. II 386 f., Trautmann 226.

Page(s): 837-838

Root / lemma: pleus-

Meaning: to pluck; plucked hair, feathers, fell

Material: Latin plūma ` down feather, fluff, underfur ' (*plusmā); Middle Low German vlūs, vlūsch ` fleece', nnd. vlūs(e), vlūsch ` tussock of hair, tufts of wool ', Middle High German vlius (*flūsi-) `fleece', Modern High German Flaus, Flausch; Middle High German vlies, Modern High German Vlies;

Maybe alb. lëkurë, likurë `skin, fleece' (common alb. Celtic pl- > l- phonetic mutation)

See Root / lemma: plek̂- : to plait, weave = alb. plëhurë ` coarse canvas, rough fabric';

Old English flēos, flīes n. ds., with grammatical variation Norwegian flūra ` shaggy hair'; Old Icelandic flosa `splinter, offal', Norwegian dial. flos, flus(k), flustr ds. ` dandruff, scale on the head ', as Latvian plauskas and plaukstes ` dandruff ', Latvian plūsni ` birch bark fluttering in the wind ', Lithuanian pliū́šinti `rub, wear out', plūšà ` phloem fibers ' (in addition рlìūšė̃ `reed') etc.;

Lithuanian plùskos Pl. ` tuft (of hair), hair ', Latvian pluskas ` tuft (of hair), rag, old cloth, rags, tattered clothes, old and ripped garments, old scraps of cloth ', vowel gradation plauskas f. Pl. `Schelfer '; Lithuanian pláuzdinis ` feather bed, feather mattress ', Old Prussian (with g-insertion) plauxdine ` feather bed '.

References: WP. II 96 f., Trautmann 227.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: pleu-

Meaning: to run, flow; to swim

Note: probably extension from pel- `flow, swim', and originally ds. as pel(eu)- ` fill up, make full ' (`abundance, overflowing ')

Material: Old Indic plávatē ` swims, floats, flies' (= gr. πλέω, Latin perplovēre, Old Church Slavic plovǫ), pravatē ` jumps up, it hurries ' (here and in Avestan ava nifrāvayenta `sie lassen in Fluge heimkehren ', usfravā̊nte `( the clouds) rise up ' could also exist an Indo Germanic preu- `spring'); Causative plaváyati `allows to swim, floods ' (= Serbian ploviti, Old High German flouwen, flewen);

lengthened grade Old Indic plāváyati `allows to swim', Avestan usfrāvayōit ` that he could wash away ' (= Old Church Slavic plavljǫ, plaviti ` allow to swim, wash ');

plavá- ` swimming; m. boat, bark, type of sailboat' (= Russian plov); plutá- ` flooded ' (= gr. πλυτός ` washed, made clean '), pluti- f. `overflow, flood' (= gr. πλύσις `the washing'), uda-pru-t- ` swimming in the water ';

arm. luanam, Aor. luapi `wash' (*plu(ʷ)a-);

gr. πλέ(F)ω (ἔπλευσα, πλεύσομαι) `navigate, swim' (Infinitive Ionian πλέειν, πλῶσαι ` navigate ', but πλώειν, πλῶσαι `swim'); Ionian πλόος, Attic πλοῦς m. `navigation', (= Ukrainian plov), πλοῖον `vessel' (= Old Icelandic fley `ship'); πλύ̄νω `wash' (*πλῠ-ν-ι̯ω; Fut. πλῠνῶ, Aor. Pass. ἐπλύθην), πλυνός m. `washing pit', πλύμα n. ` dirty water, dishwater ', πλυτός, πλύσις (see above); πλοῦτος m. ` plenitude, richness '; from the lengthened grade plō[u]- besides πλώειν, πλῶσαι (see above), ἐπέπλων `beschiffte ', πλωτός ` swimming, mobile ', hom. δακρυπλώειν ` swim in tears ' (from *δακρυπλώς);

Illyrian FlN Plavis: Lithuanian sea N. Plavõs;

Latin perplovēre (Fest.) ` allow to trickle through, be leaky ', plovēbat (Petron.), pluit, -ere ` it rains '; pluvius, pluor ` rainyy| causing or bringing rain ';

Old Irish loun ` travel food ', loan, loon ` fat| lard| grease; fatty tissue; bombast; corpulence| obesity (pl.); sapwood ' (*plou̯eno-; see below Middle Low German flōme); Old Irish lu- ` budge, move, shift ', Abstr. luud ` actuation, impulse ', luud `aries = battering ram, large hard tool used to beat in a locked door or wall '; also cét-lud ` meeting/encounter| gathering; conjunction (planets); meeting place; coalescence, coitus, sexual intercourse, coupling '; ess-com-lu- ` depart| set out; proceed ', ess-lu- ` leave, depart, escape, run away, get away, flee, take flight ', fo-lu- `fly', lūamain `the flying', lūath `quick, fast', lūas ` quickness '; Old Irish lū(a)ë f. ` rudder, helm, calcaneus, heel, tail', (*pluu̯i̯ā), Welsh llyw `ruler, tax, tail', Old Cornish loe `ruler', Middle Irish lūam ` helmsman ', Welsh llong-lywydd ds., Breton levier ds.;

Old High German causative flouwen, flewen ` rinse, wash' (= Old Indic plaváyati), Old Icelandic flaumr `current, stream ', Old High German floum ` muck| decayed matter; refuse/sewage; pig-swill; filth; dregs; cesspool/mire ', Middle Low German flōme f. ` raw belly fat and nephritic fat ', Modern High German Flom, Flaum m. ds., Old Icelandic fley (= πλοῖον, *plou̯iom) n. `ship'; Old Icelandic flūð f. ` blind cliff' (i.e. `flooded'; ū : ō[ū] : ēu); plē- in Middle High German vlǣjen ` rinse '; plō[u]- in Old Icelandic flōa, Old English flōwan ` overflow ', Gothic flōdus (: πλωτός), Old Icelandic flōð f. n., Old High German fluot `flood', Old Icelandic flōi m. `swamp, marsh';

Lithuanian causative pláuju, plóviau, pláuti `wash, rinse ', Fut. pláusiu (*plōusi̯ō); plū́tis ` offene Stelle im Eise '; plevėsúoti `flutter';

Old Church Slavic plovǫ, pluti `flow, navigate', plujǫ ` swim', Causative-Iterative Serbian plòviti ` wash, swim', Russian plov `boat', Ukrainian plov `natātiō ', lengthened grade Old Church Slavic plaviti ` let swim ', -sę `navigare', plavati `swim'; Serbian plȕta f., plȕto n. `cork'; *plū- in Infinitive Russian plytь, Serbian plȉti;

Tocharian А В plu- `fly, sail ', В plewe `ship'.

extensions:

pleu-d-: Old Irish im-lūadi `exagitat ', imlūad ` brandishing/waving/shaking/moving violently; movement; exercise ', for-lūadi ` turns ', lūaid- `move, mention, utter, express, say '; in addition Middle Irish loscann `frog' (`jumper '); Old Icelandic fljōta, Old English flēotan, Old Saxon fliotan, Old High German fliozan `flow'; Old English flotian `swim', flota `ship', floterian `to flutter', Old Modern High German flutteren ` to fly to and fro, fly around, flit about, flutter ';

Maybe alb. flutur `butterfly' : Rumanian fluture `butterfly', alb. fluturonj `fly' : Rumanian flutura `wave, flutter, flaunt, fly'.

dubious is the apposition from Gothic flauts ` swaggeringly, boastful, vaingloriously ', flautjan ` act importantly, boast ', Old High German flōzzan ` show/have (too much) pride/disdain (to); be proud/gorgeous/superb/magnificent '; Lithuanian pláudžiu pláusti `wash, clean', Latvian plaûst ds., Lithuanian plústu, plū́dau, plū́sti `stream, flood, overflow ', pludė̃ ` Schwimmholz ', plūdìmas ` the streams, currents, overflow ', Latvian pluduôt ` swim on the top ', pludi, pludińi `Schwimmhölzer', plûdi Pl. ` inundation, flood', plūdît ` pour, let flow, make flow, stream; irrigate '; Lithuanian plúostas ` ferry ' (*plōud-tā), pláustas ds. (*ploud-tā).

pleu-k-: Swedish Norwegian fly `moor, fen, puddle, slop' (*fluhja-); Old Icelandic fljūga, Old English flēogan, Old High German fliogan `fly' (the removal of grammatical alteration probably through differentiation against fliehen = Gothic Þliuhan); in addition Old English fleoge, Old Icelandic fluga, Old High German flioga `fly'; dissimilation from Germanic *flug-la- (compare Old English flugol ` flying swiftly ') probably the words for `bird': Old Icelandic fugl, fogl, Gothic fugls, m., Old English fugol, Old Saxon fugal, Old High German fogal m.; Lithuanian plaũkti `swim'; plùnksna f. ` feather ', older plū́ksna.

References: WP. II 94 f., WH. II 326 f., Trautmann 223 f.

Page(s): 835-837

Root / lemma: plēi-, plǝi-, plī-

Meaning: naked, bare, bald

Material: Norwegian dial. flein ` bald, bleak, naked', Subst. ` bare stain ', fleina ` become bare, naked, baldheaded ' and ` show the teeth, grin '; Lithuanian plýnas ` even, bare, baldheaded ', Lithuanian plýnė, pleĩnė ` bare plain '; plìkas ` baldheaded ', plìkė ` bald head, naked plain ', pleĩkė ` baldness ', plinkù, plìkti ` become baldheaded ', Latvian pliks, pleiks ` bare, naked, bald, bleak'; Russian-Church Slavic plěšь `baldness', plěšivь `naked, bald, bleak', Czech pleš f. ` baldness ' etc., compare also Norwegian flisa ` grin, laugh, giggle ', fleis `face' (actually ` grinning face, grimace '), flire ` giggle, laugh', Old Icelandic flim ` derision, mockery, ridicule ';

Maybe alb. plak ` (*baldheaded) old man'

Maybe alb. (*plakur) lakuriq ` bare, naked '

here also the northern Italy (Raetian) PN Plinius.

References: WP. II 93, Trautmann 226 f.; Vasmer 2, 371 f.;

See also: compare under under plēk̂- etc.

Page(s): 834

Root / lemma: plēk̂-, plǝk̂- and plēik̂-, plīk̂-

Meaning: to tear, peel off

Material: 1. Old Icelandic flā (*flahan), Old English flēan ` peel off the skin ', Old Icelandic fletta (*flahatjan) ` blanch, remove almond skins by boiling (the pelt, the plumage, feathers) ', Norwegian flaga ` is peeled (of the bark)', Old Icelandic flagna ` be peeled '; nasalized Old Icelandic flengja `throw', Norwegian ds., ` tear, rip, rend '; with Germanic -k- (= Indo Germanic g), Old Icelandic flakna =flagna (skip-flak ` shipwreck'), flaka ` gape, be unpicked, yawn ';

Lithuanian plė́š-iu, -ti ` rend, tear ' (transitive), nupleṟ́šti `remove (e.g. the clothing), the skin ', plėšzinỹs `freshly tilled farmland'; Latvian pluôsît Iterative ` rend, pull';

perhaps alb. plas ` crack, burst, break', plasë ` cleft = fissure; embrasure, loophole', pëlsás, Aor. plasa ` crack, burst, be destroyed, perish'.

2. ēi-, ī-forms: Lithuanian pléišu, -ėti ` tear, burst (of the skin)', plaiš-inti ` make break, crack ', plýš-ti ` rend, Intransitive', plyšỹs, plyšė̃ `crack, gap, fissure '; Latvian Intransitive plîst ` rend ', plaîsa, plaîsums `crack', plaisât ` make break ';

these alien i-forms also permit the raising of Norwegian dial. flīk(e) ` gaping wound' (actually `crack, col, gap'), Old Icelandic flīk, Pl.flīkr and flīkar f. `scrap, shred, rag', Old English (kent.) flǣc (*flaiki) `flesh' (k probably from kk), flicce ` side of bacon ', Old Icelandic flikki ds., Middle Low German vlicke ds., ` patch, separated piece'; Old High German flëc, flëccko, Middle High German vlec, vlecke (proto Germanic *flikka) ` piece of stuff, piece of skin, piece of land, place, place of a different colour, spot| stain| blemish '; Old Icelandic flekkr ` stain, piece of land' (Middle Low German vlacke ` stain ' is new Vowel gradation);

because of Old English flǣc `flesh' is also related to Old English flǣsc, Old Saxon flēsk, Old High German fleisk `flesh', Old Icelandic flesc (*fleisk) `bacon, ham', yet barely under a basic form *flaik-sk-, Middle Low German Middle Dutch vlēs, vlees `flesh', Old Icelandic flis ` sliced piece, splinter', Swedish flīs, flīsa ds., Norwegian Dialectal flīs ds., kjøt-flis ` thin piece of meat ' point to a cognate Germanic root form -s instead of guttural, in Swedish flister ` flake of dandruff ' and Lithuanian pléiskanos ` flake of dandruff in the hair ', Latvian pliska ` ragged person '.

References: WP. II 98 f.,

See also: derived from plē-, plǝ-, above S. 834.

Page(s): 835

Root / lemma: plē-, plǝ-

Meaning: to split, cut off

Note: with -s- extended

Material: Old Icelandic flasa f. `thin disc, splinter', fles f. `flat cliff', Icelandic, Old Swedish flas ` dandruff, scale ', Norwegian flasa ` splinter away, split off, divide, branch off, divide, split off ', Icelandic flaska ` become fissured '; Lithuanian plãskanos Pl. ` flake of dandruff in the hair '.

Maybe alb. plasë ` crack '.

References: WP. II 93;

See also: compare under plēk̂- etc.

Page(s): 834

Root / lemma: plǝi-, plǝu-

Meaning: to expand; to boast

Material: 1. plǝi-t- (compare pleik- under 1. plāk- ` broad') in gr. πλαισίον n. ` long rectangle ', Lithuanian plaitýtis ` spread, brag, boast'; with anlaut s-: Lithuanian splintù, splitaũ, splìsti ` become wide '.

2. plǝu-d-, plǝu-t- in Latin plaudō, -ere, -sī, -sum ` clap, hit, bang, applause, approval ', plausus, -ūs ` applause, approval ' (compare aplūda `chaff, bran ' from *ab-plaudā `the chopped ') ; Latin plautus ` broad, flat, flatfooted ', PN Plautus, prän.-Latin Plautios, Paelignian Plauties, with Umbrian ō:Plōtus; Umbrian Imperative pre-plotatu `prosternito '; Latvian plaũksta `flat hand' (different Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 325).

References: WP. II 100, WH. II 319, 320;

See also: extensions the root pelǝ- `flat, even ', above S. 805.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: plouto-, pluto-

Meaning: a kind of wooden stockade

Material: Latin pluteus, -um ` movable screen; breastwork| shed', changing through vowel gradation with Lithuanian plaũtas ` footbridge in the beehive ', Latvian plāuts ` shelf, flat board used for storing or displaying items ', plautaĩ ` the benches on the wall of the bath room ' and Old Icelandic fleyðr f. `rafter, sloped beam that forms the framework of a roof ', Norwegian expressive flauta f. ` crossbeam in a sledge '.

References: WP. II 90.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: pneu-

Meaning: to breathe

Material: Gr. πνέω (πνεῦσαι) `blow, pant, gasp, breathe, smell', πνεῦμα ` the labor pains, breeze, breath etc.', πνοή ` the labor pains, snort'; in addition perhaps also ποιπνύ̄ω ` move, be active, stir ', transitive `be eager wherewith engage ', Perf. πεπνῦσθαι ` move spiritually, be sensible, wise', πνυτός ἔμφρων, σώφρων Hes., ἀμπνῦσθαι ` come back to consciousness ', if ` stir, move, esp. spiritually ';

Maybe alb. fryma ` breath ' = gr. πνεῦμα ` the labor pains, breeze, breath etc.'

Old Icelandic fnȳsa `pant, sniff, snort', Old English fnēosan `sneeze' (fnora `` the sneeze '), Middle High German pfnūsen `pant, sniff, snort, sneeze' (pf- sound-strengthening for f), pfnust m. ` suppressed laughter ', Norwegian fnysa ` giggle '; besides Germanic *fnēs-, *fnōs-, *fnas-: Old English fnesan ` pant| gasp; breathe/gasp out| belch forth| exhale; utter breathlessly ', fnǣst m. ` breath, breeze', fnǣsettan ` snore, pant, sniff, snort', Middle High German pfnāsen `pant, sniff, snort', pfnāst m. `the snorting ', Old High German fnāsteōn ` pant| gasp '; Old Icelandic fnø̄sa `pant, sniff, snort'; Old Icelandic fnā̆sa `pant, sniff, snort'; Old High German fnaskazzen, fneskezzen, Middle High German phneschen `pant, sniff, snort, gasp';

Germanic fnē̆h-: Old High German fnehan, Middle High German pfnehen `breathe, pant, sniff, snort, gasp', Old High German fnāhtente ` snorting ' (Middle High German pfnuht m. `snort' mustn't reflect the zero grade from Indo Germanic pneu-).

References: WP. II 85, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 696.

Page(s): 838-839

Root / lemma: pn̥ksti-

Meaning: fist

Material: Old High German fūst, Old English fȳst = Old Bulgarian pęstь (*pìnstь) `fist'.

Note: Obviously Root / lemma: pn̥ksti- `fist' derived from penkʷe `five (fingers)'

References: WP. II 84, Trautmann 218 f.;

See also: to Germanic faŋχan (pā̆k̂- and pā̆ĝ-, S. 788) or to penkʷe `fünf'.

Page(s): 839

Root / lemma: polo- : pōlo-

Meaning: swollen, fat, big

Material: Latin polleō, -ēre ` exert power or influence; be strong ', Denominative a *pollos from *pol-no-; in addition pollex, -icis m. ` thumb, big toe '; proto Slavic palъ in Russian bez-palъij ` fingerless'; Old Russian-Church Slavic palъcъ ` thumb ' (*poliko-), etc. ; perhaps in addition as ` touch with the thumb ' New Persian pālidan ` seek, feel', Bulgarian pálam `search, seek', Old High German fuolen, Modern High German fühlen, Old English fǣlan, English feel, (*fōljan), Old Icelandic felma `tap, grope ', vowel gradation falma ds.

References: WP. II 7, 102, WH II 332 f., Vasmer 2, 305.

Page(s): 840-841

Root / lemma: pork̂o-s

Meaning: pig

Note:

From an extended zero grade of Root / lemma: eĝhi- : ` hedgehog ' derived Root / lemma: ĝhers-, ĝher- : `rigid, *pig' > Root / lemma: pork̂o-s : `pig' : Illyrian-italic-celtic ĝʷh- > p-.

Material: Sakisch pāsa (*parsa), Kurdish purs, borrowed Finnish porsas, Mordovian puŕts `swine';

Latin porcus `the tamed swine', Umbrian porca, purca ` porcās '; Middle Irish orc m. `piglet, young animal', abrit. Orcades (with gr. ending) = Middle Irish Innsi Orc `Orkney-islands';

Note:

Latin porcus `the tamed swine' < (*ĝhōr-n̥-k) > alb. derk `piglet, sow'.

Old High German far(a)h n., Old English fearh m. n. `swine', (Danish fare `piglet throw'); Lithuanian par̃šas `a castrated boar', Old Prussian prastian `piglet' (*parsistian); Old Bulgarian prasę, -ęte `swine, piglet' (diminutive nt-Suff.); to Latin porcīnus `of swine' compare Lithuanian paršienà ` piglet's meat', to Latin porculus `piggy, piglet' Lithuanian paršẽlis `piglet', Old High German farheli, Middle High German varchelīn, Modern High German Ferkel.

References: WP. II 78, WH. II 341, Trautmann 207, Benveniste BSL. 45, 74 ff.; after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 34 to perk̂- `tear open' (see 821).

Page(s): 841

Root / lemma: pos

Meaning: by, about, around, beside

Note: probably *p + os, Gen.-Abl. to *(e)p-, above S. 53 f.

Material: Gr. in Arcadian-Cypriot and in gr. inscriptions of Phrygians πός, before the vowel also πο-, the same significance with πρός (see *per `out - about', Nr. 8) and Doric ποτί; Lithuanian pàs preposition ` in, with '; probably also Old Church Slavic po in the meaning ` behind, after'; compare the preserved s- in Old Church Slavic poz-dъ Adj. `late', poz-dě Adv. `late', pozderije (paz-derije) `καλάμη, στυπεῖον '. To Lithuanian pàs also pãstaras `the last, the rearmost '.

Maybe alb. pas `late, behind, after' = Lithuanian pàs = Old Persian pasā `after, behind (space)| after (time)'.

derivatives: 1. with -ti probably Armenian ǝst `after', Adverbal and preposition `after = after; according to; along/next to| following/immediately after| close behind '; in addition stor ` the lower part '?; Latin post, Old Latin poste ` behind (space)| after (time); subordinate to (rank) ', Adverbal and preposition m. Akk., Oscan púst, post, Umbrian post, pus ` behind (space)| after (time); subordinate to (rank) ', preposition m. Abl., therefrom Latin posterus, Oscan pústreí ` in postero ', Umbrian postra, Latin postumus, Oscan pustma[s] ` postremae '; Umbrian postne, Latin pōne from *posti-ne; Oscan pústin, Umbrian pustin (from *posti en) ` according to, under' preposition m. Akk.; Umbrian pust-naiaf `posticas ', purnaes `posticis '; Latin postīcus ` back| rear, located behind '.

Maybe alb. poshtë `below, located behind '.

2. -ko- Old Indic paścā́ (Instrumental) Adv. `behind, situated in the west, later' = Avestan pašca preposition ` behind (space)| after (time)', Old Indic paścā́t (Abl.) preposition ` behind, after, situated in the west', Avestan paskāt̃ Adv. ` afterwards, behind (space)| after (time)'; Lithuanian paskuĩ, pãskui (Dative) Adv. `afterwards, hereafter', preposition `after'.

3. In ending still controversial is Old Persian pasā `after, behind (space)| after (time)', preposition; alb. pas, Geg mbas preposition ` behind, after' (Indo Germanic *pos + Demonstr. si).

References: WP. II 78 f., WH. II 347 ff., Trautmann 207, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508.

Page(s): 841-842

Root / lemma: poti-s

Meaning: owner, host, master, husband

Material: Old Indic páti-, Avestan paiti- `master, mister, lord, master, consort, partner, husband '; Old Indic pátnī `mistress, wife', Avestan paϑnī- `mistress'; Old Indic pátyatē `ruled, dominated, granted ' (: Latin potior);

Avestan x ̌aē-pati- `he himself, him by himself, he by himself';

gr. πόσις ` husband ', πότνια `mistress (of house), wife'; δέσ-ποινα `mistress of house ' (*δεσ-πονι̯α, from *δεσ-ποτνι̯α), δεσ-πότης, -ου `master, mister of the house ' (see above S. 198); alb. pata `had', pashë ` had' (*pot-to-) (to a present as Latin potior, Old Indic pátyatē);

Latin potis (potior, potissimus) `wealthy, mighty, able| capable; possible', possum, Old Latin also potis sum ` be able| can ', potui, potens from an ē-denominative as Oscan pútíad `possit ', pútíans `possint ', Latin potestās ` power| rule| force; strength| ability; chance| opportunity', potior, -īrī (potĭtur and potītur) ` get possession of| acquire| become master of'; com-pos ` in possession/control/mastery of; sharing| guilty of| afflicted with; granted ', hospes, -itis ` of relation between host and guest; that hosts; that guests; foreign| alien ', pael. hospus (*ghosti-pots `guest's man '); an uninflected *poti ` self ' placed in utpote ` as| in as much as; namely; inasmuch as ', actually *ut *pote (est) `as, it is possible = inborn, native', further with syncope in mihī-, meō-, suāpte etc.;

Maybe alb. Geg huej, Tosc huaj ` of relation between host and guest; borrow, land, foreign| alien ' < Latin hospes, -itis ` of relation between host and guest; that hosts; that guests; foreign| alien '. (common alb. Slavic -j- suffix)

Gothic brūÞ-faÞs ` bridegroom ', hunda-faÞs ` commander of more than 100 men '; English fad `strong, valiant, courageous, big, large';

Lithuanian pàts `husband' and ` self ' (old patis), Latvian pats ` householder ' and ` self ', Lithuanian viẽšpats `master, mister' (old viešpatìs), Old Prussian pattiniskun Akk. f. ` matrimony '; f. Old Lithuanian viešpatni; *patnī under influence of *pati- transfigured to *patī in Old Prussian waispattin Akk. `wife, woman', Lithuanian patì `wife', Latvian pati ` hostess, landlady'; indekl. particle Lithuanian pàt, Latvian pat ` self, just '; about Old Church Slavic gospodь `master, mister', see above S. 453;

Hittite -pat ` just as, just like, as well, also, rather'; Tocharian A pats `husband'.

References: WP. II 77 f., WH. I 660 f., II 350 f., 379 f., Trautmann 208, Benveniste Origines 1, 63 f., Pedersen Hittite 77 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 396 f.

Page(s): 842

Root / lemma: po-ti

Meaning: against

Note: through the Adv.-forms -ti (compare *proti- : *pro above S. 815 f.) extended from *po (see below *apo ` off, down with, from here, at a distance; un ')

Material: Avestan paiti, Old Persian patiy preverb. and preposition `against, contrary to, as opposed to, to, on, with, by'; `in; for, about '; `from - to'; `in - to, toward, at '; hom., Boeotian, lak. etc. ποτί `πρός ' preverb. and preposition ` opposite - toward, against, compared with; in, to', `in - toward, from-'.

References: WP. II 77, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508 f.

Page(s): 842

Root / lemma: pougo- or pougho-

Meaning: clear, sound

Note: only Celtic and Slavic

Material: Old Irish ōg ` virgin ', ōge ` virginity '; Czech pouhý ` pure, bare, simple, just'.

References: WP. II 77.

Page(s): 843

Root / lemma: pō(i)-1 : (pǝi-?:) pī-

Meaning: to graze

Material: Old Indic pāti, Avestan pāiti ` protects, watches, guards', Old Indic gō-pā́- m. `herdsman, shepherd', Avestan rāna-pā ` splint, thin piece of wood or another substance for immobilizing broken bone to allow it to mend and set, leg protection ', Old Indic pāyú- ` shepherd| herdsman ' (compare πῶυ), pālá- m. ` guardian, herdsman, shepherd', -pāvan ` guarding ', Old Persian xšaϑra-pāvan ` local governor, satrap '; Old Indic nŕ̥-pī-ti- f. ` protection of men '; nr̥-p-a- m. ` defender of men =king'; pā́tra- n. ` container, vessel ' (= Gothic fōdr);

gr. πῶυ `herd' (n. to Old Indic pāyú-), ποιμήν `herdsman, shepherd' (: Lithuanian piemuõ), ποίμην `herd', ποιμαίνω ` find the pasture, protect; gather, march up'; πῶμα (pō-mn̥) `cover';

Gothic fōdr n. (= Old Indic pā́tra-, yet agrees in addition in pronunciation of only Old English fōðor) `θήκη, vagina', Old English fōðor, fōdor ` sheath, vagina'; Late Old Icelandic fōðr n. `food (of clothing)' from Middle Low German vōder ds.; Old High German (fedar)fōtar ` small reed/cane; panpipe/flute; small vessel/gondola; windpipe ', Late Old High German fūoter ` case| box; that which encloses| envelope/cover/hull/sheath (L+S); vagina ', Modern High German Futter (of clothing), Futteral;

Lithuanian piemuõ `herdsman, shepherd', Akk. píemenį (*pōimen-).

References: WP. II 72, Trautmann 204, 207 f.

Page(s): 839

Root / lemma: pō(i)-2 : pī- and (from pō- from) po-

Meaning: to drink

Grammatical information: Aorist root, wherefore secondary present pi-pō-mi, pi-bō-mi, themat. pi-bō

Material:

Hittite: pas- (I) ' schlucken, einen Schluck nehmen ' (Friedrich 164)

Old Indian: pāti, pipati, ptc. pípāna-, pass. pīyáte, caus. pāyayati, ptc. pītá-, inf. pā́tave, pā́tavaí `to drink ' ; pītí- f. `drinking, draught ' ; pā́tar-, pātár- `one who drinks, drinker ' ; pā́tra- n. `drinking-vessel ' ; pā́yya- `to be caused to drink ' , n. `drinking ' , pā́na- n. `drinking, drink, beverage ' || píbati `drink '

Armenian: ump `Trunk ' , ǝmbem, ǝmpem `trinken '

Old Greek: pī́nō, aeol., dor. pṓnō, ft. píomai̯, aor. épion, imp. pī^thi, aeol. pō^thi, p. epóthēn, pf. pépōka, m. pépomai̯, va. potó- `trinken ' ; caus. pipī́skō, ft. pī́sō, aor. pī^sai̯ `zu trinken geben, tränken ' ; potó-n n. `Trank ' , póto-s m. `das Trinken, der Trank ' , potǟ́ f. `Trank, Schluck ' , potḗr m. `Trinkbecher ' , pósi-s f. `Trank, das Trinken ' , ám-, ék-pōti-s `Ebbe ' ; oi̯no-potḗr `Weintrinker ' , pótǟ-s m., f. póti-s `Trinker(in) ' , pō^ma, póma n. `Trunk, Trank, Getränk ' , pī^no-n `Gerstentrank ' , kata-póthrǟ f. `Schlund(gegend) ' ; böot. pitéu̯ō `tränken, bewässern ' , a-píteu̯to- `unbewässert '

Slavic: *pьjǭ, *pījǭ; *pojī́tī; *pьjāvъkā, *pьjānъ

Baltic: *pō̃-t-ā^- f., *pō- vb.

Latin: pōtāre `kräftig trinken, zechen ' , pōtus, -a `ge-, betrunken ' , pōtus, -ūs m. `Trank ' , pōtiō f. `Trinken, Trank ' , pōtor, -ōris m. `Trinker ' , pōculum n. (OLat pōcolom) `Becher ' , pōsca f. `Mischtrank ' || bibō, -ere, bibī `trinken '

Celtic: OIr inf dat. oul `zu trinken ' , Ir inf. dat. ōl `zu trinken ' || *hib- > OIr ib- `trinken ' ; OCymr iben `bibimus ' , *hibā-mi > Corn evaf `bibo ' , Bret euaff `bibo '

Albanian: pī `trinke '

Old Indic pā́ti ` drinks ', Aor. ápāt, pāy-áyati, páyatē ` waters, soaks ' (: Old Church Slavic pojǫ, pojiti), pānam n. ` draught, drink; potion ' (: gr. εὔπωνος `pleasant to drink' Hes., Middle Irish ān f. `vessel'), Infinitive pātavē `to drink' (= Old Prussian poūtwei ds.), pā́tar-, pātár- m. `drinker' (= Latin pōtor ds.), -pā́yia-, -pāyya- `to water, soak, draught, drink; potion ' (= Old Prussian poūis m. ` the drinking '), pātra- n. `drinking vessel' (*pō-tlo-m = Latin pōculum ` cup| bowl| drinking vessel; drink/draught; social drinking '); participle Pass. vowel gradation pītá- ` (having) drunk ', pītí- f. ` the drinking, draught, drink; potion ', Avestan vispo-pitay- ` all watering '; Old Indic Infinitive pātum, pātavē, Gerund. pītvā- (: Latin pōtus m. ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion'); reduplication athematic present 3. Pl. pi-p-atē, participle pí-p-āna-, Aor. á-pipī-ta-; thematic píbati ` drinks ' (= Old Irish ibid);

Armenian ǝmpem ` drink ' (formation unclear);

gr. πί̄νω, Lesbian πώνω (of Nominal stem *pō-no-, compare above εὔπωνως) ` drink ', Fut. (Konj.) πίομαι, Aor. ἔπιον, Imperative πῖθι, Perf. πέπωκα, Med. πέπομαι ` drink ', πῶμα, πόμα n. ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion', πότος m., πόσις, -ιος and -εως f. ds., ποτήρ m., ποτήριον n. ` drinking cup ', πῖνον n. ` barley drink ', πιπί̄σκω (Fut. πί̄σω) `give to drink';

alb. pī ` drink ' etc.;

alb. pije, pija ` the drink ' < Old Church Slavic pijǫ, piti ` drink ' (common alb. Slavic -j- suffix).

Latin bibō, -ere ` drink ' (assimilation from *pibō; Faliscan pipăfo `I will drink'; Latin pōtō, -āre ` drink; drink heavily/convivially| tipple; swallow; absorb| soak up ', pōtus ` drink/draught; something to drink; (action of) drinking (intoxicating drink) ' (= Lithuanian puotà f. ` carousal, drinking bout '), pōtus, -ūs m. ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion' (= Old Indic pātum Infinitive), pōtiō f. ` drinking| drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion' (: gr. ἄμ-πωτις f. ` low tide, ebb ', Old Prussian poūt `drink' from *pōti-), pōculum `goblet' (*pō-tlo-m), pōtor m. `drinker' (= Old Indic pā́tar-); Umbrian puni, poni `milk' (: Old Indic pānam ` beverage, drink '); Old Irish ibid (*pibeti) ` drinks ', Verb noun Dative Sg. oul (disyllabic) ` drinking| drink ' (*poi̯ǝ-lo-); Old Welsh iben `bibimus ', Cornish evaf ` drink ', Middle Breton euaff ds.; Middle Irish ān f. `drinking vessel' (: Old Indic pānam ` draught, drink; potion ');

Maybe alb. enë `vessel' = Middle Irish ān f. `vessel' (common alb. Celtic p- > zero phonetic mutation).

Balto-Slavic *pōi̯ō and *pii̯ō ` drink ' in Old Prussian poieiti ` drinks ', poūis m. ` the drinking ', Old Church Slavic pijǫ, piti ` drink '; pirъ m. ` banquet, drinking; celebration', pivo n. ` beverage, drink ', Czech etc. `beer'; Causative Old Church Slavic pojǫ, pojiti ` water, soak '; Balto-Slavic *pōta- and *pīta- ` drunk' in Lithuanian puotà f. ` booze, immoderate drinking, drinking bout ' and Old Church Slavic pitijь ` drinkable'; Balto-Slavic *pōti and *pīti f. ` the drinking ' in Old Prussian Infinitive poūt (*pōti-) and slov. pît f. ` beverage, drink ' (Infin. *piti); Balto-Slavic *pōtu- m. ` the drinking ' in Old Prussian Infinitive puton, pouton and poutwei `drink', vowel gradation passive Russian-Church Slavic pitъ.

References: WP. II 71 f., WH. I 103 f., Trautmann 228 f.

Page(s): 839-840

Root / lemma: pōu- : pǝu- : pū̆-

Meaning: small, little; young (of animals)

Material: 1. With -o-suffix; Gothic fawai Pl. ` few, not many ', Old Icelandic fār ` little, wortkarg', fā-tøkr ` poor' (as Latin pauper ` poor man '), Old High German fao, fō ` little ', Dative Pl. fouuem, Old Saxon fā, Old English fēa, Pl. fēawe, English few ` few, not many '.

2. With formants -ko-: Latin paucus ` little ', pauper `poor man ' (*pauco-paros or pau-paros? ` acquiring little '); Old High German fōh ` little ';

Maybe alb. (*pauc-) pak ` little' a Latin loanword.

With suffix -lo-: Latin paul(l)us `small, little ' (*pauks-lo-), pauxillus ` totally little ' (*pauk-s-lo-lo-). (common Latin Illyrian

3. With formants -ro-: gr. παῦρος `small, little', Latin with metathesis parvus `small', parum (*parvom) `to little '.

4. ` youngling, the young of an animal ':

gr. παῦς (Attic Vasen), Gen. παFός (Cypriot, in addition a new Nom. πας), παῖς, Gen. παιδός m. f., hom. πάις, παFιδ- `kid, child'; Latin puer `kid, child, knave, boy, girl' (*puu̯ero-), puella `girl';

Gothic fula, Old Icelandic foli m., fyl n. (*fulja-), under fylja f., Old English fola, Old High German folo, fulī(n) ` plenitude, foals'; besides *pō[u]los in Armenian ul `goat', am-ul ` infertile ' (*n̥-pōlo-), yɫi f. `pregnant'(*i-pōlniyā); gr. πῶλος `foals', also `young man, young girl', πωλίον `small foals, youngling ', alb. pelë, pēlë `mare' (Fem. to *pōlos); perhaps med. Arbu-pales, if it stands for ` possessing white foals '.

Maybe alb. pjell `give birth, bear the young'

5. With t-formant: putrá- m., Avestan Old Persian puϑ-ra- m. (latter from pūtlo- = Oscan puklo-) `son, kid, child';

gr. names as Πώ-ταλος; Latin putus, putillus `knave, boy', next to which *pūt-so- in pūs(s)us, -a `knave, boy, girl', but pŭsillus `very small' is Diminutive from pullus (*putslo-lo-s); Oscan puklo- `kid, child' (= Old Indic putrá-), Paelignian puclois Dative Pl. `pueris ', mars. pucles; Latin pullus ` young, the young of an animal ' (*put-s-lo-);

Maybe alb. (*putillus) pulisht `donkey's colt'

Balto-Slavic *putā `bird' in Russian-Church Slavic pъta `bird', pъtištь `small bird' (`bird' actually `young bird'), Lithuanian putýtis `young animal, young bird' (tenderness expression), Baltic *put-n-a- in Latvian putns `bird'; with other diminutive formant compounds Lithuanian paũ-kštis `bird'.

Maybe alb. pata `goose' Slavic loanword from Russian-Church Slavic pъta `bird' : Serbo-Croatian: pà ̀tka `duck' [f].

References: WP. II 75 f., WH. II 259, 265 f., 382 f., 385 f., 394, Trautmann 233.

Page(s): 842-843

Root / lemma: prāi-, prǝi-, prī- (pri-)

Meaning: to like, feel well-disposed, friendly

Material: Old Indic prīṇā́ti ` pleases ', Med. `is cheerful about something ', prīyatē ds., ` loves ', prītá- `cheerful, gives satisfaction; beloved, dear, precious, loved ', prītí- f. `pleasure, joy, satisfaction', priyāyátē ` treats affectionately, makes friends ' (: Gothic frijōn, Old Church Slavic prija-jǫ), priyá- `dear, desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted, liked, beloved, fancied ', m. ` lover, husband ', f. ` sweetheart; paramour, mistress, wife' (= Avestan frya-, Old Icelandic Frigg etc., and Gothic freis, c. rhydd `free'), priyatvá-m ` das Liebsein oder Liebhaben ' (: Gothic frijaÞwa f. `love'), priyátā ds. (= Old English frēod `love');

with*prǝi- : práyaḥ n. `pleasure, enjoyment', prēmán- m. n. `love, favour ', prētár- ` benefactor, lover, courter, suitor, sweetheart, keeper, guardian ', superlative práïṣṭha- (ved.), prḗṣṭha- ` dearest, most dear; most precious or beloved ', whereupon comparative prḗyas- `more darling; beloved; affectionate, loving ' for older *prāyas-; Avestan frāy- ` satisfy ', e.g. frīnāmahi participle frita-, frīna-, friϑa- `blithe, glad; satisfied, pleased, contented, gratified; dear, precious ', friti- f. `prayer', frya- `dear, worth '; perhaps the Spanish (Venetic-Illyrian ?) VN Praesta-marci (: Old English frīd-hengest);

Note:

alb. Geg prende, Tosc Premte [*prēmán- dies] 'Friday' was created on the same basis as Latin L Veneris dies day of the planet Venus (whence Fr. vendredi), based on Gk Aphrodites hemera day of Aphrodite, Germanic Freitag 'day of Freya = goddess of love' similar to gr. παρασκευή 'Friday' from gr. πρᾱΰς ` soft, mild '

gr. πρᾱΰς `gentle, mild' from *πρᾱι̯υ- with new o-inflection πρᾳος, demonstrates Indo Germanic āi; whereas. belongs Old Irish rīar f. `volition, wish' to erei-, S. 330;

Welsh rhydd `free' = Gothic freis (akk. frijana), Old High German Old Saxon frī, Old English frēo, frī `free, loose, free from', Old Icelandic in frjāls from *frīhals (the meaning `free' originally ` belonging to love ');

Old Icelandic Frigg, Old High German Frija `wife Wotans', Old English frēo f., Old Saxon frī n. `woman from noble lineage ' (`the love'); Gothic frijōn `love', Old Icelandic frjā ds., Old English frīogan `love, set free, release ', mdn. vrīen, Old Saxon friohan ` woo, court, marry', participle Gothic frijōnds `friend', Old Icelandic frǣndi, Pl. frǣndr `friend, kinsman, relative', Old English frīond, Old Saxon friund `friend, lover, kinsman, relative', Old High German friunt `friend, lover '; Old Icelandic frīðr `beautiful', Old English frīd-hengest ` magnificent horse'; from *frīða- in the meaning ` spared ' derives Gothic freidjan `spare, look after', Old High German vrīten ` care for, watch over, tend to ' (frīthof ` cemetery, graveyard, burial ground ', Modern High German Freithof and popular etymology Friedhof); with ĭ Old Icelandic friðill ` lover ', f. friðla, frilla, Old High German fridel, f. fridila ` beloved, loved one, lover ', next to which from participle *frijōða- from: Old Saxon friuthil, Old High German friudil ds.; Old High German fridu m. `peace, protection, certainty, enclosure, confinement, closure of area, fencing, fences ', Old Saxon frithu m. `peace', Old English frioðu m. `peace, protection, certainty ', Old Icelandic friðr m. `love, peace', Gothic ga-friÞōn `spare, look after', Old Icelandic friða ` make peace, reconcile ', Old English friðian ` shield ', Old High German gifridōn ` protect; guard ';

Old Church Slavic prějǫ ` be favorable to, take care of ', prija-jǫ, -ti ds., prijatelь `friend, lover '; probably also Latvian priêks `pleasure, joy'.

References: WP. II 86 f., Trautmann 231.

Page(s): 844

Root / lemma: prā-

Meaning: to bend

Note: ?; only Latin and Celtic

Material: Latin prāvus ` crooked; misshapen| deformed; perverse| vicious| corrupt; faulty; bad '; in addition prātum ` meadow| meadowland; meadow grass/crop; broad expanse/field/plain (land/sea) ', compare e.g. Lithuanian lankà ` sinking in, meadow': leñkti `bend') and (as ` bulge, hill'); Middle Irish rāth, rāith m. f. ` earthwall, fortress', Middle Welsh bed-rawt, Modern Welsh bedd-rod m. `burial mound, grave', Breton bez-ret f. ` burial place, graveyard ', gall. rātin Akk. Sg. `castle(hill)', PN Argento-rāte.

References: WP. II 86, WH. II 358 f.

Page(s): 843-844

Root / lemma: preg-

Meaning: willing, covetous, active

Material: Gothic (faihu-)friks `avaricious, greedy, desiring power or wealth ', Old Icelandic frekr ` greedy, strong, hard, agile, lively', Old English frecc ` greedy, audacious' (*frakja-), Old High German freh ` greedy ', Modern High German frech dial. also `agile, lively, fresh'; Old English fræc ` eager, avid, audacious', Middle Low German vrak, Norwegian Swedish dial. frak, Danish frag `quick, fast, gamy'; Norwegian frǣc ds. (*frākja-); Old Icelandic frø̄kn, frø̄kinn `gamy', Old English frēcne `audacious, wild', Old Saxon frōkni `wild, cheeky, foolhardy ', Old High German Frōhn, Fruochan- in PN; frōhni `iactura '; poln. pragnąć ` greedy long, want', Czech prahnouti `lust, crave' etc.; here Old Icelandic frakkr `gamy' and the VN Franken.

References: WP. II 88;

See also: belongs to gr. σπαργάω `bin horny, lustful', see below sp(h)er(e)g-.

Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: prep-

Meaning: to come in sight

Material: Armenian erevim ` become visible, appear ', erevak `shape, picture, mark, token, sign', eres (*prep-s-), mostly Pl. eresk` `face, look, countenance, sight, front ', eresem ` appear, come into view; seem '; also orovain `belly' etc. (*prop-n̥-i̯o-)?

gr. πρέπω ` stand out, appear, come into view; seem ', πρέπει `es ziemt sich ', ἀρι-, δια-, ἐκ-, εὐ-, μετα-πρεπής ` standing out, distinguishing '; θεο-πρόπος ` seer '; perhaps πpαπίς ` phren, diaphragm '; different above S. 620.

Old Irish richt `form, shape', Welsh rhith `species' (*pr̥p-tu-);

Old High German furben `clean, sweep, wash away ' (`make stand out, give respect '), Middle High German vürbe ` cleaning, purification; shooting star, star in the sky that is falling, meteor ', Old Low German wel gifurvid `casta '.

References: WP. II 89.

Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: pret-, prō̆t-

Meaning: to understand

Material: Middle Irish rāthaigid ` noticed, observed'; Gothic fraÞi n. `sense, mind, reason', fraÞjan, frōÞ ` understand, comprehend ', frōÞs `smart, sensible, wise', Old Icelandic frōðr, Old Saxon Old English frōd, Old High German fruot ds., Middle High German vruotec, vrüetec `quick, fast determined, alert, awake, smart, valiant', Modern High German Swiss fruetig `blithe, glad, fresh, valiant, quick, fast', also Old High German frad ` active| vigorous| strenuous, effective', fradah-līh ` pushing| impudent; undisciplined; frivolous ';

perhaps Old High German ant-frist ` interpretation; meaning' (*pret-sti-); Lithuanian prantù, pràsti ` become habitual, customary ', su-pràsti ` understand, comprehend ', prõtas `reason', Latvian prùotu, prast ` understand, comprehend, conceive, mark, perceive, hear ', pràts `reason, sense, mind, volition, opinion, brain ', Old Prussian prātin Akk. ` advice ', iss-prestun ` understand, comprehend ', is-presnan Akk. `reason', issprettīngi Adv. `namely';

Tocharian A pratim, В pratiṃ ` resolution, decision '.

References: WP. II 86, WH. I 711, Trautmann 230.

Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: preus-

Meaning: to fry; to burn

Material: A. Old Indic pruṣvā́ f. `drip, hoarfrost, the frozen water'; Latin pruīna ` hoarfrost, frost' (*prusu̯īnā);

Maybe alb. (*pruīna) bryma : venez. borina : prov. bruina : fr. bruine ` hoarfrost, rime'.

Also Spanish boira : Aragones boira : Asturian borrina : Catalan : boira : Leonese borrina : Valencian boira : Venetian borana ` fog; mist ' : Albanian bora, dëbora, bdora, vdora, dzbora ` snow '.

Note:

Alb. bryma ` hoarfrost, rime' did not derive from Latin brūma ` the winter solstice, winter, coldness' as it seems folk etymology.

Gothic frius `frost, coldness', Old Icelandic frør, frer n. ` frosty weather, cold weather ', Old Icelandic frjōsa, Old English frēosan, Old High German friosan ` freeze ', Old High German frōren ` make congeal, freeze ', Old High German Old Saxon frost (*frus-taz); Old English forst m. Old Icelandic frost n. `frost';

B. Old Indic plṓṣati `singes, burns', pluṣṭa- `singed, burnt'; alb. prūsh `burning coals, blaze, glow'; Latin prūna `glowing coals' (*prusnā), prūrīre `itch'.

References: WP. II 88, WH. II 378 f.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: preu-

Meaning: to jump

Material: Old Indic právatē ` jumps up, hops, it hurries ', pravá- `fluttering, swinging, hanging loosely, hovering, soaring, gliding, flying ', upa-prú-t ` floating, flowing over here ' (amalgamation with the derivatives from *pleu- ` run, flee, slip, drip, stream, flow ', see there), plava- m. `frog', actually ` jumper ', maṇḍūka-pluti- m. ` frog jump = jumping of several Sutra ', plava-ga-, plavą-gama- m. `frog, ape'; Old Icelandic frār `quick, fast, agile', Proto Norse Frawa- (actually ` jumping ' = Old Indic pravá-), Old Saxon frā `blithe, glad', Old High German frao, frō, frawēr ` active| vigorous| strenuous, eager| spirited| quick| brisk| active; courageous| ready; happy| cheerful; blithe, glad', whereof Old High German frouwen, frewen ` rejoice ', frewī, frewida `pleasure, joy'; Russian prytь f. ` run quickly, flow', prýtkij `nimble, hasty'.

guttural extension in Old Icelandic frauki, Old English frogga `frog'; from *prug-skō ` jump ' Germanic *fruska- in Old Icelandic froskr, Old English frosc, forsc, Modern High German Frosch; Russian prýgnutь ` spring, make a jump, leap ', prýgatь ` jump, spring', pryg `spring, jump, leap'.

References: WP. II 87 f.

Page(s): 845-846

Root / lemma: prīs-

Meaning: to granulate

Note: only gr. and alban.

Material: Gr. πρί̄ω (ἐπρίσθην, πριστός) ` saw, crunch with to the teeth ', πρί̄ων, -ονος `saw', πρῖσμα ` the sawed, scrapings; three-sided column ';

alb. prish `spoil, rupture, destroy, smash'.

References: WP. II 89.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: prōk̂to- : prǝk̂to-

Meaning: buttocks

Note: only gr. and Armenian

Material: Armenian erastank` Pl. `ἕδραι ' (from *erast = prǝk̂to-) could be the Redukt.-stem besides gr. πρωκτός `rump, anus '.

References: WP. II 89, Meillet Esquisse2 142.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: prō̆-