Root / lemma: gel-1

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Part III

Root / lemma: ghrebh-1, gherbh-; root widening ghrebhā-

Meaning: to grab

Note: compare also ghreibh-.

Material:

Hittite: karp- (I) ' aufheben, wegtragen ' (Tischler 513-514)

Old Indian: OInd gr̥bhṇā́ti, gr̥hṇā́ti, grbhāyáti, aor. ágrabham, agrabhīt, pf. jagrā́bha, inf. gráhītum, ptc. grbhītá- `to seize, take, grasp ' ; grábha- m. `the taking possession of ' , gráha- `seizing; m. `grasp, seizing, as much as can be taken, ladleful, spoonful ' ; gr̥bh- f. `grasping, seizing ' , gŕbhi- `holding, containing ' , grhá- `assistant, servant ' , grābhá- m. `one who seizes; grasp ' ; grāhá- m. `rapacious animal; grasping, seizure, laying hold of '

Avestan: hǝ̄n-grabǝm (časmainī) `ich erfasste (mit dem Auge) ' , pf. ǰaugaurva; g(ǝ)urvayeiti `ergreift, hält fest, nimmt weg, bekommt, nimmt wahr ' , inf. gǝrǝbąm `festzuhalten an ' , ptc. gǝrǝpta-; grab- `Fassung von Wörtern, Satz ' ; gǝrǝwnāiti, gǝ̄urvāyeiti `ergreift, hält fest, erobert, bekommt, nimmt wahr, begreift ' ; (jav.) upagǝrǝmbay-, uzgrǝmbayō ' aufgreifen, (mit den Sinnen) fassen, auffassen, wahrnehmen '

Other Iranian: NPers giriftan `ergreifen ' , gīrad `ergreift ' ; OPers garbhājaiti `ergreift, hält fest, erobert, bekommt, nimmt wahr, begreift '

Slavic: *grā́bljā, *grā́bītī

Baltic: *greb- vb. tr., *greb-ia- c., -iā̃ f., *grab-u-, *-n-u- adj., *grē^b-, *grā^b- (2) vb. tr., *grāb-iac., *grā^b-ac., *grā^b-ā^- (1) vb.; *greĩb- vb. tr., *graĩb-ī^- vb., *graĩb-u- adj., *grib-ē^- vb., *grei^b-s-t-ā^ (1) f.; *gramb- vb. tr., *gram̃b-ī^- vb.

Germanic: *grap-a- vb.; *grabb-ō-, *grabb-al-ō-, *grēp-ō- vb.; *grēp-a- n.; *grīp-a- vb.; *graip=; *grip-ja- m., n.

Old Indic grabh-, grab- ` gripe, catch, obtain, seize, touch, attain, arrest ', Aor. agrabham, Perf. jagrā́bha, Pass. gr̥hyáte, gr̥bháyant; grábha- m. ` the griping ', gráha- ` filled goblet '; grápsa- `bush, tussock ', gŕ̥bh- ` griping, handle, grasp', gr̥h- (as 2. composition part) ` griping ', gr̥bhá- m. `handle, grasp', gŕ̥bhi- ` in recollecting, containing ', grābhá- m. ` seizer, handful ';

Avestan grab- ` grasp ' in hǝ̄ngrabǝm (časmainī) ` I captured (with the eye) ', Perf. jigaurva, gǝurvayeiti (compare Old Indic gr̥bháyant) ` seizes, holds firmly, agrees, perceives ', participle Perf. Pass. gǝrǝpta-, grab- ` structure of words, sentence '; Akk. gǝrǝbąm ` the holding on, seizing '; New Persian giriftan ` gripe ', gīrad ` seizes ';

Old Norse grāpa ` snatch, grasp ' (p in support in grīpa?), Old English græppian ` gripe ', English grapple ` grip, grasp '; besides Swedish grabba ` grapple, pack ', Middle Low German grabben, grabbelen ` catch fast, heap ' (out of it English grab, grabble), Middle High German grappeln ` grope ', Norwegian dial. grafsa, grapsa `scratch, scrape ', deutsch grapsen; in addition nasalized Swedish dial. gramma ` snatch ', Swiss grame ` creep ', Swedish gramsa ` take with full-hand ', Swiss gramse ds.; asächs. garva ` fascicle, sheaf ', Old High German garba ` a handful, bundle ', Middle High German Modern High German Garbe;

Lithuanian grabùs, grabnùs ` adroit, skilful in the stealing ', grabinė́ti, grabalióti, grabóti ` grope, reach for something ', grabstýti ` gripe, pack ', lengthened grade grė́biu, grė́bti ` rake, gripe, rob'; previous iterative. gróbiu, gróbti ` gripe, snatch, rob', grõbis m. ` robbery, booty'; Latvian grebju, grebt also ` grasp ', grabas f. Pl. ` the bundled together ', greblis `small rake ', grâbju, grâbt ` grasp, catch, rake ', grãbât iterative in addition ` rake, gather together ';

Old Church Slavic grebǫ, greti `oar, row', Russian grebú, grestí ` pile, rake, oar, row', Bulgarian grebá ` rake, scratch, scrape, comb, oar, row, (water) scoop ', grebló ` rake, rudder '; iterative Old Church Slavic grabljǫ, grabiti `rob', Serbo-Croatian grȁbiti ` grasp, pile ', Czech hrabati `scratch, dig, burrow, rummage, rake ', etc.

Maybe alb. grabit ` rob ' a Slavic loanword.

root extension ghrebhā-:

Old Indic gr̥bhnā́ti, gr̥bhāyáti ` seizes, sticks, attains '; innovations are: ágrabhīt ` griped ', Infin. gráhītum, participle gr̥bhītá- ` reigned, caught, held on ', grábhītr̥, grahītr̥ ` seizer'; Avestan gǝrǝwnāiti, gǝ̄urvāyeiti, Old Persian garbāyaiti ` seizes, conquers, agrees, perceives, understands '.

References: WP. I 652 f., Trautmann 95 f.; different Kuiper Nasalpräs. 232.

Page(s): 455

Root / lemma: ghrebh-2

Meaning: to scratch, dig

Note: (Not always certain from ghrebh- ` gripe, rake ' to divide; identical with it?; see Persson Beitr. 728 A. 1).

Note:

Root / lemma: ghrebh-2 : to scratch, dig; derived from Root / lemma: ghrebh-1, gherbh-; root widening ghrebhā- : to grab.

Material: Gothic graban `dig', Old Icelandic grafa ` notch, dig, prick ornaments ' (Plur. preterit Old Icelandic grǫfum indicating to a present grefa, really records Old Norwegian and Old Swedish (græva)), Old English grafan ds., Old Saxon bigraƀan `bury', Old High German graban ` dig, bury, engrave '; Old Frisian grēva schw. v. s. meaning, Dutch groeven ` trickle, groove, make furrows or channels '; iterative to graban-: Old High German grubilōn ` dig naggingly, rummage through, investigate ', Middle High German grübeln ds.; Gothic grōba f. `ditch, trench, channel'

Maybe alb. gropë `ditch, trench, channel'

Old English grafu, Old Icelandic grǫf f. `pit, pothole, grave' (Germanic *grabō); Gothic grōba f. `pit, pothole, cave', Old Icelandic grōf ds., Old High German gruoba `pit, pothole, cave, gullet' (Germanic *grōbō); Old English græf n. `ditch, trench, channel, grave', Old Frisian gref, Old Saxon graf, Old High German grab `grave'; Old Icelandic grǫptr m. ` graving, grave, burial, funeral ', Old English græft m. ` sculpture, engraving ' (Germanic *graftu), Old Frisian greft f. ` ditch, trench, channel ' (Germanic*grafti), nld. gracht ds., Old High German graft f. `monumentum, sculpture, engraving ' (but Old High German gruft is folk etymology reshuffling from gr.-Latin crypta);

Latvian grebju, grebt ` hollow out, dig with a chisel; scrape, excavate, seize ', greblis m. ` gouge, type of chisel ' (also rake, see below ghrebh- ` gripe ');

Old Church Slavic pogrebǫ, pogreti `bury', Serbo-Croatian grèbêm, grèbsti ` dig, scratch, scrape', with prefix po- `bury', Czech (old) hřebu, hřébsti `dig, bury', poln. grzebę, grzésć `scratch, scrape, dig, bury'; zero grade Slavic *grьběti in Old Czech hřbieti ` lie buried ', nowadays pohřbiti `bury'; iterative Old Church Slavic pogrěbati, gribati `bury', Russian pogrebátь ds., Serbo-Croatian (old) zagribati ` bury ', Czech hrěbati ` upbraid, rebuke', poln. grzebię, grzebać ` curry, scratch, scrape', with po- `bury'; Church Slavic grebenь `comb', Russian grébenь ds., Serbo-Croatian grȅbên ` comb, sting, prick, carding, ridge ', Czech hřeben `comb, garden rake ';

Maybe alb. (*hřeben) krehën `comb' : Russian: grébeń `comb'.

poln. grzebień ds.; Old Church Slavic grobъ `grave', Serbo-Croatian grȍb (Gen. grôba), Czech hrob, Russian grob (Gen. gróba).

Maybe alb. graba `erosion, hollowing out', also a zero grade noun *graba, grath `tooth, prong (for digging) ', grehull `thicket'.

References: WP. I 653 f., Trautmann 96.

Page(s): 455-456

Root / lemma: ghredh-

Meaning: to march

Material: Avestan aiwi-gǝrǝδmahi ` we begin, advance, go forward, march, proceed ', gǝrǝzdi- f. ` (*lineup =) the captured, gained '; but Middle Indic (Aśoka-Inschr.) adhigicya ` initiating, commencing ' = Old Indic adhi-kr̥tya-, S. LéviGA 1912;

Latin gradior, -ī ` to take steps, step, walk, go, advance ', gradus, -ūs `a step; a step as made, a pace; an approach; a step as climbed, a stair; hence any tier, gradation; a braid of hair; abstr., degree, stage; rank, position; milit., station, post', grallae ` stilts ' (Latin grad- from *ghredh-, vowel gradation grade as in Lithuanian grìdiju);

Gothic griÞs (only Akk. Sg. grid) ` footstep, grade' (but Middle High German grit ` footstep ', griten ` spread the legs apart ', Modern High German Bavarian gritt, gritten ds. and - indeed definitely the i-row belonging - graiteln ` lock the fingers or legs apart ' belong to Germanic *grī̆- ` straddled, gaping ', the strange link so far is missed);

Lithuanian grìdiju, -yti (Juškevicz) ` go, wander, err about '.

Present nasals:

Old Irish in-grenn-, to-grenn- ` pursue ' (-enn- from -n̥dh-n-, themat. n-present, 3. Sg.*ghrn̥-dh-ne-t), (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare Thurneysen KZ. 63, 114f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 170 f.;

Old Church Slavic grędǫ, gręsti ` go, come ', Russian grjadú, grjastí ` go, march ' etc.

References: WP. I 651 f., WH. I 615 f., Trautmann 98.

Page(s): 456-457

Root / lemma: ghreib-

Meaning: to grab

Note: compare also ghrebh-.

Material: Gothic greipan ` grasp ', Old Icelandic grīpa ` grasp, gripe ', Old English Old Saxon grīpan ds., Old Frisian grīpa, Old High German grīfan ds., in addition as iterative Old English grāpian, Old High German greifōn ` caress ', and Nom. agentis Old Icelandic greip f. `handle, grasp, span, hand', Old English grāp `fist, handle, grasp', Old High German greifa `fork', Old English gripa m. ` handful, fascicle, sheaf '; in addition Old Icelandic gripr m. ` preciousness, valuable possession ', Old English gripe m. `handle, grasp, attack, jewel', Old Frisian bi-grip m. ` statute; agreement', Old High German ana-griff ` attacking, specially of a free girl without agreement of her parents ', Middle High German grif ` snatch, palpation, grasp ', Middle Low German grīpe, grēpe `handle, grasp, fork';

Maybe alb. grep `hook' from a Romance derivative also Italian grappa `hook'.

Lithuanian griebiù, griẽbti (besides greibiù, greĩbti) ` snatch at, seize, gripe ', intensive graibaũ, graibýti, grìbšnis m. ` quick grasp, grabbing ', Latvian griba f. ` wish, volition ', gribêt ` want ' (originally ` reach for something ').

References: WP. I 647, Trautmann 96.

Page(s): 457-458

Root / lemma: ghrem-1

Meaning: to scratch, rub

Note: extension from gher- ds.

Material: Gothic gramsta Dative Sg. `wooden splinter' (Persson Beitr. 99); East Frisian grum ` residuum, smut ' (such meaning also by ghrēu- and ghrēi-), mnl. nnl. grom ` intestines, entrails, smut ', Low German nl. groom ds., Norwegian Dialectal grumen ` cloudy, mixed with deposit, residuum ', vowel gradation West Frisian gram, grim ` intestines, entrails, esp. from fish ', Modern High German Bavarian gramel ` cracklings ', Old Icelandic grōm, grōmr `smut'; Modern High German Swiss grummen ` pick out, pick up, collect; pinch, rummage ' (Falk-Torp under grums);

Maybe alb. grumbull ` pile, collection', grumbulloj ` collect '.

Lithuanian grémžiu, grémžti `scrape', grámdau, -yti `scratch, scrape', Latvian grem̃žu, grem̃žt ` gnaw, bite ', gram̃stît ` snatch ' (against another division of Baltic words see below ger-, grem- `catch'); different Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 637, 649. compare Lithuanian gréndžiu, grę́sti under under ghren-.

References: WP. I 655.

Page(s): 458

Root / lemma: ghrem-2

Meaning: heavy sound, thunder, grumble

Material: Avestan gram- ` become angry, feel rage ' (only in participle present grǝmǝntąm ` of those who are to us grimm ' and participle Perf. Pass. granta- from *ghramita- `becomes angry'), New Persian ɣaram `fierceness';

gr. χρεμίζω, χρεμετίζω ` neigh ', χρόμαδος m. ` creakiness ', χρόμος (= Old Church Slavic gromъ) `noise, neighing ' (Hes.);

Old Icelandic gramr ` enraged, hostile ', Old English gram, Old Saxon gram, Old High German gram ds., Middle High German gram `angry, irate, uncourageous ', Gothic gramjan ` enrage ', Icelandic gremia ` make angry, irate ', Old English gremman ` infuriate, revile ', Old High German gremmen ` enrage, infuriate ', Middle High German gremen ` cause grief ', refl. ` grieve ', Old High German gramiz ` becomes angry, sad, infuriated ', Old Icelandic grimmr `fierce, grim, hostile, excited, aroused ', Old English Old Frisian Old Saxon Old High German grimm `wild, cruel, savage'; Old English grimman ` rage ', Old Saxon grimman `wheeze, rage, bawl, blaster', Middle High German grimmen ` rage before anger or pain ', zero grade Old High German umbegrummōn ` gnaw at ', Middle High German Middle Low German grummen `drone, grumble, murmur', Modern High German grummen, grummeln `murmur, scold, grumble, sound vaguely ', Norwegian grymta `grunt', Old English grymettan ` growl ';

Lithuanian gramù, gramė́ti ` fall with noise ', grumiù, grumė́ti ` thunder ', grumenù, gruménti ` drone vaguely, grumble, murmur, threaten'; with extension -zd- (see Persson Beitr. 349) grumzdžiù, grum̃sti ` gnash, creak, threaten'; Latvian gremju, gremt ` mumble, murmur, threaten, grumble, rumble; talk with passion ', Old Prussian grumins m. ` distant thunder ', grīmons `sung, chanted', grīmikan ` ditty ';

Maybe alb. gumëzhit `sound' a Slavic loanword.

Old Church Slavic vъzgrъmitь, -grъměti ` thunder ', Russian gremě́tь ` thunder, clang, clink', Serbo-Croatian gr̀mî, gr̀mljeti, Czech hřmíti, poln. grzmieć ` thunder ', wherefore the intensive in Church Slavic grimati `sound, clink', Serbo-Croatian dial. grimȁt, Czech hřímati ` thunder, fulminate '; Old Church Slavic gromъ, Russian grom `thunder', Serbo-Croatian grôm `thunder, lightning', Czech hrom `thunder', poln. grom `thunder, thunderbolt '.

References: WP. I 655 f., Trautmann 97.

Page(s): 458-459

Root / lemma: ghrendh-

Meaning: beam

Material: Latin grunda f. ` a gutter ', suggrunda f. ` the lower border of a roof, the eaves; rafter ' from *ghrondhā;

Old Icelandic grind f. ` latticework, grid door, harbour ', Old English grindel, Old Saxon grindil `bar, bolt', Old High German grintil `bar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow ', Middle Low German grindel, grendel ` transom, bar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow ';

Lithuanian grindìs, griñdas, grindà ` planking board ', Pl. griñdos ` board layer, boarded floor ', grindóti, grindýti, grindžiù grį̃sti ` cover with boards ', grandà ` bridge plank ', Latvian grìda, also grìds ` floor, plank ', gruõdi m. Pl. ` planks, balks, beams ', Old Prussian grandico f. `plank, balk', grandan (Akk.) `man, husband' (to meaning compare E. Lewy IF. 32, 162 with Lithuanian);

Slavic gręda in Russian grjadá `bed, row', Serbo-Croatian gréda `balk, beam', Czech hřada ` shaft, pole, balk, beam, scaffold, trestle', poln. grzęda ` shaft, pole, furrow, bed'; besides Slavic grędь in sloven. grę̂d, Gen. gredî ` shaft, pole'.

References: WP. I 657, WH. I 623 f., Trautmann 98.

Page(s): 459-460

Root / lemma: ghren-

Meaning: to rub, stroke roughly

Note: extension from gher-2 ds., mostly with dental extension (originally present?)

Material: Gr. χραίνω ` touch slightly; smear, paint; besmear, anoint; stain; defile; esp. of moral pollution ';

in addition with formants -tu- (-to-), Old Icelandic grunnr m. (nn from nÞ) `bottom, ground' (basic meaning `sand, sandy soil' as `* the pulverized ground '), grunn n. ` shallow place in the water ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), grund f. (m. grammatical variation) `field, earth', Gothic grundu-waddjus ` foundation wall ', Old English Old Saxon grund, Old High German grunt `ground, bottom'.

ghren-d-:

Gr. χόνδρος m. ` a grain or lump of salt; in pl. groats of wheat or spelt: gruel made therefrom ' (dissimilation from *χρόνδ-ρος);

alb. (-d- or -dh-) grundë, krundë, krunde ` bran ' (*ghr̥n-d[h]ā);

maybe alb. Geg grind `quarrel, fight, crush', alb. Tosc grinj `grind'

Latin frendō, -ere ` crunch, gnash the teeth '; common Illyrian gh- > d-, from there Latin d- > f- shift.

Old Icelandic grotti m. `mill'.

ghren-dh-:

Old English grindan ` grind, crunch ', English to grind `ds., sharpen ' (Old English grindan with tōÞum), English to grind one's teeth `gnash the teeth'; Modern High German (ndd.) Grand `sand', ndd. grand f. ` coarse sand, meal, flour, bran ', Old High German in grente ` in earth full of clay ', Old Icelandic grandi m. `sandbank, gravel '; ndd. grind f. ` pebble sand; scurf ', nld. grind, grint ` coarse meal, flour, sand', Old High German Middle High German grint ` crust, scab, eschar, scurf', Gothic grinda-fraÞjis ` pusillanimous ' (from an adj. *grinds `*pulverized ');

Lithuanian gréndu, grę́sti and gréndžiu, grę́sti ` rub hard, scour, clean' (zero grade present), Iterative gránd-aunder -yti (compare grémžti above under ghrem-1); Russian grjada.

References: WP. I 656 f., WH. I 545 f., Trautmann 96 f.

Page(s): 459

Root / lemma: ghrēi- : ghrǝi- : ghrī- and (Lithuanian) ghrei-

Meaning: to smear, etc..

Note: extension from gher- `rub'; much less productive than u-extension ghrēu-.

Material: Gr. χρί̄ω `anoint, smear, color, rub, scratch, prick ' (*χρῑσ-ι̯ω or χρῑ-ι̯ω, compare ἐχρί̄σθην, χρῑστός), χρῖσις ` smearing; anointing; colouring, varnish, wash; colour-washing ', χρῖμα, new χρῖσμα ` ointment; anything smeared on; anointing, unction; of spiritual grace; coating of wall, plaster ', ἐγχρί̄ω ` to rub, anoint; sting, prick '; χρίμπτω ` wander above the surface, scratch ' etc.; Med. ` bring near; touch the surface of a body, graze, scratch; draw near, approach ';

Old Icelandic grīma `mask, helmet; riddle ', English grime ` dirt, smut ', Old English Old Saxon grīma, -o m. `mask, helmet; ghost', Middle Low German grīmet ` lined in black ', vowel gradation grēme f. `smut';

Lithuanian griejù, griẽti ` skim the cream ' (older present form grejù), graĩmas `cream'; with transference in the mental area (compare similar under ghrēu-) here Germanic grī̆s- in Old English ā-grīsan `shudder, fear, dread', grīslīc, Old High German grīsenlīh `terrible, grisly', mnl. grīsen, Middle Low German grīsen, gresen `shudder', greselīk ` eerie ' (different Wood Mod. Phil. 5, 265: to Old Indic ji-hrēti ` feel shame ', wherewith Johansson IF. 2, 44 are connected under a basic meaning `*cover', Old Icelandic grīma etc.); after Kluge11 s. v. Griesgram here Old English grist n. ` milling ', Old Saxon grist-grimmo ` bruxism ', Old High German grist-grimmōn ds. (besides grus-gramōn ds.); out of it Middle High German grisgram ds.; perhaps also Old English gristle f. `gristle', Old Frisian Middle Low German gristel ds., also Old English grost, Middle High German gruschel ds.

References: WP. I 646 f.

Page(s): 457

Root / lemma: ghrēu-1 : ghrǝu- : ghrū-

Meaning: to fall down

Material: Hom. Aor. ἔχραον (ἔχραFον) ` attacked, pressed ', ζαχρηής ` attacking violently, furious, raging ' (-χρᾱF-ής);

Latin ingruō, -ere ` to fall upon, assail, attack ', congruō, -ere ` to run together, come together, meet; in time, to coincide; in gen., to be suited to, correspond with, agree ';

Lithuanian griáuju, grióviau, griáuti ` break down (transitive intransitive); thunder ' (iau from ēu; out of it ŕ from:) griūvù (griųvù, Trautmann 100), griuvaũ griū́ti ` collapse, fall in ruins ' (griūvù = Latin -gruō from *ghruu̯ō); Latvian gŕauju, grāvu, gŕaut ` shatter ', gŕũstu, gŕuvu, gŕũt ` collapse ', gŕuveši m. Pl. ` rubble '; double anlaut besides qreu- (see there)?

Russian dial. grúchnutь śa ` collapse with noise ', Ukrainian hrúchnuty ` rumble; crow ', Serbo-Croatian grûhām, grúhati `crack, creak', sloven. grûh ` scree, stone fragments ', grúša ` coarse sand, grit ', poln. gruchnąć ` fall down with crashing sound; hit fast ' (gruchać ` coo like the pigeon ').

References: WP. I 647 f., WH. I 700 f., Trautmann 100. from zum Folgenden?

Page(s): 460

Root / lemma: ghrēu-2 : ghrǝu- : ghrū-

Meaning: to rub

Note: extension from gher- `rub'

Material: Gr. *χραύω, Konj. Aor. χραύσῃ ` scratch, scrape, graze, wound slightly, injure ', ἐγχραύω ` hit in ', Cypriot χραύομαι, χραύζομαι ` bump, stumble, of lands, touch, be adjacent to ', ἀχραής ` untouched, clean, pure cold water '; with gradation *ghrō[u]-: χρώς ` surface of a body (*which one touches)', hence `skin, complexion' (Nom. χρώς from *ghrō[u]-s, Gen. χροός thereafter from *ghrǝu-ós; besides then later χρωτός), χρῴζω and χροΐζω ` touch or coat, color, stain, blemish the surface of a body ', χρῶμα, -ατος `skin, complexionn, paint, color, makeup ', χροιά, Attic χρόα ` body surface, skin, paint, color ' (*χρωF-ι̯ᾱ);

gall. *grava ` gravel ', Welsh gro, Old Cornish grow, Middle Cornish grow `sand', Middle Breton grouanenn ds., (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Modern Breton gro(a) f. `sand beach', groan, grouan ` engrave ' (vocalism unclear);

Old Icelandic grjōn n. ` cereal (*crushed corn, grain)', Middle High German grien m. n. ` gravel sand, sandy bank ', Middle Low German grēn `grain of sand' (*ghrēuno-; also Norwegian Icelandic grugg n. ` residuum ' from *gruwwa- as ` sandy residuum ').

Because the extended root ghreu-d- plural applied is on the mental area (`touch hard in the mind '), one also assumes affiliation from Old High German ingrūēn, Middle High German grūen, grūwen `shudder, fear, dread', Middle High German griul, griuwel `fright, horror', Old High German grūsōn, grūwisōn ` feel fright ', Modern High German `graus, grausen' etc., Old High German grunn, -nnes ` misery, woefulness ', griuna ` eagerness, vehemency, fierceness, atrocity ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

extension ghreu-d-:

Old High German *firgrioʒan ` grind ', participle firgrozzen, Middle High German ver-, durch-griezen ` grind in small parts '; Old Icelandic grjōt n. (a-stem) ` stone, semolina ', Old English grēot n. `sand, dust, earth', Old Saxon griot n. `sand, bank, border, shore', Old High German grioz, Middle High German griez m., n. `grain of sand, sand, semolina ', Modern High German ` semolina ' (Germanic *greuta- ` rock, sand, gravel ' also in VN Greutungi ` shore inhabitant ' and in Finnish riutta `sandbank, cliff');

Old Icelandic grautr m. ` cereal, grain ' (` ground, scrunched, crushed, crunched roughly '); Old English grēat ` coarsely granulated, big, large, thick' (English great), Old Frisian grāt, Old Saxon grōt, Old High German Middle High German grōz `big, large', Middle High German also `coarse, thick' (Germanic *grauta-); about Old Icelandic grotti `mill' see below ghren-;

Old English grytt ` cereal, grain ' (English grits `ds., coarse sand'), Old High German gruzzi, Middle Low German grütte ` cereal, grain ' (Germanic *gruti̯a-); Old English grūt (Dative grȳt) f. ` coarse meal, flour, grape marc ', Old Frisian grēt `sand', Middle High German grūz m. `sand, grain ', Modern High German Graus `grain of sand, rubble, detritus ', Middle Low German grūt ` brittle as ferment, yeast, substance which causes fermentation ', Dutch gruit ` malt, yeast, residuum ', Norwegian grūt n. ` residuum '; Old English grot n. ` coarse meal, flour' (Germanic *gruta-);

with formants -to- or -so-: Middle Low German grūs, grōs ` crumbled stones, gravel ';

Balto Slavic *grūdiō ` stamp ' in Lithuanian grū́džiu or grū́dau, grū́sti `stomp (barley for the pearl barley preparation); bump; touch '; vowel gradation graudùs besides ` brittle ' also ` stirring, wistful ', Old Prussian engraudīsnan Akk. Sg. ` pity ', grūdas `corn, grain'; Latvian grûžu, grûdu, grûst `bump, poke, stomp', grūdenes f. Pl. ` pearl barley '; vowel gradation graûds m. `corn, grain', graužu, graudu, graûst ` rumble, thunder ', graudiens m. ` lightning strike ', graušli Pl. ` rubble, debris ';

Church Slavic gruda `clod of earth', collective grudije and (deriving from an already collective *ghrōud-dhā) gruzdije; Serbo-Croatian grȕda `clump' etc. (ȕ proves initial long diphthong ōu); with -mēn: Serbo-Croatian grȕmēn `clod', Russian grum ds.; here also with transference on the mental area Russian-Church Slavic sъ-grustiti śa ` grieve ', Russian grustь f. ` distress, sorrow ', sloven. grûst m. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (û from short diphthong, Indo Germanic ǝu; the old sensory meaning still in grûšč m. ` grit, mountain rubble '), with weak grade ŭ: Serbo-Croatian grst f. m. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (proto Slavic*grъstь), gr̀stiti-se ` be disgusted ', as well as *grъdъ in Old Church Slavic grъdъ `horrendus, terribilis', Serbo-Croatian gr̂d ` hideous, unsavory, distasteful, nasty ', from which also Old Church Slavic grъdъ `stout, proud' (originally ` feeling disgust, fastidiously '), Russian górdyj ds., Serbo-Croatian gr̂d `stout, proud, terrible', etc.;

about Latin gurdus s. WH. I 627.

extension ghrēuĝ(h?)-:

Lithuanian gráužas ` gravel ', gružótas ` uneven, bumpy ' (is Latvian gruzis, Pl. gruži ` rubble, horror, dismay ' ndd. loanword?);

poln. gruz ` rubble, mortar', Pl. ` debris, ruins ', Ukrainian kruź ` debris ', Pl. ` rubble ' (barely from Middle High German grūs ` horror, dismay ' because of:) poln. gruzla `clump', Upper Sorbian hruzɫa ` clump, clod '.

extension ghreu-bh-:

presumably in Germanic groups from Modern High German Griebe ` cracklings ' (Old High German griubo, griobo), Griebs, perhaps also grob; compare with Germanic p, Norwegian Dialectal grūpa, graup ` grind coarsely, crush ', gropa, grypja ds., grop n. ` crushed grain, coarse flour '.

References: WP. I 648 ff., Trautmann 99.

Page(s): 460-462

Root / lemma: (ghrē- :) ghrō- : ghrǝ-

Meaning: to grow, be green

Note: only Germanic (and Slavic?)

Material: Gothic gras n. `grass, herb', Old Icelandic Old Saxon gras, Old English græs, gærs ds., Old High German gras, Modern High German Gras; full grade Middle High German gruose f. ` young plant shoot, plant juice ', Middle Low German grōse f. ` plant juice ', mnl. groese ` young vegetation, young grass ';

without the s-derivative: Old Icelandic grōa ` grow, be healed ', Old English grōwan `be green, bloom', English grow, Old High German gruoen, gruowan, Middle High German grüejen `grow, thrive, be green'; Old Icelandic grōði m. ` growth ', Middle High German gruot f. ` greenery, fresh growth '; Old High German gruoni, Middle High German grüene, Old English grǣne, Old Icelandic grø̄nn `green, fresh, good'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Grø̄naland `Greenland'.

With dental extension: Old English grǣd m. `grass', Middle High German graz, -zzes ` young branches of coniferous wood ' from ghrē-t-, ghrǝ-t-;

probably to ghrē-: ghrō-: ghrǝ- ` project, protrude, e.g. from plants shoots, plants prickles, beard hair ' and its light basic root gher- ds. (see there would be to be covered by Latin herba ` vegetation; a green plant; a blade or stalk, esp. of corn or grass ' to the latter, if from *ĝherz-dhā `barley' with suffixal of the same kind to *gher-dhā.

Berneker 355 considers doubtingly for Old Church Slavic grozdъ `grape', groznъ ds. a cognate of *ghras-dho-, -nu- as base; the meaning would be justifieed at most through Russian gránka ` bundle ' : Bulgarian Serbo-Croatian grána `twig, branch'.

References: WP. I 645 f., WH. I 616 f., 639 f.

Page(s): 454

Root / lemma: ghroud-

Meaning: a protruding body part

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Old Irish grūad (n. es-stem) `cheek', Welsh grudd ds., Cornish grud `maxilla';

Old English grēada m. `bosom'.

References: WP. I 658.

Page(s): 462

Root / lemma: g(i̯)eu-, ĝ(i̯)eu-

Meaning: to chew

Material: New Persian jāvīdan `chew', afgh. žōvạl, žōyạl ds., `bite, gnaw ' (Iranian *jyav-);

Armenian kveni ` larch, any of a number of cone-bearing trees which yield a heavy solid wood ';

Old Icelandic tyggja, -va `chew' (for *kyggja after tǫgla `chew'), Swedish tugga, Old English cēowan, Modern English chew [common Illyrian-alb. kh- > t-, gh- > d-s];

Middle Low German keuwen, Old High German kiuwan, Middle High German kūwen `chew' (*kewian); Old High German kewa, Middle High German kiuwe f. ` jaw, mandible, lower jaw bone '; derived: Old English cēace, Old Frisian ziāke f. (*keukōn) and Old Frisian kēse ` molar tooth ', Middle Low German kǖse, mnl. kūze, changing through vowel gradation mnl. kieze ds.;

Balto-Slavic *ži̯aui̯ō ` chew ' in:

Lithuanian žiáunos f. Pl. ` jaws ', Latvian žaũnas f. Pl. ` jaws, maxilla, gill';

Russian-Church Slavic žuju (*zjou-) and žьvǫ, žьvati (*zjьv-), Old Czech žiji, žváti, Russian žujú, ževátь `chew'; in addition (from Balto-Slavic *ži̯áunā) Bulgarian žúna f. `lip' and Serbo-Croatian žvȁlo n. ` pharynxes, throat, gorge ', žvà́le f. Pl. ` set of teeth in the bridle '; Russian žvákatь `chew', žvak ` larch resin as a tooth cleaning material ';

Tocharian AB św-ā-tsi `eat' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 43);

compare further gʷīu̯- `resin'.

References: WP. I 642, WH. I 601, Trautmann 372, Lidén Ann. Acad. Scient. Fennicae 27, 119.

Page(s): 400

Root / lemma: glag- or glak-

Meaning: milk

Grammatical information: Nom. glakt n.

Note: only gr. and Latin

Material:

Hittite: galank- ' besänftigen ' , galaktar ' Besänftigung, Opfersubstanz zur Besänftigung ' (Tischler 463 with doubt).

Old Greek: gála, -ktos `Milch ' ; glágos n. `id. '

Latin: lac, gen. lactis n. `Milch, milchiger Saft ' , pl. lactēs, -ium `die mit einer milchartigen Fettigkeit überzogenen Dünndärme der Tiere; die Milch männlicher Fische ' ; lactūca f. `Lattich, Kopfsalat ' ; dēlicus `der Muttermllch entwöhnt '

Gr. γάλα, γάλακτος n. `milk'; originally probably *γλακτ, Gen. *γλακτός (compare γλακτο-φάγος), out of it *γλάκ, *γλακτός (hence γλακῶντες μεστοὶ γάλακτος Hes. and γλακκόν γαλαθηνόν Hes., probably a Child word with hypocoristic gemination as μικκός), further *γλά, with vocal development in monosyllabic word (probably in the child's mouth, whence also die initial stress:) γάλα, whereupon also γάλακτος instead of *γλακτός. The form hom. γλάγος (περιγλαγής, later γλαγάω), on the other hand dissimilated Cretan κλάγος, goes back perhaps to Nom. *γλαγ < *γλακ.

Latin lac, lactis n., with dissimilation reduction of anlaut Gutturals from *glact = gr. γάλα; old- and late Latin i-stem lacte, compare Pl. lactēs f. ` milk of the male fish '; derived dēlicus (*dē-lac-os) ` put away from the breast, weaned; the weaned mother's milk '?

About Old chin. lac (*glac) from Indo Germanic *galakt s. Karlgren DLZ. 1926, 1960 f.

References: WP. I 659, WH. I 337 f., 741 f.

Page(s): 400-401

Root / lemma: gleĝ-

Meaning: soft, tender

Material: Nasalized in Old Icelandic kløkkr ` soft, pliable, flexible, sentimental ' (from *klinku̯az), Old Icelandic kløkkva ` become soft, show faintheartedness or grief, groan, moan', Swedish kläcka `frighten' (*klinkwan), Old Danish kliunka ds., Danish klynke ` whimper ', compare in addition the causative Old Norse kløkkva `soft make', Swedish dial. kläkka `melt' (*klankwjan); ndd. klinker `tender, weak, lean ';

Lithuanian glẽžnas `tender, soft, flabby', gležnùs ds., glęžtù, gležaũ, glèžti ` soft, slack, become wilted ', Latvian glęzns;

Bulgarian glézъ, glezíl ` forgive, coddle ', razgléza ` corruptness, unmannerliness '.

References: WP. I 661.

Page(s): 401

Root / lemma: gleubh-

Meaning: to cut, slice, pare

Material: Gr. γλύφω ` carve from, carve out, cut out with a knife; engrave; to note down [on tablets] ', γλυφίς, -ίδος f. ` incisure, notched end of the arrow; but perh. of notches or grooves for the fingers; poet. for the arrow itself; also in pl., notches in the arrow-head; pen-knife; chisel; in Architecture, capitals of columns; in pl., a lurking-place, den, hole, cave ';

Latin glūbō, -ĕre `to deprive of its bark, to bark, peel; to cast off its shell or bark ', glūma ` a hull or husk, esp. of corn '(forms -smā; glūbō with ū = eu, as Modern High German klieben);

Old High German klioban, Old English cleōfan, Old Norse kljūfa `split', Old Norse klauf f. `cleft, gap, the cloven hoof', zero grade Old Norse klofna, -aða `be split', klyfia klufða `split', klof n. `cleft, gap, cleft, fissure', klofi m. ` door latch, clamp ', = Old Saxon kloƀo m. `cloven stick, hook for fowling ' = Old High German klobo ` cloven stick for catching or capturing, hook ', Old English clofe f. ` buckle ', clufu f. `onion, bulb', Old High German klobo-louh, Modern High German with dissimilation Knoblauch, Old High German kluppa f. ` pliers, tongs, split wood for clamping ', Modern High German Kluppe (*klubjōn-), Old Norse klyf f. ` the split packsaddle ', Old High German kluft, Modern High German Kluft; after Wissmann (Nom. postverb. 129 f.) with expressive lengthened zero grade ū: Old High German klūbōn ` to pick to pieces; defoliate ', Modern High German klauben (in addition probably with Germanic intensive consonant increase Old Norse klȳpa ` clamp, nip, pinch');

Old Prussian gleuptene ` mouldboard, curved metal blade on the front of a plow which loosens the earth '; but Lithuanian glaudýti ` take out its shell or pod ' has probably -d from gvaldýti ` take out its shell or pod, core ' referring, exactly in such a way, as gvalbýti ds. -b- is covered by *glaubýti.

References: WP. I 661, WH. 1 610 f.

Page(s): 401-402

Root / lemma: glōgh- : glǝgh-

Meaning: spike

Material: Gr. γλῶχες ` spike of the ear ', γλωχΐς, -ῖνος f. `cusp, peak', γλῶσσα, Attic γλῶττα, Ionian γλάσσα `reed' (originally Nom. *γλῶχι̯ᾱ Gen. γλαχι̯ᾶς);

Serbian-Church Slavic (etc.) glogъ `thorn';

In -m- formant:

Maybe alb. -mb- formant glem, gjemb ` thorn ' similar to alb. delme ` sheep ', zjarm ` fire '

perhaps Old Norse kleggi `gadfly, brake' as ` piercing little animal ', or as *klajjan- ` the sticking, the clinging ' to Indo Germanic glei-, s. gel-1 ` clench ' extension gl-ei-, S. 363.

References: WP. I 662, Trautmann 91, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 474, 3.

Page(s): 402

Root / lemma: gol-1, lengthened grade gōl-, reduktions stem gol-

Meaning: to lie; den (of animals)

Material: Armenian kalaɫ `cave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole or lair of a wild animal';

gr. γωλεός `cave, pit, pothole';

Old Swedish kolder (= Old Icelandic *kollr from *kolÞaR), Norwegian dial. kold, kuld m. and f. (*kolðṓ) ` birth of animal young, a full packed egg, children from the same marriage (actually of the same bed ';

Lithuanian guõlis ` lair, camp, night campground ', Latvian guõl'a ` lair, nest '; Lithuanian guliù (gulú), gul̃ti ` lie down, go to bed, go to sleep, lay down in bed and go to sleep ', Latvian gul̃t ` lie down to sleep ', Lithuanian guliù, gulė́ti `lie', Latvian gula ` lair, camp, night campground ', Lithuanian gulta, gultė ` lair (of an animal) ';

guõlis (and at most in *gōlei̯-ós traceable back to γωλεός) with frequent lengthened grade in i-stem; Baltic gul-, Armenian kal- from reduplication-stem gol-.

Because of Lithuanian gvalis (Szyrwid) = guõlis, gvalà, gvalù Adv. ` lying ', gval̃sčias = gul̃sčias ` lying', gvalìni torà = gulsčiu kartẽlų tvorà (Kvė́-darna, where uo would have led to ū) after Trautmann KZ. 42, 373 will place the root as *gu̯ol- (lengthened grade *gōl- from *gu̯ōl- with Indo Germanic loss of u̯;gul- then = Indo Germanic *gul-); it seems Lithuanian gval-forms demand a single-linguistic explanation. compare but Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 93 f.

References: WP. I 639 f., Trautmann 93 f.

Page(s): 402

Root / lemma: gol-2

Meaning: branch

Material: Armenian koɫr `bough, twig, branch'; Russian golьjá `twig, branch' (etc., s. Berneker 326).

References: WP. I 640, Meillet MSL. 11, 185.

Page(s): 403

Root / lemma: gou̯ǝ- (or gau̯ǝ-?:) gū-

Meaning: hand; to grab

Material: Avestan gava Du., gavō Akk. Pl. ` hands '; Avestan gūnaoiti ` supply, gain ', gaona- m. `profit, gain' (see below Lithuanian gáunu);

gr. *γυFᾱ assumed from ἐγ-γυάω `

to give or hand over as a pledge; to have a thing pledged to one, accept as a surety; of a father to give his daughter in marriage, to plight, betroth; to have a woman betrothed to one; also to pledge oneself, give security; to promise or engage that; to answer for '; Med. ` to pledge oneself '; postverbal ἐγγύη ` a pledge put into the hand: surety, security ', ἔγγυος ` giving security ', Subst. ` bondman, guarantor '; ὑπόγυος, ὑπόγυιος `( under one's hand, imminent, nigh at hand =) willing, ready; recent; sudden, actual, present '; ἐγ-γύ-ς ` of Place, near, nigh, at hand; of Time, nigh at hand; of Numbers, etc., nearly; of Relationship, akin to ' (as Latin comminus), ἐγγύθι ` hard by, near; of Time, nigh at hand ', ἐγγύθεν ` from nigh at hand; with Verbs of rest, hard by, nigh at hand; hard by him ' and μεσσηγύ, -γύς ` of Space, in the middle, between; of Time, meanwhile ' (` between the hands '); ἔγγυος ` secured, under good security; reliable; giving security for ', actually ` in the hands (?)', s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6203; compare but ἔγγυαλίζω ` properly, to put into the palm of the hand, put into one's hand ' (above under gēu- S. 397), γυῖον a limb; the hand ' (under gēu- S. 398);

Lithuanian gáunu, gáuti ` obtain, receive ' (gáudyti ` readjust '), Old Prussian po-gaunai `receives', Infinitive pogaut, participle Perf. gauuns ` receive ', Latvian gūnu, gūt ` catch, capture ', gūvejs ` gainer ', Lithuanian gaũklas m. ` acquisition ', guvùs, gavùs `agile, skilful';

Old Church Slavic o-, po-gymati ` touch' (due to a *gy-mā ` giving a hand '?).

References: WP. I 636 f., Trautmann 101.

See also: compare also ĝegh-, S. 354.

Page(s): 353

Root / lemma: ĝegh-, ĝogh-

Meaning: branch; bush

Note: (compare also ĝebh-)

Material: Norwegian dial. kage m. ` low bush ' (Germanic *kagan-), Swedish dial. ` stump (out of it English cag `stump'), Modern High German dial. kag m. ` cabbage stalk, stump, Dutch kag, kegge f. `wedge' (Germanic *kaʒiō), Old High German kegil `picket, pole, peg, plug, nail' (Germanic *kaʒila-);

in addition with expressive consonant stretch (g : gg : kk):

Old Icelandic kaggi ` keg, chubby person ', Middle Low German kāk `tree trunk, pillory', Old High German slito-chōho f. ` tub ', Modern High German (High German) kueche ` sledge skid '; dissimilation Kufe ds.;

Lithuanian žãgaras ` thin twig, branch', Pl. `deadwood, shrubbery, bush', žãgrė `plough', žiõgris `fence', Latvian žagari `deadwood', žagas Pl. f. ` loose foliage ';

Maybe alb. dḫ1ega ` twig, branch ' [common alb. ĝ- > d-].

unclear is the origin of Old English cǣg(e) f. ` key, solution ', Old Frisian kei, kai (*kaiga-), Middle Low German keie ds.; dubious from Armenian cag `elevation, acme, apex, end' (Petersson Heter. 89 f.).

References: WP. I 569 f., Kluge11 334, Martinet Gémination 116.

Page(s): 354

Root / lemma: ĝeid-

Meaning: to suck

Material: Gr. hom. νεογιλλός ` new-born, young, sucking not for long (of animal young) ', Γίλλος, Γιλλίς, Γιλλίων (from a *γιλλός from *γιδλός ` sucking, suckling ');

Lithuanian žindù žį́sti `suck'.

References: WP. I 552, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 323.

Page(s): 356

Root / lemma: ĝeis-

Meaning: gravel

Note: (gei-s-, if nld. kei ` stone ' < *keie < *kaijo belongs here or kei < *kagi to kegel? s. Franck-v. Wijk 298)

Material: Middle High German kis m. n. ` gravel ', Old English ciosol, cisel m. ds., Old High German kisili, kisel, kisilinc ` pebble, small stone ', nnd. keiserling, keserling, kiserling ds.;

Old Prussian sixdo f. `sand', Lithuanian žiezdrà, ` gravel, corn, grain', žiẽzdros ` gravel, coarse sand', žiẽgzdros ds., also m. žiẽgzdrai

Dubiously the affiliation of supposedly Phrygian γίσσα ` stone ' by Steph. Byz. s. v. Μονογισσα.

References: WP. I 553.

Page(s): 356

Root / lemma: ĝel-, ĝelǝ-, ĝlē-, (also *gelēi- :) ĝ(e)lǝi-

Meaning: light, to shine; to be joyful

Material: Armenian caɫr, Gen. caɫu ` laughter ' (probably with u from ō = gr *γαλώς, therefore γέλως), cicaɫim ` laugh ', perhaps (after Petersson KZ. 47, 289) also caɫik (Gen. caɫkan) `flower, blossom';

gr. γελάω, ἐγέλα(σ)σα ` laugh ', γελαστός ` laughable ', Doric (Pind.) γελᾱνής ` laughing, cheerful ' (*γελασ-νής due to being reshaped from *γέλας, n. to m. γέλως, originally s-stem as κρέας, Indo Germanic *ĝele-s, Aeolic to γέλος n.), γέλως, -ωτος, Akk. γ𓪧λω m. ` laughter ' (probably after γελάω colored *γαλώς = Armenian caɫr ds.); γελεῖν λάμπειν, ἀνθεῖν Hes.; with reduced grade the 1. syllable Γαλα-τεία Nereid name (?), γαληνός `cheerful, peaceful' (*γαλασνός), γαλήνη (Aeolic zero grade γέλᾱνα) `cheeriness, calm (at sea) ';

with zero grade the 1. syllable γλῆ-νος n. `superb example, splendour piece; things to stare at, shows, wonders ', γλήνη ` the pupil of the eye, eyeball '.

ĝlǝi- in γλαινοί τὰ λαμπρύσματα Hes., at first to Old High German kleini `gleaming, dainty, fine' (Modern High German klein, in old meaning still in Kleinod and Swiss chlein and chlīn, with unexplained ī), Old English clǣne `pure', English clean;

with formants -u̯o-: ἀγλα[F]ός ` of persons, famous, distinguished; of objects, events, splendid; lovely bright, superb, pretty ' (*ἀγα-γλαFός?), ἀγλαΐα ` splendour, beauty; joy, triumph; pl., festivities, merriment; adornment, of a horse's mane, colours of oyster's shell; one of the Graces, who presided over victory in the games ' (here also ἀγάλλω ` glorify, adorn, Med. be adorned, be glad ', with ἀ- == n̥ `in'? An other attempt by Boisacq 5);

about Old English clǣnе `pure', Old High German kleini `gleaming' see above;

the Celtic and Balto-Slavic color adjective Old Irish gel `luminous, white', glan `pure', Lithuanian gel̃tas `yellow, blond' etc. might be placed because of the Germanic parallels preferred to color root ĝhel- (see there); only if galbus was genuine Latin, it would have to be put together with Lithuanian gul̃bis etc. here.

References: WP. I 622 ff., 628, WH. I 578 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 682, Specht Dekl. 123, 144.

Page(s): 366-367

Root / lemma: ĝembh-, ĝm̥bh-

Meaning: to bite; tooth

Comments:

Root / lemma: ĝembh-, ĝm̥bh- :` to bite; tooth ' : Root / lemma: ĝep(h)-, ĝebh- : jaw, mouth' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és Meaning: ` earth, man, dragon ' because the ancients believed that their ancestors killed the dragon, planted his teeth in the ground and fierce men were born from the ground. snake peeled its skin and was reborn again, that is why warriors venerated the snake as the source of immortality in battle.

Material:

Old Indic jámbhatē, zero grade jábhatē ` snaps ', Causative-Iterative jambháyati ` crunched ', Avestan hǝm- zǝmbayati ds.; Armenian perhaps camem ` chew ', cameli ` maxilla, cheek, mouth'; alb. dhëmp, dhemb ` it hurts me ', Lithuanian žembiù `cut up', Old Church Slavic zębǫ, zębsti `tear';

Old Indic jámbha-ḥ m. `tooth, Pl. teeth ' (jambhya-ḥ ` incisor tooth or molar '), gr. γόμφος `tooth', also `peg, plug, nail'; γομφίος scil. ὀδούς ` incisor tooth ', alb. dhëmb, Geg dâm `tooth', Old Church Slavic zǫbъ `tooth', Latvian zùobs `tooth', Lithuanian žam̃bas ` sharp edge'; žam̃bis `wooden plow';

Old High German kamb, Old English comb `comb' (`dentated'), Old Norse kambr `comb, jagged edge (: Lithuanian žam̃bas), jagged ridge ', Modern High German ` ridge, mountain range ' (but about ndd. kimme see above under gem-), Old English cemban, Old High German kemben `comb', Swiss chambe ` Kamm bei Hähnen '; in addition Bavarian sich kampeln `(quarrel =) tear, rend, fight, squabble', with expressive p;

Tocharian A kam, В keme `tooth'.

Under a meaning mediation `tooth' - ` like a small tooth of protrudent plant shoot ' one lines up the family of Lithuanian žémbu, žémbėti `germinate', Old Church Slavic pro-zębati, pro-zębnǫti ds., Latin gemma (*gembhnā) ` eye or bud in the grapevine or in trees; gemstone, precious stone ', Old High German champ ` the stalk of a cluster of grapes and similar plants; a bunch of berries, cluster of grapes ', Modern High German Kamm (`dentated device '); the Lithuanian glottal stop is explainable through a lengthened grade present formation like sérgmi, gélbmi, gélbu.

References: WP. I 575 f., WH. I 588, Trautmann 369, Specht Dekl. 86 f.

See also: see also under ĝep(h)-, ĝebh-.

Page(s): 369

Root / lemma: ĝem(e)-

Meaning: to marry

Material: Old Indic jārá-ḥ ` suitor, lover ' (*ĝm̥̄-ró-s?); Old Indic jā́mātar-, Avestan zāmātar- ` man's daughter ', created after other relationship names in -tar- extension, with ā the second syllable after mātar-; the basic root has been abbreviated *jāma-, compare Avestan zāmaoya- ` brother of son-in-law ', also Old Indic jāmí-ḥ ` connected, related by blood ', fem. nachved. ` feminine relatives, esp. daughter-in-law ', ved. ví-jāmi-ḥ) ` relative by marriage ', jāmā ` daughter-in-law ';

gr γαμέω ` marry ' (Akt. of man, husband, Med. from the wife, woman), ἔγημα (Doric ἔγᾱμα), γεγάμη-μαι; γαμέτης ` husband ', γαμετή, γαμέτις, -ιδος `wife', γ⛙μήλιος ` nuptial ', γάμος m. ` wedding '; γαμβρός (*ĝem-ro-) `son-in-law';

Maybe alb. dasmë `wedding': gr. γάμος m. `wedding' common alb. ĝh- > d- phoentic mutation.

Latin gener-, ī ds. (for *gemer after genus, gēns).

References: WP. I 574 f., WH. I 590 f.

Page(s): 369-370

Root / lemma: ĝen-1, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-

Meaning: to bear

Material:

Hittite: genzu-, ginzu- n. ' Schoss; Geschlechtsteile; Liebe, Zuneigung ' (Tischler 555 ff)

Tokharian: A, B kän- (PT *kän-) ' come to pass, be realized ' (Adams 160)

Old Indian: jánati, jajanti, aor. ájījanat, pf. jajā́na, jajñúḥ, pass. jā́yate, ptc. jātá- `to generate, beget; to be born ' ; jāti- f. `birth, production ' ; janítra- n. `birthplace, origin ' ; jantú- m. `child, offspring; creature ' ; ján(i)man- n. `birth, origin, generation ' ; janitár- m. `progenitor, father ' , jánitrī f. `mother ' ; jánas n. `race, class of beings ' ; jána- m. `creature, man, person ' ; janús- m.n., (L.) janu-, janū- f. `birth, production ' ; jñātí- m. `near relation, kinsman '

Avestan: zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti `sie gebären ' , conj. zīzanatt_ `sie soll gebären ' ; zānaite `sie werden geboren ' (*gn̥̄-nā́-mi); zayeite `wird geboren ' ; zāta- `geboren ' ; fra-zanti- `Nachkommenschaft ' ; ząʮa- n. `Geburt, Entstehung ' , ząʮra- n. `Geburt ' , zantu- `Landkreis, Gau ' , ft. ptc. ząhyamna-; zana- `Volk, Menschrasse ' ; ā-zna- `angeboren, natürlich '

Other Iranian: NPers zāyad ' wird geboren '

Armenian: cnanim `werde geboren; erzeuge, gebäre ' ; cnauɫ `Erzeuger, Vater ' ; cin `Geburt, Ursprung '

Old Greek: gígnomai̯ (ion. gī́nomai̯, thess., böot. gínumai̯), aor. egénonto, genésthai̯, tr. gẹ̄́nasthai̯, gẹ̄nómetha, -meno-, égento ; pf. gégona, gégamen, gegaṓs `geboren werde, werden, entstehen ' ; genetǟ́ f. `Geburt ' ; genetḗr, genétōr m. `Erzeuger ' ; génos n. `Geschlecht, Abschtammung, Familei, Gattung ' ; geneǟ́ f. `Geschlecht, Nachkommenschaft ' ; góno-s, gonǟ́ f. `Erzeugung, Nachkommenschaft, Geschlecht, Same ' ; genéthlǟ f., génethlo-n n. `Geschlecht, Nachkommenschaft ' ; génesi-s f. `Geburt, Ursprung ' ; génna f. `Geburt, Herkunft, Geschlecht, Nachkommenschaft ' , genétǟ-s m. `Erzeuger; Sohn ' || gnḗsio- `von echter Abkunft, echtbürtig ' , kasí-gnēto-s `Bruder ' , neo-gnó- `neugeboren ' ; homó-gnio- `von gleicher Abstammung ' ; gnōtó-s m. `Verwandter, Bruder ' , gnōtǟ́ f. `Verwandte, Schwester '

Baltic: *ǯnō^-t-a-, -ia- (1) m.

Germanic: *kun-d-í- c., *kun-d-á-/kún-ʮ-a- adj., *kun-d-á- m., *kin-d-á- n., *kun-ja- n., *kun-jō f., *kun-ing-a- m., *kun-a- m., *kun-d-iá- n.; *kan-ja- vb., *knō-d-í- c.

Latin: genō (OLat), gignō, -ere, genuī, genitum `erzeugen, hervorbringen ' ; genitor, -ōris m. `Erzeuger, Vater ' ; genius, -ī m. `der Schutzgeist (des Mannes); die im Manne verkörperte Kraft, Energie, Genussfähigkeit ' ; genetīvus `angeboren ' ; gēns, -tis f. `Geschlechtsverband, Sippe ' ; germmen, -inis n. `Keim, Spross, Zweig ' ; genimen n. `Gewächs ' ; genus, -eris n. `Geschlecht, Abstammung, Gattung, Art und Weise ' ; aliēnigena m.,f. `ausländisch ' , indigena m.,f. `einheimisch, eingeboren ' ; -genus (caprigenus, terrigenus etc.); malignus, benignus, prīvignus; pl. bignae `geminae ' ; prōgeniēs, -ēī f. `Abstammung, Nachkommenschhaft ' ; genuīnus `angeboren, angestammt ' ; ingenuus, -a `eingeboren, heimisch ' ; nāscor, -ī, nātus `geboren werden, entstehen, wachsen ' ; agnāscī, agnātus, cognātus, prōgnātus, regnātus; (g)nātus, -a `geboren ' ; nātus, -ūs m. `Geeburt ' ; nātūra f. `Geburt, Geborensein; angeborene Beschaffenheit; Natur '

Other Italic: Osk Genetaí `Genetrici ' ; Paelign. cnatois `nātīs ' ; Umbr natine `natiōne, gente ' ;

Celtic: OIr conj. genathar, ind. -gainethar `der geboren wird ' ; conj. gignithir `er werde geboren ' , ft. gignud, no-chon-gignethair; pf. ro-gēnar `natus sum ' ; ai-cned `Natur ' ; ingen, ogam. inigena `Mädchen ' ; ogam. Coima-gni, ir. Coim-ān; gein `Geburt ' ; Ir gnīu `ich mache, tue ' ; Gaul Ari-, Cintu-gnātus; Albe-gnia; Cymr geni `geboren werden ' ; Bret genel `gebären '

thematic present Old Indic jánati ` generates, bears ', Old Latin genō, gr. γενέσθαι (ἐγένοντο = Old Indic ajananta), compare Old Irish -genathar Konj. (to Indik. -gainethar ` it is born ' from *gn̥-i̯e-tro), also Welsh genni `be born', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Breton genel ` to give birth to children ';

reduplication present unthematic Old Indic jajanti, Avestan zīzǝnti (v. 1. zazǝnti), themat. Avestan zīzanǝnti ` they bear '; Konj. zīzanāt̃ ` she should bear ', causative Aor. Old Indic ájījanat ` gave birth to ', Old Irish Fut. gignithir (*ĝi-ĝenā-) ` he will be born ' and with (old) zero grade the root gr. γίγνομαι ` to come into being; of persons, to be born; of things, to be produced; of events, to take place, come to pass, come on, happen, and in past tenses to be; to come into a certain state, to become ', Latin gignō, -ere (genui, genitum) ` produce, bring forth';

Perf. Old Indic ja-jñ-é ` I am born ', 3. Sg. jajā́na, 3. Pl. jajñúr, gr. γέγονα, *γέγαμεν, γεγαώς (Schwyzer Gr. Gr I 767, 769), Old Irish rogēnar (*ge-gn-) ` be born ';

n-present Avestan zā-n-aite ` they are born ?' (*ĝn̥̄-nā́-mi), Armenian cnanim, Aor. cnay ` is born; generate, bear ' (I 456; *gnǝ-n-), gr. γεννάω ` of the father, to beget, engender; of the mother, to bring forth, to produce ' (*ĝn̥̄-nā-? different Meillet BSL. 26, 15 f.; postverbal is γέννα `birth, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor; descent, birth; offspring, a generation; a race, family', whereof γενναῖος ` suitable to one's birth or descent; of persons, high-born, noble by birth; so of animals, well-bred; noble in mind, high-minded, of things, good of their kind, excellent, notable, genuine, intense '); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr I 694

Causative-Iterative Old Indic janáyati ` generates, bears ' = Old English cennan ` produce ' (*ĝonéi̯ō); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), i̯o-present Old Indic jā́yatē ` is born ' (therefrom jāyā ` woman '), New Persian zāyad (*ĝen-ǝi̯ṓ; besides ĝn̥-i̯ṓ in:) Avestan zayeite ds.; with lengthened grade of 2. Basis vowel *ĝnē-i̯ō: Irish gnīu `I make, do' (`*engender, create ');

sko-present Latin nā-scor (*gn̥̄-skṓ-r) ` is born ';

common lat ĝn- > n-

to-participle and similar: Old Indic jātá-ḥ ` born ' (jātá-m `gender, sex, kind of'), Avestan zāta-; Latin nātus (cognātus, agnātus) ds., ` born m., a son ';

Maybe alb. kunat `brother-in-law', kunata `sister-in-law' from Rumanian cumnat `brother-in-law', cumnată `sister-in-law'; from Latin cognātus `related, connected by blood; m. and f. as subst. a relation either on the father's or the mother's side. Transf., akin, similar'.

Paelignian cnatois ` the rump, the buttocks ' (*gn̥̄-tós; so probably also :) gall. Cintu-gnātus ` firstborn ' (could be in itself also = gr γνωτός), f. gnātha `daughter'; Old Norse kundr `son', Gothic -kunds (himina- ) ` be a descendant of ', Old English heofon-kund, with Þ Old Norse ās-kunnr ` of divine origin '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade Latin genitus (*genǝ- or *gene-tos, as :) gall. geneta `daughter', expressive Welsh geneth (*genetta) ds., Old Irish aicned `nature' (*ad-ĝenǝ-tom or *-ĝene-tom); Lithuanian žéntas `son-in-law' (*ĝenǝ-to-s), gentìs `kinsman, relative' (with g after gim̃ti ` be born '), Old Church Slavic zętь m., Serbo-Croatian zȅt `son-in-law, sister's husband ' (*ĝenǝ-ti-s);

Maybe suffixed alb. Geg (*ĝen-tar) dhândër, Tosc dhëndër ` son-in-law ' [common alb. ĝ- > d-]. Phonetically alb. dhândri ` son-in-law ' : Old Indic jánitrī) `progenitor'.

with reduced e Old High German kind `kid, child' (*ĝén-tom), Old Saxon kind (*ĝentóm) ds.;

with full grade the second base syllable gr. -γνητός ` born ' (διό-, κασί-; proto gr. -η-; γνήσιος ` of or belonging to the race, i. e. lawfully begotten, legitimate '), with ō-grade Old Indic jñātí-ḥ m. `kinsman, relative' (originally f. ` kinship'), γνωτός `kinsman, relative, brother ', γνωτή ` sister ', Middle Welsh gnawt `kinsman, relative', Gothic *knōÞs (Dative knōdai) `gender, sex', Old High German knōt, knuot `gender, sex' (compare also Old High German knuosal n. `gender, sex, stem', Old English cnōsl n. ` progeny, gender, sex, family '), Latvian znuõts `son-in-law, brother-in-law';

from the light basis Avestan -zanta-, -zǝnta- ` born ' (compare φ𓩿ρτρον : bharí-tram); also Old Welsh -gint `kid, child' from gen-t-.

compare an other Aryan forms : Avestan fra-zaintiš ` progeny ' (against Old Indic prá-jāti-ḥ); Avestan ząϑa- n. `birth, origin' (Aryan *ž́an-tha-m); ząϑra- n. `birth' (against Old Indic jánitram `birth place'); zantu- ` district, administrative district ' = Old Indic jantú-ḥ `creature'; Avestan ząhyamna- participle Fut. (against Old Indic janišyatē, Aor. ájaništa); Old Indic jánman- n. besides jániman- n. ` birth, gender, sex, lineage '.

Gr. γενετή `birth', Latin Genita Mana `name of a divinity', Oscan Deívaí Genetaí ` goddess of birth ', wherefore Latin genitālis ` of or belonging to generation or birth, causing generation or birth, fruitful, generative, genital ';

gr. γένεσις ` origin, source, beginning; an ancestor ', Latin genetīvus ` of or belonging to generation or birth '; with reduced ǝ: Avestan frazaintiš (see above), Latin gēns (or from *gn̥tí-) ` a clan, stock, people, tribe, nation. Transf., an offspring, descendant; a district, country ' (then probably ingēns as ` monstrous, vast, enormous '), Germanic kindi- in Gothic kindins (*ĝenti-no-s) ` provincial governor ', Old Norse kind f. `entity, gender, sex, descendant '.

ĝn̥̄ti- in Old Indic jātí-ḥ ` birth, family ' = Latin nāti-ō `birth, gender, sex', Umbrian natine ` a birth, origin, people, nation ', Old English (ge)cynd f. ` kind of, nature, quality, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor, descendant ' (English kind);

tu-stem Latin nātū (maior- ) `from birth', therefrom nātūra ` birth; nature, natural qualities or disposition, character; an element, substance, essence, nature';

praegnās `pregnant', new praegnans, from *-gnātis.

ĝenǝ-ter- in Old Indic janitár- `progenitor, father', jánitrī ` begetter, mother', gr. γενετήρ, -ῆρος, γενέτωρ, -ορος `progenitor, father', γενέτειρα `mother', alb. dhëndër, dhândër `son-in-law, bridegroom ' (*genǝ-tr-), Latin genitor, genetrīx (: Old Indic jánitrī) `progenitor';

Armenian cnauɫ `progenitor, father' (*genǝ-tlo-);

Old Indic jániman- (and jánman-) n. ` birth, gender, sex, lineage ', Latin germen `germ, sprout, scion, shoot, twig, branch', germināre ` sprouted out ', germānus, -a (-m- from -mn-) ` brother, 1. sister (having the same father and mother)' (*ĝen-men).

ĝenos- in Old Indic jánaḥ (Gen. jánasaḥ) n. `gender, sex', Armenian cin `birth', gr. γένος `gender, sex', Latin genus ` birth, descent, origin; race, stock, family, house; hence offspring, descendants; sex; in gen., class, kind, variety, sort; in logic, genus; of action, etc., fashion, manner, way ' (generāre ` produce ').

ĝon-os in Old Indic jána-ḥ (Gen. jánasaḥ) m. `gender, sex', Avestan (in compound) zana- `people, humankind ', gr. γόνος m., γονή f. `birth, parentage, ancestry';

Maybe alb. Geg zana `nymph, goddess';

-ĝeno-s, -ĝno-s, -ĝeni̯os, -gnios as 2. compositiion part e.g. in Latin capri-genus ` proceeding from a goat, of the goat kind ', indigena m. f. ` born in a country, native, indigenous ' (= Armenian ǝndo-cin, ǝndo-cna-c̣, ` born in the house of the appropriate patron '), alienigena m. f. ` born in a foreign land; foreign, alien; and subst., a stranger, a foreigner, an alien ';

gall. Boduo-genus, Litu-genius; Old Irish ingen, ogom inigena `girl'.

ĝenā in Modern Welsh adian ` progeny ' (*ati-ĝenā), anian, Breton dial. agnen `nature' (*n̥de-ĝenā), Loth RC 36, 106; 39, 63;

with gr. -γενής, Thracian -zenes (Διογένης = Thracian Diuzenus, Διζένης), compare venet. volti-χenei and volti-χnos, Illyrian PN Anduno-cnetis (Gen.), Volto-gnas; Messapic oroagenas ` inhabitant of Uria ';

gr. νεο-γνός ` new-born ', Gothic niu-kla-hs ` under-age ' (dissimilation from niu-kna-, with formants -ko-), also aina-kla- ` isolated, occasional, sporadic (from *-kna-) and Latin singulus (from *sem-gno-) as well as Latin malignus, benignus, prīvignus (`separate, i.e. born in other matrimony, stepchild '), Celtic -gnos in people's name, originally Patronymica, e.g. gall. Truticnos (= Drūtignos), latinis. Druti filius, ogom Gen. Coimagni, Irish Coim-ān; gall. Ate-gnia; gr. ὁμόγνιος `of the same descent ';

about Cypriot ἶνις `kid, child' (barely *ἐν-γνις) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4503;

*gn̥-i̯o- (wherefore the above -gnio- additional weakening) in Latin geniuus ` the superior or divine nature which is innate in everything, the spiritual part, spirit; the tutelar deity or genius of a person, place; the spirit of social enjoyment, fondness for good living, taste, appetite, inclination; of the intellect, wit, talents, genius ', originally the personified fertility (at most zero grades *ĝen-i̯os), Gothic kuni (*ĝn̥-i̯o-m), Old High German (etc.) chunni `gender, sex', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare Gothic sama-kunjans Akk. Pl. `the same gender': gr. ὁμό-γνιος; Latin progenies ` progeny ', Old Irish gein (*genen < *ĝen-n̥) `birth', Old English cyne- in compound ` royal ', Old Norse konr `son, noble-born man, husband' (Germanic*kuninga-z in Old High German etc. kuning `king', i.e. `sprung forth from, belonging to a noble gender').

ĝn̥̄- in Old Indic jā-s ` descendant ', pra-jā ` progeny ', jā́s-patiṣ ` paterfamilias, male head of a family ' (Meillet MSL. 10, 139);

about Latin ingenuus ` free-born, born of free parents; worthy of a freeman, noble, upright, frank, candid, ingenuous ', genuīnus ` innate, native, natural; genuine' s. WH. I 593 f.

References: WP. I 576 ff., WH. I 590 ff., 597 ff., 868, Trautmann 370, Meillet Cinquantenaire 172 ff.

Page(s): 373-375

Root / lemma: ĝen-2, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-

Meaning: to know

Note: for the avoidance of the homonyms 1. ĝen- are often used with various with ĝnō- verbal forms.

Material:

Hittite: kanes- (I) ' erkennen, anerkennen ' (Tischler 478ff)

Tokharian: A āknats, B aknātsa ' foolish, stupid; fool ' (Adams 3); A knān- ' know ' , B nān- ' appear, be presented; show ' (PT *knān-) (Adams 333)

Old Indian: jānā́ti, pf. jajñau, ptc. jñātá- `to know, apprehend ' ; OInd jñātár- `knower, witness '

Avestan: paiti-zānǝnti `sie nehmen jemands an ' , them. 2 pl. paiti-zānanta `ihr erkennt an, nehmt auf ' ; zanā-t_, zanąn `unterscheidet, erkennt ' ; paiti-zanta- `anerkannt ' , znātar- `Kenner '

Other Iranian: OPers ipf. 3 sg. a-dānāḥ `er wusste ' ; Pashto pē-ẓ̌anī `unterscheidet, erkennt ' ; OPers conj. prs. xšnāsātiy `sie sollen merken '

Armenian: canauth `bekannt ' , aor. caneay `ich erkannte ' , an-can `unbekannt '

Old Greek: gignṓskō (ion. gīnṓskō), epidaur. gnōskō, aor. gnō^nai̯, pf. égnōka, va. gnōtó- `erkennen, kennenlernen ' ; a-gnṓs, -ō^tos `unbekannt ' ; agnoéō `weiss nicht ' , gnō^si-s f. `Erkenntnis, Einsicht ' ; gnō^ma n. `Kennzeichen, Ansicht ' ; gnṓmǟ `Erkennung, Gedanke, Ansicht ' ; gnṓmōn m. (/f.) `Kenner, Beurteiler ' ; gnṓrimo- `erkennbar, bekannt, nobilis ' ; agnói̯ǟ, att. ágnoi̯a `Unwissenheit ' ; pf. gégōna `sich (beim Rufen) vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden '

Slavic: *znā́tī, *znā́jǭ; -*znāvā́tī, -*znā&̀jǭ; *znāmę̄; *znākъ

Baltic: *ǯen^-tl-a- (/ *ǯeñ-tl-a-) (1) c., *ǯen^-tl-in^- (1) vb., *ǯin^- (1) vb. tr./intr., *ǯin-ā^vb., *ǯin-jā^ f.

Germanic: *kunn-a- vb.; *kan-ja- vb.; *knḗ-w-a- adj.; *kōn-ia- adj., *kun-st-i- c., *kún-ʮ-a- adj., *kun-dī́(n-) f., etc.

Latin: nōsco (gnōsco) `erkenne ' , ignōsco `habe ein Eisehehen, verzeihe ' ; pf. nōvī; nōtus `bekannt ' , ignōtus`unbekannt ' ; nota f. `Kennzeichen, Merkmal; Buchstabenzeichen, Schrift, Kurzschrift; Note; Zeichen in Büchern, auf Gefässen etc.; Mutter-, Brandmal; Sorte, Qualität; Anmerkung, Schandfleck, Beschimpfung ' ; nōtio; nōtor; norma `Winkelmass, Richtschnur, Vorschrift, Regel ' ; (g)nōbilis `kennbar, bekannt; vornehm, edel ' ; gnārus `eine Sache kundig ' , ignārus `unkundig ' , nārrāre `zu Wissen machen, künden ' ; nāvus `regsam, rührig, betriebsam ' , ignāvus `ohne Tatkraft '

Other Italic: Umbr naratu `narrato ' , naraklum `nuntiatio '

Celtic: OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim `sapio ' , fut. -gēna, pf. ad-gēn-sa `cognovi, coognosco ' ; gnāth `gewohnt, bekannt ' ; ignad `fremd ' ; MIr gnō `ausgezeichnet ' ; Ir gnō `business, affairs ' ; Cymr gnawd `Gewohnheit ' ; g0-gnaw `activity, active ' ; OBret inschr. Bodo-cnous; MBret gnou `manifeste, évident '

Albanian: ńoh `ich kenne ' , 2, 3 sg. ńeh

Old Indic jānā́mi `I know', anu-jñā- ` acknowledge, admit, grant', Avestan paiti-zānǝnti ` they take care of somebody ' (themat. 2. Pl. paiti-zānatā ` you recognize, take up, absorb, take in '), Old Persian 3. Sg. Impf. a-dānā ` he knew ' (Indo Germanic *ĝn̥̄-nā-mi, besides enclitic *ĝn̥-nāmi in:) Avestan zanā-t̲, zanąn, afghan. pē-žanī `distinguishes, recognizes';

Armenian Aor. cancay `I recognize' (an-can ` unacquainted ') insecure basic form (to present *ĝn̥̄-nā-mi? or from *ĝen-? as:) canaut` `known';

Old Irish itar-gninim, asa-gninaim ` to taste, savor; to taste, smack, or savor of, to have a taste or flavor of a thing ' (Fut. -gēna from *ge-gnā-, Pert ad-gēn-sa ` become acquainted with, acquire knowledge of, ascertain, learn, perceive, understand ; perf., to know ' from *ge-gn-; in present stem gnin- is the Vok. still unsolved; compare Pokorny IF. 35, 338 f., Marstrander Prés. nasalized 23);

Maybe alb. (*gina) di `know' : Old Persian 3. Sg. Impf. a-dānā ` he knew ' common alb. g- > d-.

Gothic kunnan `know, have knowledge of ' (kann, preterit kunÞa; originator of the zero grade plural forms kunnum, kunnun from *ĝn̥-nǝ-més); besides weak Verb ana-kunnan ` recognize ' etc. = Old High German kunnēn ` know ' (already proto Germanic, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 146 f.); besides zero grades ōn-Verb Old Norse kanna ` examine '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Maybe alb. Geg njof, Tosc njoh ` recognize'

Old High German (etc.) intense Verb. kunnan (kann) ` know, have knowledge of, to be able ' (in the older linguistic times only from insubstantial können ` can, be able to; may, might' = kennen ` know', contrary to mögen); in addition the Causative Gothic kannjan (*ĝon-) ` announce, make known, disclose ', Old English cennan ` apprise, inform, define, impute ', Old High German ar-kennen ` recognize ', bi-kennen ` avow ', Modern High German kennen.

Lithuanian žinaũ, žinóti, Latvian zinât ` know, have knowledge of ' (žìno = *gen-, thereafter Pl. žìnome, Infinitive žinóti, participle žinótas) == Old Prussian posinna `I avow ' (Infinitive posinnat, participle posinnāts), ersinnat ` recognize ';

sk̂o-present Old Persian (Konj.) xšnāsātiy ` he should recognize '; gr. γιγνώσκω, epir. γνώσκω ` recognize ', Latin nōsco (gnōsco) ` recognize ', ignōsco ` to pardon, forgive, excuse, overlook, allow, indulge, make allowance ' (compare Old Indic anu-jñā-); alb. njoh `I know' (*ĝnē-sk̂ō; 2. 3. Sg. njeh through umlaut); s. also under Lithuanian pažį́stu;

Perf. Old Indic jajñā́u, Latin nōvī, Old English cnēow (cnāwan) `recognize'; gr. Aor. ἔ-γνων, Old Indic Opt. jñā-yāt; gr. γέγωνα ` to call out so as to be heard ' (also formally become present γεγωνέω ds., γεγωνίσκω);

in addition i̯o-present Old Indic jñāyáte (Pass. to jānā́ti), Old High German knāu (ir-, bi-, int-) ` recognize '(*gnē-i̯ō), Old English cnāwan (English know) ds. (to w compare Latin nōvī, Old Indic jajñā́u), with Old High German urknāt ` cognition ', and Old Church Slavic znajǫ, znati `know, have knowledge of ' (*ĝnō-i̯ō);

Desid. Old Indic jijñāsati, Avestan zixšnā̊ŋhǝmnā̊ ` the yearning to enquire '; Lithuanian pažį́stu, -žinaũ, žìnti `know'; after Leumann IF. 58, 118 derived from *ĝn̥-skō; different Persson Beitr. 341;

Causative Old Indic jñāpayati (the p-form would be old, if Charpentier IF. 25, 243 places rightly Armenian canaut` `known', i-stem = Old Indic jñapti-ḥ ` cognition, knowledge'); but jñapta- rather retograd from kausat. jñāpita-, IF. 57, 226 f.

to-participle ĝnō-tó-s (if that has maybe covered ō secondarily from the verbal forms): Old Indic jñātá-ḥ `known', gr. γνωτός (newer γνωστός) ds. (ἀγνώς, -ῶτος ` unacquainted ''), Latin nōtus, Old Irish gnāth ` habitual, customary, known' (Welsh gnawd ` consuetude '; in addition Welsh gnaws, naws `nature', Breton neuz ` appearance ', as brit. loanword Old Irish nōs `custom'), gall. Κατου-γνᾱτος, Epo-so-gnātus; Old Indic ajñāta-, ἄγνωτος, ignōtus ` unacquainted ', Old Irish ingnad ` strange '; besides *ĝnŏ-tó-s (colored from *ĝnǝ-tós after ĝnō-?) in Latin nota ` distinguishing mark, sign, spot, stain ' (substantive Fem. of participle), Denominative notō, -āre ` mark, observe; reprove, reprimand; rebuke ', hence probably also in cognitus, agnitus, compare with the same vowel gradation gr. *ἄ-γνο-Fος in ἀγνοέω ` not to perceive or recognize; to be ignorant of; not to discern; fail to understand ', ἀγνοίᾱ, ἄγνοια ` want of perception, ignorance; mistaken conduct, a mistake '; better about ἀγνόεω (stands for *ἀνόεω) and Latin nota (to ὄνοσθαι `rebuke') currently Leumann Homer. Wörter 22823; Tocharian A ā-knats, В a-knātsa see below.

ĝnǝ-to-s in Middle Welsh yngnad, ynad `judge' (*en-ĝnǝ-to-s), dirnad ` power of judgement ' (*dē-pro-ĝnǝ-to-), Loth RC 47, 174 f.

ĝn̥̄-tó-s in Lithuanian pažìntas `known', Gothic kunÞs, Old English cūÞ, Old High German kund ` known ', Gothic unkunÞs ` unacquainted '; with lengthened grade the 1. syllable Avestan paiti-zanta- ` recognized ' (as ā-zainti- `knowledge').

ĝnō-ti- in Old Indic pra-jñāti-ḥ f. ` cognition ', gr. γνῶσις f. ` cognition ', Latin nōti-ō f., Old Church Slavic Infinitive znati, Russian znatь f. ` the acquaintance, friends '; compare Old High German urchnât f. ` a knowing, knowledge ' (*ĝnē-ti-s);

ĝn̥-tí-s in Old High German kunst (-sti- for -ti-) ` art, knowledge, wisdom ' (Gothic kunÞi `knowledge, cognition ' from *kunÞia- n.), Lithuanian pažintìs f. ` cognition ';

ĝnō-ter- in Old Indic jñātár-, Avestan žnātar- ` connoisseur, expert ', compare gr. γνωστήρ, Latin nōtor ` one who knows a person or thing, a voucher, witness; connoisseur, expert '; compare Old Indic jñāna-m (*ĝnō-no-m) `knowledge, cognition '.

ĝnō-mn̥ in gr. γνῶμα ` purpose; judgement; a mark, token ' (out of it Latin grōma ` A surveyor's pole or measuring-rod; the centre of a camp, where the measuring-rod was planted, so as to divide the camp into four quarters by streets meeting at that point ' and, of Akk. γνώμονα from, also norma ` a square, employed by carpenters, masons, etc., for making right angles; a rule, pattern, precept '); Old Russian znamja (Old Church Slavic znamenije, znakъ) `mark, token, sign' (influenced by a corresponding Latin *gnōmen is *cognōmen, agnomen); gr. γνώμη `opinion' (probably for *gnō-m[n]ā), compare Lithuanian żymė̃ `mark, sign' (*žįmė̃); γνώμων ` one that knows or examines, an interpreter, discerner '.

ĝnō-tel- in sloven. znâtelj ` connoisseur, expert ', Russian znátelь ` confidant '; also Old Indic jñātár- could belong here instead of ĝnō-ter-.

ĝenǝ-tlo- : ĝnō-tlo- ` mark ' in Lithuanian žėnklas `mark, token, sign'; Old Prussian ebsentliuns ` identified ': Old Indic jñātra- n. ` ability of the recognizing ';

Germanic *knōÞla- in Old High German beknuodilen ` become perceptible ', einknuadil ` distinguished by a mark, remarkable, noted, eminent, distinguished, prominent, extraordinary '; compare Latin (g)nōbilis ` that can be known or is known, knowable, known; wellknown, famous, noted, celebrated, renowned ' (adjective of a *ĝnō-dhlom ` distinguishing mark ');

ĝnō-ro- in gr. γνώριμος ` well-known; familiar, acquaintance; notable, distinguished ', γνωρίζω `make known' (to *γνῶρον), wherefore with vowel gradation *ĝn̥̄-ró-: Latin gnārus `a thing expert, skillful', ignārus `ignorant' (ignōro rather from *ignāro after nōsco colored as with the vowel gradation from γνώριμος), gnāruris Gloss. ` knowing or acquainted with a thing; skilful, practiced, expert ', ignārurēs ` ignorantly ', nārrāre ` create knowledge, tell ' = Umbrian naratu ` a relater, narrator, historian ', naraklum ` a declaring, announcing; a declaration, announcement made by the augur respecting what he has observed '; as final ending from compounds Old Indic -jnā̆-, Avestan uxδa-šna- ` knowing the speech '.

Here presumably Indo Germanic ĝnē-u̯os `expert who knows about how one has to do it, skillful ' in Old Norse knār `proficient, strong' (Old English gecnǣwe ` admitted, known' is against it new formation from cnāwan); compare (from *ĝn̥̄-u̯o-s?) Latin nāvus (old gnāvus) ` busy, diligent, assiduous, active ', ignāvus ` inactive, lazy, slothful, idle, sluggish, listless, without spirit, cowardly, dastardly ', next to which with *-ǝu̯- Middle Welsh go-gnaw ` familiar with ' (*upo-uk̂s-ĝnǝu̯o-?), Middle Breton gnou ` manifesto, obvious ', Old Breton inschr. Bodo-cnous (i.e. -gnous, Loth RC 18, 93), Middle Irish gnō ` distinguished ', nir. gnō `business, affairs'. A similar meaning-development in the Germanic family Old Icelandic kø̄nn ` reasonable, smart, proficient', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English cēne `bold, audacious', Old High German kuoni ` bold, pugnacious ' (lengthened grade as γέγωνα), compare with zero grade Lithuanian žýnė ` witch ' (`the clever '), žýnis m. ` sorcerer ';

Tocharian AB knā- ` know, have knowledge of, recognize ', A ā-knats, В a-knātsa `ignorant'.

About Hittite ḫa-an-na-i `adjudicates' s. Pedersen Hittite 201 (a little plausibly).

Note:

Common IE ḫ- > k-.

References: WP. I 578 ff., WH. I 613 f., II 176 ff., Trautmann 370 f., Feist 316 f., Meillet Cinquantenaire 172 ff.

Page(s): 376-378

Root / lemma: ĝenu-1, ĝneu- (*ĝḫenu-)

Meaning: knee, joint

Grammatical information: n. inflection ĝonu, ĝenu̯és, ĝnubhís etc.; besides the n-stem according to Old Indic jā́nunī ` both knees ' and gr. γόνατος etc. from ĝonu̯n̥-

Comments:

Root / lemma: ĝenu-1, ĝneu- : `knee, joint' > Root / lemma: ĝen-1, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō- : `to bear'. (the euphemism of lower part of te body)

Material: Old Indic jā́nu n. `knee', Pahlavi zānūk, New Persian zānū `knee'; Avestan Akk. Sg. žnūm, dat. abl. pl. žnubyō; Old Indic jñu-bā́dh- ` the bending knees ', abhi-jñú ` up to the knee ', pra-jñu-ḥ ` saber-legged ', Avestan fra-šnu- ` holding the knees forwards ' (:gr. *πρό-γνυ);

Armenian cunr `knee' (r-extension to old u-stem *ĝō̆nu-), Pl. cunk-k`, Gen. cng-ac̣ with g-extension (*ĝon-g-o-, compare γνύ-ξ);

Maybe alb. Geg (*ĝō̆nu-) gjuni, Tosc gluri ` knee'.

gr. γόνυ, Gen. (Hom.) γουνός (*ĝonu̯ós), Pl. γοῦνα, Aeolic γόνα `knee' (compare also γευνῶν γονάτων Hes.), besides Gen. Sg. γούνατος (for *γονFανος); lengthened grade γωνία `point, edge' (*γωνFία), zero grade (compare under πρόχνυ) γνυ-πετεῖν ` drop to one's knees ', γνύξ ` on the knees ', ἰγνύ̄η (besides ἰγνύς, Specht KZ. 59, 220) ` popliteus, the part behind the thigh and knee, ham ' (*εγγνύᾱ, -γνύς);

πρόχνυ ` with stretched out knee ' II. 570 stands for *πρόγνυ (= Old Indic pra-jñú-ḥ);

Latin genū, -ūs ` knee; of plants, a knot, joint ', geniculum `knee, a little knee, a knot or joint on the stalk of a plant; angle ';

Gothic kniu n., Old High German etc. knio, kneo (*kniwa-, Indo Germanic *ĝneu̯o-) `knee' (Old Norse knē also from `knot in the straw', as Old English cneoweht ` knotty, from plants '; Latin geniculum also ` a knot or joint on the stalk of a plant '; but Latin genista is Etruscan); an extension with Germanic t in oberschles. knutzen ` squat on the knees ' and perhaps in Gothic knussjan ` kneel ', kniwam knussjands ` bending in the knees together ', if in a tu-stem *knussus from this verb *knutjan ` based on ';

Illyrian FlN Genusus, Low Italian PN Genusia, Messapic PN tri-gonoχoa, Ligurian PN Genua, adjective derivative Genava ` Geneva ';

Tocharian A kanweṃ, В kenīne Dual. `the knees';

Hittite gi-e-nu (genu) `knee'.

Note:

Pronunciation of the palatalized laryngeal: Hittite gi-e was gje- as in Albanian gju-

Hittite: genu- / ganu- n. ' Knie ' , genussa-/i- ' Kniegelenk ' (Tischler 552 f)

Tokharian: A kanwem, B keni (dual.) ' knee ' (PT *kenwäi) (Adams 193)

Old Indian: jā́nu n. `knee ' , in compounds jñu-bādh-, abhi-jñú-, pra-jñu-

Avestan: žnūm, dat.-abl. pl. žnubyō ' Knie '

Other Iranian: MPers zānūk, NPers zānū ' Knie '

Armenian: cunr, pl. cunk-kh, gen. cng-ach

Old Greek: gónü, att. gónatos, ep., ion. gọ̄́natos n. `Knie; Glieder, Knoten an den Halmen ' , ignǘǟ f., *ignǘs (ignǘsi, ignǘōn, -ǘn) `Kniekehle ' , gnǘks `knielings '

Slavic: *zvēno ?

Germanic: *kniw-a- n., *kniw-ō f.

Latin: genū, -ūs `Knie '

References: WP. I 586 f., WH. I 592 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 463, 518.

Page(s): 380-381

Root / lemma: ĝenu-2 f. and (ĝenǝdh- :) ĝonǝdh-

Meaning: chin

Note:

Root / lemma: ĝenu-2 f. and (ĝenǝdh- :) ĝonǝdh- : chin' derived from Root / lemma: ĝenu-1, ĝneu- (*ĝḫenu-) : knee, joint'.

Material: Old Indic hánu-ṣ f. ` mandible ', Avestan zānu- ds., in compounds (with secondary Aryan ĝh-, Güntert WuS. 11, 124 f.);

Phrygian α-ζήν Akk. ἀ-ζένα `beard' (prefix α- and *ĝen-); (common Occidental Romance vowel prefix)

gr. γένυς, -υος f. `chin, mandible' (wiith secondary ū-stem; compare γένειον `chin beard' from *γενεFιον, γενηΐς, Attic γενῄς f. ` edge of the hatchet ' from *γενεFίς);

Latin gena f. `cheek' (fur *genus after mala), genuīnus (dens) ` grinder, molar tooth ';

Old Irish gi(u)n `mouth', Welsh gen `cheek, chin', Pl. geneu, Old Cornish genau, Breton genou (older Pl. *geneu̯es);

Gothic kinnus f. `cheek' (*genus, *genu̯es, -nn- from -nu̯-), Old Norse kinn f. ` cheek, mountainside ', Old English cinn, Old High German kinni n. `chin'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Tocharian A śanwe-m Dual f. `mandible, lower jaw bone ' (e-extension from ĝenu-).

gonǝdh- in Lithuanian žándas ` mandible', Latvian zuôds `chin, sharp edge'; Macedonian κάναδοι σιαγόνες, γνάθοι (compare Specht KZ. 59, 1131);

zero grade gr. γνάθος f., γναθμός m. ` mandible' (*gnǝdh-);

unclear is Armenian cnaut ` mandible, cheek'.

References: WP. I 587, WH. I 589 f., Specht Dekl. 87, 253, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 463.

Page(s): 381-382

Root / lemma: ĝep(h)-, ĝebh-

Meaning: jaw, mouth

Note:

Root / lemma: ĝep(h)-, ĝebh- : jaw, mouth' : Root / lemma: ĝembh-, ĝm̥bh- : to bite; tooth' derived from Root / lemma: ĝenu-2 f. and (ĝenǝdh- :) ĝonǝdh- : chin' : Root / lemma: ĝenu-1, ĝneu- (*ĝḫenu-) : knee, joint'.

Material: With ph: Avestan zafar-, zafan- `mouth, jaw', participle Med. vī-zafāna, compare s-stem (besides r/n-stem) in ϑrizafah- besides ϑrizafan-;

Maybe alb. Geg za ` capture, bite'.

with bh : gallorom. expressive *gobbo-, Old Irish gop, nir. gob `bill, beak, neb, mouth';

Maybe alb. gop `vagina'.

Germanic with ph or to partial bh Old Norse kjaptr or kjǫptr (*keƀuta- or *kefuta-) `muzzle, mandible, jaw ', Middle High German kivel, kiver ` jaw ' (*kefra-) Modern High German dial. kiefe `gill', ndd. keve ` jaw, gill', wherefore the verbs Norwegian kjava ` quarrel, argue ' (` move the jaws ')

Maybe alb. (*zifem) zihem ` quarrel' [common alb. ĝ- > -z- ; -f- > -h-]

Middle Low German Low German kibbelen, kabbelen, kevelen ` babble, chatter loudly ', Middle High German kibelen, kifelen `quarrel, squabble', kiven, kiffen ` gnaw ', kifelen ` gnaw, chew '; lengthened grade Old Norse kāfl, Old Saxon cāfl, Old English cēafl (English jowl, jole) ` jaw ' (*kēfala-).

In addition as ` nibbler ':

Old High German chevaro, kevar, Middle High German kevere `beetle, chafer' (*kebran-); changing through vowel gradation Old English ceafor (*kaƀra- or*kaƀru-), ndd. kavel ds.;

Lithuanian žėbiù, žė̃bti ` eat slowly ', žė́biu, žė́beti ` eat, peck ';

Old Church Slavic o-zobati ` λυμαίνεσθαι ', Serbian zòbati ` eat, devour ', zôb f. ` oat ', Russian zobátь ` eat, peck ', zob m. `bill, beak, neb';

Czech žábra `gill of the fish ', Russian žábry ds. could have covered ž from the e-grade and contain a variant with g-.

from ĝembh- `bite' as a nasalized form belongs to our root?

References: WP. I 570 f., Trautmann 364, Benveniste Origines 10 f., Kluge11 s. v. `beetle, chafer' and ` jaw '.

Page(s): 382

Root / lemma: ĝers-

Meaning: to turn, bend

Material: Armenian caṙ `tree', Pl. ` brushwood ' (*ĝr̥so-); caṙay (*gr̥-āti-) `servant, farmhand'; cuṙ `slant, skew, crooked' (*ĝorsos);

gr. γέρρον n. ` anything made of wicker-work; oblong shield, covered with ox-hide; wattled screens or booths, used in the Athen. market-place, generally, wattles; wicker body of a cart ' etc., also `penis' (`*rod') (*γερσι̯ον);

Maybe alb. kar `penis' : Gypsy kar `penis'.

Latin gerra ` anything made of wicker-work ', Pl. gerrae ` wattled twigs; trifles, stuff, nonsense ' is gr. loanword; zero grade γάρρα ῥάβδος and γάρσανα φρύγανα. Κρῆτες Hes.;

from Gr. γέρδιος derives Latin gerdius ` weaver ';

Welsh gyrr m. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, livestock drive ' (*ĝersi̯o-), therefrom gyrru ds.?;

Old Norse kjarr n., kjǫrr m. (*kerza-, kerzu-) `shrubbery, bush ', Swedish dial. kars, karse m. `basket from withe, small bag, net bag ', Old Norse kass(i) m. (*kars-) ` wicker basket, back basket ', Swedish kärsa f. `creel, net bag ', Norwegian kjessa `basket, bast netting ' (*karsi̯ōn).

In addition probably Middle High German kerren ` turn ' (*karzjan) = Old English cierran `wend, in a certain position bring, intransitive turn ', becierran `turn', cierr m. (*karzi-) `time, one time, business '.

References: WP. I 609 f., WH. I 594, 596, Loth RC 40, 375 f.

Page(s): 392-393

Root / lemma: ĝer-, ĝerǝ-, ĝrē-

Meaning: to rub; to be old; grain

Note: also, esp. in formations with formants -no-, `corn, grain, seed ' (only NW-Indo Germanic); the oldest meaning seems to have been `rub' (hence ` fruit grater, neatly pulverized, ground into fine particles; crushed '), intransitive-pass. ` become faded, from age or disease, malady'.

Material:

Hittite: karu (Adv.) ' früher ' , karuili- ' früherer, ehemalig, uralt ' (Tischler 526 f)

Tokharian: A, B kwär- ˜ kur- (PT *kwär-) ' age, grow old ' (Adams 236); B śrāñ (pl.) ' old (of people)? ' (644)

Old Indian: járati `to make old or decrepit, cause to grow old ' , jīryati, jūryati `to grow old, become decrepit ' , ptc. jīrṇá-, jūrṇá-; jaraṇá- `old, decayed ' ; jarás- f., jarā́ f. `decay, old age ' ; jā́ra- `becoming old '

Avestan: azarǝṣant- `nicht alternd ' , azarǝma- `nicht abnehmend ' , zairina- `aufreibend, erschlaffend ' , zarǝta- `altersschwach ' ; zaurvan- m. `Greisenalter, Altersschwäche ' , zaurura- `altersschwach, gebrechlich '

Armenian: cer `alt, Greiss '

Old Greek: gérōn, -ontos m. `Greis ' , géras, -aos/-ōs n. `Ehre, Ehrengabe, Belohnunng ' , gerai̯ó- `alt ' ; gē^ras, -aos/-ōs n. `Alter ' ; gēráskō, inf. gēránai̯, aor. egḗrǟ, inf. gēránai̯/-ā^nai̯, ptc. gērā́s; egḗrasa; att. gra^u̯-s, gen. grǟós, ep., ion. hom. grǟǘ-s, grǟ^u-s f. `alte Frau '

Slavic: *zьrēti; *zorī́tī; -*zorъ

Germanic: *kir-Vl-a- m., *kar-il-a- m.

Old Indic járant- ` fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, old, graybeard' (= osset. zärond `old', gr. γέρων; compare also New Persian zar ` graybeard, hag '), járati `makes fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, allows to grow old ' (`*rub, chafe '), jaraṇá- ` frail, old', jarás- f. (Nom. Sg. jarā́ḥ, Indo Germanic -ōs) and jarā́ ` age, grow older, senescence, aging process, process of growing older, age'; reduplication jarjara- `frail, breakable, decrepit ' (: gr. γεργέριμος); lengthened grade jā́ra- ` aging, maturing; growing older ' (= New Persian zār `weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', zār ` graybeard, hag '; also in Aor. jāriṣuḥ); heavy basis in Old Indic jarimán- m. ` old age, senility ', jī́ryati, jū́ryati ` become fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, grows old ', participle jūrṇá-, jīrṇá- ` fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, decrepit, antiquated, worn out, old, decompose, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, old'; Avestan azarǝšant- `not aging, maturing ' (participle of s-Aor.), azarǝma- `not decreasing, lessening, diminishing, declining ' (from *zarǝma- m. `the abandoned, depraved, unkempt, withered, shabby, dilapidated, neglected '), zairina- ` attritional, tiring, languishing, wearying, exhausting ', zarǝta- `altersschwach' (probably = Old Indic *jīrta-), with formant u (: gr. γραῦς? Old Norse kǫr, see below) zaurvan- m. ` hoariness, old age, grayness, senility ', zaurura- ` decrepit, infirm, feeble, weak, frail, aged, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', perhaps also zrvan- : zrū̆n- `time';

Armenian cer `old, graybeard' (*ĝero-);

gr. γέρων ` graybeard' (γέροντ-), γερούσιος ` pertaining to the council of the elders, senatorial ', γερουσία ` Council of Elders, senate, esp. at Sparta, sacred college ', γέρας n. (Indo Germanic *ĝerǝ-s, from the heavy basis) originally `*age, * age prerogative ', hence ` honorific title; award, prize, honorary position, guerdon, reward, recompense, prize, trophy ', γεραρός ` venerable, stately, respectable ', later also `old, senile ', γεραιός `old' probably from *γερασ-ι̯ός; in the meaning `age' is γέρας replaced through γῆρας; η from γηράσκω ` grown old ', participle present γηρά̄ς ` aging, maturing; growing older ', themat. Impf. ἐγήρᾱ, etc. auf γῆρας (for γέρας) figurative, also in γηράω ` get old, grow old, mature, ripen ', γηραλέος (by Hes. also γεραλέος) `old'; Attic γραῦς, Gen. γρᾱ(*F)ός (hom. Dative γρηΐ) `old wife, woman' (hom. γρηΰς probably later inscription of a right one *γρη(F)ίς after the usual one γραῦς); perhaps in relationship to Avestan zaurvan- m. ` hoariness, old age, grayness ', perhaps originally Nom. *ĝeŕ-us : Gen.*ĝerǝ-u̯-ós, from which γρᾱFός; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 574; reduplication γεργέριμος ` dropping by itself or ripe fig or olive ' (see above);

Old Norse karl `man, husband, old man, husband, husband, free man, husband' = Old High German karal ds., with vowel gradation Old English ceorl ` free man of the lowest class, husband ', English churl ` rude person, person from the country, fool ', Middle Low German kerle `free, common man, husband, sturdy man, husband', Modern High German (from Ndd.) Kerl; basic meaning probably ` aged man, husband';

Old Church Slavic zьrěti `ripen', zьrělъ ` mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', causative sьzori ` ripe '.

In the meaning ` corn, grain, seed ':

Latin grānum `corn, grain, seed ' (*gr̥-nóm, = Old Indic jīrṇá-, see above) = Old Irish grān, Welsh etc. grawn (Sg. gronyn) ds. (borrowing from Latin is not provable) = Lithuanian žìrnis, Latvian zir̃nis m. `pea', Old Prussian syrne f. `corn, grain'; Old Church Slavic zrьno, Serbian zȑno n. `corn, grain'; Gothic kaúrn, Old High German Old English Old Norse korn, Modern High German Korn, Old English cyrnel ` seed ', next to which zero grades Old High German kërno, Old Norse kjarni m., ds. (probably also Modern High German Dialectal kern ` milk cream, milk skimmings ' granular becoming as in butter, Middle High German kern ` churn, vessel in which butter is made ', Old Norse kjarni, kirna ds., Old English ćiern, English churn ds.).

Maybe alb. (*kjern) thjerrě ` lentil ' not from Armenian siseṙn ` chickpea '

*grāros (*gr̥̄-rós) ` pulverized, ground into fine particles; crushed ' is continual probably in Latin glārea (*grārei̯ā) ` gravel '; d-present *ĝrō-dō perhaps in Gothic gakrōtōn ` crunch '.

References: WP. I 599 f., WH. I 605 f., 618 f., Trautmann 371 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 514, 574, 682 under Anm. 5.

Page(s): 390-391

Root / lemma: ĝeus-

Meaning: to taste; to enjoy [` savor, enjoy, taste ', in the Germanic and Celtic 'choose', in Indo Iranian and Alban. 'love']

Material: Old Indic jṓṣati, juṣátē ` tastes, enjoys, loves ', jōsáyatē `where one finds pleasure', jṓṣa-ḥ ` contentedness, approval, sufficiency ', Avestan zaoš-, Old Persian dauš- `where one finds flavor ', Avestan zaošō ` pleasure ', zuštō ` liked, beloved, fancied, desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted '; khotan-sak. ysūṣḍē ` he appraises, appreciates ', ysua, ysuyān (ys = z) `treat, delight ';

gr. γεύομαι ` feel, enjoy the taste of; experience, have enjoyment of, enjoy the company of ' (therefrom γεύω ` allow to taste ');

alb. desha `I loved', present do, dua (*ĝēus-n-, Jokl IF. 37, 101 f.);

Also alb. Geg me dashtë ` to love '.

n-present Latin dēgūnō, -ere `taste' (*gus-nō);

Old Irish asa-gū (*ĝus-s-t) `he wishes ' (ad-gūsi, asa-gūssi `he wishes ', s. to form Pedersen II 549), do-goa (*ĝus-ā-t) `he chooses ', verbal noun togu ` choose ', preterit dorōigu ` elegit ' (*to-ro-ĝi-ĝēus-t), Pokorny IF. 35, 177 ff., etc. (see Pedersen aaO.);

Gothic kiusan ` assay, try, test, check ', Old Norse kjōsa ` choose, wish' (also ` affect through sorcery ', Old High German Old Saxon kiosan ` taste, assay, try, choose ', Modern High German kiesen, Causative-Iterative Gothic kausjan ` assay, try, taste ' (= Old Indic iōšáyatē); compare Old English wæl-céasig ` choosing corpses ' (of raven).

noun actionis of ti-: Old Indic júṣṭi-ḥ ` Liebeserweisung, favour ', Gothic ga-kusts f. ` examination ', Old Frisian kest, Old English cyst m. ` object of a choice, exquisiteness, excellence ' (but gr. γεῦσις previously single-linguistic formation from γεύομαι): of tu-: Latin gustus, -ūs ` a tasting of food, a partaking slightly or eating a little of any thing, a light dish at the beginning of a Roman meal, an antepast, whet, relish, taste, flavor ', Celtic *gustu- ` choice ' in names Irish Oengus, Fergus, Old Welsh Ungust, Gurgust and in Old Irish guss ` skillfulness, power ', Gothic kustus ` examination ', Old High German Old Saxon kust m. ` examination, appraisal, choice, excellence ', Old Norse kostr, -ar ` choice, capriciousness, (good) quality '; derivative of participle *gus-tós: Latin gustō, -āre `taste, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ' = Old High German Old Saxon kostōn `taste, try, assay, test ', Old English costian ` try, assay, test, plague', Old Norse kosta, -aða ` assay, try, exert oneself, strive '; previous noun actionis is *kuriz in Old English cyre m. ` choice, judgement', Old High German kuri f. ds. (Modern High German Kur-fürst `prince elector, elector, electoral prince, one of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire entitled to elect the emperor', Will-kür `capriciousness, despotism, arbitrariness'), with intersection in neuter Old Norse kør ` choice ', Old English ge-cor ` verdict ', derived Old High German korōn ` taste, sip; have some experience of; enjoy, try'.

References: WP. I 568 f., WH. I 628 f., Feist 312 f.

Page(s): 399-400

Root / lemma: ĝeu-, ĝeu̯ǝ- (besides geu̯ǝ-)

Meaning: to advance; to hurry

Material: Old Indic junā́ti ` drive, hurry, set in motion, stir into action as if by fanning; arouse, instigate ', jávate ` hurries ', jūtá-ḥ `hurrying', jū- `quick, fast', jūtí ` quickness, encouragement ', javín `hurrying', javá-ḥ `hurrying, quick, fast', jáviṣṭha-ḥ `the fastest', m. `haste, hurry, quickness ', jávas- ` quickness ', jávana-ḥ ` driving, animating, inciting ';

Avestan zavah- n. ` power, strength ', zāvar- n. `(physical) power, strength ' (esp. of the feet and the horse), New Persian zōr ` power ', Baluchi zūt `quick, fast', Avestan zǝvīštya ` the hastiest, most fastest, the most conducive ', uzutay- ` hurrying out, foaming ';

besides auf Indo Germanic geu̯ǝ- weisend: Avestan java ` hurry '; New Persian zūd `quick, fast' could belong to Aryan ǵ or ž;

perhaps to Old Norse keyra `drive, ride, push, throw, ride';

Serbo-Croatian žúriti se ` hurry ', from Trautmann 80 to gȕriti se ` brew ' placed, perhaps in spite of unclear anlaut here.

References: WP. I 555.

Page(s): 399

Root / lemma: ĝēi- : ĝī-

Meaning: to sprout

Material: Armenian ciɫ, ciuɫ, ceɫ ` stem, stalk', ǝn-ciuɫ `sprout, germ, sprout';

Gothic keinan, us-keinan `germinate', us-kijans ` germinated, sprouted '; Old High German chīnan `germinate, split, open', Old English cīnan `break, crack, be open'; Old High German chīmo m., asächs. kīmo `germ, sprout'; Old English cīð, Old Saxon kīð m. `germ, sprout, young shoot ', Old High German frumakīdi ` first shoot '; Old Saxon kio, Old English cēon, cīun ` gills ' (probably *kijan-).

Here probably with a previous form the bursting bud, sprout in general meaning `break, crack, sich split' Old High German kīl, Modern High German Keil, Middle Low German kīl, Norwegian kīle m. `wedge' (or this meaning of the sharpness deriving form of the plant bud? formally from *kī-ðlā́-, compare *kī́-Þla- in:) Old High German kīdel, Modern High German Dialectal keidel m. `wedge'; Old Icelandic kīll m. ` narrow sea bay ' (`*cleft, fissure'), changing through vowel gradation Norwegian keila f. `small gully, canal', Middle Low German kēl m. `narrow Meerbucht '; with ĭ Old English cinu f. ` cleft, col, gap', Danish Dialectal kin `col, gap'; perhaps Old Middle High German chil `leek', Middle High German kil m. ` onion, bulb of the leek ', Modern High German Kiel m. ds. (compare Bavarian auskielen from acorn, onion , ` germinating the peel, break through skin ');

Latvian zẽiju, ziêt ` flourish, bloom, appear, come into view ', next to which with d-extension (probably originally d-present) Lithuanian žýd(ži)u žydė́ti `bloom, blossom', pražýstu, -žýdau, -žýsti ` blossom ', žíedas `bloom, blossom, ring', Latvian ziêdu (ziêžu), ziêdêt `bloom, blossom'.

References: WP. I 544.

Page(s): 355-356

Root / lemma: ĝhaiso- (or ĝhǝiso- : ĝhēiso-)

Meaning: stick; dart

Material: Old Indic hḗṣas- n. `projectile' (yet see below ĝhei-1 `stimulate, invigorate');

gr. χαῖος m. (?) `shepherd's crook; crosier';

gall.-Latin gaesum, gall.-gr. γαῖσον `heavy iron spear, lance' (gall. gaesātī `mercenaries'); Old Irish gaë `spear, javelin' (gāide ` lance '); fo-gae, Middle Irish fo-ga `spear, lance' = Welsh gwayw (see in addition Thurneysen IA. 26, 25, compare also Old Breton guu-goiuou ` a little sharp point or sting, a weapon used for fighting at a distance; a missile weapon, missile, as a dart, spear, javelin ', BB. 17, 139), Middle Breton goaff, Cornish gew;

Old High German Old Saxon gēr, Old English gār, Old Icelandic geirr m. ` throw spear ' (*gaizas); Gothic PN Rada-gaisu-s, wand. Gaisa-rīk-s.

In addition as -ilōn-derivative Old High German geisila, Modern High German Geißel `lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur', Old Icelandic geisl, geisli m. ` stick of the snowshoe runners '; with vowel gradation (Indo Germanic ēi? ī?) langob. gīsil ` arrow shaft ' (but about Old High German gīsal ` captive = Bürgschaftsgefangener ' see below gheidh- `lust, crave'), Old Icelandic gīsl(i) `staff'.

References: WP. I 528, WH. I 575 f.

Page(s): 410

Root / lemma: ĝhalg(h)-

Meaning: (flexible) twig

Material: Armenian jaɫk `twig, branch, horsewhip, stalk, captive' (< *ĝhalgā; Petersson Heteroklisie 155 expounded den variation from g and gh from a paradigm *ĝhólgh, *ĝhl̥gnés);

Gothic galga m. `picket, pole, cross', Old Icelandic galgi ` gallows ', Old English gealga, Old Frisian galga, Old Saxon Old High German galgo ` gallows, cross', in addition further formations Old Icelandic gelgia `twig, branch, shaft, pole, stick' (the oldest kind of the gallows was a pliable branch in which the criminal would be hanged);

Lithuanian žalgà and žalgas m. `long, thin shaft, pole', Latvian žalga f. `long rod, fishing rod'.

References: WP. I 540, Trautmann 364.

Page(s): 411

Root / lemma: ĝhal-, ĝhal-ar-

Meaning: flaw, defect

Material:

Hittite: kallar `ungünstig, unheilvoll ' (Tischler 464)

Slavic: *zolъkъ > Ukr золо́к die schmerzhafteste Stelle einer Wunde, *nāzolā, *nāzolъ > русск. диал. назо́ла

Baltic: *ǯal-ā^ f., *ǯal-b-ā^ f., *ǯel-b-ā f.

Germanic: *gal-ō(n-) f., *gall-an- m.

Celtic: OIr galar ' illness, trouble ' ; Cymr galar ' sorrowful complaints '

Old Irish galar n. `disease, malady, distress ', Welsh Cornish galar ` sorrow, mourning, grief, affliction, distress, lamentation, a striking or beating accompanied by a loud noise, a banging, rustling, roaring ';

Old Icelandic galli m. `blemish, fault, error, damage' (but gealla m. ` sore-grated place of the horse ', English gall ds., Middle Low German galle ` damaged place', Middle High German galle ` swelling, tumefaction of the horse, damaged place in the rock ', Modern High German galle `swelling, lump, growth, flaw in rock, in farmland etc.' are with Galle =Gall-apfel borrowed from Latin galla);

Lithuanian žalà `damage, injury ', žalìngas ` wicked, harmful ', Latvian zalba, zolba `damage, injury in the body' (or borrowed from Russian? s. Endzelin KZ. 44, 66);

perhaps also Ukrainian zolok ` the most painful place of a wound ', Russian nazóla `ruefulness, distress, anger, irritation '.

Pedersen (Hittite 46) compares with Old Irish galar Hittite kal-la-ar (kallar) `evil, bad'.

References: WP. I 540, WH. I 580.

Page(s): 411

Root / lemma: ĝhan-s-

Meaning: goose

Note:

Root / lemma: ĝhan-s- : `goose' derived from Root / lemma: gha gha, ghe ghe, ghi ghi : `to cackle (of geese)'.

Material: Old Indic haṁsá-ḥ m., haṁsī f. `goose, swan'; soghd. z'ɣ `sorte d'oiseau';

Latin ānser, mostly m. `goose ' (originally *hanser; to stem formation compare Slavic *žansera- (*gansera-) `gander' in Old Czech húser, polab. gûnsgarr, etc.);

Note:

Common Old Indic : Latin ĝh- > h-.

gr. χήν, -ός, m. f., Doric Boeotian χά̄ν `goose ' from *χανς, χανσός (here, as in Germanic and in Lithuanian Gen. Pl. žąsų̃, still the old conservative inflection);

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*he-nos) rosa `duck ' common alb. n/r rhotacism; also gn- > n- italic-illyrian.

Old Irish gēiss `swan' (*gansī = Old Indic haṁsī, not reshaped from a conservative stem);

Old High German gans (i-stem has changed), Old English gōs (Pl. gēs from *gans-iz = gr. χῆνες), Old Icelandic gās (Pl.gǣs) `goose ' (from Old English gōs derives Middle Irish goss);

Lithuanian žąsìs f. `goose ' (Akk. žą̃sį = gr. χῆνα, Gen. Pl. conservative žąsų̃, dial. also Nom. Pl. žą̃ses), Latvian zùoss, Old Prussian sansy ds.;

Slavic *gǫsь (with probably auf Germanic influence based g instead of z) in Russian gusь, sloven. ĝȯs, poln. gęś `goose ';

Specht Dekl. 204 will also Lithuanian gén-š-e, gen-ž-ė̃ f. ` egret, heron ' here place.

Old English gan(d)ra ` gander ' (English gander), Middle Low German ganre ds. is applied as Mask.-formation of stem *gan- after kind of from Old High German kat-aro `tomcat, male-cat'; if ein *ganezan- the basic lies, stand Swiss gann, ganner ` appellation from aquanauts ' as *ganzá- with it in Suffix vowel gradation (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Besides certainly of the abbreviated stem ghan- (wherefore ghan-[e]s- as Indo Germanic *mēn-ōt-: *mēn-[e]s- ` month ') on the exterior formation with -d-: Germanic (zuerst by Plin.) ganta `a kind of goose ' (out of it prov. gante `wild goose, stork '; the meaning ` stork ' shows also Lithuanian gañdras, Old Prussian gandarus, from Germanic *gan[d]ro), Old English ganot `a wild water bird, e.g. a coot ', Old High German ganazzo ` gander ', also ganzo, Middle Low German gante ds. (A derivative therefrom with similar meaning as Tirol gänzen ` flirt ', gänsern `act as a goose', also ` wish, adore cravingly ', siebenbürg. goaseln ` philander, flirt ' is Modern Icelandic ganta ` philander, flirt ', ganti ` an idler, loafer, man about town, a city buffoon, droll, jester, clown, pantaloon, parasite ', Swedish mdart. gant, Danish gante ` dandy, fop, man excessively concerned with his clothes and appearance ', wherefore as fem. Norwegian gjente `girl'.)

Maybe alb. gocë `girl'

There Indo Germanic ghan-s-, -(ǝ)d- with gr. χανεῖν (see ĝhan-) and generally with the family 2. ĝhē- ` yawn ' zusammenhängt, also from dem heisern Anfauchen of animals by open bill, beak, neb den Namen hat, is um so glaublicher, as also ĝhē- ` yawn ' originally identical Ausatmen beim Gähnen identified hat. A similar Lautnachahmung (partly also base from Wasservogelnamen) see below gha gha-.

References: WP. I 536, WH. I 52, 583, Trautmann 365 f., Specht Dekl. 47, 204.

Page(s): 412

Root / lemma: ĝhan-

Meaning: to yawn

Material: Gr. hom. ἔχανον Aor. (actually Imperf. to *χα-νᾱ-μι, *χά-νω), κέχηνα Perf. (Doric κεχά̄ναντι) ` yawn, gape' (thereafter later present χαίνω), τὸ χάνος `yawn', by comedian also `mouth', ἀχανής (ἀ- copulative) `wide open, enlarged', etc.; besides χανύω, χανύσσω `speak with open mouth' Hes.;

different about gr. ἀχανής Specht Dekl. 282 f., the in ἀ- sees the anlaut of the root; about χαν-δόν ` with mouth wide open, greedily ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 626;

Old Icelandic gan n. ` yawn ' (probably = τὸ χάνος), Norwegian Swedish gan `gullet, jaw ', also `gill, head and entrails of small fish '; Old Icelandic gana ` gape, stare with an open mouth, lust, crave, glotzen', gø̄nir ` mocker '. Also the name of the goose, Indo Germanic ĝhan-s-, ĝhan-[ǝ]d-, is placeed here, see there.

References: WP. I 534, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 149 f.

Page(s): 411

Root / lemma: ĝhasto-1, ĝhazdho-

Meaning: twig; pole

Root / lemma: ĝhasto-1, ĝhazdho- : (twig; pole) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂-, (ak̂-sti- ): (sharp; stone)

Material: Latin hasta ` shaft, pole, staff, spear, javelin, spear, lance', Umbrian hostatu, anostatu ` armed with a spear ' (o not satisfactorily expounded), Middle Irish gass ` lap, scion, shoot, rod ' (< *ghasto-); besides*ghazdh- in Middle Irish gat ` withe', Middle Irish tris-gataim ` drill through, pierce '; perhaps in addition Old Irish gataid ` steal, rob ' as ` prick, stab with a sharp object '? (Thurneysen KZ. 63, 1144);

maybe alb. full grade heshta `spear' is older than Latin hasta `spear'

Gothic gazds m. `sting, prick', Old Icelandic gaddr `sting, prick, cusp, peak', Old Saxon fiurgard ` poker, tool used to arrange hot coals ', Old High German gart m. ` stimulus '; in addition with i̯ā-derivative Old English gierd f. `rod', afr. ierde ` horsewhip, measuring rod ', Old Saxon gerdia `horsewhip, rod, staff, ray', Old High German gartia, gertia `rod, scepter'.

References: WP. I 541, WH. I 636, 869.

Perhaps identical with:

Page(s): 412-413

Root / lemma: ĝhasto-2

Meaning: hand, arm

See also: s. more properly under ĝhesto-2.

Page(s): 413

Root / lemma: ĝhau-, ĝhau̯ǝ-

Meaning: to call, *priestess, *goddess

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: ĝhu̯en- : `to sound' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhau-, ĝhau̯ǝ- : `to call'

Material: Old Indic hávate ` call, shout, send for, call out to, summon ' (other phrase formations in hváyati, huvé, hóma, juhūmási), Pass. hūyáte, participle hūtá- ` loaded, charged, filled with emotion, called', hávītave Infin., hávīman- n. `appeal, request, plea; prayer', háva- m. n., havás-, hávana- n. ds., hóman n. ` caller of the price ', hvātar- ` caller ';

Avestan zavaiti ` calls, shouts, curses' (besides the present zbayeiti, zaozaomi), participle zūta- ` call ', zavana- n. `shout, call, appeal, request, plea; prayer', zavan `shout, call', zbātār- m. ` shouter, caller'; [common alb. Romanian Iranian -v- > -b-].

Maybe Albanian (*zvana) zana ` nymph ', alb. geg (*ĝhâ-) zâ, zani `voice, call', zë `capture, entrap, lure (perform magic)'

Lithuanian žavė́ti `conjure, perform magic', Latvian zavēt ds., actually ` somebody to curse something ' (compare Avestan zavaiti ` enchanted, spellbound, bewitched ');

In -o- grade:

Old Church Slavic zovǫ, zъvati `call, shout, cry', Serbo-Croatian zòvêm, zvȁti `call, shout, cry', Old Czech zovu, zvati, Russian zovú, zvatь ds.; in addition sloven. zòv m. `shout, call (whether not noun post-verbal, = Old Indic hava-ḥ, m. `shout, call').

Albanian (*zvat) zot `god' = Germanic *guða- n. `god' see below

Armenian jaunem ` consecrate, sanctify, bless; ordain', n-zovk` ` curse ';

gr. καυχάομaι ` praise, oneself, boast, brag' (*ghaughau̯-, compare Avestan zaozaomi), from which back formation καύχη f. ` boastfulness ';

maybe gemination alb. (*ghaughau̯-) gegë `northern alb. people.

Old Irish guth m. `voice' (*gutu-s); in addition gall. gutuater name a class of priests, probably from *ĝhutu-pǝtēr `father (that is to say master) of calls (a god)', Loth, RC 15, 224 ff., 28, 119 ff., Rev. Archéol. 1925, 221;

Here probably (as *ghu-tó-m ` invited creature '):

Germanic *guða- n. `god' (compare Old Indic puru-hūtá-ḥ `loud call', ved. epithet of Indras) in Gothic guÞ m. `god' (the originally neutral form still in Pl. guda and in galiuga-guÞ ` idol '), Old Icelandic goð, guð n. ` heathenish god'; guð m. `( Christian) god', Old English English Old Frisian asächs. god ds., Old High German got ds.;

therefrom derived Old High German gutin(na), mnl. godinne, Old English gyden `goddess'; Gothic gudja m. `(originally heathenish) priest', Old Icelandic goði m. ` heathenish priest' (Proto Norse guðija), gyðja f. `priestess'; Middle High German goting `priest';

previous Christian formations are Old High German *gotfater, gotmuoter, Old English godfæðer, Old Norse guðfaðer, guðmōðer ` godfather, godmother ', in addition of the name indicating fondness also Swedish gubbe ` graybeard', gumma ` hag ', Old High German *goto, gota, Middle High German göt(t)e, got(t)e ` godfather, godmother '.

References: WP. I 529 f., Trautmann 367; ausführl. Lithuanian by Feist 227 f.

Page(s): 413-414

Root / lemma: ĝhāgʷh-

Meaning: young of an animal or bird

Material: New Persian zāq `young animal, esp. young chicken ' (q Arabic spelling for ɣ);

[Armenian jag `the young of an animal, esp. a bird, nestling, chick' is Persian loanword];

alb. zok, zogu `bird, young bird, the young of the donkey'.

References: WP. I 531.

Page(s): 409

Root / lemma: ĝ(h)eĝh-

Meaning: ferret

Material: Old Indic jáhakā `polecat' (or `hedgehog'?), Lithuanian šẽškas `polecat' (originated through double assimilation from*žežkas); compare Lithuanian oškà `goat' compared with Old Indic ajikā ds.

References: WP. I 570, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 630; different Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 820.

Page(s): 424

Root / lemma: ĝhei-1, ĝhēi-

Meaning: to drive; to throw; to wound

Note: from the meaning `projectile' or at most verbal `whereupon toss, fling, meet' could have derived ` wound, hurt ' (group B) (root form ĝhei-s-).

Material: A. ĝhei- `antreiben':

Old Indic hinṓti, hínvati (participle háyant-) `set in motion, motivate, energize, stimulate, hurl, sling, fling', participle hitá-ḥ; hēmán- n. ` eagerness '; hētí-ḥ m. `projectile' (compare Germanic *gaidā);

Avestan zaēni- ` astir, keen, eager', zaēman- ` active, awake', n. `wakefulness, agility, liveliness, lively being, aroused being ', zaēnahvant- (from a *zaēnah- n.) `waking, watchful, wakeful'; zaēna- m. `weapon', zaya- m. `(*weapon), tool, piece of armament, weapons ', zayan- `armed'.

Also Old Indic háya-ḥ `steed' = Armenian ji, Gen. jioy ds. here as ` the living, the energetic '?;

langob. gaida f. `spear, javelin', Old English gād f. `sting, prick, cusp, peak, stick ', PN Old High German Gaido; in addition Old Icelandic gedda f. ` pike ' < geiðida, compare lapp. kaito ds.;

Gothic langob. gain- `weapon' in PN (Gainhard, Gainwald), Old English gǣn- in PN;

Gothic *gails m. `spear, javelin' in PN Gēl-mīrus, Old English Gāl-frið, Old High German Geil-muot.

B. ĝheis- ` wound, hurt ':

Old Indic hḗṣas- n. `projectile' (but it could also be Indo Germanic *ĝhaiso-s, see there); in addition probably hį́sati (previously nachved. hinásti) ` hurt, harm, injure ';

Old Irish gōite ` a wounding, wound ', Middle Irish gāetas ` strike down, knock down, cut down, cut off, kill, slay ' (*ĝhoizd-);

Lithuanian žeidžiù, žeidžiaũ, žeĩsti ` wound, hurt ', žaizdà `wound'. The same d-extension by ĝheis : ĝheizd- ` angry, furious '.

References: WP. I 546, Pokorny Urillyrier 64, Holthausen Gothic etym. Wb. 34.

See also: compare still ĝheis-, ĝheizd- ` be angry, furious ', as well as ĝhaiso-.

Page(s): 424-425

Root / lemma: ĝhei-2 : ĝhi-

Meaning: winter; snow

Note: after Specht Dekl. 14, 330 f. older -men- stem, with already Indo Germanic change of mn to m.

Material:

Hittite: gim(a)- ' Winter ' (Tischler 571)

Tokharian: A śärme, B śimpriye, śimpro (PT *śäm(ä)rāi-) ' winter ' (Adams 630)

Old Indian: héman loc. adv. `in winter ' , hemantá- m. `winter ' ; himá- m. `cold, frost, snow ' , hímā f. `winter '

Avestan: zaēn- m., zǝmaka- m. ' Winterrsturm ' , zyɔ̄ (acc. zyąm, gen. zǝmō) ' Winter '

Other Iranian: NPers dai ' Winter ' (< *gheimn̥)

Armenian: ʒiun, gen. ʒean `Schnee '

Old Greek: khéi̯ma n., khei̯mṓn, -ō^nos m. `Winter; Winterwetter, Sturmm ' ; dǘs-khimo- `stürmisch, schauerlich ' , khiṓn, -ónos f. `Schnee, Schneedecke, Schmelzschnee ' ; khímetlo-n `Frostbeule '

Slavic: *zīmā

Baltic: *ǯeĩm-ā^ f., *ǯeĩm-ia- c.

Germanic: ? *guj-ōn- f.

Latin: bīmus, trīmus, quadrīmus `zwei, drei, vier Jahre (Winter) alt, sich auf zwei (drei, vier ) Jahre erstreckend ' ; hiems, hiemis f. `Winter; Sturm; Jahr '

Celtic: MIr gam `Winter ' (по sam `Sommer ' ), gemred `id. ' ; OCymr gaem, NCymr gauaf, OCorn goyf, Bret goan̄v; Gaul EN Giamillus

Albanian: dímër, gen. dímri, pl. dímre m. `winter '

A. ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn-:

The r-extension is analogical after *semero- `summery'.

Old Indic hḗman (Locative) `in winter', hēmantá-ḥ m. `winter' (: Hittite gimmanza ds.);

Latin hiems, -is `winter';

Note:

Common Old Indic : Latin ĝh- > h-.

gr. χεῖμα n. `winter, winter storm, coldness', χειμών m. ` winter storm, winter weather, winter' (in addition also χείμαρος ` spigot ', it would be pulled out if the ship was brought in the land);

alb. Geg dimën m., Tosc dimër(ë) `winter' (older Akk. *ĝhei-men-om);

alb. Tosc dimër(ë) `winter' = Armenian ձմեռ ǳmeṙ `winter' = gr. χεῖμα n. `winter'.

Also alb. Geg (*χείμαρος) dzborë, Tosc dëborë ` snow ' = Armenian (*dzemon) ձյուն ǳyoun ` snow ' = gr. χιών chiṓn ` snow '.

alb. (*χείμαρος) dëborë, dzborë, bdorë, vdorë `snow' [shift -m- > -mb- > -b- like Latin hibernus (< *gheimrinos) `cold'].

Balto Slavic *žeimā (from *žeimnā) in Lithuanian žiemà, Latvian zìma, Old Prussian semo `winter' and Old Church Slavic zima, Gen. zimy, Russian zimá, Bulgarian zíma, Serbo-Croatian zíma, sloven. zíma, Czech zima, poln. zima `winter'.

Hittite gi-im-ma-an-za `winter' see above.

In addition ĝheim(e)rinos and ĝheiminos `wintery'.

In gr. χειμερινός, Latin hibernus (< *gheimrinos), Lithuanian žiemìnis, Old Church Slavic zimьnъ, Russian zímnij, Serbo-Croatian zîmnî, Czech zimní (Czech zimný `cold'), poln. zimny `cold, wintery' (compare with vowel gradation i in the root syllable Armenian jmeṙn `winter').

To *ghei- allein: Avestan zayan-, zaēn- m. `winter', New Persian dai; Avestan zayana- `wintery' and with Vr̥ddhierung Old Indic hā́yana- `annual, yearly', hāyaná- m. n. `year' (rhyme meaning to Avestan hamana `summery').

Note:

Gr. ἔνος `year' : Latin annus `year' (*atnos ) `year' : Old Indic hā́yana- `yearly', hāyaná- m. n. `year' prove that Root / lemma: en-2 : `year' : Root / lemma: at-, *atno- : `to go; year' : Root / lemma: u̯et- : `year' [prothetic u̯- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root / lemma: ĝhei-2, ĝhi-, ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn- : `winter; snow'

B. ĝhi̯ōm, ghii̯ōm, Gen. ĝhiemós, ĝhimós, also ĝhi̯omós (m from *mn?).

Avestan zyā̊ f. `winter' (Akk. zyąm, Gen. zimō);

Armenian jiun `snow' (< *ghii̯ōm), Gen. jean (< ĝhii̯on-, s. Meillet Esquisse 45);

gr. χιών (*χιώμ), χιόνος `snow';

Ligurian mōns Berigiema (` schneetragend '), with a reshaped ending;

Middle Irish gem-adaig ` winter night ' (gam `winter' is reshaped after sam `summer', compare Thurneysen KZ. 59, 2, 8; 61, 253); Old Welsh gaem, Modern Welsh gauaf, Old Cornish goyf, Breton goan̄v, gall. winter month Giamon[ios], Eigenname Giamillus, other formations Middle Irish gem-rad n., Middle Welsh gaeaf-rawd `winter' (*ĝhii̯emo-rōto-, to ret-`run'); also Irish gamuin ` one year-old calf ';

Old Icelandic gōi f. and gǣ f., gōi-mānaðr ` the month from middle of February till the middle of March ', Icelandic gōa, under f., Norwegian gjø f., Swedish göjemånad (gō- < gi̯ō- after Bugge Ark. f. nord. Fil. 4, 123 ff.).

doubtably the apposition from Old Norse gamall `old', gemlingr `one year old sheep', Old English gamol `old', gamelian ` grow old ', Old Saxon gigamalod `aged', Old High German only in proper name as Gamalbold, Gamalberht, Gamalberga etc. as `aged', compare Latin annōsus.

C. ĝhimo- (from ĝhi-mn-o-?):

Old Indic himá-ḥ m. `coldness, frost, snow', hímā f. `winter', Avestan zǝmaka- m. ` winter storm ' (compare den Gen. from zyā̊ : zimō under В.);

gr. δύσχιμος `wintery, stormy', ὁ χίμαρος `he-goat', ἡ χίμαρος ` the one-year-old (nanny goat)', χίμαιρα `goat'

Maybe alb. geg (*ĝhein-) dhëj, tosk dhi Pl. dhen ` goat ' [common alb. ĝh- > dh-].

Latin bīmus (< *bihimos), trīmus, quadrīmus ` two years old or lasting two years ' (compare ved. śatá-hima- `hundred-year-old'), Norwegian dial. gimber, Swedish dial. gimber, Danish gimmerlam ` female lamb', dial. but ` one-year-old lamb' (Pedersen KZ. 32, 248), andfrk. (Lex Salica) ingimus? ` porcus anniculus '. The forms with y: Old Icelandic gymbr `one-year-old sow', Norwegian gymber, Swedish gymmer `lamb' are based probably on influence of not related - by the way, uninterpreted - Old Icelandic gymbill, PN Gumbull, Old Swedish gummerlamb `aries, ram', Icelandic gummarr, Norwegian gumse, Swedish gumse `aries, ram', see Hellquist SvEO. 210.

References: WP. 1 546 ff., WH. I 106, 645 f., Trautmann 367, Specht KZ. 53, 307 f.

Page(s): 425-426

Root / lemma: ĝhel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ- : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- (*ĝhwel-)

Meaning: to shine; green, gold, blue, yellow, moon

Note:

Root / lemma: ĝhel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ- : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- : to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun; derived from Root / lemma: ĝel-, ĝelǝ-, ĝlē-, (also *gelēi- :) ĝ(e)lǝi- : light, to shine; to be joyful.

Material: In view of the frequent cases, where Indo Germanic palatals in Balto-Slavic are represented by velar, instead of through a concurrence of ĝel-, ĝhel- and ghel- agreeable with Persson (Beitr. 790) and Kretschmer (Gl. 21, 115) the Balto-Slavic *gel- is defined through borrowing from a Centum language (Venetic-Illyrian?).

Old Indic hári- `blond, yellow, golden, green yellow, pale', hariṇá-ḥ ` gazelle ', harít- ` dun-colored, light grayish brown ', hárita- `yellow, green', híraṇya- n. `gold, medium of trade', hiranyáya- `golden'; about haṭaka- n. `gold' s. Kuiper Proto-Munda 30; in addition being based on velar root Old Indic ghoṭa- `horse' as originally `fox'? (Sommer IF. 31, 364 under A. 3);

the normal development in Latin helvus ` honey-yellow, golden ' (*ĝhelu̯os) = gallo- Latin gilvus `light yellow' (with dial. i from gall. *gelvos);

in addition Latin (h)olus, -eris (from *holos, *heleris) n., dial. folus, old helus, helusa ` herbage, vegetables, cabbage ';

Note:

Common Old Indic : Latin ĝh- > h-.

Avestan zari- `yellow, yellowish, golden ', zairita- `yellow, paled-yellow ', zaranya-, Old Persian daraniya- n. `gold', zaranaēna `from gold, golden', zāra- m. `gall' (= gr. χολή), named after the color as gr. χόλος, Latin fel, [common Latin ghw- > ph- > f-], Old Norse gall usf.; with velar root anlaut gǝrǝðō-kǝrǝta- ` cutting out the gall '? (see Bartholomae Old Iranian Wb. 523 with Lithuanian);

Note:

From Root / lemma: ĝhel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ- : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- : `to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root / lemma: dhel-1, dholo- : `curve; hollow', Root / lemma: dhel-2 : `light, shining', Root / lemma: dhel-3 : `to tremble' [common alb.-Illyrian ĝh- > d-].

Thracian ζηλτα `gold' (?), Phrygian ζέλκια λάχανα Hes.; Phrygian γλουρός χρυσός and γλούρεα χρύσεα Hes. (borrowed from gr. χλωρός??);

alb. dhelpërë, dhelpnë, dhelbun(e) `fox', actually `the yellow one' (see Jokl Linguist. kulturhist. Stud. 297 ff.);

gr. χόλος `gall, rage, fury', χολή `gall, rage, fury', χολ-έρα ` stomach disease ', χλωρός ` pale green. green yellow, fresh, strong' (:Old Icelandic glōr ` radiance ');

Latin fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. `gall' (older n-stem as Old High German galla), f probably dialect; WH. I 474, EM2 342 would be placed to fel and Lithuanian gel̃tas `yellow' etc. (see below) a root *gʷhel- (??);

Note:

Latin fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. `gall' derived from root *del because of common Latin d- > f-.

here also Latin galbus ` xanthous bird', galbinus ` green yellow ', whether Celtic or Illyrian loanword (*ghel-bho- or *ghol-bho-, further to Lithuanian gul̃bis see below);

Maybe alb. (*gelben) gjelbër ` green ' < Rom. galben ` green ' < galbinus ` green yellow '.

Old Irish gel `luminous, white', nir. gealach f. `moon'; Welsh gell `yellow', Breton gell `brown' (*ĝhel-no-);

Maybe alb. (*ĝhel) djell, diell `sun', djelë `Sunday ' : Old Irish gel `luminous, white', nir. gealach f. `moon' : Old Icelandic -glō- f. `sun', -glōa f. `moon'; s. also above S. 430 under ĝhlō- : Latvian dzęlts `yellow', dzeltêt ` become yellow ' see below (common alb. Slavic -j-, -i- infix);

in addition *ghlǝ- in Irish Welsh Cornish Breton glan `pure, clean', Celtic FlN Glanis, Glanā, Irish glain `glass, crystal' (*ghlǝni-), Welsh glain `gemstone, jewel' (*ghlǝni̯o-);

also in Icelandic glana ` clear up ', glan ` radiance ', Norwegian dial. glana `shimmer, gleam, shine, clear up ', Swedish dial. glana `shine weakly, stare, peek', asäch. FlN Glana (further see below den s-extensions).

Old Icelandic gall n. `gall, poison ' (*gallōn-, Indo Germanic *ghol-n-), Old English gealla m., Old Saxon galla, intense f., Old High German galla, weak f. `gall';

zero grade Old Icelandic gulr `yellow', besides full grade Old English geolo, Old Saxon Old High German gelo, Gen. gelwes ds. (< *gelu̯a-);

Gothic gulÞ n., Old Icelandic gull, goll n., Old English Old Frisian Old Saxon Old High German gold n. `gold';

vowel gradation *ghlē- in Old Icelandic glāmr `moon', glāmsȳni ` optic deception, illusion ', Swedish glåmig ` gray-yellow in the face, with sunken eyes ', Old Icelandic glǣr `bright' (*glēi̯a = Lithuanian žlėjà under).

*ĝhlō- (as in gr. χλωρός) appears in Old English glōm ` twilight, dawn, dusk' (yet ō before m is ambiguous), Old Saxon glōian, Old High German gluoen `burn', glühen `shine ', Old Icelandic glōð `blaze, glow, glowing coal', Old English glǣd f. `blaze, glow, flame, glowing coal, coal', Old Frisian glēd `blaze, glow', Old High German gluot `blaze, glow, glowing coals'; Old Icelandic -glōr n. ` radiance ' (: χλωρός), Old Icelandic glōra `sparkle, glitter'; s. also under S. 433 ĝhlōu-;

Lithuanian želiù, žė́liau, žé̇lti, Latvian zel'u, zel̂t `be green'; vowel gradation Lithuanian žãlias, Latvian zal'š, Old Prussian saligan `green', Lithuanian žolė̃, Latvian zâle f. `grass, herb', Old Prussian sālin Akk. `herb', Lithuanian žãlas `red' (from cattle); Lithuanian žìlas `gray', Latvian zils `blue', Lithuanian žel̃vas ` greenish ', Latvian zèlts (previous Neutr.) `gold', East Lithuanian žel̃tas `golden'; Lithuanian žlėjà ` twilight, half darkness, dusk ' (*ĝhlēi̯ā), Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 364 f., 368, 372; Lithuanian tulžìs `gall', through Metathesis from *žultìs; Latvian žults ds. (*ĝhl̥t-); to u-stem in Lithuanian žal̃vas, žel̃vas (= Latin helvus) `green', žaliū̃kė ` green frog', etc. s. Specht Dekl. 120;

Old Church Slavic zelenъ `green', Serbo-Croatian zèlen, Czech zelený; Russian zelḗnyj, poln. zielony ds. (compare Old Indic híraṇya- `gold'; in addition Old Church Slavic zelije n. ` vegetables ', Russian zelje `herb, medicinal herbs ', Serbo-Croatian zêlje ` herbage ', Czech zelí n. `herb, cabbage');

in addition also Russian zoɫá `ash', Bulgarian zolá `wood ashes, out of it cooked lye'; Old Church Slavic zlakъ `herb', Russian zlak `grass', Bulgarian zlakove ` grasses, herbs ';

Slavic *zolto in Old Church Slavic zlato `gold', Russian zóɫoto, Serbo-Croatian zlâto, Czech zlato, poln. zɫoto ds.,

besides Slavic *zoltъ `golden' in Russian zoɫotój, sloven. zlât, Czech zlatý, poln. zloty `golden';

Old Church Slavic zlъčъ `gall' (*ĝhl̥-ki-s); Bulgarian zlъčka `chicory' (z in folk etymology connection with zelenъ etc.?); compare under Old Church Slavic žlъtъ ds. with velar anlaut

Besides initial Balto-Slavic g- in:

Balto Slavic *gelta- and *gilta- `yellow' in: Lithuanian gel̃tas `yellow' (therefrom gel̃svas `yellowish');

Latvian dzęlts `yellow', dzeltêt ` become yellow '; therefrom derived Old Prussian *geltaynan (Hs. gelatynan); Lithuanian geltónas; Latvian dzeltains and dzèltãns `yellow'; Serbian- Church Slavic žlьtь, Serbo-Croatian žût (f. žúta); Czech žlutý; Russian žóɫt (f. žeɫtá);

in addition Old Church Slavic žlъtъ, žlъčь `gall', Russian žolčь, Bulgarian žlъčka ds. and `chicory', Serbo-Croatian žûč, Czech žluč, poln. żóɫć ds.; compare above with palatal. anlaut Old Church Slavic zlъčь ds.;

besides the t-suffix in color adjective in n-suffix in animal names Balto-Slavic *gilnā- f. ` woodpecker ' in Lithuanian gil̃na ` fieldfare ', Latvian dzil̂na ` woodpecker '; Slavic *žьlna in Russian- Church Slavic žlъna, Serbo-Croatian dial. žlná ` black woodpecker ', poln. žóɫna ` woodpecker ', Russian žeɫná ` black woodpecker ';

with other suffix Czech žluva f. ` oriole, songbird ' (from Slavic žьlva; compare in addition above Latin helvus and with palatal. anlaut Lithuanian želvas ` greenish ', in addition žalvė f. ` panicle, loose cluster of flowers ', želvỹs m. ` green stem');

here probably also (compare but ohen S. 428 under ĝel-) Old Prussian gulbis, Lithuanian gul̃bis m. (*golbhi̯o-) gulbė f., Latvian gùl̃bis `swan' and ` white cow' (hence not to ghel- `call, shout, cry');

further with unexplained k-:

Slavic *kъlpь, *kъlpъ in Upper Sorbian koɫṗ, Kashubian kôɫp ds., Russian kóɫpik m. ` spoonbill, large wading bird with a long bill with a broad flat tip ';

in addition further Russian goɫubój, Old Prussian golimban `blue', Lithuanian gelumbė̃ f. `blue kerchief, cloth', Old Bulgarian golǫbь `dove', Serbo-Croatian gȍlūb m. ds., Czech holub ds., etc.; to this formation compare Latin columba, palumbēs ds.;

Root extensions with Dental:

ĝhlǝd- in Old English glæterian ` become bright, begin to shine, derive lustre ', participle ` yellow '; Middle Low German glate, Middle High German glaz m. ` baldness '.

ĝhlend(h)- `gleam, see, show, glance, look' in:

Old Irish as-gleinn `he guides ', in-glennat ` trace out, find out, discover, investigate, search into ', fo-gliunn `I learn', Breton goulenn `long, want'; Old Irish do-gliunn `I collect ' (verbal noun díglaimm), Breton dilenn ` choose, select, pick ', gallorom. glennāre ` Ähren lesen ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (glenn- < *glendn- s. Pedeersen KGr. I 157, II 539), glése `gleaming' (<*glendtio-); Breton glein `clear, bright' (*glandi̯o-, Indo Germanic *ghln̥dhi̯o-);

Norwegian dial. gletta `peek', glett `clear Fleck am sky, heaven', Swedish dial. glänta ` gleam out, slightly opened ', Middle High German glinzen `shimmer, gleam', Old High German Middle High German glanz `gleaming', Middle High German glanz, glunz ` radiance ', Old High German Middle High German glenzen `gleam'; Swedish glindra ` glint, glitter ', Middle High German glander `gleaming, glimmering ', glander m. n. ` radiance, shimmer '; compare with other meaning under ĝhlend(h)-;

Balto Slavic *glendi̯ō `look, see' (with anlaut Velar) in:

Latvian (Curonian) glendi `search, seek';

Slavic *ględjǫ, *ględěti in:

Russian gljadě́tь `see, show, glance, look', Serbo-Croatian glédîm, Czech hledím, hleděti ds. and as originally iterative Old Church Slavic ględati ` look at, see ', Bulgarian glédam, Serbo-Croatian glȅdâm, glȅdati, Old Czech hladati, poln. glądać `see, show' (Trautmann 92 f).

Here ghlādh-, ĝhlǝdh- `gleaming, smooth '?

Latin glaber ` smooth, hairless, naked, bald, bleak' (*ghlǝdh-ro-);

Old Icelandic glaðr ` smooth, gleaming, blithe, glad', gleðia, glaða ` cheer, entertain ', Old English glœ̄̆d `gleaming, glimmering, blithe, glad, joyful, gratifying, pleasant', gladian `gleam, shimmer, make shine, caress, comfort, cheer ', Old Frisian gled ` smooth ', Old Saxon gladmōd (= Old English glædmōd) ` cheerful ', Old High German glat `gleaming', Middle High German glat `gleaming, smooth '; with intensive gemination Middle High German glatz ` bald head, baldness ' (compare Middle High German glitze ` radiance; bald head ');

Lithuanian glodùs, glõdnas ` smooth, appurtenant; (about clothing) slinky, tight, form-fitting; adjacent, near, adjoining; enclosed, gentle', glódžiu, glósti `polish, smooth', Latvian glaštu, glãstît ` caress', Old Prussian glosto `whetstone';

Old Church Slavic gladъ-kъ ` smooth, even ', Russian gɫádkij ` smooth ', Bulgarian gladъkъ ` smooth, polished', Serbo-Croatian gladak, Czech hladký, poln. gɫadki ` smooth, beautiful, cute '; causative Russian gɫáditь `smooth, iron, caress', Bulgarian gládja, Serbo-Croatian glȁditi, Czech hladiti, poln. gɫadzić ds. (Trautmann 91).

Maybe alb. për-këdhel : Slovenian gladiti, po-gladiti : Albanian Kosovo gëdhel `caress', truncated alb. dhelë ` caress ' : Rom. gudura `caress' : magj. gedel `caress' all Slavic loanwords.

further with nasal infix ĝhlend(h)- `glide, slide' in ndd. glandern ` sled, travel by sled, slide, skate, skid ', glander ` floe, floating mass of ice' (perhaps also Old English glendrian, glentrian ` consume, plunge down, fall' as `glide, let slide '); Norwegian gletta, Swedish mda. glinta `glide, slide' (compare above gletta `peek');

Lithuanian galándu, galą́sti ` sharpen, carve, cut ', Latvian galuods `whetstone', Old Prussian glandint ` comfort ', glands ` consolation ' (compare to meaning above Old English gladian ` caress, comfort '; compare above ghlend(h)- `gleam');

about Lithuanian glembù, glèbti ` become smooth, soft ' see below gel- ` clench '.

Maybe alb. glemb ` sharp thorn (smooth, sharp) ' : Old Prussian glosto `whetstone'.

s- and st-extensions:

Irish glass `green, gray, blue', Welsh glas `blue', Breton glaz `green', gall. glastum n. 1. ` woad, type of plant, Isatis tinctoria, Asp of Jerusalem', 2. ` blueberry ' (M.-L. 3779b); with plain -s- gallorom. *glasina ` blueberry ' (M.-L.. 3779a); to Irish glass still Old Irish glaiss f. `river', Middle Irish glaisīn ` woad, type of plant', Middle Cornish glesin ` vermilion or a color like vermilion ', in addition

Middle High German glast ` radiance ', glanst ds., glanster `spark', glasten `gleam', vowel gradation glosten, glusten;

Latin-Germanic glēsum ` amber ' = Old English glǣr m. ` amber, resin ', Old High German glās ` amber ', Old Icelandic glǣsa ` make gleaming, decorate, furbelow, embellish, ornament ', vowel gradation Norwegian dial. glōsa `sparkle, glitter, gleam, shine, glance, look', Old Icelandic gløsi-ligr `gleaming'; Old Icelandic gler n. `glass', Old English with s: glæs n. `glass', Old Frisian gles, Old Saxon glas, gles n. `glass', Old High German glas `glass'; Old Saxon glaso ` grey horse ', Middle English glaren `gleam', Middle Low German glaren `gleam, glow'.

ĝhlei- lies before in gr. (poet.) χλίω ` become warm or soft, indulge oneself, live lusciously ', χλιαίνω ` make warm, soften ', χλιαρός `warm, lukewarm';

Irish glé, Welsh gloew `gleaming, clear, bright' (< *ghlei-u̯o), gledd (*ghlii̯ā) ` green lawn', Middle Irish gléinech `clear, bright', Middle Welsh try-lwyn `very distinct';

Old Norse gljā ` glint, glitter ', Old Frisian glīa `glow', Old English glǣm ` radiance ', Old Saxon glīmo ` radiance ', Old High German glīmo, gleimo ` firefly ', Middle High German glīmen `gleam, shine, gleam', glimmen `glow, gleam', Norwegian dial. glīna `gleam, stare', Swedish glina ` smile ', glena `gleam, shine, clear up, laugh '.

ĝhleid-:

Gr. χλιδή ` softness, luxuriance, richness ', χλιδᾶν ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, be luscious ';

Gothic glitmunjan `gleam', Old Icelandic glita, glitra ` glint, glitter ': full grade Old Saxon glītan ` shine ', Old High German glīzzan `gleam', glitzen intensive in addition, Old Icelandic glit n., Old High German glī̆z ` radiance, lightning', glizemo ds., Old English glitenian, Old High German glizinōn `shimmer'.

Here probably also ĝhleidh- `glide, slide':

Old English glīdan ` slide, fall', glidder ` slippery ', Old Frisian glīda `glide, slide', Old Saxon glīdan ` labi ', Old High German glītan `glide, slide'; Old English ā-glǣdan `glide, make slide ', asäch. bi-glēdian ds., Old Icelandic gleiðr ` with spreaded legs '.

About Lithuanian glitùs ` smooth ' see below glei- by gel- ` clench '.

ĝhleis-:

Gall. glīso-margа f. ` bright marl ', gallorom. *glīso-, older *glēso- (Indo Germanic *ghlei-s-o-); compare Welsh glwys `beautiful', Old Breton glois, gloes ds. (*ghlei-st-o); Old Icelandic glissa ` laugh scornfully ', Old English glīsian, glisnian `gleam, shine', Old Frisian glisia `shimmer, blink', Middle High German glistern `sparkle, glitter', Norwegian Swedish glīsa `gleam, shimmer'; nasalized Middle High German glinsten `gleam', glinster ` radiance '.

ĝhleu- and ĝhlōu-: ĝhlū- perhaps in gr. χλό(F)ος, χλοῦς ` greenish-yellow or light green colour: hence, pallor ', χλόη ` the first green shoot of plants in spring, young green corn or grass ', χλο(F)ερός `green, fresh, strong';

further in Irish gluair (*ghleu-ri-) `clear, bright, pure, clean'; Welsh glo `coal', Cornish glow, Middle Breton glou, Old Breton glaou (see Pedersen KGr. I 63).

Gothic glaggwō ` clear ', glaggwaba ` carefully ', Old Icelandic glǫggr, gløggr `clear, bright, distinct, painstaking, stingy', Old English glēaw, Old Saxon glau, Old High German ndd. glau ` clear-eyed, hawk-eyed, smart', Old Icelandic gluggi ` light opening, window'.

(To arrangement of these words with Lithuanian žvelgiù, žvel̃gti `glance, look' compare Trautmann 374.)

ĝhlōu- in Old Icelandic glōa `glow, gleam, shine', Old English glōwan ` fulminate ', Old Icelandic himinglǣva ` daughter of Ägirs and Rān ' (impersonating the surge); -glō- f. `sun', -glōa f. `moon'; s. also above S. 430 under ĝhlō-.

ĝhlū̆-: Norwegian dial. glȳma ` dim, lookthreatening or sneaky ', Old Swedish glūna ` look askance ', East Frisian glūmen ` see and lurk hidden and secretly after something '; Old Icelandic glūmr m. `bear'.

In addition s-(st-)extensions:

Irish gluss (*ĝhlustu-) `light, brightness';

Old Icelandic glys ` radiance, frippery', Modern Icelandic glosa ` shine', Middle High German glosen, glosten `glow, gleam', gloste `blaze, glow', Middle Low German glūren `lurk', English to glower ` look dim, scowl ', steir. gloren ` stare ', Norwegian dial. glȳra ` look sideways, squint, blink', Old Icelandic glyrna f. `eye', Norwegian glōr ds.

ĝhlū̆d- : Middle English glouten, English to glout ` stare, look grievingly or sullenly ', to gloat (< *glotian) ` feel or express triumphant and malicious satisfaction at another's misfortune, exult, look, gaze malicious ', Old Icelandic glotta ` grin ', Middle High German Modern High German glotzen.

References: WP. I 623 f., 624 ff., WH. I 473 f., 514, 578 f., 600, 607 f., 639, 654, 868, Trautmann 83 f., 88, 364 f., 368, 372, Persson Beitr. 170 f., 790 ff., 876 f.

Page(s): 429-434

Root / lemma: ĝhel-2

Meaning: to cut

Material: Old Indic halá- m. n. `plough' (originally `bough, twig, branch'?); huḍu-, huḍa- m. `aries, ram' (*ghḷdu-);

Armenian joɫ `picket, pole, stick' etc., jlem ` groove, plow';

gr. γάλλος `priest of Cybele, the castrator ' (from Phrygian, whence also Hittite iskalla- ` shred, tear', Iskallis name of Attis?), out of it Latin gallus ds.;

Old Welsh gylym, Middle Welsh geleu, gelyf `knife, dagger' (Vendryes Ét. celt. 4, 60) from *ĝhel-mo- = Old English gielm;

Gothic gilÞa f. `sickle'; Old English gielm m. ` fascicle, sheaf '; Old Icelandic gǫltr, galti `boar', gylr, gylta `sow; axe', Old English gielte `young sow', Middle Low German gelte ` a castrated mother's pig ', Old High German galza, gelza f. ` castrated swine'; Old High German Middle High German galt, Old English gielde, Old Norse geldr, Old Swedish galder ` giving no milk, barren, infertile ', Old Icelandic gelda ` castrate '; Swiss galt also `not giving milk ', galdvee = ` Jungvieh '.

Lithuanian žúolis ` piece of wood, tree trunk ' (ĝhōli-).

the above equation always doubtful.

References: WP. I 626 f., Petersson Heterokl. 155 f., ЛУН. I 581.

Page(s): 434

Root / lemma: ĝhengh-

Meaning: to march, step

Material: Old Indic jáṁhas- n. ` footstep, flapping ', jáŋghā ` shank, leg, shin bone ', Avestan zangǝm `ankle of the foot', -zangra- (in compounds) ds., zero grade Old Indic jaghána- m. n. `buttock, pubic region ' : gr. κοχώνη ` place between thighs' (assimilation from *καχώνᾱ);

Old English -gīht ` gait ', Middle High German gīht ` gait, journey' (proto Germanic *ginxti- from ĝheng-ti-), with gradation o: Gothic gagg n., Old Icelandic gangr, Old English Old High German gang ` gait ' and Germanic *gangjan Iterative (Gothic preterit gaggida ` walked ', Old English gengan, Middle High German gengen, gancte ` leave; wade in') and thereafter also *gangan, Gothic gaggan `go' = Old Icelandic ganga (gekk), Old Saxon gangan (geng), Old High German gangan (giang), Old English gongan ds., wherefore Old High German gengi, Old English genge, Old Icelandic gengr ` feasible, able to be carried out', Gothic framgāhts ` advance', Old Icelandic gātt ` incision in doorposts', gǣtti ` door frame '; zero grade Old Frisian gunga `go', Danish gynge, older gunge `swing';

Lithuanian žengiù, žeñgti ` march, step, stride, strut ', pražangà ` contravention, violation ', žiñgsnis ` footstep '.

A duplicate Anlaut (through dissimilation?) perhaps in Old Irish cingim ` march, step, stride, strut' (3. Pl. cengait, Perf. cechaing), Welsh rhy-gyngu ` going pass ', Old Irish cing, Gen. cinged `warrior', gall. Cingeto-rīx, zero grade proto Celtic *kn̥gsmn̥ in Old Irish céimm (*kenksmen), Welsh Cornish cam, Breton camm ` footstep ' (*kanksman).

An other variant *ghenk- is (under ōkú-s `quick, fast') for Old High German gāhi `rash, hasty, sudden' take into consideration.

References: WP. I 588, WH. I 217, Trautmann 370.

Page(s): 438-439

Root / lemma: ĝherdh- and gherdh-

Meaning: to encircle, enclose

Note: because of Latin hortus (see ĝher-4) extension from *ĝher-4 `catch';

Material: A. gherdh- (here also about the original anlaut nothing conclusive about words of the centum languages):

here also about originally. Initial sound nothing to determining words of the Kentum spoke

Old Indic gr̥há- (*gr̥dhá-) `house, dwelling', Pl. ` rooms', Avestan gǝrǝða- m. ` Höhle als Behausungdaevischer Wesen ' (an older meaning `house, dwelling' could be proven through fiugr. loanword, as wotj. gurt ` residence, village', syrjän. gort `house, dwelling' and ` underground dwelling, vault, sepulchre, grave',);

alb. garth, gardhi ` hedge ' (*ghordhos, Jokl Slavia 13, 297ff.);

Phrygian -gordum `town, city' in Manegordum ` Mannesstadt ' (besides Manezordum);

gr. (by Hes.) κορθίς σωρός, κορθέλαι σύστροφοι, σωροί;

Gothic bigaírdan ` cincture ', Old Icelandic gyrða, Old English gyrdan, Old Frisian gerda, Old High German gurten ds.; Gothic gaírda f., Old Icelandic gjǫrð `belt, girdle', vowel gradation, Old Icelandic gyrðell, Old English gyrdel, Old Frisian gerdel, Old High German gurtil(a) ds. (Middle High German gurt is nomen post-verbal); Gothic gards m. `house', Old Icelandic garðr m. `fence, paddock, courtyard, homestead ', Old English geard, Old Saxon gard ` enclosed, fenced property ', Plur. `dwelling', Old High German gart m. ` circle ' in mittilgart ` circle; territory, region; sphere ', heimgart ` forum ' etc.; Gothic garda ` hurdle, stockyard ', Old Frisian garda `garden', Old Saxon gardo, Old High German garto ds. (or from Indo Germanic *ĝhor-tó-; compare χόρτος under ĝher-4);

Lithuanian gar̃das m. `corral, pen, fold', gardìs f. ` gate, trellis, grate ';

Slavic *gordъ in Old Church Slavic gradъ `castle, town, city, garden', Russian- Church Slavic ogradъ `garden' (therefrom Old Church Slavic graždь m. `stall'), Russian górod `town, city', Bulgarian gradъ, Serbo-Croatian grȁd, sloven. grâd ds., Czech hrad ` castle, palace ', poln. gród ds.; zero grade Slavic žьrdь in Old Church Slavic žrьdь `wood', Russian žerdь `long, thin shaft, pole', poln. żerdź, sloven. žr̂d ` point tree ';

Tocharian В kercīyen `palace' absents (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 34f.);

Hittite gurtas `fortress' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. also ĝher-4.

about Latin urbs `town, city', ostensibly from *ghordhos, s. Georgiev IF. 56, 200.

B. ĝherdh-:

Phrygian -zordum `town, city' (in Manezordum, see above);

Lithuanian žárdas ` rack for the drying of grain or flax sowing, pinfold, place for housing stray animals, animal pound ', Latvian zãrds ` rack for drying, wooden layer, pyre ', with intonation change Lithuanian žar̃dis ` horse garden ' m., Prussian sardis `fence' (= ` unfenced horse garden ');

Russian zoród `barn, haystack', Belorussian azoród ` dry hurdle '.

References: WP. I 608 f., WH. I 242 f., Trautmann 78 f., 366.

Page(s): 444

Root / lemma: ĝher-1

Meaning: to yearn for

Note: partly with forms from a basis *ĝherē(i)- : ĝheri- (see Persson Beitr. 728)

Material:

Hittite: kari tija- ' willfahren, nachgeben ' , karija- id. (Tischler 503, 506)

Tokharian: A kar(y)-, B ker(y)- (PT *ker(y)- < *ǵhor-i̯-) ' laugh ' (Adams 197)

Old Indian: háryati `to like, delight in '

Avestan: zara- m. `Streben, Ziel '

Old Greek: khái̯rō, aor. kharē^nai̯, hom. kekháronto, khǟ́rato, pf. (prs.-Bed.) ptc. kekharēóta, kekhárēka, kekhárēmai̯, kekharméno-, va. khartó- `sich freuen ' ; khári-s, -itos, -in f. `Reiz, Anmut, Gefallen, Wohlgefallen, Gunst, Dankbarkait, Dank ' , kharǟ́ `Freude ' , khármǟ f. `Kampfesfreude, Kampflust ' , khárma n. `Freude, Vergnügen usw. ' , kharmonǟ́ f. `Freude, Lus, Wonne ' , -kharḗs `erfreuend, freudevoll etc. '

Slavic: *zārītī

Germanic: *gir-a-, *gir-ja-, *gir-n-a- adj., *gir-n-ia- vb.

Latin: horior (3 sg. horitur), -īrī `antreiben, ermuntern ' ; hor(i)tor, -ārī `id. '

Other Italic: Osk herest `volet ' , heriam `arbitrium, potestatem ' , Herentateís `Veneris ' ; Paelign Herentas `Veneris ' , Vestin. hiretum `placitum,, dēdcrētum, Sabin hiretum `decretum ' ; Umbr heri `vult ' , heries `voleēs ' , abl.. pl. heritu consultō, heris ... heris `vel ... vel '

Celtic: OIr gor `fromm ' , goire `Frömmigkeit, Pietät ' , MIr do-gar `unglücklich ' , so-gar `sehr glücklich '

Old Indic háryati `finds pleasure, desires'; Avestan zara- m. ` striving, purpose ';

Oscan herest (for *heriest), Umbrian heriest ` volet ', heris-heris ` conj. and adv. prop., will, choose, take your choice, hence, as disjunctive conjunction, to introduce an alternative as a matter of choice or preference, or as not affecting the principal assertion, either ... or, be it ... or, in general but where the alternatives are necessary and exclusive, that is, where one must be right and the other wrong ', Oscan heriam ` a judgment, decision of an arbitrator, mastery, dominion, authority, power, will, free-will, choice, pleasure, denoting or containing power ', Herentateís ` Veneris ', prälign. Herentas, Sabinian hiretum ` a decree, decision, ordinance, vote, resolution, principle, doctrine, dogma '; Latin horior, -īrī ` actuate, encourage', horitor, syncopated hortor, -ārī ds.

Note:

Common Old Indic : Latin ĝh- > h-.

gr. χαίρω (*χαρι-ω), χαρῆναι ` be pleased', χάρις f. ` pleasantness, agreeableness, favour ', χαρά̄ `pleasure, joy', χαροπός ` glowing joy of battle ', χάρμα n. `pleasure, joy, pleasure'; also χάρμη `fight, struggle', originally ` joy of battle, lust of battle '? χαρτός `joyful, gratifying' (?); after Pedersen 5е décl. Latin 73 here χρή etc. S. under ĝher-6; here after Leumann Homer. Wörter 318109f also δυσχερής ` unfriendly, unpleasant', εὐχερής ` unworried, undisturbed, light' (previously later in χείρ `hand' attribute);

Old Irish gor `godly, pious', goire ` devoutness, piety'; Middle Irish do-gar ` unlucky ', so-gar `very lucky' (: gr. χαρά̄); Welsh dyar ` sad ', hyar `pleasant' (I. Williams RC 40, 487);

Maybe alb. gjorë ` poor, wretched '

Old High German ger ` yearning', gerōn `lust, crave', Old High German girīg, Old Saxon gerag ` greedy '; Gothic faíhu-gaírns ` avaricious, greedy', Old Icelandic gjarn, Old English georn `wherefore willing, inclined, whereupon eager, avid', Old High German Old Saxon gern ` eager, avid, eager after something', Adv. Old High German gerno, Modern High German gern, Denominative Gothic gaírnjan, Old Icelandic girna, Old English giernan, Old Saxon girnean `lust, crave'.

Perhaps here as dh-formation from the basis ĝh(e)rē-: Gothic grēdus `hunger', grēdags ` hungry', Old Icelandic grāðr, grāði m. `greed, lust, hunger', Old English gnǣd `greed, lust', Modern High German jrāt `hunger' (Berlin), Old English grǣdig, Old High German grātag ` greedy '. In addition as *ghrǝdh- Germanic *graða- ` eager, avid, rutting, in heat' in Old Icelandic graðr ` not castrated ', graðungr `bull'? In Middle High German grīt m. ` eagerness ', grītec ` eager, avid', Old Icelandic grīð f. `vehemency', griðjungr m. `bull' ein vowel gradation Indo Germanic *ĝh[e]rēi-dh- or *ĝh[e]rī-dh- to search, could be possible.

Middle Irish grād n. `love' is from Latin grātum facere alicui and similar change of direction or position borrowed (d instead of th after grad ` step; position ').

References: WP. I 600 f., WH. I 657 f.

Page(s): 440-441

Root / lemma: ĝher-2

Meaning: to scratch, scrape

Material: Gr. χαράδρᾱ ` Erdriß, crevice, gorge, ravine, gulch '; χαράσσω, Attic -ττω `whet, sharpen, notch, incise', χάραξ, -ακος `picket, pole, viine-prop, pole, pale, used in fortifying the entrenchments of a camp, cutting, slip, esp. of an olive, a seafish, one of the breams, Sargus', χαρακτήρ `engraver, one who mints coins', then `mark engraved, impress, stamp on coins and seals, distinctive mark or token impressed (as it were) on a person or thing, by which it is known from others, characteristic, character ' (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 254);

Lithuanian žeriù, žer̃ti ` scrape, scratch', žarstýti ` scratch often, scrape '.

References: WP. I 602.

Page(s): 441

Root / lemma: ĝher-3 and ĝherǝ-, ĝhrē-

Meaning: to shine, shimmer

Material: Old Icelandic grár (*ĝhrē-u̯o-s), Old English grǣg (*ĝhrē-u̯i̯o-s), English gray, Old Frisian grē, Old Saxon grā, grē, Old High German grāo (Gen. grāwes) `gray';

Lithuanian žeriù, žerė́ti ` shine in brilliance ', žėruóti `glow, sparkle, glitter', vowel gradation žarijà f. `glowing coal', Old Prussian sari f. `blaze, glow';

Old Church Slavic zьrjǫ, zьrěti `see, glance, look', Russian zrětь, sloven. zrẹ́ti, Czech zřiti, poln. źrzeć ds., Old Church Slavic zorja `shine, radiance ', zarja `ray', Ukrainian zórja `star, stars, aurora', Russian zaŕá ` redness in the sky, heaven', Serbo-Croatian zòra ` rosy dawn', Czech zoře `aurora', záře `shine, radiance, ray', poln. zorza `aurora'; Old Church Slavic pozorъ ` sight, spectacle ', Russian pozór `sight, shame', nadzór ` custodianship ';

Maybe alb. zor `difficulty, shame' a Slavic loanword.

Czech pozor ` attention, Acht ', názor ` outlook, conception'; here also Old Church Slavic zrakъ `sight, form, kind of', Russian dial. zórok `look, front ', Serbo-Croatian zrâk `light', Czech zrak `vision, face, eyesight', poln. wzrok `eyesight, face'; vowel gradation Old Church Slavic zrьcalo n., Serbo-Croatian dial. zȑcalo, Czech zrcadlo `mirror';

about Latin grāvastellus s. WH. I 620.

root extension ĝhrēi-:

Old Irish grían f. `sun' (*ghrē̆inā);

Old Frisian Old Saxon Old High German Middle High German grīs `gray', Modern High German greis `gray, old', wherefore probably also Old Icelandic grīss `piglet', Old Swedish grīs ds., Swedish Danish gris `piglet, swine'.

root extension (*gherēu-) : ghrū-.

In Old Icelandic grȳiandi f. `aurora', Old Swedish gry `(of days) fright', Danish gry ds., gry n. `fright'; here also Old Icelandic grey n. `bitch, wimp ', greyhundr `greyhound', Old English grīeghund `greyhound'?

References: WP. I 602 f., Persson Beitr. 300 ff., Trautmann 366.

Page(s): 441-442

Root / lemma: ĝher-4

Meaning: to gripe, grab, enclose

Note: extended ĝherdh- (see below)

Material: Old Indic hárati ` brings, carries, gets, takes ', háraṇa- n. `the bringing, receiving, donation ' etc., háras- n. ` receiving, griping, handle, grasp, power, force, might';

gr. χόρτος m. ` enclosed place (v. sub fin.), but always with collat. notion of a feeding-place: in Il., farmyard, in which the cattle were kept, generally, any feeding-ground, pasturage, fodder, provender, esp. for horses and cattle, courtyard, meadowland '; doubtful, whether here χορός ` dancing place, place for dancing ' as originally ` inserted place'; about χόριον ` placenta, afterbirth ', etc. see below ĝher-5, about χείρ `hand' under ĝhes-;

Oscan heriiad ` furled, ', [h]erríns ` wrinkled, to drawn together in wrinkles ', Latin cohors ` fenced courtyard, stockyard, troop, multitude, crowd, cortege ', from *co + Indo Germanic *ĝhr̥tís ` summarization', in vowel gradation to hortus `garden as fenced place' (in old latin also villa), Oscan húrz ` hortus lucus '; dubious is Latin hīr, īr ` palm of the hand ', s. WH. I 649;

Irish gort ` cornfield, the standing corn, growing corn, crop in a field, a field, ground, soil ', gall. gorto- and gortiā ` hedge ' (v. Wartburg), Welsh garth `corral, pen, fold, hurdle, paddock ' (das a after Old Icelandic loanword gardd), Breton garz ` hedge, fence', in addition Irish lub-gort `garden', Old Welsh Plur. luird, Modern Welsh lluarth, Old Cornish luworch-guit `wild garden', Middle Cornish lowarth `garden', Breton liorz ds.

Maybe Albanian gardh ` fence ' : Welsh garth `fold, enclosure' common Illyrian Celtic -th suffix.

Is not to be decided, whether Gothic garda ` hurdle, stockyard ', Old Frisian garda, Old Saxon gardo, Old High German garto `garden' in Indo Germanic *ĝhor-tó- or in *ĝhordho- are based on (see below *ĝherdh-). - Norwegian gaare ` annual ring (in a tree) in wood', Swedish gåra, Modern Icelandic gāri `col, gap in wood' Ablauts form to χορός as ` place for dancing, choir, band of dancers and singers ', is incredible.

Doubtful, whether here Lithuanian žãras `run, flow, way, circle, turn ' (Wackernagel AIGr. 251); compare above gr. χορός;

Hittite gurtas `fortress' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. also ĝherdh-.

References: WP. I 603 f., WH. I 242 f., 660, 857.

Page(s): 442-443

Root / lemma: ĝher-5, ĝhor-nā

Meaning: bowels

Material: Old Indic híra-ḥ m. `band, strap', hirā́ f. `vein';

Latin haru-spex ` a soothsayer, diviner among the Etruscans, who foretold future events from the inspection of the entrails of victims ' actually ` intestinal beholder ', hīra ` jejunum, middle part of the small intestine', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ', hillae ` the smaller and anterior intestines of animals (other than men and sheep), a kind of sausage, smoked sausage ' (ī Sabine for ē), hernia ` medical condition in which an organ protrudes through an opening in its surrounding walls, break';

Note:

Common Old Indic : Latin ĝh- > h-.

gr. χορδή f. ` intestine, catgut, gut string, string made from animal intestines, sausage '; dubious χόριον ` placenta, afterbirth, meal from milk and honey, skin, leather';

Old Icelandic gǫrn f., Pl. garnar ` intestine ', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ' (*ĝhornā), Old English micgern n. ` fat, lard, suet', Old Saxon midgarni, Old High German mitti(la)-garni ds.; Old Icelandic garn n. `thread, string, lift (in weaving)', Old English gearn ds., Middle Low German garn, Old High German garn `thread, string';

Lithuanian žarnà, Akk. žárną ` intestine, small intestine', Latvian zar̂na f. ` intestine ', Pl. ` intestines, entrails '.

Note:

Maybe alb. zorrë (*ĝhornā) `bowel', Pl. ` intestines, entrails'.

Albanian proves that Root / lemma: gʷer-1, gʷerǝ- :` to devour; throat ' derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-5, ĝhor-nā : ` bowels '. [common alb. ĝh- > z-].

whether Armenian jaṙ ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ' belongs here, to modify meaning according to the root.

References: WP. I 604, WH. I 635 f., 869, Trautmann 367.

Page(s): 443

Root / lemma: ĝher-6 (ĝherǝ- : ĝhrē-?)

Meaning: short, small

Material: Gr. χείρων (Aeolic χέρρων) from *χερι̯ων `bad', in addition superlative χείριστος and hom. comparative χερείων, χέρηες etc. (see Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 2 ff., different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 538), χειρόω, -όομαι ` dazzle, blind with bright light'. In addition perhaps χρή ` it is necessary ', χρεώ ` necessary, necessity, need, desire', *χρῆος, χρεῖος, χρέος, χρέως ` necessary, desire, blame', χρῆσθαι ` take advantage of, utilize etc.' (< *χρηι̯εσθαι), besides dial. χρη-εῖσθαι, χρῆμα `thing (the man used), event', Pl. `fortune, currency, possession '; s. different under ĝher-1;

Old Irish gair `short' (*ĝheri-s), gaire ` life shortness, near proximity, shortly ', Old Irish garait, nir. goirid `short'.

root extension ĝheres-, ĝhres-, ĝhers-:

Old Indic hrasvá- `minder, short, small', compounds hrásīyaṁs-, superlative hrásiṣṭha-, hrasati ` abate, reduce, become shorter ', Causative hrāsayati ` decreases', Avestan zara-hehīš `the small, weak' (for zra . .);

Middle Irish gerr `short', gerraim `I shorten, abscise, remove, cut off', gerrān `( castrated) horse'.

References: WP. I 604f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 538 under Anm. 10, 539, 675 under Anm. 8.

Page(s): 443

Root / lemma: ĝher-7

Meaning: ` gaze, stare '

See also: zìnǫti

Old Church Slavic: zijati `open (one's mouth)' [verb], zějǫ [1sg], zijajǫ [1sg]

Russian: ziját' `yawn, gape' [verb], zijáju [1sg], zijajǫ [1sg]

Czech: záti `puff, pant' [verb], zeji [1sg]

Polish: ziać `exhale' [verb], zieję [1sg]

Serbo-Croatian: zìjati `yawn, shout' [verb], zìjām [1sg]; zjà ̀ti `yawn, shout' [verb], zjām [1sg]

Slovene: zijáti `yawn, shout' [verb], zjām [1sg]

Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: źiaʔtei

Lithuanian: žióti `open (one's mouth)' [verb]

Indo-European reconstruction: ǵhh1i-??

Other cognates: Lat. hiāre `yawn, be wide open' [verb]

Albanian zihem `quarrel' < Serbo-Croatian: zìjati `yawn, shout' [verb], zìjām [1sg]; zjà ̀ti `yawn, shout' [verb], zjām [1sg]

From there alb. zija `mourning, lamenting period', mbaj zi `to mourn, lament, shout', zi `black, mourning color of clothes'

with p (compare under the root form ĝheip-): blg. zě́pam, poln. ziepać ` breathe with difficulty ', Ukrainian zḯpaty ` struggle for breath ', Czech zípati `pant, gasp'.

similarly, but after ē-verbs, Old High German gīēn ` yawn ' (would be Gothic *gijan, -aida); besides with still the need for clarification (but barely deriving from from the root form ĝhēu-) w in Hiat Old High German anagiwēn ` gape, be open mouthed with astonishment, covet, desire ', gēwōn ` open the mouth, yawn ' (Middle High German gewen, giwen ds.), Old English giwian, giowian `long, want, arrogate' (from ` *with open mouth, greedy whereupon pant for, long for, desire '); in addition Old Icelandic gjā f. (*giwō) on the one hand `col, gap, cleft, gap in the earth', on the other hand (from ` pant for, long for, desire ' from) ` voluptuous life', Middle High German giude (*giwiÞō) ` loud pleasure, joy', giuden ` boast, brag (*open the mouth wide); be in noisy joy, live wastefully ', Modern High German vergeuden; Old High German inginnan ` open up, open, lacerate, split' from *ginu̯an is probably Causative to Old High German ginēn (see below) in formal connection with the similar sound biginnan. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

sko-present: Latin hīscō, -ere (*ĝhī-sk̂ō) ` yawn, gape, be open '; similarly Old English giscian, Middle High German gischen ` sob, weeping ' and Norwegian Dialectal geiska ` stretch the legs ' (see Persson Beitr. 318).

n- present and related nouns: Old Icelandic gīna stem verb, Old English tō-gīnan stem verb `gape, yawn '; with ĭ Old Icelandic gine, Old High German ginēn, Middle High German ginēn, genēn, Modern High German gähnen = Old English ginian, gionian ` be far open ', Old Icelandic gina ` yawn ', gin n. `gullet', Old English gin n. ds.; with Germanic ai (Indo Germanic ĝhǝi-? or rather the preterite vowel gradation of stem verb gīnan?) Old High German geinōn, Swiss gäine, Gothic *gainon, Old English gānian; but English yawn ` yawn ' for *yone from Old English gionian;

Old Church Slavic zinǫ, -ǫti (*ĝhīnō) ` yawn, gape '.

other nominal formation:

with u̯: Old English giw, gēow m. ` vulture' (*gīwaz `the voracious ');

with m: Old Icelandic gīma f. ` cleft, mouth ', Swiss gīm ds.; Old Icelandic geimi m. ` Meeresschlund '; Modern Icelandic geimr ` big, empty room';

with r: Germanic *gīr(i)a- ` greedy ' (actually `* long for, desire '), in Norwegian Dialectal gīr m. ` eagerness, ferventness, passion', Old High German gīri ` eager, avid', gīr ` vulture';

with l: Old Icelandic Norwegian gil n. ` cliff crack ', Swedish Dialectal gilja f. ` defile, narrow passage between mountains', Old High German Middle High German gil `break, hernia'; Old Icelandic geil f. ` defile, narrow passage between mountains, Engpaß'; Middle Low German gīlen `lust, crave, beg' (from *gīla- Adj. ` yearning', compare to meaning above Old English gīwaz).

With meaning-development from `gape' to ` stand crookedly (at first e.g. from woods )' probably to be added ndd. Dutch gillen ` abscise slantwise ', Dutch gillinghout ` cut through wood at an angle ', further Icelandic geila `separate' (` *make gape '), Old English gǣlan (*gailjan) `hinder, hesitate'; from r-forms Low German gīren, Dutch (out of it Modern High German) gieren, Norwegian Dialectal gīra ` deviate from the course '; Dutch geeren ds., Norwegian Dialectal geira ` run crookedly '.

extensions with i-vocalism:

*ĝhei-gh- : Old Icelandic Norwegian dial., geiga ` deviate sideways ', Old Icelandic geigr m. `damage' (originally outlook `* stand crookedly, gape' e.g. from woods); compare Modern High German Swiss Geigle ` double branch in a tree which breaks up in any corner; Pl. the thighs ', Modern High German Heugeige ` Stecken mit seitwarts abstehenden Astresten zum Aufschobern des Heus '; Modern High German dial. geigen ` move to and fro ', Old Icelandic gīgja, from Middle Low German Middle High German gīge, Modern High German Geige as musical instrument; Old English for-, of-gǣgan ` deviate from, overstep ', gǣgl and gāgol ` exuberant, bending ', Old Frisian gēia ` contravene, refrain from, desist from, penance, atonement pay for, atone'; Norwegian dial. giga, gigla, gigra `lose stand, wobble, sway', English gig (nord. loanword) ` light cart, light racing boat ', whirligig, Danish gig ` spinning top as plaything '; ndd. giggelen, English to giggle ` titter, laugh in a foolish high-pitched manner, furtive, sneering laugh '; as ` sticking out freely, movable sail pole ' here Dutch gei ` Raa ' (basic form geig(*j)a?), ndd. gīk, Dutch gijk ds. and Middle Low German geck from revolvable things (e.g. lid, top, cover, shutter, Pumpstangen), also `fool' (Modern High German Geck); here (after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 41) Gothic geigō f. `greed, lust', ga-geigan ` gain ', faíhu-geigan `lust, crave'; s. S. 427.

similar is (from ĝhii̯ā- from) with gh shaped Lithuanian ziógauti ` yawn ', žiógas ` locust, grasshopper ', žiõgris ` palisade, fence made from stakes; protective fence made from poles that are inserted into the ground '.

ĝhei-p- (in Germanic perhaps partly also ĝhei-bh-):

Maybe with b- formant alb (*ĝhēi-bo-n) zhgabonjë, shqiponjë ` (greedy, voracious) eagle, vulture ' : Old English giw, gēow m. ` vulture' : Old High German gīr ` vulture'

Latin (Gloss.) hippitāre, exippitāre (*hīpitāre) ` gape; yawn ' (Spanish hipar ` sob, weeping '); Czech zípati `pant, gasp' (etc., see above);

Maybe alb. (*exippitāre) shqiptoj ` pronounce, speak ', shqiptar ` Albanian ' early Latin loanwords.

Old English gīfer ` devourer', Old Icelandic gīfr m. `fiend, demon'; Modern High German dial. geifen, geiben, geipen ` yawn, gawk, desire greedily '; from ` stand crookedly, stand loose ' Norwegian dial. geivla ` deviate sideways; shiver', also geivra; from stretching the mouth ndd. gib(b)elen ` mocking laugh ', Modern High German geifeln ` mocking laugh ', English to gibe, jibe ` mock '.

In Germanic also:

ĝhei-b-, Germanic *gī̆p-: Old Icelandic gīpr m. `muzzle, jaw ', FlN for Gipa, Norwegian Dialectal gipa ` make gape, struggle for breath ' = Old English gīpian ` struggle for breath '; Middle Low German gippelt `crazy, stupid'; Swedish dial. gippa `crack, col, gap'; with ī schwed dial. gipa ` stretch the mouth ', ndd. gīpen ` struggle for breath '; Modern High German Bavarian gaif(f)en ` a non sticking, shaking shoe'; with the meaning ` twist mockingly the mouth '.

With Germanic ai: Old Icelandic geipa ` babble, chatter ', Norwegian dial. geipa ` chatter; open the mouth wide; sit or go with spread legs ' ;

Old Icelandic geispa ` struggle for breath ', Middle English gaspen < Old English *gāspian, probably from *gaipsōn (through amalgamation from *gaip- and *gais).

gheis-: Icelandic gisinn ` leaking, cracked from dryness ' (participle from *gīsa =) Norwegian dial. gīsa ` grin, blink'; Norwegian dial. gista `get split, become thin, of the wood ', Old Swedish gistinn ` leaking, cracked from dryness '; from this meaning further Middle Low German gēst, Old Frisian gēst, gāst ` the higher dry land in contrast to marsh depression ' (related u-forms Low German güste, Dutch gust ` infertile, dry, gelt' from the basis ĝhēu-?? S. Persson Beitr. 318).

extensions with ē- : ǝ-vocalism (fast only Germanic):

*ĝhǝgh- (: ĝhēgh-):

Old English gēagl m. n. `mandible, lower jaw bone, throat', Pl. ` grinder, molar tooth ', Middle Low German gāgel, gēgel m. n. ` palate, gums' (*gāgula-, -ila);

Modern High German dial. gagen, gageln, gagern `spread themselves (from the legs, the fingers), wobble, gesticulate, flutter ', gackelicht `foolish, loony', Middle High German gagen, gageren ` move to and fro, thrash, wriggle ', Old Icelandic gagr ` writhed, crooked, humped, crooked behind ', gaghals ` back crooked neck ', Norwegian dial. gag ` crooked backward (e.g., from crooked standing off device parts) ', English gag-toothed (nord. loanword) ` with protruding teeth ': vowel gradation Old Icelandic gǣgjask ` prestretch oneself to look ', and (both with consonant-sharpening) md. gāken `gawk'. ` '

Maybe alb. guak ` gawk ', expressive form alb. (*ĝhǝ-skṓ), gogësij ` yawn, gape '

Old Icelandic gjǫgrar Pl. ` cliff gaps ' (*gegura-) compares Lidén Armen. Stud. 70 f. probably more properly with Armenian gez `col, gap, crack, incisure '.

*ĝhēp-:

Old Indic hāphikā ` echo, resound, ring ' (with new ph instead of p, Persson Beitr. 565).

*ĝhǝb-: Old Icelandic gap ` wide aperture, hole, chaos; shout, call, scream ', gapa ` open the mouth, cry', Old English gapian, ndd. gāpen, Middle High German Modern High German gaffen ` look with open mouth '.

*ĝhǝbh-:

Old English geaflas Pl. ` jaws ' (in the meaning directed after ceafl ` jaw ', see below ĝeph-), Old Danish paa gafle `weit offen', Swedish på gavel ds.

Maybe Latin (*gnoffula) offula (-ae) [n] ` slice ' : alb. nofulla ` jaw ' : Rumanian falcă ` jaw '.

Old Icelandic gabba ` play jokes, play a joke on, fool ', Old English gabbian `babble; deride, mock ', gaffetung ` derision ', gafsprǣc ` brainless speech ', Dutch gabberen ` trifle, joke ' (probably from Ndd. derive Lithuanian gabl(i)ó-ju, -ti ` banter, vex ', gablỹs ` one who teases, vexes ', s. Berneker 287 f. - also about poln. gabać `stir, tease, irritate, banter').

References: WP. I 548 ff., WH. I 647 ff., Trautmann 368, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694.

See also: compare still ĝhē-1 ` empty, bare, lacking sein, fehlen'; Specht (Dekl. 282) places eine root *aĝh-ē- etc. an; see above under ĝhan-.

Page(s): 419-422

Root / lemma: ĝhēlā

Meaning: wine

Material: Old Indic hālā `alcohol';

gr. χάλις, -ιος ` unmixed wine ', ◍αλί-κρητος ds.; Macedonian κάλιθος οἶνος. ᾽Αμερίας Hes.;

Thracian ζίλαι ὁ οἶνος Hes. (*ĝhēl-).

Maybe alb. (*ĝhēlā) gjella ` food, dish '.

References: WP. I 631. very dubious.

Page(s): 434

Root / lemma: ĝhēu- : ĝhō(u)- : ĝhǝu-

Meaning: to yawn, gape

Note: (see above ĝhēi-)

Material: Gr. χάος n. `the empty room, airspace' (later also `cleft, gap'; probably from *χαFος), χαῦνος ` gaping, lax ', χαυλι-όδοντ- `with spread teeth';

whether here also Gothic gawi `land, region', Old High German gawi, Modern High German Gau, Old English gē, etc. from *ĝhǝu̯iom with similar meaning-development as by gr. χώρος, χῶρα (see below ĝhēi- ` lack; abandon ') and Armenian gavar ` portion of land, area, region'? or from Germanic *ga-awja (to akʷā, above S. 23) ` scenery in the water '?

Old High German goumo m. (*ĝhǝu-men-), giumo (*ĝhēu-men-) ` palate ', vowel gradation Old Norse gōmr `gums, palate', Old English gōma (English gums `gums'), Old High German guomo (*ĝhō[u]-m-) ` roof of mouth = palate'; about Lithuanian gomurỹs see below;

in addition probably Old Icelandic geyja `bark, bay, scold, chide, mock ', Old English gíegan `cry', Old Icelandic goð-gā ` blasphemy ', hund-gā ` bark ' and further formations Old Icelandic gauta ` babble, chatter, brag, boast', ndld. guiten ` scold, mock ', Modern High German dial. gauzen, gäuzen `bark, bay, cry', Gothic gaunōn ` wail, grieve ', Old Icelandic gaula `howl'; about Lithuanian gaũsti see below gou- `call, shout, cry'.

In spite of the non-palatal root initial sound (see above about Lithuanian gomurỹs) it could belong here, because many originally palatal gutturals appear in Lithuanian as g, k.

further in the meaning ` yawn ' with l-forms (: gr. χαυλι-) perhaps here Middle High German giel m. ` jaw, gullet', Old Norwegian -gjōl in place names? as well as Norwegian dial. gyl `cleft, gap, cliff gap ' (*gulja-; so also Swedish göl `puddle, slop, pond', Middle High German gülle `puddle, pool, slop', Middle Low German göle, goel `swamp, marsh' as ` the cavity in which water is collected '?).

Modern High German Gosche, Gusche, ndd. goske, guske `big muzzle' as sk-formation belongs here however, they would possibly be used with Old Indic ghṓṣati ` calls, shouts, howls' are related (see Persson Beitr. 116 f.), it is not likely a trivial expression without pursueable history;

Maybe alb. gusha `throat'

Baltic *gāmuri̯a- m. ` palate' in Lithuanian gomurỹs, Gen. gómurio m., also gomerė̃ (Akk. gómerę) f.; Latvian gāmurs m. ` windpipe, larynx' (only by Miežinis doubtful guomurs); a sound equivalent to Modern High German Gaumen produced Lithuanian Latvian úo (Baltic ō); perhaps in vocalism it influenced German; to g- compare above S. 18 Anm.

An extension ĝheubh- in Old Icelandic gaupa f. ` lynx, wildcat ' (probably actually `the thirsting, the greedy ', as Old English earn-géap ` noble falcon '), vowel gradation Norwegian dial gō̆p `gorge, ravine, gulch, abyss '; Old English gēap `wide, capacious '; gēopan `intertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume', Old Icelandic gaupn f. ` the hollow hand ', Old High German goufana ds., wherefore Lithuanian žiùpsnis ` a little less than a handful '; compare still Persson Beitr. 835 m. A. 2.

Maybe alb. gop `vagina, hole'

References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 470, Trautmann 77.

Page(s): 449

Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és

Meaning: earth, man, dragon

Note: It was developed from the zero grade, from where the simple anlaut ĝh- also in lengthened grade spread forms (about Old Indic anlauts jm-, gm- besides kṣm- compare Johansson Xenia Lideniana 1912, S. 116-126)

Comments:

Root / lemma: ĝembh-, ĝm̥bh- :` to bite; tooth ' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és Meaning: ` earth, man, dragon ' because the ancients believed that their ancestors killed the dragon, planted his teeth in the ground and fierce men were born from the ground. snake peeled its skin and was reborn again, that is why warriors venerated the snake as the source of immortality in battle.

Material:

Hittite: tekan n., gen. taknas ' Erde ' , dagan, tagan ' nieder, zu Boden ' ; HLuw takamia `Erde ' , Luw. tijammi id. (Friedrich 204, 220)

Tokharian: A tkaṃ, B keṃ `Erde ' (Adams 192)

Old Indian: kṣā́ḥ, gen. jmáḥ, gmáḥ, kṣmáḥ, acc. kṣām, instr. jmā́, kṣamā́, loc. kṣámi `ground, earth ' , kṣámya- `terrestrial '

Avestan: zɔ̄, gen. zǝmo, acc. ząm, loc. zǝmi ' Erde, Erdboden '

Old Greek: khthṓn, -onós f. `Erde, Erdboden, Land ' , khthamaló- `niedrig ' , neo-khmó- `neu, ungewöhnlich, fremdartig '

Slavic: *zemljā́; *zemь

Baltic: *ǯem-i- f., *ǯem-iā̃ f., *ǯam-iā̃ f.

Latin: humus, -ī/-ūs f. (/m.) `Erde, Erdboden ' , humilis `niedrig '

Other Italic: Osk hu(n)truis ' inferis ' , huntrus ' inferos ' , Umbr hondomu ' infimo '

compare to anlaut still Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 129, 241, pp. 109, 209bɣ, III 241 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 631, 10, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff., Specht Dekl. 241.

Old Indic stem kṣam-, Nom. Sg. kṣā́ḥ (= Avestan zā̊) f. `earth, ground; face of the earth, earth's surface' [common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-], (Akk. kṣām = Avestan ząm; Locative kṣámi and *kṣām, if kṣā́man from this form with postposition *en `in' to define is, compare Old Indic pári-jman ` all around on the earth'; Instrumental jmā́; Gen. jmáḥ, secondary gmáḥ, kṣmáḥ); kṣámya-ḥ `placed on earth, earthly ';

Avestan zā̊, Akk. ząm, Locative zǝmē, Gen. zǝmō `earth, ground, earth; face of the earth, earth's surface';

Note:

the -m- suffix similar to alb. delme ` sheep ', zjarm ` fire '. Illyrian Nominative is the same as Indo Iranian and in general Indo European Locative.

gr. χθών f. `ground, earth; face of the earth, earth's surface' (*χθώμ; thereafter with ν also Gen. χθονός, χθόνιος `subterraneous, underground' etc.), χαμαί originally ` on the ground, to earth ', (in addition to the other vowel gradation = Old Prussian semmai `low' and presumably also = Latin humī `to bottom'), χαμᾶζε ` to the ground, on the ground ', χαμηλός `low', χθαμαλός ` near the ground, on the ground, low ' (: Latin humilis), perhaps νεο-χμός ` new, always of things, drastic, egregious, rude, flagrant, discourteous, impolite (*low)';

Phrygian ζεμελω (Thracian Σεμέλη) `mother earth' (?), also Phrygian ζέμελεν βάρβαρον ἀνδράποδον Hes. (compare Russian čelovek `person' and `servant') ; Γδαν Μα `Xθών Μᾶ' can be genuine Phrygian (Indo Germanic ē > Phrygian ā), gd- : z- as Old Indic kṣāḥ : Avestan zā̊; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-

alb. dhe `earth' (= χθών) ;

Note:

Albanian dhe `earth' : Phrygian ζεμελω */h1/ for the non -colouring laryngeal.

[common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz-]

Note:

[common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz-]

Avestan gz- > Greek χθ- > Baltic dz- > Illyrian d- : Baltic dz- > Slavic z-]

compare gr. Δημήτηρ, Doric Δᾱμά̄τηρ, Thessalian Δαμμάτηρ, Aeolic Δωμάτηρ; Illyrian Δω-, Δαμ- (Pisani IF. 53, 30, 38) from Indo Germanic *ĝðhō, respectively Vokat. *gðhom; about Δαμία, epithet of Demeter, s. WH. I 321;

Note:

Clearly Δημήτηρ `mother earth' was shaped according to Illyrian and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. ĝh- > d-, dh-] Δημή-τηρ common venetic Illyrian suffix -ter,-tre . Therefore Δημήτηρ is an Illyrian goddess of earth.

Note:

gr. Δημήτηρ `mother earth' : Old Irish duine, Welsh dyn, Cornish Breton den : Illyrian Δημήτηρ, alb. dhe cognates evolved according to Illyrian and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. ĝh- > d-, dh-] suggesting a shared origin of those lang.

Latin humus (from *homos) `earth, ground, earth; face of the earth, earth's surface', probably reshaping of an old consonant -stem *ĝhom-; hence also f. as χθών; humilis `low' (: χθαμαλός);

Maybe alb. ul-të `low', ul `low, sit' < lat. humilis `low' Latin loanword.

in Oscan-Umbrian *homi-teros, -temos as comparative superlative of Locative *homi `under' (: Old Indic kṣámi) : Oscan hu[n]truis ` below, beneath, underneath, lower ', huntrus ` below, beneath, underneath, lower '; Umbrian hutra, hontra ` on the under side, below, underneath ', Abl. hondomu ` the lowest '; Umbrian hondu ` pessumdatō ' from *hon(d)-tōd; about Latin hūmānus see below;

Old Irish dū, Gen. don `place' (Pedersen KG. I 89, s. also under to duine; the development from ĝhð to d- similar to t from -kÞ- in art `bear' from erkÞos; n instead of -m- as in χθόνος extended from the full grade *dōn - from *dōm - from dū);

Note:

Old Irish duine, Welsh dyn, Cornish Breton den : Illyrian Δημήτηρ, alb. dhe cognates evolved according to Illyrian and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. ĝh- > d-, dh-] suggesting a shared origin of those lang.

Lithuanian žẽmė, Latvian zeme, Old Prussian same, semme `earth', semmai `base, low' (: χαμαί, see above), Latvian zem `under' (probably Verkürzung of Locative zemē); Lithuanian żẽmas, Latvian zẹms `low';

Old Church Slavic zemlja `earth'; in addition also Old Church Slavic zmьja `snake' (`creeping on the earth'), zmьjь `dragon' : gr. χθαμαλός ` near the ground, on the ground, low '.

Maybe alb. (*dhemle) dhemje ` earth worm ' very important see up or below.

In addition words for `person' as ` earthly,of the earth ':

Latin homō, -inis `person', Old Latin hemō (also in nēmō ` nobody, no person, no one ' from *ne-hemō), Akk. hemōnem; to humus probably hūmānus ` human, of human beings, of people; humane ', with unclear vocalism (*hoim- würde to oí of Old Irish Pl. doíni `people', whether here lay before an older diphthong, but for Indo Germanic *gðhoim- lacks every probability; s. also under); Oscan-Umbrian *homōn- (vowel gradation *ĝhom- as humus, compared with Latin hemōn- or dialectic umlaut from *hemōn-), Oscan humuns ` a human being, man, person ', Umbrian homonus ` a human being, man, person ';

Gothic guma, Old Icelandic gumi, Old English guma, Old High German gomo `person, man, husband', Modern High German in Bräuti-gam (Indo Germanic *ĝhemon- or *ĝhomon-);

Lithuanian (old) žmuõ (Daukša m. Akk. žmūnį) `person', nowadays žmogùs, žmõgus (g-forms as in Old Church Slavic mǫ-žь) `person', Old Prussian smoy (leg. smoa?), other formations Old Prussian smunents m. `person', smonenawins ds., and smūni f. `person', Lithuanian žmonà f. `wife, woman', žmónės Pl. m. `people' (Akk. Pl. žmónis dial. from Indo Germanic ĝhmōnens).

Pedersen (KG. I 69, 89, 116, 173) places here also Old Irish duine, Welsh dyn, Cornish Breton den `person', Proto Celtic *doni̯o- from *ĝhðomi̯o- = χθόνιος, Old Indic kṣamya-ḥ; however, this would be the only evidence for Celtic ni̯ from mi̯; it could be considered the transferenceof n from the paradigm *dōn `place' (see above). However, then the Pl. Old Irish doíni, nir. daoine `humans, people' (typical diphthong) would have to be separated from duine; far likely it is connected doíni as *dheu̯eni̯o- or *dhou̯eni̯o- and duine etc. as strong grade *dhuni̯o- with Gothic diwans ` perishable, mortal ' connected (see *dhu̯en- under dheu- `die'); incredible Borgström NTS. 12, 83 f.;

Note:

common Illyrian-celtic ĝh- > d-

Tocharian A śom `lad, young boy, youngling ', В śaumo, Pl. śāmna `person' (: Latin hemōnem); s. Pedersen Tochar. 107 f.;

Hittite te-e-kan (tegan), Gen. tagnās `earth' and Tocharian A tkaṃ, Gen. tkanis, В keṃ ds.

Luvian: tiyamm(i)-

Meaning: `earth'

Attestations: [NSg] ti-ya-am-mi-iš: 54 ii 41.42.43*.51.iii 28 .35; 56,2*; KBo XXIX 40,5e.

ti-ya-am-me-iš: 107 ii 4*.

[ASg] ti-ya-am-mi-in: 103 iii 13; 139 i 4(?).iv 10e(?).

ti-ya-am-me-in: 107 ii 11.

[D-LSg] ti-ya-am-mi: 94,11e; VII 53 + XII 58 i 59e; KBo XXII 254 Vo 7*.

[ErgSg] ti-ya-am-ma-an-ti-iš: 39 ii 15.

[GenAdj]

[NSgC] ti-ya-am-ma-aš-ši-iš: 45 ii 26; 107 ii 12*.

[NPlC] ti-ya-am-ma-aš-ši-in-zi: KBo XXII 254 Vo 11*.

Commentary: Delocatival formation, as per Kimball, Hittite Plene Writing 42720, NOT direct formal match of Hittite tēkan!

Hittite: tekan n., gen. taknas ' earth ', dagan, tagan ' down, to the ground '; HLuw takamia ' earth ', Luvian tiyammi- id. (Friedricḫ 204, 220)

common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-

Note:

Common Hittite Tochanrian ĝh- > tk- : common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Illyrian Albanian ĝh- > dh- : Celtic ĝh- > d-.

They derived through metathesis from *ĝ(e)ðhom-, *ĝh(e)ðhom (Pedersen Group. 41 f.), these explained from Indo Germanic *dh(e)ĝhom (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 66 f.); against it with substantial reasons Beuveniste Mél. Van Ginneken 193 ff.; a root in *dhegh- places also Specht Dekl. 241; I with Benveniste would rather keep away the Hittite and Tocharian forms.

References: WP. I 662 ff., WH. I 654 f., 663 ff., 869, Trautmann 369.

Page(s): 414-416

Root / lemma: ĝhði̯és (zero grade ĝhðis?), vereinfacht (?) to ĝhðés, ĝhi̯és, ĝhés

Meaning: yesterday

Material: Old Indic hyáḥ ` yesterday ' (ghi̯és), hyastana-ḥ ` yesterday';

Latin herī̆, herĕ ` yesterday ', hesternus ` yesterday' (from *hestrinos with -tro- as in Germanic *gestra-); Common Old Indic : Latin ĝh- > h-.

Avestan zyō, Old Persian diya(ka), Persian dī(g);

alb. dje ` yesterday ', dial. ` morning' (*ĝhes), djethine ds., para-dje ` the day before yesterday, two days ago';

Old Irish in-dē (*gdi̯és), Welsh doe, Old Cornish doy, Modern Cornish dē, Middle Breton dech, Modern Breton deac'h ` yesterday ' (the brit. forms from *gdii̯es); Welsh neithiwr etc. ` yesterday evening' rather from *nokti + Welsh hwyr `late' (loanword from Latin sērus);

gr. eleisch σερ-ός χθές Hes. (from *χι̯ες, Indo Germanic ĝhi̯és?); gr. χθές (*ĝhðés), ἐχθές (after ἐκεῖνος : κεῖνος, independent particle or suggestion vowel, see above S. 283 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 413, Lejeune Traité 182); χθιζός, adverb. χθιζά ` yesterday', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 from χθές + *δι̯ά to Old Indic a-dyā́ `today' (Instrum. from Indo Germanic *di̯os `day'; lacks above S. 183), with sound weakening from ε to ι, after Specht KZ. 68, 205 from *ĝhðis > ĝhis with adverbial suffix (as in gr. κρύβ-δα); χθεσινός ` yesterday';

Gothic gistra-dagis `morgen', Old English geostra, wsächs. giestran-dæg, North Umbrian gioster-dæg ` yesterday ', Old High German kestre, gesteron, gesterên ` yesterday '; lengthened grade Old Norse í gǽr (*gēz-), i gjār (Noreen Old Icelandic Gr.4 p. 72, 263а 1); s. above Specht KZ. 68, 202 f.

References: WP. I 664, WH. I 642 f., 869, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 631, 10, Specht KZ. 68, 201 ff.

Page(s): 416

Root / lemma: ĝhðū- (or ĝhi̯ū-?)

Meaning: fish

Material: Armenian jukn `fish' (extension as in mu-kn ` mouse ');

gr. ἰχθῦς, -ύος (*ĝhðūs) `fish' (ἰ- is a vocal development as in ἰκτῖνος ` a number of small predatory birds belonging to the hawk family type of predatory bird, kite ': Armenian c̣in `falcon, kite', Indo Germanic kÞīno-);

ĝhðuu̯-: Lithuanian žuvìs (Gen. Pl. žuvų̃) f., Latvian zuvs, zivs m. ds.; in addition the verbs East Lithuanian žústa, žùvo, žúti ` fish, catch fish ';

Gutturalsuffix: Old Prussian suckis m. (Akk. Pl. suckans) `fish' (Lithuanian žuk- in žū́k-mistras ` Fischmeister ', žuk-sparnis ` Fischaar ', žū̆klỹs ` fisherman '); in addition further Latvian zutis m. ` eel, snakelike fish '; Lithuanian žvejỹs m. ` fisherman ', Lithuanian žvejóti, Latvian zvejuôt ` fish, catch fish ', žvýnas m. ` fish scale ', Latvian zvìńi m. Pl. ` fish scales '; Old Prussian sucka-ns besides ἰχθῦς, as Latin sucu-la besides sūs, Old Norse askr besides Lithuanian úosis.

To the initial sound question (ĝhð or ĝhi̯?) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325; it is of the same kind especially χθών : žẽmė, and a parallel proposed with k- ἰκτῖνος : c̣in. No quite sure indication is in *ghi̯-, because in its affiliation somewhat dubious, the fish name Old Swedish gius, New Swedish gös `Perca Lucioperca', Modern High German dial. giesen `Cyprinus cephalus' and Old Swedish fiska-giusen `a bird of prey, Falco haliaetus', wherein *gjuse ` fisherman '.

References: WP. I 664, Trautmann 373, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325, 413; to Indo Germanic ð compare lastly Lejeune Traité de Phonétique grecque S. 31 f.

Page(s): 416-417

Root / lemma: ĝhlād-

Meaning: to sound, call

Material: Old Indic hrādatē ` sounds', hrāda- m. ` Getön, noise', Avestan zrāda- m. ` coat of mail, garment made of linked metal rings ' (`rattling, clashing, clinking, chinking '), New Persian zirih `armor, coat of mail, garment made of linked metal rings ';

gr. κέχλαδα (Pind.) `swell, of sound, ring out, murmur, rustle, roar, blossom ', καχλάζω ` plash or bubble, of the sound of liquids, of the sea, of rain, of boiling water, frothing forth foam ';

Old Irish ad-glādur `I address, speak to; refer '.

The Aryan words can but just as well with Indo Germanic r to Gothic grētan belong; see below gher-1.

References: WP. I 659 f.

Page(s): 451

Root / lemma: ĝhō

Meaning: behind, towards

Grammatical information: preposition and Partikel

Material: Armenian z preposition and preverb ` referring to, applying to, pertaining to ' etc. (Meillet Esquisse2 166);

Baltic *a-žō in Lithuanian dial. ažúo, ažu, až ` behind, for' (compare ažúot ` instead, instead of', East Lithuanian ažuomarša ` oblivion '); Latvian az (compare azuots `bosom' = East Lithuanian ažuñtis ds., to Latvian *uots = Lithuanian añtis `bosom'), newer aiz (unexplained) ` behind, after, because of, instead of', also verbal prefix ` behind, from, to, to-';

Slavic za ` behind; for, after, because of, during, at, in, on', also verbal prefix; also in Old Church Slavic zadъ ` the behind, buttocks part', compare na-dъ;

perhaps instrumental a Pronom.-stem ĝho- to ghe, gho (above S. 417) with anlaut ĝh-; s. also under ū̆d.

References: WP. I 533 f., Trautmann 336, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 485 f.

Page(s): 451-452

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯el-

Meaning: to bend, swerve

Material: Old Indic hváratē ` turns from the straight direction, makes crooked way ', hválati ` makes on error, stumbles, wanders ', juhurāṇá-ḥ ` failing ', víhruta-ḥ ` defective, faulty, lewd, sick ', hruṇāti ` go astray, lose one's way ', participle hrutá-, it has changed hvr̥tá-; hū́rchati ` fails, glides, sways, falls '; hváras- n. ` curvature ', hvará- m. `snake', vihrút- f. `kind of snake or worm';

Maybe alb. zvarranik ` reptile ', zvarris, zvarrit ` drag ', zvarritem ` draggle, creep along, trapes, crawl '.

Avestan zbarǝmna- ` walking in a crooked way ', zbaraϑa- n. ` foot of a daēvischer being ', zbarah- n. `hill', zūrah- n. ` wrong; injustice, deception ', New Persian zūr ` incorrect; lie, falsity';

gr. φαλίπτει μωραίνει Hes., φαλός `stammering, deaf, stupid' Hes. and probably φάλος m. `horn of a helmet', presumably φολκός, epithet of Thersites B. 217, perhaps ` bowlegged, bandy-legged'; perhaps also ἀποφώλιος `empty, vain, idle, useless, fruitless, deceitful, deceptive ' (ō-grade), φῆλος ` deceitful ', φηλήτης ` cheater ', φηλόω (Doric φᾱλόω) cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool';

Latin fallō, -ere ` trip, cause to fall: glacies, deceive, trick, dupe, cheat, elude, fail, disappoint,be misled,lead into error, be deceived, err, mistake, deceive oneself,to mistake, be deceived,violate, break, betray, deceive, disappoint, put on, avoid, confound, deceive in swearing, swear falsely, be perjured, swear falsely by, faith pledged to, lie concealed, be unseen, escape notice, remain undiscovered, elude, arrive secretly, infuse undetected, escape recognition, lighten, appease, silence, beguile ' (`*walk in a crooked way; veer, swerve, turn about '; *ĝhu̯elnō, compare Old Indic hruṇāti);

Lithuanian nuožvelnùs ` declive, sloping downwards; precipitous, very steep, having a high degree of inclination, sloping, oblique '; žvalùs `skilful; agile, nimble; graceful; sharp, keen ' (`*slightly bending '); vowel gradation įžvil̃nas ` slantwise, slant, skew' (*ĝhu̯ḷ-), pažvil-ti, -au ` bend oneself ', žvylúoti `swing, waver'; pražul̃nas (*ĝhul-) ` slantwise, sloping, slant, skew', pažùlnus ds.; atžúlas, -us ` brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep, hard, rude, pitiless ' ;

Latvian zvel'u, zvêl'u, zvel̂t ` roll, move, knock over, knock down, hit ', refl. ` move slowly, roll, fall down ', zval̂stîtiês ` stagger, sway ', zval̂ns ` fluctuating ';

Old Church Slavic zъlъ `mad, wicked, evil, bad ', Serbo-Croatian zȁo (f. zlȁ), Russian zoɫ (f. zɫa) ds.;

perhaps *ĝhu̯-el- from a ĝheu- `slant, skew' extended; compare *ĝhu̯-er- in Lithuanian žurlė ` a tendril plant ' (*ghu̯r̥-lo-), gr. θέρμος m. ` lupine, lupin, any of a number of leguminous plants which bear tall clusters of flowers in a variety of colors ' (*gu̯her-mo-).

Note:

Greek ĝh- > θ- common Greek Dorian Illyrian Celtic.

References: WP. I 643 f., WH. I 448, Trautmann 372 f.

Page(s): 489-490

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯elg-

Meaning: to glance

Material: Gr. θέλγω ` properly, to stroke or touch with magic power, in bad sense, to cheat, cozen, to produce by spells, beguile, enchant, charm, captivate; bewitch, entrance; cast a spell on ' (incredible above S. 247);

Note:

Greek ĝh- > θ- common Greek Dorian Illyrian Celtic.

Lithuanian žvelgiù, žvel̃gti ` look, gaze; watch; stare, gaze fixedly with wide open eyes', Iterative žvalgaũ, žvalgýti and žvil̃gis m. `look', žvìlgiu, žvilgė́ti ` look briefly '.

References: WP. I 644, Trautmann 374, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302.

Page(s): 490

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯en-

Meaning: to sound

Note: extension from ĝhau-, s. Persson Beitr. 191

Material: Armenian jain (ĝhu̯on-i̯i-), i-stem `voice' (with i-Epenthese); alb. Tosc zē̈ `voice', Geg zâ (< *ĝhu̯ono-s);

Armenian ձայն ǳayn = Albanian Geg zani `voice' conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

Note:

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: ĝhu̯en- : `to sound' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhau-, ĝhau̯ǝ- : `to call'

Russian- Church Slavic zvьnju, zvьně́ti `ring, sound, clink', Russian zvenětь, Old Czech zvnieti, Czech zníti, altpoln. wznieć ds., vowel gradation Old Church Slavic zvonъ `sound, tone', Slavic zvộn `bell', Bulgarian zvъnъ `sound, clangor ', zvъnecъ `bell', Serbo-Croatian zvȍno, Russian Czech zvon, poln. dzwon ` clangor, bell'.

Balto-Slavic root extension ĝhu̯eng-:

Lithuanian žvéngiu, žvéngti ` neigh ', su-žviǹgu, -žvìngti ` burst in neighing ', žvangùs `loud, resounding ', žvángu, žvangė́ti `rattle, clash, ring, clang, clink', Latvian zvìegt ` neigh ';

Old Church Slavic zvęgǫ ` announce ', Russian- Church Slavic zvjagu `sing, babble', Russian dial. zvjagù, zvjačь `bark, bay'.

Slavic root extension ĝhu̯enk-:

Old Church Slavic zvękъ m. `sound', zvęknǫti `sound, clink', zvęcati `call, shout, cry', Serbo-Croatian zvêk `sound', poln. zwięk, dźwięk `sound, clangor '; with vowel gradation Old Church Slavic zvǫkъ `sound', Russian zvuk, Czech zvuk `sound, tone, sound, clangor ';

Slavic root extension ĝhu̯ent-:

Bulgarian zvъntja `sound, clink '.

References: WP. I 642, Trautmann 374.

Page(s): 490-491

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯ēr-

Meaning: wild beast

Material: Gr. θήρ, -ός, m. late f. (θῆρες, θηρῶν = East Lithuanian žvė́res, žvėrų̃, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424), Lesbian φήρ, hom. Φῆρες, Thessalian φείρ (πεφειρά̄κοντες = τεθηρακότες, Φιλόφειρος) `animal';

Note:

Common Greek Illyrian Celtic ĝh- > d-, θ-.

Latin ferus, -a, -um ` wild, untamed, rude, uncultivated; savage, barbarous, fierce, cruel ' (*ĝhuero-s);

Maybe alb. ferrë ` thorny bush, prick, blackberry, blackthorn ' Latin loanword.

with structure in i- declination (after Akk. Sg. Pl. -ь, -i = m̥, -n̥s) Lithuanian žvėrìs m. f., Latvian zvêrs m.; Old Prussian Akk. Pl. swīrins;

Old Church Slavic zvěrь `wild animal', sloven, zvę̂r, Old Czech zvěř m. f., Russian zvěrь;

substantive adjective Lithuanian žvėrienà f., Russian zvěrína ` venison, deer meat', to Latin carō ferīna ds.

References: WP. I 642 f., WH. I 487 f., Trautmann 374 f.

Page(s): 493

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯oigʷ-

Meaning: to shine; star

Material: Gr. φοῖβος `pure, clean gleaming', ἀφικτός, ἀφικτρός (*ĝhu̯igʷ-) `impure, unclean'; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

From Root / lemma: ĝhu̯oigʷ- : `to shine; star' derived Root / lemma: bheigʷ- : `to shine' (sse above) common ĝhu̯- > Greek ph- > Old Indic bh-.

Balto Slavic *žu̯aigzdā- f. `shine, star' (Indo Germanic *ĝhu̯oigʷ(e)s-dā) in:

Old Prussian Akk. Sg. swāigstan `shine', poswāigstinai `illuminate' (?) ; Lithuanian žvaigzdė̃, žvaigždė̃, dial. žvaizdė̃, Latvian zvàigzne f. `star'; in addition further Lithuanian žvygulỹs ` radiance ', žváínas ` silberfleckig ', Latvian zvaigstīties `gleam', zvaidrīt `shimmer';

Slavic *gvězda (from *gu̯aigzdā, through dissimilation from *žu̯aigzdā) in Old Church Slavic dzvězda, Serbo-Croatian zvigèzda, poln. gwiazda, Russian zvězdá f. `star'.

References: Trautmann 373 f., Pedersen La cinqunder décl. Latin 74, Mikkola Urslav. Gr. 166 f. Probably inaccurate about gr. φοῖβος etc. above 118.

Page(s): 495

Root / lemma: ĝhu̯ōkʷ-, ĝhu̯ǝkʷ-

Meaning: to shine, shimmer

Material: Gr. διαφάσσειν διαφαίνειν Hes., φώψ φάος Hes.; παραι-φάσσει τινάσ-σει . . . Hes., reduplicated παιφάσσω ` dart, rush about, quiver, wave violently';

Latin fax (old facēs), facis f. `torch; agitator, inciter, troublemaker, fomenter ', Diminutive facula `torch', facētus `elegant, witty ', facētia and -ae ` a jest, witticism; drollery, piece of humor, a witty or clever thing in action or behavior, Wit, witty sayings ';

Lithuanian žvãkė `candle'.

References: WP. I 645, WH. I 438 f., 471, 864, Trautmann 374.

Page(s): 495

Root / lemma: ĝlei-

Meaning: to run up to

Note: Only indoiranisch.

Material: Old Indic jráyati ` onrushes, attacks, starts, activates ', jráyas- n. ` impetuousness, hastiness, run, flow, river flow ', pr̥thu-jráya- ` distant running ';

Avestan zrayah-, Old Persian drayah- ` sea ', Middle Persian zray, New Persian (with metathesis) daryā, pǝrǝu-zrayah ` wide water surface stretching above '.

References: WP. I 660, WH. I 608.

Page(s): 401

Root / lemma: ĝu̯er-, ĝu̯erǝ-

Meaning: to burn and be hot

Note:

Root / lemma: ĝu̯er-, ĝu̯erǝ- : to burn and be hot' derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-3 and ĝherǝ-, ĝhrē- : to shine, shimmer'.

Material: Old Indic jvárati ` has a temperature, is feverish ', jvara-ḥ `fever, pain, distress ', jū́rvati `singes, burns', jūrṇí-ḥ `blaze, glow' (< *jvūr-, *ĝu̯r̥-); besides jválati ` flames up, glows, shines ', jvalita-ḥ ` flaming, burning, luminous', jvalaná-ḥ ` burning, ignitable ', m. `fire', n. ` the burning, blazing ', jvala-ḥ m. `light, flame, torch', jvālā f. ds.;

mnl. coorts m., Middle Low German korts `fever'??;

Lithuanian žiūriù, žiūrė́ti `see', žiūrà `view, look', žiũras `eagle owl';

full grade Latvian zvêrs `scintillant, flickering, sparkling', zvêruot `glow, flash'.

References: WP. I 643, Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I p. 228.

Page(s): 479

Root / lemma: ĝ(e)lōu̯-

Meaning: sister-in-law

Material: Gr. *γάλωFος in hom. Dative Sg. and Nom. Pl. γαλόῳ, Gen. Pl. γαλόων, Attic γάλως, Gen. γάλω `a husband's sister or brother's wife, a sister-in-law ';

Latin glōs, glōris ` a husband's sister, wife, woman of brothers' (*ĝlō[u]s);

Late Church Slavic zъlъva, Old Czech zelva, Serbian zȁova, Russian zoɫóvka ` a husband's sister ';

perhaps also Armenian tal ` a husband's sister ' (for *cal after taigr ` husband's brother ').

That Phrygian γέλαρος ἀδελφοῦ γυνή Hes., also γάλλαρος, belongs here, is most doubtful; whether recommended for *γελαFος?

After Jokl EbertsRL. X 142b were the non-palatal guttural through influence of ɫ limited, whereupon also poln. żeɫw, żoɫwica (*geluu̯ā) besides zeɫw, zoɫwica (*ĝeluu̯ā) ` husband's sister ' should indicate; compare though that under ĝhel- it is explained by Balto-Slavic gel- `yellow'.

A gr. conservative stem *γάλω[u̯]-ς has contravened (only the case oblique) in the o-Dekl. experienced; in Slavic lies an older ū-stem zьly, Gen. zъlъve, before which could be compared with Latin glōs.

References: WP. I 631, WH. I 610, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 480.

Page(s): 367-368

Root / lemma: gʷā̆dh-

Meaning: to sink, submerge

Material: Old Indic gā́hatē `dives, permeates, soaks', participle gāḍha-ḥ `deep, dense, tight '

Note:

Common Indic alb. -ĝh > -ḍh = Avestan -ĝh > -z shift

Old Indic gāhá-ḥ `depth, the interior '; with a: gáhana-, gáhvara- `deep, dense', n. `depth, abyss, thicket ', dur-gáha-m ` wicked place or way';

the participle gāḍhá- is probably analogical form after roots with Old Indic h = Indo Germanic ĝh; gādhá- ` shallow, having little depth ', m. n. ` shallow, ford' is perhaps from an Old Indic root noun gā (to Indo Germanic gʷā- ` gait ') + dha as ` granting passage ' to define;

Avestan Akk. Pl. vi-gāϑō ` canyon, gorge, gulch, ravine, abyss, steep narrow valley carved by running water ' (: Old Indic vi-gāhá-) ` dipping oneself ', zero grade guδa- `depth';

Note:

Common Indic alb. -ĝh > -ḍh = Avestan -ĝh > -ϑ, -z shift

gr. βῆσσα, Doric βᾶσσα (*βᾱθι̯α) f. ` wooded combe, glen, mostly in the mountain glens, gorge, ravine, gulch '; βάσσος n. ds. (*βαθσος), zero grade βυθός, βυσσός ` the depth, esp. of the sea ' with β instead of γ after βῆσσα; ἄβυσσος ` with no bottom, bottomless, unfathomed ', βάθος n. `depth'; βένθος `depth' secondary after πένθος : πάθος; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

Old Irish bā(i)dim ` go under, dive, submerge; sink, drown', Welsh boddi ` drown, flood ', Cornish bedhy, Middle Breton beuziff ` drown '; Welsh diffoddi ` extinguish, annihilate, erase ' from *di-spad- (*dī-eks-bad-).

Note:

From Root / lemma: gʷā̆dh- : to sink, submerge, derived Root / lemma: bhā̆u-1 : bhū̆- : to hit.

References: WP. I 665, Schwyzer Rhein. Mus. 81, 193 ff.

Page(s): 465

Root / lemma: gʷā-, gʷem-

Meaning: to go, come

Note:

Root / lemma: gʷā-, gʷem- : `to go, come' from zero grade of Root / lemma: aĝ- (*heĝ-): `to lead, *drive cattle'.

Material: Old Indic jí-gā-ti `goes' (= gr. *βίβησι, compare lak. 3. Sg. βίβαντι, hom. participle βιβά̄ς ` walking along with big steps ', in addition also hom. βιβάσθων), Aor. á-gā-m ` I got to, arrived at, reached, got there , left ' (Avestan Injunkt. gāt̃ ` he will get to, arrive at ') = Armenian kam ` stand ', gr. ἔβην, Doric ἔβᾱν ` I undid; (a jacket, package, door, etc.) opened, went '; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

Old Indic gā́tram `limb, member, body'; gātú-ḥ ` gait, way, room, place', Avestan gātu-š `place, couch, long upholstered seat, folding bed; small spare bed; camp bed, seat, throne', Old Persian gāϑu ds.; Old Indic ví-gāman- n. ` footstep ' (pr̥thú-pra-gāman- ` walking further '; compare gāmin- `going', further formations an o-stem gāma-ḥ), Avestan gā-man- n. ` footstep ', Old Indic gāya-m ` footstep ' in uru-gāyá- ` walking further, walking far ' (of way), Avestan gāya- (Akk. gāim) ` footstep ' (with formants -ya-);

Armenian kam ` stand ' ( : gr. ἔβην);

gr. *βίβησι, βιβά̄ς, ἔβην see above; βηταρμός ` dance ', βητάρμων ` dancer ' (from *βᾱτος or *βᾱτᾱ ` das Fußaufsetzen ' + ἄρμα ` structure, composition '); ἀμφισβητέω, Ionian ἀμφισβᾱτέω ` dispute, argue, fight ' (` nach zwei Seiten auseinandergehend '), βῆμα n. ` footstep ' changing through vowel gradation βωμός m. ` step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by the foot; footprint, track, grade, rack, altar'; infinitive βήμεναι; βηλός m. ` doorsill '; βέβηλος, Doric βέβᾱλος, kyren. βάβᾱλος ` enterable, unhallowed, not consecrated, not sanctified ' (contrast from ἄβατος ` immortal, holy'); zero grade βέβαιος `certainly' (*good feasible); βάδην Adv. `in footstep '; βάδος m. `way', βαθμός m. `grade, threshold, footstep ', βάθρον ` foundation ', ἐμβάτης ` man's shoe '; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

alb. ngā `I run, drive' (*ga-ni̯ō); Actually (*ga-sni̯ō) nasalized form prevented common alb. ĝ- > d-.

Maybe alb. ngathtë `slow, lazy (walk)' [common alb. - Old Irish -s > -th]

Maybe zero grade in alb. garë `race' < Rumanian goană `race, battue'.

Lithuanian dial. góti `go'; Latvian gāju (preterit to iêt) `I walked ' (places a present *gāi̯ō ahead, whose j would be present formant), therefrom further gâjums ` gait, row'; gàita ` gait ' (with analogical ai, Endzelin Latvian Gr. S. 678); gātis Pl. ` Fluglöcher der Bienen '; Lithuanian próga ` occasion, opportunity, term, deadline (*end of the road)' (prefix *prō̆ + gā); Lithuanian gãtvė ` road, livestock pasture ', Latvian gatva `way, passage ' are Germanic loanword

Perhaps here also Celtic words for `die' (as ` leave, depart ', ἐκ βροτῶν βῆναι), as Old Irish baĩd `dead' (*bā-a-ti from *gʷā-), at-bath `died' (*-gʷǝ-t . .), bath `death' = Welsh bad `pest, pestilence', Breton bad ` anesthetization ', Cornish bad-us ` phrenetical '; Old Irish bās `death' is shaped after gnās ` consuetude ' etc.. Contrariness of Thurneysen Gr. pp. 547, 728 is a stem bā̆s- not proved; s. more properly Pedersen Litteris 2. 89 f. Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

2. gʷem-:

Unthematic *(e)-gʷem-t (> *e-gʷen-t), -gʷm̥-té, -gʷm-ent in Old Indic Aor. ágan, gan (g for j after forms with original *gʷm̥-, *gʷm-; 1. Sg. ágamam), ágata (*gʷm̥-), ágman, ágmata; Gatha-Avestan 3. Sg. Inj. uz-jǝ̄n, 3. Pl. gǝmǝn;

Armenian 3. Sg. ekn `he comes ' (= Old Indic ágan); about still unclear 1. Sg. eki, 3. Pl. ekin see Meillet Esquisse 134 f.;

gr. βάτην 3. Du., ὑπέρβᾰσαν 3. Pl. probably to root form *gʷā-; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

Konj. *gʷemeti in Old Indic gám-at, -anti, Gatha-Avestan jamaiti, jimaiti; Opt. gʷm̥-i̯ēt in Old Indic gamyāt, Avestan jamyāt̃, Old Persian jamjāh (j for g from forms with lengthened grade Indo Germanic *gʷem-); Old English cyme see below;

thematic: zero grade Old Indic gámati, Avestan jamaiti `goes' (Old Indic gamáyati `allows to come, brings about, causes, makes happen ', Avestan jāmayeiti ` brings to the side, flank '), zero grade Old Indic (Opt. Aor.) gamḗt, gamḗma, gamemahi, probably also Aor. ágamat; Perf. ja-gā́ma `I walked ' (compare Gothic 1. Pl. qemum); Avestan frā-ɣmat̃ (Gatha-Avestan-gǝmat̃) `he comes over, joins; ensues, follows as a consequence of, happens as a result of ', Old Persian a-gmatā;

Oscan kúmbened ` it agrees, came together ', cebnust (from *ce-benust) ` (huc) vēnerit ', Umbrian benust, benurent ` venerit, -int '; Latin Konj. advenam (about nn for m see below; perhaps with analogical -en- after the forms as Latin veniō, ventum, vēnī);

Gothic qiman (preterit qam, 1. Pl. qemum: Old Indic 1. Sg. Perf. ja-gāma), Old High German queman and (zero grade?) coman = Old English cuman, Old Norse kōma `come'; Old English Konj. Präter. (older Optative) cyme (*gʷem-ī-t);

Tocharian A käm-, kum-, В käm-, kam-, śem `come'.

i̯o-present *gʷm-i̯ṓ in gr. βαίνω `go' (Fut. βήσομαι etc.), Latin veniō `come' with very old alteration from -mi̯- to -ni̯-; after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 309 could n also be related to forms as Avestan jantu (*gʷem-tu-), Armenian ekn (*e-gʷem-t); to vēnimus stimmt Gothic qemum;

sk̂o-present *gʷm̥-skṓ: Old Indic gácchati, Avestan jasaiti `he goes', gr. βάσκε `go! come!' Tocharian A kumnäš `he comes ', Med. kumnästär, В känmasträ.

Verbaladjektiv: Old Indic gatá-ḥ ` gone, departed, left; dead; lost ', Avestan gata- ds., gr. βατός ` feasible, able to be carried out ' (*gʷm̥-to-s), Latin in-ventus.

other nominal formation:

Old Indic gáti-ḥ f. ` gait ', Avestan aiwi-gati- ` coming along = entry, beginning ', gr. βάσις f. ` footstep; base' (*gʷm̥-ti-s), Latin con-venti-ō ` gathering, assembly, meeting, convention ', Gothic gaqumÞs ` gathering, assembly, meeting, convention ' (*-gʷm̥-tis), Old Norse samkund f. ds., Old High German cumft, Modern High German Ankunft ` arrival, appearance, approach, incoming '; Old Indic gántu-ḥ m. ` gait, way', Latin adventus, -ūs ` arrival, appearance, approach, incoming '; Gothic qums ` arrival, appearance, approach, incoming ' (*gʷem-is), Old English cyme, Old High German cumi; Old Indic gamya- ` where one can go or should go ', Oscan kúmbennieís Gen. ` meeting, rendezvous, coming, together, circuit, congress, assembly, union, session '; Old High German biquāmi ` bequem ' (compare ` digestible '), Old English gecwēme `pleasant, fitting', Old Norse kvǣmr ` capable or allowed to come '; kvāma f. ` coming, visit, dropping by; inspection ', kōma ds.;

Tocharian A kum-, AB kam-, A käm-, В śem- `come', A kumnǝṣ, Med. kumnǝṣtǝr ` comes ', A kakmu, В kekamu ` arrived; resulted '.

With a meaning- development ` come (to the world) ' = ` be born ':

Avestan ni-jāmayeinti ` be born ' (*ni-jāma- `birth');

gr. ἐ-βάθη ἐγεννέθη Hes.;

alb. pre-gjim ` feast in the first birth '; (common pronunciation alb. gj- = Slavic dz-)

Lithuanian gemù, gim̃ti ` be born ' = Latvian dzemu, dzìmt ds., Lithuanian gìmstu (for pronunciation see Schulze KZ. 45, 230) = Latvian dzìmstu ds., Lithuanian giminė̃ ` family ', gỹmis `birth', gãmas ` the innate ', causative gamìnti ` generate children, breed cattle ', Latvian dzìmts ` congenital, existing from birth, innate, inherited ', dzìmša `birth' = Old Prussian gimsenin Akk. Sg. `birth', Old Prussian gemton ` to give birth to children ', gemmons participle Perf. ` born '.

References: WP. I 675 ff., Meillet Esquisse2 134 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 309, 689, 7423, 7072, Trautmann 76, Pedersen Tocharian 170 ff., 221, 234.

Page(s): 463-465

Root / lemma: gʷedh-

Meaning: to push, hit, harm

Material: Old Indic gandh- `bump, poke, prick, injure, destroy' (by grammarians), gandhá-ḥ m. `smell, odor, fragrance ', Avestan gantay- ` fetidness ', Middle Persian gand ` fetidness ', Old Persian gasta- ` disgusting, unsavory, distasteful', afgh. ɣandal ` disgust, repulsion, feel loathing ', Baluchi gandag `evil, bad'. (to meaning development `bump, poke, prick' > `smell, odor' compare e.g. Old High German stinkan `smell, stink' against Gothic stigqan ` clash, bang together, collide, crash ' and gr. κνίση ` steam and odour of fat which exhales from roasting meat, smell or savour of a burnt sacrifice ' compared with Old Icelandic hnīta `bump, poke, prick'.)

Gr. δέννος ` vituperation, shame' (*gʷendhno-); after Kuiper Nasalpräs. 65 here φθόνος m. ` envy ' (present *φθένω from *gʷdh-en-);

Note:

common Illyrian gʷ- > d- ; gʷ- > b-.

about Middle High German quetsen, quetschen `hit, bump, poke, squeeze' s. Kluge s. v. quetschen;

Lithuanian gendù, gésti ` be damaged, spoil, be destroyed, perish; wither, wilt, die ', gadinù, gadìnti `spoil, damage, disturb, bother', pagadas `ruin', Latvian ǵinstu, ǵint ` be destroyed, perish; wither, wilt, die '.

Maybe alb. godas ` hit' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 672 f., Benveniste BSL. 38, 143.

Page(s): 466-467

Root / lemma: gʷeid(h)-

Meaning: mud

Material: Gr. δεῖσα ` filth, slime, mud ' (*gʷeidh-i̯a or -sa, or *gʷeid-s-a); perhaps Old Norse kveisa f. `swelling, blister, lump, growth', Middle Low German quēse ` blood blister, blood pustule', besides Norwegian kvisa, Swedish kvissla ds.;

Old Church Slavic židъkъ ` succous, succulent, sappy, sapful, juicy, rich, opulent ', Russian etc. žídkij ` fluid, liquid, runny; soft, pliable'.

References: WP. I 671.

Page(s): 469

Root / lemma: gʷei-1

Meaning: to cry, weep

Note: Beyond the Germanic only unsafe comparisons; probably onomatopoeic.

Material: Gothic qainōn `weep, cry, grieve ', Old Norse kveina ` lament', Old English cwānian ` wail, be sad ', Old Norse kveinka ` wail, lament' and with other derivative Old Icelandic stem Verb. kvīða ` be frightened ', kvīða f. ` trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ', kvīði m. ds.; Old English cwīðan, schw. Verb. ` wail, bemoan ', Old Saxon quīðian `lament';

here recalled formally Lithuanian gíedu and gíestu, giedóti `sing, crow ', etc., to the only registered root in Satem languages *gēi- `sing' (see there); it is not listed because of meaning in question.

References: WP. I 665 f.

Page(s): 467

Root / lemma: gʷei-2

Meaning: to put together, enclose

Material: Umbrian bio, Paelignian Akk. biam ` enclosed district, region, area '; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

Old Norse kvē f. ` pen, fold, narrow enclosed passage ', kvīa ` coop, place in a pen or coop, pen '.

References: WP. I 666.

Page(s): 467

Root / lemma: gʷei̯ǝ-

Meaning: to prevail, be mighty

Material: Old Indic jyā́, jiyā́ f. ` suzerainty, sovereignty, political control ' (= gr. βίᾱ) = alb. f. (*gʷei̯ǝ) zija ` mourning, grieving, lamentation; act of feeling sorrow for someone's death; period of mourning; clothes worn by mourners; signs of mourning '.

Old Indic jyā́na-m, jyānī-ḥ ` oppression, depression, exploitation, suppression ', jyā́yān ` mightier, more prepotent ', jyéṣṭha-, jyeṣṭhá- ` most incredible, strongest '; jáyati (Perf. jigā́ya) ` overmatched, overpowered, defeated ' (Avestan Infinitive jayāi, full grade I the root, `to defeat, conquer'), jayiṣnu- ` victorious ', jētár- ` defeating '; jinā́ti (Fut. jyāsyati, Pass, jīyáte, participle jītá-) ` beaten, overpowered, oppressed'; jígīṣati `will defeat, conquer ' ( : Avestan jijišaiti ` tries to attain for himself, cause to be found '), jigyú- ` victorious ';

Old Indic jināti stands also for ` bring about sth ', jyāni-ḥ also ` decrease, loss' and is so both the extender of the palatal anlaut root from Avestan zināt̃ ` damages ', Old Persian adināt `bring about, take away, take off, remove ', participle Perf. Pass. dīta-, Avestan zyānā, zyāni- f. ` damage, harm ', Infinitive zyānāi `to harm', Baluchi zinaɣ ` seize, take forcibly; grasp, snatch, take abruptly, seize hastily, take away by force ' (external Aryan correspondences not known);

Maybe alb. Geg me zanë ` to gripe, capture ', Geg me u zanë, Tosc zihem ` quarrel '.

gr. βίᾱ ` force, might, power ' Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-. (= Old Indic jiyā́), βιάω, βιάζω ` force, coerce ', βίαιος ` violent, brutal ', Αντίδιος probably = Αντίβιος; βῑνεῖν ` futuere ', ζάει βινεῖ Hes. ` rape ' (whereas βῑνεῖν would have derived from a participle *βῑ-νό-ς = Old Indic jī-na-, Grammatical,); after Lidén IF. 19, 328 with New Persian gāyad ` futuit ', Infinitive gādan, gān, from a root *gʷāi- or (?) *gʷōi-, which would be compatible only with the latter beginning with gʷei- as lengthened grade of the o-gradation at most theoretically;

Maybe alb. (*zyānā) dhunë ` force, violence, forcing, viciousness, rape ' : Old Persian adināt `bring about, take away, take off, remove ', participle Perf. Pass. dīta-.

with gʷei̯ǝ- ` suppress, crush; repress ' appear also the following words for ` exhaust, weaken, make feeble ', Intransitive Pass. ` go altogether, grow old, dwindle ' originally belonged together:

Old Indic jināti also ` grows old ', jyāni-ḥ ` senility ', ájyāni-ḥ ` immortality ', jīna- `aged, old', á-jīta- ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged ', á-jīti-ḥ ` intactness, completeness, entireness, wholeness ', jívri- `old, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, helpless ', Avestan jyā-, present jināiti ` exhausts, weakens ', ajyamna- ` not decreasing, inexhaustible ', wherefore Middle High German verquīnen, preterit quein ` dwindle away, decrease ', Old English cwīnan, ā-cwīnan, preterit cwān ` dwindle away, decrease, abate, pain, feel ill ', extended Old English cwincan, ācwincan ` disappear, abate ' (Causative with vowel gradation neologism ācwencan, English quench ` extinguish, put out '), and with m-forms wfäl. kwīmen ` pain, feel ill ', kwīmelig ` softened, made soft; overindulged '.

From Germanic seem in both meaning of colouring addable:

Old Norse kveita ` dazzle, blind with bright light ' (d-present); s-extensions Middle Low German quisten ` let perish, waste ', quist `damage, loss', mnl. quisten ` rub, rub away, wear away, bruise, grind, bray triturate, rub against, wear ', Gothic qistjan `spoil', Old High German quist f. ` annihilation ', archwistan, firquistan `spoil, destroy', Old English cwíesan ` crush, squeeze hard, squash ', jüt. kwīs `press, extract, squeeze ', Modern Icelandic kveisa ` stomach ache '; Norwegian kveisa ` verkümmertes Geschöpf ', kvisla ` dwindle away, decrease '; g-extension (fragmented reduplication?) Frisian kwīke, kwikken ` pinch, tweak, nip ', in the reduced meaning in Prussian queicheln ` fondle '.

References: WP. I 666 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 300, 694.

Page(s): 469-470

Root / lemma: gʷei̯-3 and gʷei̯ǝ- : gʷ(i)i̯ē- : gʷ(i)i̯ō- : gʷī-, frequent, often with -u- extended

Meaning: to live

Material: A. from *gʷei̯ō:

Old Indic jīvātu-ḥ `life' (see below), gáya-ḥ ` house, courtyard, Hauswesen ' (see below);

Avestan jiɣaēsa ` you should live ' (2. Sg. present Med., or themat. 2. Sg. Opt. for *jigāyaēša); jījišǝnti (originally subjunctive) ` be refreshed, nourished ', jaya- m. ` incitation '; gayō m. `life, lifetime, lifestyle ' (= Old Indic gáya-ḥ ` house and courtyard, Hauswesen ' = Russian goj `peace; salvation!'); Avestan gaēϑā, Old Persian gaiϑā `entity, house and courtyard ';

Armenian keam ` live ' (*gʷiyā-ye-mi); Meillet Esquisse 110, 176.

gr. hom. βέομαι ` I will live ' (*βει̯εσομαι; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 780, 7881); Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

Lithuanian gajùs ` slightly healing '; Lithuanian gyjù, gýti (*gīti-) ` revive, recover, become healthy ' (in addition į-gýti- ` attain ', actually ` live there '), Latvian dzît ` heal; become healthy ', gýdau `heal', Latvian dziêdêt `heal, cure' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 559), Old Church Slavic žiti ` live ' (present živǫ see below); in addition Old Church Slavic žitь `life' (*gʷītis), pa-žitь ` pasturage, food, fodder, provender, esp. for cattle, grass, generally, any feeding-ground, any moist, grassy place, meadow ';

Slavic *gojь ` life' (*gʷoi̯o-s) in Old Russian goj `peace', old Serbo-Croatian gôj ds., Old Czech hoj `fullness, wealth' (: Old Indic gáya-ḥ), causative Slavic *gojiti ` make live ', Serbo-Croatian gòjiti ` care, fatten, overfeed ', etc.;

Tocharian В śai- ` live ', Van Windekens Lexique 127.

*gʷi̯ō- in:

Avestan -jyāiti- f. (in compounds) `life', jyātuš Gen., jyātum Akk. `life' (in Old Indic if this became *jyā-tu-ḥ after jīvati to jīvā́tu-ḥ);

ep. Ionian ζώω, gort. δώω ` live ' (from *ζω-ι̯ω, Indo Germanic *gʷi̯ō-i̯ō), Aor. ἐβίων (*gʷii̯ō-m with vokal. i, which was presumably supported by βιόω), Attic ζῶ, ζῇς, ζῇ (*ζηι̯ει, Indo Germanic *gʷi̯ē-), ζωός ` living ', ζώη `life', ζῷον `animal'; gr. ὑγιής `fit, healthy' (*su-gʷii̯ēs ` living well ');

*gʷī- (except in Balto Slavic *gīti-, see above) in Avestan yavaē-jī- ` perpetually living ', Avestan jīti- f. `life', Old Indic jīrá- `agile, lively, rash, hasty', Avestan jīra- ` brisk of mind, smart'; Old Prussian geits `bread', Old Church Slavic žito ` corn, grain '.

Maybe alb. Geg gja `thing, property' : Old Persian gaiϑā `entity, house and courtyard ';

With Indo Germanic g-suffix (gʷī̆g-): Old High German quëh and quëk, Gen. quëckes ` living ', Modern High German keck, Swiss check `strong, tight, firm' (kk from a form with kw as Middle High German quicken ` refresh '), Old English cwicu, cucu ` living ', Old Norse kvikr, kykr (Akk. kykkvan) ` living ', also Modern High German Quecke, Old English cwice ` orchard grass, cocksfoot grass, cock's foot' (from the extraordinary vitality and germ strength of the plant);

Latvian dzîga `life' (as dzîve ds.), dzîguôt ` live ' (as dzîvuôt ds.).

Latin vigēre `be lively ' separate from vegēre ` move, excite, quicken, arouse, be lively, active ' to, seems unjustified. Wood KZ. 45, 68 puts in a line an nord. kvikr etc. also plenty Germanic words for lively movement of all kind, thus except Old Norse kveikja ` animate, kindle, inflame', with other further formation Old English cwiferlīce Adv. `keen, eager', English quiver `agile, lively, nimble', Frisian kwistern ` wave, wag (tail, etc.), sashay ', kwispeln ` sich rasch und unruhig hin und her bewegen ', Swedish dial. kvīd `throw', jüt. kwīðǝr `alert, awake, smart'.

B. from *gʷi̯ōu-, gʷīu̯-:

with ī: Old Indic jīvá- ` living, m. life', Old Persian jīva-, Avestan jva- (i.e. jīva-) ` living ' = Latin vīvus ds., Oscan bivus Pl. ` vivi ', Welsh biw, Cornish biw ` horned cattle ' (`*living cattle '), Lithuanian gývas, Latvian dzîvs, Old Church Slavic živъ ` living ';

with ĭ: gr. βίος `life' (*gʷi-u̯-os), Gothic qius ` living ' (gaqiunan ` ἀναζῆν '), air, biu, beo, Welsh byw, Breton beo, Cornish byw, bew ` living ' (therefrom Celtic *bivo-tūt-s in Old Irish bethu, Gen. bethad = Welsh bywyd `life');

*gʷĭ- in Celtic *bitu-, Old Irish bith (Gen. betho), Welsh byd, Breton bed `world';

Maybe alb. (*gʷ(i)i̯ō-të ) botë `world' : βίοτος; `life, means of living, substance, the world, mankind, etc.' common Celtic - Illyrian gr. gʷ- . b-.

gall. Bitu-rīges, i.e. ` Leute des Weltkönigs ' (compare the similar meaning from Avestan gaēϑā); besides zero grades Indo Germanic *gʷeito- in Welsh bwyd `eat', Old Cornish buit `dish, food', Old Breton boitolion ` esciferis ', Modern Breton boed `nourishment, food'; the disyllabic Old Irish biad, Gen. biid `nourishment, dish, food' (previous *biveto-m).

with k-suffix: Latin vīvāx ` tenacious of life, long-lived, vivacious, lively, vigorous ', similar formation with Lithuanian gyvókas ` living ', distant Old Indic jīvaka- ds.;

with t-suffix: 1. with ī: Old Indic jīvita-m ` life, living being etc.', Lithuanian gyvatà `life, livelihood, farm ' = Latin vīta `life' (*gʷīu̯otā) and Old Church Slavic životъ m. `life', Old Indic jīvatha-ḥ; common Latin gʷ- > gv- > v-.

Maybe alb. jeta : Bolognese vétta : Bresciano eta : Latin vīta `life'.

Note:

Root / lemma: aiu̯-, ai̯u- : `vital energy, vitality' derived from reduced Root / lemma: gʷei̯-3 and gʷei̯ǝ- : gʷ(i)i̯ē- : gʷ(i)i̯ō- : gʷī-, frequent, often with -u- extended: to live

English life

Italian vita

Spanish vida

French vie

Aragones bida

Basque bizi

Breton buhez

Bolognese vétta

Bresciano eta

Albanian jetë

Calabrese vita

Catanese vita

Corsican vita

Furlan vite

Galician vida

Irish beatha

Scots Gaelic beatha

Welsh bywyd

Manx bea

Papiamentu bida

Latin vita

Leccese vita

Leonese vida

Lucchese vita

Mudnés vètta

Napulitano vita

Paduan vita

Portuguese vida

Romanian viaţă

Sardinian Logudoresu vida

Sicilian vita

Triestino vita

Umbro-Sabino vita

Wallon vèye

2. with ĭ: βιοτή, masc. βίοτος; `life, means of living, substance, the world, mankind, etc.'; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

with oi: Lithuanian gaivùs `alert, awake, smart, living ';

verbal derivative: Old Indic jī́vati, Avestan jvaiti (i.e. jīvaiti) `lives', Old Persian jīvā ` live!' = Latin vivō, Old Church Slavic živǫ ` live ' (Infinitive žiti see above), extended Lithuanian gyvenù ` live '; Old Indic jinvati, prá-jinōṣi ` be alive, get excited; stimulate, animate, refresh '.

References: WP. I 668 ff., Meillet Introduction7 165, Specht KZ. 62, 111, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 298, 300, 330, 5014, 6756, Trautmann 75 f.

Page(s): 467-469

Root / lemma: gʷelbh-

Meaning: womb; young of animal

Material: Old Indic gárbha-ḥ, Avestan garǝwa- `womb, foetus', gǝrǝbuš n. ` the young of an animal '; Old Indic sá-garbhya-ḥ ` son of the same mother, brother and sister ' (= gr. ἀδελφεός ds.);

gr. δελφύς, -ύος f., Doric δε;λφύᾱ ` womb, uterus' (see below); *δέλφος n. ds. as base from ἀδελφεός (Hom.) `couterinus, brother ' (*ἁ-δελφε[σ]-ός), next to which Attic ἀδελφός ds.; δέλφαξ m. f. `piglet', δελφί̄ς, -ί̄νος m. `dolphin', δολφός ἡ μήτρα Hes.; Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 268) reconstructs from gr. ἀδελιφ-ήρ ἀδελφός. Λάκωνες (Hes.) an originally root *gʷel-;

the -us-stem reappears in Old High German kilbur n., chilburra f. `mother lamb', Old English cilforlamb ds. (besides of es-stem Old High German kilbira ds. and - with gradation о after o-stem as δολφός, gárbha-ḥ - Modern High German Kalb, see above S. 359 under *gel-, *gelebh- ` clench '), which point to purely velar anlaut (as gall.-Latin galba and Gothic kil-Þei `womb' etc.).

Different and mutually influencing but similar in sound families lie before: *gʷelbh-, *gʷerebh-, and from gel- extended bh-forms whose stem formation and specific meaning, however, in Germanic are presumably assumed by absorption from gʷelbh-forms.

References: WP. I 692 f., WH. I 578, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295.

Page(s): 473

Root / lemma: gʷel-1

Meaning: to stick; pain, death

Material:

Hittite: guls- (I) ' ritzen, aufzeichnen ' (Tischler 627)

Old Greek: belónǟ `Nadel ' , bélos n. `Geschoss ' , hom. oksü-belḗs oiostós; obeló-s, att. oboló-s, dor., ark. odeló-s, thess. obellos m. `Bratspiess, Spitzsäule, Metallstab als Münze und Gewicht gebraucht, Obil; horizontale Linie als kritisches Zeichen '

Slavic: *žę̄dlo

Baltic: *gel-ō^n-i- c., *gel^- vb.tr., *gal-a-

Germanic: *kwill=

Maybe alb. (*in-gʷol-) ngul ` stab, stick, jab ', (*in-gʷel-) ngel ` get stuck ' (common alb. Romance verb in-prefix)

1. Gr. δέλλιθες ` wasp, hornet', Hes.; [gʷ- d- Illyrian Albanian].

gr. βελόνη f. `cusp, peak, needle', ὀξυβελής ὀιστός Hom.; but βέλος n. `projectile' probably rather to βάλλω, s. about the secondary amalgamation with the latter family under 2. gʷel- `trickle down, drip; throw'; ὀβελός, ὀβολός, Arcadian Doric ὀδελός ` spit, cusp, peak, pointed square pillar, obelisk, coin' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295;

Balto Slavic *geli̯eti ` it stings, hurts ' in:

Lithuanian gélti `prick', impersonal `ache', gìlti ` begin to ache ', geluõ, geluonìs `sting, prick', Giltinė̃ ` death goddess, death ', gãlas m. `end, death, bottom, stretch, part, slice, lump ' and gėlа̀ `pain' (= Modern High German Qual), Latvian gals `cusp, peak, end, region', dzel̂t `prick'; Old Prussian Akk. gallan, Vok. golis m. `death', gallintwei `slay', vowel gradation gulsennin Akk. `pain';

Russian-Church Slavic želějǫ, želěti ` mourn ', Old Czech želeti ` bemoan ', Old Church Slavic želja f. `affliction', vowel gradation Old Church Slavic žalь f. `pain', Old Russian žalь ds., Russian žalь f. ` pity', dial. `grave, graveyard ', etc.;

Maybe alb. zija ` mourning period, starvation ', zi ` black, mourning color ' Slavic loanwords.

the pure physical meaning ` pricking, pointed ' presumably also in Armenian ciuɫ `twig, branch, finger' (from e before ɫ), in alb. glisht `finger' (Pedersen KZ. 39, 393, Jokl IF. 36, 125, whereupon at first from *glen-st-; Brugmann IF. 11, 286 Anm. had compared βλῑμάζω ` touch, feel, grope '), alb. gr. glimp (gjëmp, gjëmbi) `thorn' (*gle-mo-, Jokl aaO. 141);

Note:

Wrong etymology because of alb. glisht, gisht : Persian: انگشت (angosht) : Hindi: उंगली (u.nglī) f : Urdu: اُنگلی (u.nglī) f ` finger '. See Root / lemma: ank-2, ang- : `to bend, bow, *flex; wangle; turn; curve, snake coil, anchor'.

But Middle English quille, English quill ` long feather; weaver's reel, pen made from a feather; hollow spine found on some animals (i.e. porcupines) ', Middle High German kil, Modern High German Federkiel (why w dwindled?), westfäl. kwiǝle ` quill ' have derived because of mrhein. Keil `keel, wedge ' (Middle High German *kīl) probably an i-root, whether not folk etymology distortions exit through influence of Middle High German Middle Low German kīl `wedge' and Middle High German kiel `ship'.

2. With the meaning `pain - sorrow - death':

Armenian keɫem ` afflict ' (Meillet Msl. 8, 165);

Old Irish at-baill ` dies ' (ess + baln- from *gʷl̥̄-n- with prefixed object pronoun `it'; nevertheless barely after Pedersen KG. II 459 as namely `it throws life away ' to ἐκ-βάλλω, because of the meaning `die' returns also out of Celtic; compare also Cornish bal `a deadly, esp. an infectious or contagious disease, a plague, pest, pestilence', Welsh aballu (*ad-ballu), ballu `die' (*gʷl̥̄-n-), ad-feilio (*ate-bal- from *gʷel-) ds.; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

perhaps Latin vallessit ` perierit ' (placed as Celtic verb, a present *gʷal-nō ahead; different EM2 1129);

Old High German Old Saxon quelan, qual ` endure sorrow ', Old English cwelan `die'; Old Norse kvelia ` afflict ', Old Saxon quellian, Old High German quellen ds., Old English cwellan `slay'; Old Norse kvǫl f. ` torment, pain, agony', Old English civalu `killing, violent murder'; Old Saxon quāla ` agony, torture ', Old High German qualā ds., `violent death', Modern High German Qual (lengthened grade as Lithuanian gėlà, Old Church Slavic žalь); Old High German, Old Saxon qualm ` death. devastation ', Old English cwealm ds., Swedish kvalm ` abrupt indisposition, minor illness, nausea '; Old English cwield `death' (gʷel-tī-), cwieldtīd ` eventide (*end of day'), Old High German quiltiwerk ` evening work ', Old Norse kveld n. (*gʷel-tó-) `evening'.

About ` anlaut variations ' (probably at best rhyme meaning) s. Siebs KZ. 37, 315, Lewy KZ. 40, 420.

References: WP. I 689 f., Trautmann 83, Vendryes RC 40, 433 ff.

Page(s): 470-471

Root / lemma: gʷel-2, gʷelǝ-, gʷlē-

Meaning: to drip, flow; to throw, *boil over

Note: though after Wackernagel KZ. 67, 159 belong a) and b) variant verbs.

Material: a) Old Indic gálati ` trickles down, falls down, disappears ', galitá-ḥ ` vanishes, retreats, withdraws ', Causative gālayati ` pours away, makes flow, strains off '; Old Indic galana- ` dribbling, running ' (Lex.), n. ` the trickling, gully, trench, ditch, small ravine, runnel ' = ga-rana-m (Grammatical);

gr. βαλανεύς ` bath attendant ', βαλανεῖον `spa, bath' (> Latin balneum); βλύω, βλύζω ` gush forth ' (formation after φλύω), βλύδιον `humid, wet' Hes., and from the family of βάλλω in similar meaning ἀμβολάδην ` bubbling up (of water)', Δέλλοι ` bubbling fountain in Eryke', compare also εἰς ἅλα βάλλειν ` flow '; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

In e- grade:

Hittite: kweluwana- (kuluwana-) c. ' washbasin, bowl ' (Tischler 604)

Old High German quellan (quall) `spring up, bubble, to swell' (ll probably from ln), Old English (ge)collen `swollen', Old High German quella, Modern High German Quelle, Middle Low German qualm (`*the gushing forth ' =) `fume, smoke, vapor, smoke', Old Danish kval `vapor, haze, mist'; Modern High German Qualle, Dutch kwal, kwalle ` medusae '.

In connecting meaning (perhaps from ` cave in, crumple, collapse inward ') Old Indic glā-ti, glā́yati ` feels tired, is irritated, dwindles ', participle glāná-, glāna-m, glāni-ḥ ` exhaustion, feebleness, decline, reduction ', Causative glā̆páyati ` exhaust, press; allow to decay '?

b) Avestan niɣrāire ` they are flung down ' (ni-gar-);

gr. βάλλω `throw, cast, hit, strike ' (*gʷeln-ṓ), zero grade Arcadian ἐσδέλλοντες = ἐκβάλλοντες, ζέλλειν βάλλειν Hes., Aor. βαλεῖν, Perf. βέ-βλη-κα, Aor. ἔβλην ` received a shot, was offended, hurt ', ἔβλητο, βλητός; βλῆμα ` throw, cast, of dice, of a missile, shot, wound, coverlet ', βολή, βόλος m. ds., βολίς, -ίδος ` missile ', βέλος, βέλε-μνον `projectile', ΏΕκατη-βελέ-της;

Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

From New Testament Greek παρα-βάλλω ` to throw beside or by ' > παραβολή ` juxta-position, comparison, a comparison, illustration, analogy, a parable, i. e. a fictitious narrative by which some religious or moral lesson is conveyed, a by-word, proverb ' > Latin parabola `parable ' > Italian parlare : Spanish hablar : French parler : Bergamasco baià : Ladin baié : Bresciano parlà : Calabrese parlà : Catalan parlar : Catanese parari : Furlan sfevelâ : Galician falar : Portuguese falar : Albanian geg me folë ` to speak ', Albanian tosk flas ` speak', Aorist fola ` spoke'.

Also Spanish hablar : French parler : Galician falar : Portuguese falar : Albanian tosk flas ` speak', Aorist fola ` talk '.

from Celtic perhaps Welsh blif ` catapult ' (*gʷlē-mo-, compare gr. βλῆ-μα); about Old Irish at-baill ` dies ' s. gʷel- `prick';

Tocharian AB klā- `fall', Van Windekens Lexique 40.

With a meaning development ` sich im Geiste auf etwas werfen, βάλλεσθαι ἐν θυμῷ, μετὰ φρεοί' places one to βάλλω also (?) the gr. family of βούλομαι ` will, wish, be willing ' (*βολσομαι, Konj. of s-Aor. to βάλλω); βουλή, Doric βωλά: f. ` resolution, decision, advice, counsel '; but Thessalian βελλόμενος, Doric δηλ- from *gʷelso-; here also βάλε ` prevail god, O that! Would God!'.

References: WP. I 690 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 284, 693 under Anm. 9.

Page(s): 471-472

Root / lemma: gʷel-3, gʷel-, gʷlā-

Meaning: acorn; oak?

Note: only in derivatives with the meaning ` acorn ' receive (after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 60 f. previous noun gʷel-s, secondary gʷl̥̄-s, Gen. gʷel-ós)

Material: Armenian kaɫin, Gen. kaɫnoi ` acorn ' (*gʷеl(ǝ)-eno-, ɫ from dem Gen.); kaɫni `oak';

gr. βάλανος m. ` acorn ' (gʷel-ǝno-); Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

Proto Baltic *gīls (*gʷl̥̄-s), Gen. *gīlés, what from *gīlii̯ā in Latvian (d)zīle, Lithuanian gylė̃, and *gĭlii̯a in Lithuanian gìlė ` acorn ', Old Prussian gile ` acorn, oak';

extension -n-d- in:

Latin glāns, glandis f. ` acorn ';

Maybe alb. Geg landë, tosk (*glandis) lënde : Galician landra ` acorn ' [Italian ghianda, French gland, Albanian geg landë, Catalan gla, Galician landra, Romagnolo, génda, Roman ghianna, Romanian ghindă, Umbro-Sabino ghianna, Venetian gianda, Zeneize gianda, Bolognese gianda, Bresciano gianda.]

Lithuanian giléndra, giléndrė ` rich harvest in fruits (originally acorn ');

Russian-Church Slavic želudь (Slavic *želǫdъ) m. ` acorn ', Serbo-Croatian žȅlûd m., Russian žóludь m. ds.

References: WP. I 692, WH. I 604 f., Trautmann 82, Specht KZ. 66, 56, Indog. Dekl. 60 f., 173, 230.

Page(s): 472-473

Root / lemma: gʷem-