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Part III
Root / lemma: ghrebh-1, gherbh-; root widening ghrebhā-
Meaning: to grab
Note: compare also ghreibh-.
Material:
Hittite: karp- (I) ' aufheben, wegtragen ' (Tischler 513-514)
Old Indian: OInd gr̥bhṇā́ti, gr̥hṇā́ti, grbhāyáti, aor. ágrabham, agrabhīt, pf. jagrā́bha, inf. gráhītum, ptc. grbhītá- `to seize, take, grasp ' ; grábha- m. `the taking possession of ' , gráha- `seizing; m. `grasp, seizing, as much as can be taken, ladleful, spoonful ' ; gr̥bh- f. `grasping, seizing ' , gŕbhi- `holding, containing ' , grhá- `assistant, servant ' , grābhá- m. `one who seizes; grasp ' ; grāhá- m. `rapacious animal; grasping, seizure, laying hold of '
Avestan: hǝ̄n-grabǝm (èasmainī) `ich erfasste (mit dem Auge) ' , pf. ǰaugaurva; g(ǝ)urvayeiti `ergreift, hält fest, nimmt weg, bekommt, nimmt wahr ' , inf. gǝrǝbąm `festzuhalten an ' , ptc. gǝrǝpta-; grab- `Fassung von Wörtern, Satz ' ; gǝrǝwnāiti, gǝ̄urvāyeiti `ergreift, hält fest, erobert, bekommt, nimmt wahr, begreift ' ; (jav.) upagǝrǝmbay-, uzgrǝmbayō ' aufgreifen, (mit den Sinnen) fassen, auffassen, wahrnehmen '
Other Iranian: NPers giriftan `ergreifen ' , gīrad `ergreift ' ; OPers garbhājaiti `ergreift, hält fest, erobert, bekommt, nimmt wahr, begreift '
Slavic: *grā́bljā, *grā́bītī
Baltic: *greb- vb. tr., *greb-ia- c., -iā̃ f., *grab-u-, *-n-u- adj., *grē^b-, *grā^b- (2) vb. tr., *grāb-iac., *grā^b-ac., *grā^b-ā^- (1) vb.; *greĩb- vb. tr., *graĩb-ī^- vb., *graĩb-u- adj., *grib-ē^- vb., *grei^b-s-t-ā^ (1) f.; *gramb- vb. tr., *gram̃b-ī^- vb.
Germanic: *grap-a- vb.; *grabb-ō-, *grabb-al-ō-, *grēp-ō- vb.; *grēp-a- n.; *grīp-a- vb.; *graip=; *grip-ja- m., n.
Old Indic grabh-, grab- ` gripe, catch, obtain, seize, touch, attain, arrest ', Aor. agrabham, Perf. jagrā́bha, Pass. gr̥hyáte, gr̥bháyant; grábha- m. ` the griping ', gráha- ` filled goblet '; grápsa- `bush, tussock ', gŕ̥bh- ` griping, handle, grasp', gr̥h- (as 2. composition part) ` griping ', gr̥bhá- m. `handle, grasp', gŕ̥bhi- ` in recollecting, containing ', grābhá- m. ` seizer, handful ';
Avestan grab- ` grasp ' in hǝ̄ngrabǝm (èasmainī) ` I captured (with the eye) ', Perf. jigaurva, gǝurvayeiti (compare Old Indic gr̥bháyant) ` seizes, holds firmly, agrees, perceives ', participle Perf. Pass. gǝrǝpta-, grab- ` structure of words, sentence '; Akk. gǝrǝbąm ` the holding on, seizing '; New Persian giriftan ` gripe ', gīrad ` seizes ';
Old Norse grāpa ` snatch, grasp ' (p in support in grīpa?), Old English græppian ` gripe ', English grapple ` grip, grasp '; besides Swedish grabba ` grapple, pack ', Middle Low German grabben, grabbelen ` catch fast, heap ' (out of it English grab, grabble), Middle High German grappeln ` grope ', Norwegian dial. grafsa, grapsa `scratch, scrape ', deutsch grapsen; in addition nasalized Swedish dial. gramma ` snatch ', Swiss grame ` creep ', Swedish gramsa ` take with full-hand ', Swiss gramse ds.; asächs. garva ` fascicle, sheaf ', Old High German garba ` a handful, bundle ', Middle High German Modern High German Garbe;
Lithuanian grabùs, grabnùs ` adroit, skilful in the stealing ', grabinė́ti, grabalióti, grabóti ` grope, reach for something ', grabstýti ` gripe, pack ', lengthened grade grė́biu, grė́bti ` rake, gripe, rob'; previous iterative. gróbiu, gróbti ` gripe, snatch, rob', grõbis m. ` robbery, booty'; Latvian grebju, grebt also ` grasp ', grabas f. Pl. ` the bundled together ', greblis `small rake ', grâbju, grâbt ` grasp, catch, rake ', grãbât iterative in addition ` rake, gather together ';
Old Church Slavic grebǫ, greti `oar, row', Russian grebú, grestí ` pile, rake, oar, row', Bulgarian grebá ` rake, scratch, scrape, comb, oar, row, (water) scoop ', grebló ` rake, rudder '; iterative Old Church Slavic grabljǫ, grabiti `rob', Serbo-Croatian grȁbiti ` grasp, pile ', Czech hrabati `scratch, dig, burrow, rummage, rake ', etc.
Maybe alb. grabit ` rob ' a Slavic loanword.
root extension ghrebhā-:
Old Indic gr̥bhnā́ti, gr̥bhāyáti ` seizes, sticks, attains '; innovations are: ágrabhīt ` griped ', Infin. gráhītum, participle gr̥bhītá- ` reigned, caught, held on ', grábhītr̥, grahītr̥ ` seizer'; Avestan gǝrǝwnāiti, gǝ̄urvāyeiti, Old Persian garbāyaiti ` seizes, conquers, agrees, perceives, understands '.
References: WP. I 652 f., Trautmann 95 f.; different Kuiper Nasalpräs. 232.
Page(s): 455
Root / lemma: ghrebh-2
Meaning: to scratch, dig
Note: (Not always certain from ghrebh- ` gripe, rake ' to divide; identical with it?; see Persson Beitr. 728 A. 1).
Note:
Root / lemma: ghrebh-2 : to scratch, dig; derived from Root / lemma: ghrebh-1, gherbh-; root widening ghrebhā- : to grab.
Material: Gothic graban `dig', Old Icelandic grafa ` notch, dig, prick ornaments ' (Plur. preterit Old Icelandic grǫfum indicating to a present grefa, really records Old Norwegian and Old Swedish (græva)), Old English grafan ds., Old Saxon bigraƀan `bury', Old High German graban ` dig, bury, engrave '; Old Frisian grēva schw. v. s. meaning, Dutch groeven ` trickle, groove, make furrows or channels '; iterative to graban-: Old High German grubilōn ` dig naggingly, rummage through, investigate ', Middle High German grübeln ds.; Gothic grōba f. `ditch, trench, channel'
Maybe alb. gropë `ditch, trench, channel'
Old English grafu, Old Icelandic grǫf f. `pit, pothole, grave' (Germanic *grabō); Gothic grōba f. `pit, pothole, cave', Old Icelandic grōf ds., Old High German gruoba `pit, pothole, cave, gullet' (Germanic *grōbō); Old English græf n. `ditch, trench, channel, grave', Old Frisian gref, Old Saxon graf, Old High German grab `grave'; Old Icelandic grǫptr m. ` graving, grave, burial, funeral ', Old English græft m. ` sculpture, engraving ' (Germanic *graftu), Old Frisian greft f. ` ditch, trench, channel ' (Germanic*grafti), nld. gracht ds., Old High German graft f. `monumentum, sculpture, engraving ' (but Old High German gruft is folk etymology reshuffling from gr.-Latin crypta);
Latvian grebju, grebt ` hollow out, dig with a chisel; scrape, excavate, seize ', greblis m. ` gouge, type of chisel ' (also rake, see below ghrebh- ` gripe ');
Old Church Slavic pogrebǫ, pogreti `bury', Serbo-Croatian grèbêm, grèbsti ` dig, scratch, scrape', with prefix po- `bury', Czech (old) hřebu, hřébsti `dig, bury', poln. grzebę, grzésć `scratch, scrape, dig, bury'; zero grade Slavic *grьběti in Old Czech hřbieti ` lie buried ', nowadays pohřbiti `bury'; iterative Old Church Slavic pogrěbati, gribati `bury', Russian pogrebátь ds., Serbo-Croatian (old) zagribati ` bury ', Czech hrěbati ` upbraid, rebuke', poln. grzebię, grzebać ` curry, scratch, scrape', with po- `bury'; Church Slavic grebenь `comb', Russian grébenь ds., Serbo-Croatian grȅbên ` comb, sting, prick, carding, ridge ', Czech hřeben `comb, garden rake ';
Maybe alb. (*hřeben) krehën `comb' : Russian: grébeñ `comb'.
poln. grzebień ds.; Old Church Slavic grobъ `grave', Serbo-Croatian grȍb (Gen. grôba), Czech hrob, Russian grob (Gen. gróba).
Maybe alb. graba `erosion, hollowing out', also a zero grade noun *graba, grath `tooth, prong (for digging) ', grehull `thicket'.
References: WP. I 653 f., Trautmann 96.
Page(s): 455-456
Root / lemma: ghredh-
Meaning: to march
Material: Avestan aiwi-gǝrǝδmahi ` we begin, advance, go forward, march, proceed ', gǝrǝzdi- f. ` (*lineup =) the captured, gained '; but Middle Indic (Aśoka-Inschr.) adhigicya ` initiating, commencing ' = Old Indic adhi-kr̥tya-, S. LéviGA 1912;
Latin gradior, -ī ` to take steps, step, walk, go, advance ', gradus, -ūs `a step; a step as made, a pace; an approach; a step as climbed, a stair; hence any tier, gradation; a braid of hair; abstr., degree, stage; rank, position; milit., station, post', grallae ` stilts ' (Latin grad- from *ghredh-, vowel gradation grade as in Lithuanian grìdiju);
Gothic griÞs (only Akk. Sg. grid) ` footstep, grade' (but Middle High German grit ` footstep ', griten ` spread the legs apart ', Modern High German Bavarian gritt, gritten ds. and - indeed definitely the i-row belonging - graiteln ` lock the fingers or legs apart ' belong to Germanic *grī̆- ` straddled, gaping ', the strange link so far is missed);
Lithuanian grìdiju, -yti (Juškevicz) ` go, wander, err about '.
Present nasals:
Old Irish in-grenn-, to-grenn- ` pursue ' (-enn- from -n̥dh-n-, themat. n-present, 3. Sg.*ghrn̥-dh-ne-t), (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare Thurneysen KZ. 63, 114f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 170 f.;
Old Church Slavic grędǫ, gręsti ` go, come ', Russian grjadú, grjastí ` go, march ' etc.
References: WP. I 651 f., WH. I 615 f., Trautmann 98.
Page(s): 456-457
Root / lemma: ghreib-
Meaning: to grab
Note: compare also ghrebh-.
Material: Gothic greipan ` grasp ', Old Icelandic grīpa ` grasp, gripe ', Old English Old Saxon grīpan ds., Old Frisian grīpa, Old High German grīfan ds., in addition as iterative Old English grāpian, Old High German greifōn ` caress ', and Nom. agentis Old Icelandic greip f. `handle, grasp, span, hand', Old English grāp `fist, handle, grasp', Old High German greifa `fork', Old English gripa m. ` handful, fascicle, sheaf '; in addition Old Icelandic gripr m. ` preciousness, valuable possession ', Old English gripe m. `handle, grasp, attack, jewel', Old Frisian bi-grip m. ` statute; agreement', Old High German ana-griff ` attacking, specially of a free girl without agreement of her parents ', Middle High German grif ` snatch, palpation, grasp ', Middle Low German grīpe, grēpe `handle, grasp, fork';
Maybe alb. grep `hook' from a Romance derivative also Italian grappa `hook'.
Lithuanian griebiù, griẽbti (besides greibiù, greĩbti) ` snatch at, seize, gripe ', intensive graibaũ, graibýti, grìbšnis m. ` quick grasp, grabbing ', Latvian griba f. ` wish, volition ', gribêt ` want ' (originally ` reach for something ').
References: WP. I 647, Trautmann 96.
Page(s): 457-458
Root / lemma: ghrem-1
Meaning: to scratch, rub
Note: extension from gher- ds.
Material: Gothic gramsta Dative Sg. `wooden splinter' (Persson Beitr. 99); East Frisian grum ` residuum, smut ' (such meaning also by ghrēu- and ghrēi-), mnl. nnl. grom ` intestines, entrails, smut ', Low German nl. groom ds., Norwegian Dialectal grumen ` cloudy, mixed with deposit, residuum ', vowel gradation West Frisian gram, grim ` intestines, entrails, esp. from fish ', Modern High German Bavarian gramel ` cracklings ', Old Icelandic grōm, grōmr `smut'; Modern High German Swiss grummen ` pick out, pick up, collect; pinch, rummage ' (Falk-Torp under grums);
Maybe alb. grumbull ` pile, collection', grumbulloj ` collect '.
Lithuanian grémžiu, grémžti `scrape', grámdau, -yti `scratch, scrape', Latvian grem̃žu, grem̃žt ` gnaw, bite ', gram̃stît ` snatch ' (against another division of Baltic words see below ger-, grem- `catch'); different Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 637, 649. compare Lithuanian gréndžiu, grę́sti under under ghren-.
References: WP. I 655.
Page(s): 458
Root / lemma: ghrem-2
Meaning: heavy sound, thunder, grumble
Material: Avestan gram- ` become angry, feel rage ' (only in participle present grǝmǝntąm ` of those who are to us grimm ' and participle Perf. Pass. granta- from *ghramita- `becomes angry'), New Persian ɣaram `fierceness';
gr. χρεμίζω, χρεμετίζω ` neigh ', χρόμαδος m. ` creakiness ', χρόμος (= Old Church Slavic gromъ) `noise, neighing ' (Hes.);
Old Icelandic gramr ` enraged, hostile ', Old English gram, Old Saxon gram, Old High German gram ds., Middle High German gram `angry, irate, uncourageous ', Gothic gramjan ` enrage ', Icelandic gremia ` make angry, irate ', Old English gremman ` infuriate, revile ', Old High German gremmen ` enrage, infuriate ', Middle High German gremen ` cause grief ', refl. ` grieve ', Old High German gramiz ` becomes angry, sad, infuriated ', Old Icelandic grimmr `fierce, grim, hostile, excited, aroused ', Old English Old Frisian Old Saxon Old High German grimm `wild, cruel, savage'; Old English grimman ` rage ', Old Saxon grimman `wheeze, rage, bawl, blaster', Middle High German grimmen ` rage before anger or pain ', zero grade Old High German umbegrummōn ` gnaw at ', Middle High German Middle Low German grummen `drone, grumble, murmur', Modern High German grummen, grummeln `murmur, scold, grumble, sound vaguely ', Norwegian grymta `grunt', Old English grymettan ` growl ';
Lithuanian gramù, gramė́ti ` fall with noise ', grumiù, grumė́ti ` thunder ', grumenù, gruménti ` drone vaguely, grumble, murmur, threaten'; with extension -zd- (see Persson Beitr. 349) grumzdžiù, grum̃sti ` gnash, creak, threaten'; Latvian gremju, gremt ` mumble, murmur, threaten, grumble, rumble; talk with passion ', Old Prussian grumins m. ` distant thunder ', grīmons `sung, chanted', grīmikan ` ditty ';
Maybe alb. gumëzhit `sound' a Slavic loanword.
Old Church Slavic vъzgrъmitь, -grъměti ` thunder ', Russian gremě́tь ` thunder, clang, clink', Serbo-Croatian gr̀mî, gr̀mljeti, Czech hřmíti, poln. grzmieć ` thunder ', wherefore the intensive in Church Slavic grimati `sound, clink', Serbo-Croatian dial. grimȁt, Czech hřímati ` thunder, fulminate '; Old Church Slavic gromъ, Russian grom `thunder', Serbo-Croatian grôm `thunder, lightning', Czech hrom `thunder', poln. grom `thunder, thunderbolt '.
References: WP. I 655 f., Trautmann 97.
Page(s): 458-459
Root / lemma: ghrendh-
Meaning: beam
Material: Latin grunda f. ` a gutter ', suggrunda f. ` the lower border of a roof, the eaves; rafter ' from *ghrondhā;
Old Icelandic grind f. ` latticework, grid door, harbour ', Old English grindel, Old Saxon grindil `bar, bolt', Old High German grintil `bar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow ', Middle Low German grindel, grendel ` transom, bar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow ';
Lithuanian grindìs, griñdas, grindà ` planking board ', Pl. griñdos ` board layer, boarded floor ', grindóti, grindýti, grindžiù grį̃sti ` cover with boards ', grandà ` bridge plank ', Latvian grìda, also grìds ` floor, plank ', gruõdi m. Pl. ` planks, balks, beams ', Old Prussian grandico f. `plank, balk', grandan (Akk.) `man, husband' (to meaning compare E. Lewy IF. 32, 162 with Lithuanian);
Slavic gręda in Russian grjadá `bed, row', Serbo-Croatian gréda `balk, beam', Czech hřada ` shaft, pole, balk, beam, scaffold, trestle', poln. grzęda ` shaft, pole, furrow, bed'; besides Slavic grędь in sloven. grę̂d, Gen. gredî ` shaft, pole'.
References: WP. I 657, WH. I 623 f., Trautmann 98.
Page(s): 459-460
Root / lemma: ghren-
Meaning: to rub, stroke roughly
Note: extension from gher-2 ds., mostly with dental extension (originally present?)
Material: Gr. χραίνω ` touch slightly; smear, paint; besmear, anoint; stain; defile; esp. of moral pollution ';
in addition with formants -tu- (-to-), Old Icelandic grunnr m. (nn from nÞ) `bottom, ground' (basic meaning `sand, sandy soil' as `* the pulverized ground '), grunn n. ` shallow place in the water ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), grund f. (m. grammatical variation) `field, earth', Gothic grundu-waddjus ` foundation wall ', Old English Old Saxon grund, Old High German grunt `ground, bottom'.
ghren-d-:
Gr. χόνδρος m. ` a grain or lump of salt; in pl. groats of wheat or spelt: gruel made therefrom ' (dissimilation from *χρόνδ-ρος);
alb. (-d- or -dh-) grundë, krundë, krunde ` bran ' (*ghr̥n-d[h]ā);
maybe alb. Geg grind `quarrel, fight, crush', alb. Tosc grinj `grind'
Latin frendō, -ere ` crunch, gnash the teeth '; common Illyrian gh- > d-, from there Latin d- > f- shift.
Old Icelandic grotti m. `mill'.
ghren-dh-:
Old English grindan ` grind, crunch ', English to grind `ds., sharpen ' (Old English grindan with tōÞum), English to grind one's teeth `gnash the teeth'; Modern High German (ndd.) Grand `sand', ndd. grand f. ` coarse sand, meal, flour, bran ', Old High German in grente ` in earth full of clay ', Old Icelandic grandi m. `sandbank, gravel '; ndd. grind f. ` pebble sand; scurf ', nld. grind, grint ` coarse meal, flour, sand', Old High German Middle High German grint ` crust, scab, eschar, scurf', Gothic grinda-fraÞjis ` pusillanimous ' (from an adj. *grinds `*pulverized ');
Lithuanian gréndu, grę́sti and gréndžiu, grę́sti ` rub hard, scour, clean' (zero grade present), Iterative gránd-aunder -yti (compare grémžti above under ghrem-1); Russian grjada.
References: WP. I 656 f., WH. I 545 f., Trautmann 96 f.
Page(s): 459
Root / lemma: ghrēi- : ghrǝi- : ghrī- and (Lithuanian) ghrei-
Meaning: to smear, etc..
Note: extension from gher- `rub'; much less productive than u-extension ghrēu-.
Material: Gr. χρί̄ω `anoint, smear, color, rub, scratch, prick ' (*χρῑσ-ι̯ω or χρῑ-ι̯ω, compare ἐχρί̄σθην, χρῑστός), χρῖσις ` smearing; anointing; colouring, varnish, wash; colour-washing ', χρῖμα, new χρῖσμα ` ointment; anything smeared on; anointing, unction; of spiritual grace; coating of wall, plaster ', ἐγχρί̄ω ` to rub, anoint; sting, prick '; χρίμπτω ` wander above the surface, scratch ' etc.; Med. ` bring near; touch the surface of a body, graze, scratch; draw near, approach ';
Old Icelandic grīma `mask, helmet; riddle ', English grime ` dirt, smut ', Old English Old Saxon grīma, -o m. `mask, helmet; ghost', Middle Low German grīmet ` lined in black ', vowel gradation grēme f. `smut';
Lithuanian griejù, griẽti ` skim the cream ' (older present form grejù), graĩmas `cream'; with transference in the mental area (compare similar under ghrēu-) here Germanic grī̆s- in Old English ā-grīsan `shudder, fear, dread', grīslīc, Old High German grīsenlīh `terrible, grisly', mnl. grīsen, Middle Low German grīsen, gresen `shudder', greselīk ` eerie ' (different Wood Mod. Phil. 5, 265: to Old Indic ji-hrēti ` feel shame ', wherewith Johansson IF. 2, 44 are connected under a basic meaning `*cover', Old Icelandic grīma etc.); after Kluge11 s. v. Griesgram here Old English grist n. ` milling ', Old Saxon grist-grimmo ` bruxism ', Old High German grist-grimmōn ds. (besides grus-gramōn ds.); out of it Middle High German grisgram ds.; perhaps also Old English gristle f. `gristle', Old Frisian Middle Low German gristel ds., also Old English grost, Middle High German gruschel ds.
References: WP. I 646 f.
Page(s): 457
Root / lemma: ghrēu-1 : ghrǝu- : ghrū-
Meaning: to fall down
Material: Hom. Aor. ἔχραον (ἔχραFον) ` attacked, pressed ', ζαχρηής ` attacking violently, furious, raging ' (-χρᾱF-ής);
Latin ingruō, -ere ` to fall upon, assail, attack ', congruō, -ere ` to run together, come together, meet; in time, to coincide; in gen., to be suited to, correspond with, agree ';
Lithuanian griáuju, grióviau, griáuti ` break down (transitive intransitive); thunder ' (iau from ēu; out of it ŕ from:) griūvù (griųvù, Trautmann 100), griuvaũ griū́ti ` collapse, fall in ruins ' (griūvù = Latin -gruō from *ghruu̯ō); Latvian gŕauju, grāvu, gŕaut ` shatter ', gŕũstu, gŕuvu, gŕũt ` collapse ', gŕuveši m. Pl. ` rubble '; double anlaut besides qreu- (see there)?
Russian dial. grúchnutь śa ` collapse with noise ', Ukrainian hrúchnuty ` rumble; crow ', Serbo-Croatian grûhām, grúhati `crack, creak', sloven. grûh ` scree, stone fragments ', grúša ` coarse sand, grit ', poln. gruchnąć ` fall down with crashing sound; hit fast ' (gruchać ` coo like the pigeon ').
References: WP. I 647 f., WH. I 700 f., Trautmann 100. from zum Folgenden?
Page(s): 460
Root / lemma: ghrēu-2 : ghrǝu- : ghrū-
Meaning: to rub
Note: extension from gher- `rub'
Material: Gr. *χραύω, Konj. Aor. χραύσῃ ` scratch, scrape, graze, wound slightly, injure ', ἐγχραύω ` hit in ', Cypriot χραύομαι, χραύζομαι ` bump, stumble, of lands, touch, be adjacent to ', ἀχραής ` untouched, clean, pure cold water '; with gradation *ghrō[u]-: χρώς ` surface of a body (*which one touches)', hence `skin, complexion' (Nom. χρώς from *ghrō[u]-s, Gen. χροός thereafter from *ghrǝu-ós; besides then later χρωτός), χρῴζω and χροΐζω ` touch or coat, color, stain, blemish the surface of a body ', χρῶμα, -ατος `skin, complexionn, paint, color, makeup ', χροιά, Attic χρόα ` body surface, skin, paint, color ' (*χρωF-ι̯ᾱ);
gall. *grava ` gravel ', Welsh gro, Old Cornish grow, Middle Cornish grow `sand', Middle Breton grouanenn ds., (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Modern Breton gro(a) f. `sand beach', groan, grouan ` engrave ' (vocalism unclear);
Old Icelandic grjōn n. ` cereal (*crushed corn, grain)', Middle High German grien m. n. ` gravel sand, sandy bank ', Middle Low German grēn `grain of sand' (*ghrēuno-; also Norwegian Icelandic grugg n. ` residuum ' from *gruwwa- as ` sandy residuum ').
Because the extended root ghreu-d- plural applied is on the mental area (`touch hard in the mind '), one also assumes affiliation from Old High German ingrūēn, Middle High German grūen, grūwen `shudder, fear, dread', Middle High German griul, griuwel `fright, horror', Old High German grūsōn, grūwisōn ` feel fright ', Modern High German `graus, grausen' etc., Old High German grunn, -nnes ` misery, woefulness ', griuna ` eagerness, vehemency, fierceness, atrocity ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
extension ghreu-d-:
Old High German *firgrioʒan ` grind ', participle firgrozzen, Middle High German ver-, durch-griezen ` grind in small parts '; Old Icelandic grjōt n. (a-stem) ` stone, semolina ', Old English grēot n. `sand, dust, earth', Old Saxon griot n. `sand, bank, border, shore', Old High German grioz, Middle High German griez m., n. `grain of sand, sand, semolina ', Modern High German ` semolina ' (Germanic *greuta- ` rock, sand, gravel ' also in VN Greutungi ` shore inhabitant ' and in Finnish riutta `sandbank, cliff');
Old Icelandic grautr m. ` cereal, grain ' (` ground, scrunched, crushed, crunched roughly '); Old English grēat ` coarsely granulated, big, large, thick' (English great), Old Frisian grāt, Old Saxon grōt, Old High German Middle High German grōz `big, large', Middle High German also `coarse, thick' (Germanic *grauta-); about Old Icelandic grotti `mill' see below ghren-;
Old English grytt ` cereal, grain ' (English grits `ds., coarse sand'), Old High German gruzzi, Middle Low German grütte ` cereal, grain ' (Germanic *gruti̯a-); Old English grūt (Dative grȳt) f. ` coarse meal, flour, grape marc ', Old Frisian grēt `sand', Middle High German grūz m. `sand, grain ', Modern High German Graus `grain of sand, rubble, detritus ', Middle Low German grūt ` brittle as ferment, yeast, substance which causes fermentation ', Dutch gruit ` malt, yeast, residuum ', Norwegian grūt n. ` residuum '; Old English grot n. ` coarse meal, flour' (Germanic *gruta-);
with formants -to- or -so-: Middle Low German grūs, grōs ` crumbled stones, gravel ';
Balto Slavic *grūdiō ` stamp ' in Lithuanian grū́džiu or grū́dau, grū́sti `stomp (barley for the pearl barley preparation); bump; touch '; vowel gradation graudùs besides ` brittle ' also ` stirring, wistful ', Old Prussian engraudīsnan Akk. Sg. ` pity ', grūdas `corn, grain'; Latvian grûžu, grûdu, grûst `bump, poke, stomp', grūdenes f. Pl. ` pearl barley '; vowel gradation graûds m. `corn, grain', graužu, graudu, graûst ` rumble, thunder ', graudiens m. ` lightning strike ', graušli Pl. ` rubble, debris ';
Church Slavic gruda `clod of earth', collective grudije and (deriving from an already collective *ghrōud-dhā) gruzdije; Serbo-Croatian grȕda `clump' etc. (ȕ proves initial long diphthong ōu); with -mēn: Serbo-Croatian grȕmēn `clod', Russian grum ds.; here also with transference on the mental area Russian-Church Slavic sъ-grustiti śa ` grieve ', Russian grustь f. ` distress, sorrow ', sloven. grûst m. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (û from short diphthong, Indo Germanic ǝu; the old sensory meaning still in grûšè m. ` grit, mountain rubble '), with weak grade ŭ: Serbo-Croatian grst f. m. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (proto Slavic*grъstь), gr̀stiti-se ` be disgusted ', as well as *grъdъ in Old Church Slavic grъdъ `horrendus, terribilis', Serbo-Croatian gr̂d ` hideous, unsavory, distasteful, nasty ', from which also Old Church Slavic grъdъ `stout, proud' (originally ` feeling disgust, fastidiously '), Russian górdyj ds., Serbo-Croatian gr̂d `stout, proud, terrible', etc.;
about Latin gurdus s. WH. I 627.
extension ghrēuĝ(h?)-:
Lithuanian gráužas ` gravel ', gružótas ` uneven, bumpy ' (is Latvian gruzis, Pl. gruži ` rubble, horror, dismay ' ndd. loanword?);
poln. gruz ` rubble, mortar', Pl. ` debris, ruins ', Ukrainian kruź ` debris ', Pl. ` rubble ' (barely from Middle High German grūs ` horror, dismay ' because of:) poln. gruzla `clump', Upper Sorbian hruzɫa ` clump, clod '.
extension ghreu-bh-:
presumably in Germanic groups from Modern High German Griebe ` cracklings ' (Old High German griubo, griobo), Griebs, perhaps also grob; compare with Germanic p, Norwegian Dialectal grūpa, graup ` grind coarsely, crush ', gropa, grypja ds., grop n. ` crushed grain, coarse flour '.
References: WP. I 648 ff., Trautmann 99.
Page(s): 460-462
Root / lemma: (ghrē- :) ghrō- : ghrǝ-
Meaning: to grow, be green
Note: only Germanic (and Slavic?)
Material: Gothic gras n. `grass, herb', Old Icelandic Old Saxon gras, Old English græs, gærs ds., Old High German gras, Modern High German Gras; full grade Middle High German gruose f. ` young plant shoot, plant juice ', Middle Low German grōse f. ` plant juice ', mnl. groese ` young vegetation, young grass ';
without the s-derivative: Old Icelandic grōa ` grow, be healed ', Old English grōwan `be green, bloom', English grow, Old High German gruoen, gruowan, Middle High German grüejen `grow, thrive, be green'; Old Icelandic grōði m. ` growth ', Middle High German gruot f. ` greenery, fresh growth '; Old High German gruoni, Middle High German grüene, Old English grǣne, Old Icelandic grø̄nn `green, fresh, good'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Grø̄naland `Greenland'.
With dental extension: Old English grǣd m. `grass', Middle High German graz, -zzes ` young branches of coniferous wood ' from ghrē-t-, ghrǝ-t-;
probably to ghrē-: ghrō-: ghrǝ- ` project, protrude, e.g. from plants shoots, plants prickles, beard hair ' and its light basic root gher- ds. (see there would be to be covered by Latin herba ` vegetation; a green plant; a blade or stalk, esp. of corn or grass ' to the latter, if from *ĝherz-dhā `barley' with suffixal of the same kind to *gher-dhā.
Berneker 355 considers doubtingly for Old Church Slavic grozdъ `grape', groznъ ds. a cognate of *ghras-dho-, -nu- as base; the meaning would be justifieed at most through Russian gránka ` bundle ' : Bulgarian Serbo-Croatian grána `twig, branch'.
References: WP. I 645 f., WH. I 616 f., 639 f.
Page(s): 454
Root / lemma: ghroud-
Meaning: a protruding body part
Note: only Celtic and Germanic
Material: Old Irish grūad (n. es-stem) `cheek', Welsh grudd ds., Cornish grud `maxilla';
Old English grēada m. `bosom'.
References: WP. I 658.
Page(s): 462
Root / lemma: g(i̯)eu-, ĝ(i̯)eu-
Meaning: to chew
Material: New Persian jāvīdan `chew', afgh. žōvạl, žōyạl ds., `bite, gnaw ' (Iranian *jyav-);
Armenian kveni ` larch, any of a number of cone-bearing trees which yield a heavy solid wood ';
Old Icelandic tyggja, -va `chew' (for *kyggja after tǫgla `chew'), Swedish tugga, Old English cēowan, Modern English chew [common Illyrian-alb. kh- > t-, gh- > d-s];
Middle Low German keuwen, Old High German kiuwan, Middle High German kūwen `chew' (*kewian); Old High German kewa, Middle High German kiuwe f. ` jaw, mandible, lower jaw bone '; derived: Old English cēace, Old Frisian ziāke f. (*keukōn) and Old Frisian kēse ` molar tooth ', Middle Low German kǖse, mnl. kūze, changing through vowel gradation mnl. kieze ds.;
Balto-Slavic *ži̯aui̯ō ` chew ' in:
Lithuanian žiáunos f. Pl. ` jaws ', Latvian žaũnas f. Pl. ` jaws, maxilla, gill';
Russian-Church Slavic žuju (*zjou-) and žьvǫ, žьvati (*zjьv-), Old Czech žiji, žváti, Russian žujú, ževátь `chew'; in addition (from Balto-Slavic *ži̯áunā) Bulgarian žúna f. `lip' and Serbo-Croatian žvȁlo n. ` pharynxes, throat, gorge ', žvà́le f. Pl. ` set of teeth in the bridle '; Russian žvákatь `chew', žvak ` larch resin as a tooth cleaning material ';
Tocharian AB św-ā-tsi `eat' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 43);
compare further gʷīu̯- `resin'.
References: WP. I 642, WH. I 601, Trautmann 372, Lidén Ann. Acad. Scient. Fennicae 27, 119.
Page(s): 400
Root / lemma: glag- or glak-
Meaning: milk
Grammatical information: Nom. glakt n.
Note: only gr. and Latin
Material:
Hittite: galank- ' besänftigen ' , galaktar ' Besänftigung, Opfersubstanz zur Besänftigung ' (Tischler 463 with doubt).
Old Greek: gála, -ktos `Milch ' ; glágos n. `id. '
Latin: lac, gen. lactis n. `Milch, milchiger Saft ' , pl. lactēs, -ium `die mit einer milchartigen Fettigkeit überzogenen Dünndärme der Tiere; die Milch männlicher Fische ' ; lactūca f. `Lattich, Kopfsalat ' ; dēlicus `der Muttermllch entwöhnt '
Gr. γάλα, γάλακτος n. `milk'; originally probably *γλακτ, Gen. *γλακτός (compare γλακτο-φάγος), out of it *γλάκ, *γλακτός (hence γλακῶντες μεστοὶ γάλακτος Hes. and γλακκόν γαλαθηνόν Hes., probably a Child word with hypocoristic gemination as μικκός), further *γλά, with vocal development in monosyllabic word (probably in the child's mouth, whence also die initial stress:) γάλα, whereupon also γάλακτος instead of *γλακτός. The form hom. γλάγος (περιγλαγής, later γλαγάω), on the other hand dissimilated Cretan κλάγος, goes back perhaps to Nom. *γλαγ < *γλακ.
Latin lac, lactis n., with dissimilation reduction of anlaut Gutturals from *glact = gr. γάλα; old- and late Latin i-stem lacte, compare Pl. lactēs f. ` milk of the male fish '; derived dēlicus (*dē-lac-os) ` put away from the breast, weaned; the weaned mother's milk '?
About Old chin. lac (*glac) from Indo Germanic *galakt s. Karlgren DLZ. 1926, 1960 f.
References: WP. I 659, WH. I 337 f., 741 f.
Page(s): 400-401
Root / lemma: gleĝ-
Meaning: soft, tender
Material: Nasalized in Old Icelandic kløkkr ` soft, pliable, flexible, sentimental ' (from *klinku̯az), Old Icelandic kløkkva ` become soft, show faintheartedness or grief, groan, moan', Swedish kläcka `frighten' (*klinkwan), Old Danish kliunka ds., Danish klynke ` whimper ', compare in addition the causative Old Norse kløkkva `soft make', Swedish dial. kläkka `melt' (*klankwjan); ndd. klinker `tender, weak, lean ';
Lithuanian glẽžnas `tender, soft, flabby', gležnùs ds., glęžtù, gležaũ, glèžti ` soft, slack, become wilted ', Latvian glęzns;
Bulgarian glézъ, glezíl ` forgive, coddle ', razgléza ` corruptness, unmannerliness '.
References: WP. I 661.
Page(s): 401
Root / lemma: gleubh-
Meaning: to cut, slice, pare
Material: Gr. γλύφω ` carve from, carve out, cut out with a knife; engrave; to note down [on tablets] ', γλυφίς, -ίδος f. ` incisure, notched end of the arrow; but perh. of notches or grooves for the fingers; poet. for the arrow itself; also in pl., notches in the arrow-head; pen-knife; chisel; in Architecture, capitals of columns; in pl., a lurking-place, den, hole, cave ';
Latin glūbō, -ĕre `to deprive of its bark, to bark, peel; to cast off its shell or bark ', glūma ` a hull or husk, esp. of corn '(forms -smā; glūbō with ū = eu, as Modern High German klieben);
Old High German klioban, Old English cleōfan, Old Norse kljūfa `split', Old Norse klauf f. `cleft, gap, the cloven hoof', zero grade Old Norse klofna, -aða `be split', klyfia klufða `split', klof n. `cleft, gap, cleft, fissure', klofi m. ` door latch, clamp ', = Old Saxon kloƀo m. `cloven stick, hook for fowling ' = Old High German klobo ` cloven stick for catching or capturing, hook ', Old English clofe f. ` buckle ', clufu f. `onion, bulb', Old High German klobo-louh, Modern High German with dissimilation Knoblauch, Old High German kluppa f. ` pliers, tongs, split wood for clamping ', Modern High German Kluppe (*klubjōn-), Old Norse klyf f. ` the split packsaddle ', Old High German kluft, Modern High German Kluft; after Wissmann (Nom. postverb. 129 f.) with expressive lengthened zero grade ū: Old High German klūbōn ` to pick to pieces; defoliate ', Modern High German klauben (in addition probably with Germanic intensive consonant increase Old Norse klȳpa ` clamp, nip, pinch');
Old Prussian gleuptene ` mouldboard, curved metal blade on the front of a plow which loosens the earth '; but Lithuanian glaudýti ` take out its shell or pod ' has probably -d from gvaldýti ` take out its shell or pod, core ' referring, exactly in such a way, as gvalbýti ds. -b- is covered by *glaubýti.
References: WP. I 661, WH. 1 610 f.
Page(s): 401-402
Root / lemma: glōgh- : glǝgh-
Meaning: spike
Material: Gr. γλῶχες ` spike of the ear ', γλωχΐς, -ῖνος f. `cusp, peak', γλῶσσα, Attic γλῶττα, Ionian γλάσσα `reed' (originally Nom. *γλῶχι̯ᾱ Gen. γλαχι̯ᾶς);
Serbian-Church Slavic (etc.) glogъ `thorn';
In -m- formant:
Maybe alb. -mb- formant glem, gjemb ` thorn ' similar to alb. delme ` sheep ', zjarm ` fire '
perhaps Old Norse kleggi `gadfly, brake' as ` piercing little animal ', or as *klajjan- ` the sticking, the clinging ' to Indo Germanic glei-, s. gel-1 ` clench ' extension gl-ei-, S. 363.
References: WP. I 662, Trautmann 91, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 474, 3.
Page(s): 402
Root / lemma: gol-1, lengthened grade gōl-, reduktions stem gol-
Meaning: to lie; den (of animals)
Material: Armenian kalaɫ `cave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole or lair of a wild animal';
gr. γωλεός `cave, pit, pothole';
Old Swedish kolder (= Old Icelandic *kollr from *kolÞaR), Norwegian dial. kold, kuld m. and f. (*kolðṓ) ` birth of animal young, a full packed egg, children from the same marriage (actually of the same bed ';
Lithuanian guõlis ` lair, camp, night campground ', Latvian guõl'a ` lair, nest '; Lithuanian guliù (gulú), gul̃ti ` lie down, go to bed, go to sleep, lay down in bed and go to sleep ', Latvian gul̃t ` lie down to sleep ', Lithuanian guliù, gulė́ti `lie', Latvian gula ` lair, camp, night campground ', Lithuanian gulta, gultė ` lair (of an animal) ';
guõlis (and at most in *gōlei̯-ós traceable back to γωλεός) with frequent lengthened grade in i-stem; Baltic gul-, Armenian kal- from reduplication-stem gol-.
Because of Lithuanian gvalis (Szyrwid) = guõlis, gvalà, gvalù Adv. ` lying ', gval̃sèias = gul̃sèias ` lying', gvalìni torà = gulsèiu kartẽlų tvorà (Kvė́-darna, where uo would have led to ū) after Trautmann KZ. 42, 373 will place the root as *gu̯ol- (lengthened grade *gōl- from *gu̯ōl- with Indo Germanic loss of u̯;gul- then = Indo Germanic *gul-); it seems Lithuanian gval-forms demand a single-linguistic explanation. compare but Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 93 f.
References: WP. I 639 f., Trautmann 93 f.
Page(s): 402
Root / lemma: gol-2
Meaning: branch
Material: Armenian koɫr `bough, twig, branch'; Russian golьjá `twig, branch' (etc., s. Berneker 326).
References: WP. I 640, Meillet MSL. 11, 185.
Page(s): 403
Root / lemma: gou̯ǝ- (or gau̯ǝ-?:) gū-
Meaning: hand; to grab
Material: Avestan gava Du., gavō Akk. Pl. ` hands '; Avestan gūnaoiti ` supply, gain ', gaona- m. `profit, gain' (see below Lithuanian gáunu);
gr. *γυFᾱ assumed from ἐγ-γυάω `
to give or hand over as a pledge; to have a thing pledged to one, accept as a surety; of a father to give his daughter in marriage, to plight, betroth; to have a woman betrothed to one; also to pledge oneself, give security; to promise or engage that; to answer for '; Med. ` to pledge oneself '; postverbal ἐγγύη ` a pledge put into the hand: surety, security ', ἔγγυος ` giving security ', Subst. ` bondman, guarantor '; ὑπόγυος, ὑπόγυιος `( under one's hand, imminent, nigh at hand =) willing, ready; recent; sudden, actual, present '; ἐγ-γύ-ς ` of Place, near, nigh, at hand; of Time, nigh at hand; of Numbers, etc., nearly; of Relationship, akin to ' (as Latin comminus), ἐγγύθι ` hard by, near; of Time, nigh at hand ', ἐγγύθεν ` from nigh at hand; with Verbs of rest, hard by, nigh at hand; hard by him ' and μεσσηγύ, -γύς ` of Space, in the middle, between; of Time, meanwhile ' (` between the hands '); ἔγγυος ` secured, under good security; reliable; giving security for ', actually ` in the hands (?)', s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6203; compare but ἔγγυαλίζω ` properly, to put into the palm of the hand, put into one's hand ' (above under gēu- S. 397), γυῖον a limb; the hand ' (under gēu- S. 398);
Lithuanian gáunu, gáuti ` obtain, receive ' (gáudyti ` readjust '), Old Prussian po-gaunai `receives', Infinitive pogaut, participle Perf. gauuns ` receive ', Latvian gūnu, gūt ` catch, capture ', gūvejs ` gainer ', Lithuanian gaũklas m. ` acquisition ', guvùs, gavùs `agile, skilful';
Old Church Slavic o-, po-gymati ` touch' (due to a *gy-mā ` giving a hand '?).
References: WP. I 636 f., Trautmann 101.
See also: see also under geu-1.
Page(s): 403-404
Root / lemma: gō̆u-, gou̯ǝ-, gū-
Meaning: to call, cry
Note: (onomatopoeic)
Material: Old Indic gavatē (only Dhatup.) ` sounds', Intensive jṓguvē ` allow to sound loudly, spoken loudly ', jṓgū- (Gen. Pl. jṓguvām) ` loud singing ', gaŋ-gū-yáti ` exclaim shouts of happiness ';
gr. γό[F]ος ` weeping, wailing ', γοάω ` wail, groan, weep ', γόης, -ητος ` magician (enchaanter, sorcerer)';
perhaps here Latin gāvia f. ` seagull' (? s. Persson Beitr. 897 f.).
Old High German gikewen `name, call', Old English cīegan `call, shout, cry' (*kaujan); Old High German kūma f. ` lamentation ', kūmo ` with grief, with pain ', Modern High German ` with difficulty ', in addition Middle High German kūme `(* pitiable, mournful) weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', Old High German kūmīg ` weak, sick ', Middle Low German kǖme `faint, languid', Old English cȳme `fine, beautiful', Swedish (gotl.) kaum n. ` misery '; Norwegian dial. kauka ` entice the cattle with calls '; as base from animal names in Middle Dutch cauwe `jackdaw', Old High German kaha, kā ` crow ', Danish kaa `jackdaw' (*kavā) and in Old English cȳta m. ` bittern ', Middle High German kūze, Modern High German Kauz `owl ', compare with identical forms Icelandic kýta `quarrel, squabble', Middle Low German kūten (out of it Middle High German kūten, kiuten) ` babble, chatter '; ndd. köter from proto Germanic *kautāri, or as ` farm dog ' to ndd. kot `cottage' (above gēu- S. 394);
Lithuanian gaujà ` pack of dogs, wolves ', gaudžiù, gaũsti `dull sound, clink' (*goudi̯eti), vowel gradation gúodžiu, gúosti ` comfort ', reflex. ` complain, bemoan ' (*gōudi̯eti); gaudùs ` wistful ', Latvian gauda ` lament ', gàust ` lament ', gavilêt ` jubilate ' (the Baltic words could also belong to *ĝhau- `call, shout, cry', as also e.g. Old Norse gauð ` bark ');
Slavic *gǫdǫ, *gǫsti (shaped as *grędǫ and Latin jungō) in Russian-Church Slavic gudu, gusti, κιθαρίζειν', Ukrainian hudú, hustý `play', Serbo-Croatian old gúdêm, gústi `play; dull sound', poln. old gędę, gąść ` fiddle, play ';
Old Church Slavic govorъ m. `din, fuss, noise', govoriti `rant, roister' (Russian etc. also esp. `speak'), wherefore vowel gradation Russian-Church Slavic gvorъ (*gъvorъ) m. `vesicle, blister', poln. gwar (*gъv-arъ) m. `din, fuss, noise, noise', lengthened grade Czech havořiti `talk, chat, prate', Ukrainian hava `crow' (compare above Germanic *kău̯ā), sloven. gâvǝc ` lapwing, European plover; plover, type of shorebird ', and due to a *gou-tā ` discourse ' with the same forms as govorъ also Russian gútor ` conversation, entertainment, humorous speech '.
References: WP. I 634 f., WH. I 584 f., Trautmann 80 f.
Page(s): 403
Root / lemma: gras- : grō̆s-
Meaning: to gnaw, to devour
Material: Old Indic grásatē `gobbles (esp. from animals), devours' (*grasō), grāsa-ḥ ` mouthful, morsel, bite of food ';
gr. γράω ` gnaw, devour ' (= Old Indic grásati) γράστις ` grass, green fodder ' (Attic κράστις through assimilation in voiceless internal consonance), γάστρις ` gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater ', γράσος m. ` smell of a goat: hence, of men ' from *γράσ-σος (originally he-goat; billy goat as nibbler, as τράγος : τρώγω, τραγεῖν), γαστήρ f. `belly' (*γρασ-τήρ ` devourer', compare κραστήριον ` rack, manger (of horse); in pl., bed-posts ', assimilation from γραστ-; γάστρα ` the lower part of a vessel bulging out like a paunch '); reduplication due to a *γαγ-γράειν ` devour ': γάγγραινα ` gangrene, the eating ulcer '; γρῶνος ` eaten out; eroded, hollowed ' (*grō̆s-no-s), γρώνη `cavity, kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch ' (compare τρώγλη `cave': τρώγω);
Latin grāmen (*grasmen) n. ` grass, turf; any plant or herb ' (esp. as feed herb); about Germanic gras compare under ghrē-.
References: WP. I 657 f., WH. I 616 f.
Page(s): 404
Root / lemma: gred- : grod-
Meaning: to scratch
Note: Only alb. and Germanic
Material: Alb. gërrusë, gërresë, krūs(ë) ` rasper' (from its first grade derives Latin grosa ds.), to lengthened grade present gërruanj, kruanj, kruj, also gërruëj, gërüj `scratch, scrape ' (from *grōd-, Indo Germanic grēd-);
Old Norse krota (*gr̥d-) ` engrave ', vowel gradation (with intensive gemination) Old Swedish kratta `scratch, scrape', Old High German krazzōn, Middle High German Modern High German kratzen ds. (Germanic *krattōn), besides j-verbs mnl. cretten (and cretsen), Middle High German kretzen ds., kretze ` scabies ';
here with expressive vocalism Old High German krizzōn, Middle High German kritzen ` carve, scribble ', also Middle High German krīzen ` draw a circle ', with secondary vowel gradation Old High German Middle High German kreiz (*kraita-) ` circle' (`*carved magic circle '); expressive probably also the s-extension in ndd. kratsen, krassen `scratch, scrape'.
References: WP. I 607, 651, WH. I 622 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 175 f.
Page(s): 405
Root / lemma: grem-
Meaning: damp; to sink
Material: Latin grāmiae f. Pl. ` a viscous humor, rheum, that collects in the corners of the eyes ', oculi grammōsi `eye drip; pus in the eye ';
Old Icelandic kramr `humid, wet, half-melted (of snow)', perhaps also Gothic qrammiÞa ` dampness ', if for *krammiÞa;
Old Church Slavic grьměždь ` pus in the eye ';
Balto-Slavic root extension gremd-:
in Lithuanian grimstù (*grimzdù), grimzdaũ, grim̃sti `under-, sink ', gramzdė́ti ds., causative gramzdinù, gramzdìnti ` sink ', gramzdùs ` deeply sinking, pensive ', Latvian grim̃stu, grim̃t ` sink ', causative grèmdêt ` sink ';
Old Church Slavic pogręznoti ` sink in the water ', Church Slavic gręza `ordure', Russian grjáznutь ` sink in ordure ', grjazь `ordure, smut', Serbo-Croatian grȅznuti ` sink in ', poln. grzęznąć, grząznąć ` submerge '; causative Old Church Slavic pogrǫžǫ, pogrǫziti ` sink, submerge ', Russian gruzítь ` sink, immerse, freight '.
References: WP. I 654 f., WH. I 617, Trautmann 97 f.
Page(s): 405
Root / lemma: greus-1
Meaning: to crackle, crush
Note: (and other onomatopoeic words)
Material: Gothic krius-tan ` gnash ', krusts ` the creakiness ', Old Swedish krȳsta ` gnash of teeth ' and `squeeze', Old High German krustila, Modern High German Krustel, Krostel ` crash, rumble of the leg ';
Old High German krus-k ` bran ', Modern High German Krüsch ` bran ' (also Grüsch, Grüst through hybridization with Gries, Grütze ` cereal, grain ');
Old High German kros-pel, Modern High German Kruspel, Krospel `gristle', kruspeln ` crunching to bite ';
maybe alb. kruspull `bent'
Lithuanian grukšė́ti ` gnash, rustle, crackle, of sand' (k-insertion?; about gráužas ` horror, dismay, gravel ' s. in the end from *ghrēu-2);
Serbian grúhati `crack, creak (from the cannon), hit with crack; husk by hitting ', grúšiti `bump, poke, shuck, husk', sloven. grûh ` stone rubble ', grúša ` coarse sand', Russian grúchnutьsja ` collapse with noise ', etc.
Maybe alb. gërhas snore a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 650 f.
Page(s): 405-406
Root / lemma: greus-2
Meaning: to burn, smoulder
Material: Gr. γρῡνός or γρουνός `dry wood, torch; fagot, firebrand', Γρύνειον, Γρῦνοι `town in Aolis';
Lithuanian gruzdė́ti, grùzti, Latvian gruzdêt, grust ` smolder, gleam'; yet is quite doubtful, whether gr., badly attested words originally rather stand for ` spinney '.
References: WP. I 651, Persson Beitr. 129.
Page(s): 406
Root / lemma: greut-
Meaning: to press; curds
Material: Irish gruth (*grutus) ` coagulated milk, curd';
Old English crūdan `urge, press, push', English to crowd ` urge, press, push', mnl. kruden, Middle High German kroten `urge, press, push', Old English crod n., Middle High German krot `crush, crowdedness', Middle English crudes, curdes, Modern English curds `curd'.
References: WP. I 650.
Page(s): 406
Root / lemma: grēb(h)o-s : grōb(h)o-s
Meaning: hornbeam
Note:
Root / lemma: grēb(h)o-s : grōb(h)o-s : `hornbeam' derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: gerebh- : `to scratch, write (carve wood)'
Grammatical information: m.
Material: Macedonian (Illyrian) γράβιον `torch' (` oak wood '?);
Venetic PN Grēbia, Illyrian VN Grabaei, PN Γρᾶβος, Γράβων;
Umbrian GN Grabovius (== poln. grabowy, see below) ` Oaken God ' (Old Umbrian Krapuvi, New Umbrian Grabovie, Dative) borrowed from Illyrian grāb- (older grēb-);
likewise Illyrian loanword is Latin grabātus `bed' (*from oak wood) from gr.-Illyrian κράβ(β)ατος ds.
Maybe alb. krevat (krabat) `bed'
grōb(h)o-s:
Balto Slavic graba- m. `hornbeam' in:
Old Prussian wosi-grabis ` Spindle-tree ', Latvian PN Gruõbina (gruõbas);
Serbo-Croatian grȁb, Russian grab, poln. grab `hornbeam', grabowy ` belonging to beech ';
perhaps to gerebh- ` crack, split '.
References: WH. I 171, 614 f., 855, Krahe IF. 59, 63 ff.
Page(s): 404
Root / lemma: grōd-, grǝd-
Meaning: hail
Material: Armenian karkut (with metathesis from reduplicated *gagrōdo- s. Meillet MSL. 10, 280) `hail';
Latin grandō, -inis f. `hail';
Lithuanian grúodas (Balto Slavic *grōda-) ` hard-frozen street excrement, stone frost, frost without snow; mallenders ';
Old Church Slavic gradъ, Russian grad, Serbo-Croatian grȁd, poln. grad `hail'.
References: WP. I 658, WH. I 618, Trautmann 99.
Because of Armenian word anyhow difficult seems and could be kept away, is perhaps a basic form *ghrōdh-, ghrǝdh- must be assumed, to gr. χερμάς ` pebble ' (see gher-2), compare Modern High German Hagel: gr. κάχληξ ` pebble ', etc.
Page(s): 406
Root / lemma: gru-
Meaning: grunting (of pigs)
Note: (gru-d-, gru-n-d-)
Material: Gr. γρῦ `a grunt, as of swine', γρύζω (*γρυδι̯ω) `to grunt, grumble, mutter', γρῦλος, γρύλλος `piglet', γρυλίζω ` to grunt, of swine', γογγρύζειν τονθορύζειν, τὸ τὰς ὗς φωνεῖν Hes.;
Latin grundiō, with volkssprachl. assimilation grunniō `grunt' =
(with in onomatopoeic words faltering consonant shift in anlaut) grunnen, Old English grun(n)ian, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), intensive Old High German gruunzian, Modern High German ` grunt ', Old English grunnettan ds., English to grunt ds.;
Old Norse krytia (preterit krutta) ` growl, murmur', krutr m. `clamor', Danish krotte `drone, grumble', English crout ` croak, caw ', whether not rather to ger-2 C.
References: WP. I 658, WH. I 624.
Page(s): 406
Root / lemma: gu̯es-, gu̯os-, gus-, extended gu̯oz-do-
Meaning: branches, leaves
Material: Norwegian Danish kvas `small, chopped branches ';
1. with -d-extension:
alb. Geg ghethi `leaf', Tosc gjethe ` foliage, twig, branch' (collective Pl. to a Sg. *gath from *gu̯ozd-); [common alb. gu̯- > gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-].
Old High German questa f., Middle High German queste, koste, haste, quast m. f., ` foliage bunch, sprinkling whisk, besom ', Modern High German Quaste f., asächs. quest ` foliage bunch ', Old Swedish kvaster, koster, Swedish qvast, Norwegian Danish kost ` foliage bunch, rice broom ';
Old Serbian gvozd m. `wood, forest', apoln. gwozd ` mountain forest ', gozd ` dense wood, forest', etc.;
2. with -t-extension:
gr. βόστρυχος ` a curl or lock of hair, anything twisted or wreathed, of a flash of lightning ';
3. with -p-extension:
Old Indic guṣpitá- ` interlaced, intertwined ';
Latin vespicēs Pl. ` dense shrubbery ';
Middle Dutch quispel, quespel, Middle Low German md. quispel ` tassel, whisk '.
References: WP. I 644 f., Berneker 365.
Page(s): 480
Root / lemma: gu̯et-
Meaning: swelling
Note: (extension from gēu- `bend'? see there)
Material:
Hittite: kuttar n. (r/n) ' Partie unter dem Hals und über der Brust beim Menschen, etwa Schulter oder Oberarm ' (Tischler 678 f)
Tokharian: A kāts, B kātso (PT *kātsān-) ' belly, stomach, abdomen; womb ' (Adams 156)
Germanic: *kwíʮ-u- c. / *kwid=́, *kutt-(i)ō- f. || *kud= (#235)
Latin: botulus, -ī m. `Darm, Eingeweide; Wurst ' || guttur n., m. `Kehle; Kropf der Vögel und Menschen; Geschwulst am Halse '
Latin botulus ` intestine, sausage ' (Oscan-Umbrian loanword);
perhaps Old Irish bél `lip' (*gu̯et-lo-s), whether not from *beklo-s to gall. beccos `bill, beak, neb';
Gothic qiÞus ` stomach, womb', qiÞuhaftō `pregnant'; Old Icelandic kviðr m. `belly, womb', kviðugr `pregnant', Old English cwið(a) m. `womb', Old High German quiti `vulva', quoden ` interior of the thigh';
in addition further Old English cwidele f. `pustula, varix', Old High German quedilla ds., ndd. quadel ` inflamed swelling of the skin', zero grade Middle High German kutel, Modern High German Kutteln ` tripe'.
References: WP. I 560, 671, WH. I 112 f.
Page(s): 481
Root / lemma: gu̯ozd(h)o-, gu̯ozd(h)i-
Meaning: nail, penis
Material: Gallorom. bottos `hub of a wheel' (M-L. 1229a), Welsh both `hub of a wheel, shield boss ', Middle Irish bot, nir. bod m. `tail, penis';
Maybe alb. bisht ` tail ' [common celt. kw- > p-, gw- > b- initial shift].
Old Bulgarian gvozdь `nail', poln. g(w)ózdź ds., Czech hvozděj ` punch wood '; in addition poln. g(w)oździk ` carnation, clove ', Czech hvozdík ds.
Maybe alb. (*gu̯ozd-) gozhdë `nail' a Slavic loanword.
References: Pokorny ZceltPh. 16, 405, WH. I 574, 636, Berneker 365 f.
Page(s): 485
Root / lemma: geli-, glī-
Meaning: mouse
Material: Old Indic girí-ḥ, girikā f. ` mouse ' (Lex.);
gr. γαλέη (*gelei̯-ā, originally ` the murine '?) `weasel, marten', from which borrowed Latin galea originally `*crest of the weasel fur ', then ` a helmet (usually of leather), head-piece, morion; the crest of the Guinea fowl ' (also galērus ` a helmet-like covering for the head, made of undressed skin, a cap, bonnet, hat; so of a priest's cap; wig, a kind of peruke; a rose-bud; a conical cap of leather, fur cap ' is uncovered to be borrowed from gr. *γαληρός); to γαλέη also γαλιάγκων (γαλι- = Old Indic giri-), further γαληόψις, γαλεόβδολον ` brownwort, Scrofularia peregrine; deadnettle ', actually ` eye of the weasel ', probably also γάλιον ds.;
Latin glīs, glīris ` dormouse ' (this inflection presumably after mūs, mūris); rom. also *glēre, compare French loir besides liron.
common rom. gl- > l-
Maybe alb. gjer (gler) ` dormouse ' common alb. gl- > gj-
References: WP. I 630, WH. I 579, 607, different EM 409.
Page(s): 367
Root / lemma: ĝā̆b-
Meaning: to show, to watch
Material: It derived, if one might place with Zupitza gutturals 194 Old Icelandic kōpa (pÞ) ` stare, gawk', Old English cǣpan ` observe, look out after, provide for, protect ', changing through vowel gradation Old English capian up `look up to', asächs. upcapen ` stand out, project, reach upward ', Middle Low German kapen `gawk, see, show', Middle High German kaffen ds., Old High German (with intensive gemination) kapfēn ` see, show, peer ' (out of it back formation Old High German kapf `place, one looks out from, summit ') and Old High German ūfkepfen `look up' to Russian zabota ` care, worry ', zabotitь śa ` are worried, are concerned '.
Everything quite uncertain. The beginning of a root, with voiced-nonaspirated initial and final sound, has from the start little likelyhood for itself (compare Meillet Introduction7 173 f.).
References: WP. I 530.
Page(s): 349
Root / lemma: ĝā̆r-
Meaning: to call, cry
Note: besides single-linguistic *garr- through expressive consonant increase in onomatopoeic words
Material: palatal is proved through osset. zarị̀n, zarun `sing', zar ` song' and through Armenian cicaṙn `swallow', cicaṙnuk ` nightingale ' (reduplication *ĝoi̯-gā̆r-ō̆n or -no-, Petersson KZ. 47, 287);
Maybe alb. cicëron `(bird) sings'
gr. γῆρυς, Doric γᾶρυς `voice'; γαρριώμεθα λοιδορούμεθα Hes., with rr as
Latin garriō, -īre ` babble, chatter, chat, prate, chatter (seldom of frogs; of the nightingale:) ', garrulus ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ';
Old Irish gar- `call, shout, cry' in ad-gair `accuses' (*ĝar-e-t), ar-gair `prohibits', do-gair `calls' etc.; Welsh gair `word' (*ĝar-i̯o-), dyar `din, fuss, noise, sadness': Middle Irish do-gar ` sad ' (*du(s)-ĝaro-); Old Irish fo-gor `sound, tone, sound' (*upo-ĝaro-), Old Breton ar-uuo-art ` enchant, bewitch, fascinate '; Old Irish gairm n. (Celtic *gar-(s)mn), Welsh Cornish Breton garm ds. (: Old Saxon karm ` lamentation '); lengthened grade Old Irish gāir f. `clamor', gāire ` laughter ', Welsh gawr `clamor, fight, struggle';
Old High German chara f. ` lamentation ', Modern High German Kar-freitag, Gothic kara f., Old English cearu f. ` care ' (therefrom Old High German etc. karōn ` bemoan, lament', Old High German charag ` grieving ', Middle High German karc `smart, cunning, stingy', Modern High German karg, Old English cearig ` sad, afflicted ', English chary ` careful, cautious '), Old Saxon karm (see above), Old English cearm, cierm m. `clamor'.
References: WP. I 537, WH. I 583.
See also: compare die similar to onomatopoeic words *ger- and *gʷer-.
Page(s): 352
Root / lemma: ĝebh-
Meaning: branch; stick
Note: only Germanic and Baltic
Material: Old Icelandic kafi m. ` sliced piece ', kefli n. ` cable, bit of wood, toggle', rūna-kefli ` rune stick '; Middle Low German kavele f. ` piece of wood (for drawing lots) ', Old Frisian kavelia ` raffle', Dutch kavel m. ` allotment, lot, fate ', Modern High German dial. Kabel f. and m. ds.;
Lithuanian žãbas m. `bough, deadwood, bridle, rein', žabà f. `rod', žãbaras ` thin bough', žabóju, žabóti ` bridle ', žaboklas m. `rein', į́-žaboklis `toggle', vowel gradation žúobris (žuobrỹs) ` plowshare ', Latvian žabuôt ` put a gag (stick) in the mouth of an animal '.
References: WP. I 571, Trautmann 364.
See also: compare also ĝegh-, S. 354.
Page(s): 353
Root / lemma: ĝegh-, ĝogh-
Meaning: branch; bush
Note: (compare also ĝebh-)
Material: Norwegian dial. kage m. ` low bush ' (Germanic *kagan-), Swedish dial. ` stump (out of it English cag `stump'), Modern High German dial. kag m. ` cabbage stalk, stump, Dutch kag, kegge f. `wedge' (Germanic *kaʒiō), Old High German kegil `picket, pole, peg, plug, nail' (Germanic *kaʒila-);
in addition with expressive consonant stretch (g : gg : kk):
Old Icelandic kaggi ` keg, chubby person ', Middle Low German kāk `tree trunk, pillory', Old High German slito-chōho f. ` tub ', Modern High German (High German) kueche ` sledge skid '; dissimilation Kufe ds.;
Lithuanian žãgaras ` thin twig, branch', Pl. `deadwood, shrubbery, bush', žãgrė `plough', žiõgris `fence', Latvian žagari `deadwood', žagas Pl. f. ` loose foliage ';
Maybe alb. dḫ1ega ` twig, branch ' [common alb. ĝ- > d-].
unclear is the origin of Old English cǣg(e) f. ` key, solution ', Old Frisian kei, kai (*kaiga-), Middle Low German keie ds.; dubious from Armenian cag `elevation, acme, apex, end' (Petersson Heter. 89 f.).
References: WP. I 569 f., Kluge11 334, Martinet Gémination 116.
Page(s): 354
Root / lemma: ĝeid-
Meaning: to suck
Material: Gr. hom. νεογιλλός ` new-born, young, sucking not for long (of animal young) ', Γίλλος, Γιλλίς, Γιλλίων (from a *γιλλός from *γιδλός ` sucking, suckling ');
Lithuanian žindù žį́sti `suck'.
References: WP. I 552, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 323.
Page(s): 356
Root / lemma: ĝeis-
Meaning: gravel
Note: (gei-s-, if nld. kei ` stone ' < *keie < *kaijo belongs here or kei < *kagi to kegel? s. Franck-v. Wijk 298)
Material: Middle High German kis m. n. ` gravel ', Old English ciosol, cisel m. ds., Old High German kisili, kisel, kisilinc ` pebble, small stone ', nnd. keiserling, keserling, kiserling ds.;
Old Prussian sixdo f. `sand', Lithuanian žiezdrà, ` gravel, corn, grain', žiẽzdros ` gravel, coarse sand', žiẽgzdros ds., also m. žiẽgzdrai
Dubiously the affiliation of supposedly Phrygian γίσσα ` stone ' by Steph. Byz. s. v. Μονογισσα.
References: WP. I 553.
Page(s): 356
Root / lemma: ĝel-, ĝelǝ-, ĝlē-, (also *gelēi- :) ĝ(e)lǝi-
Meaning: light, to shine; to be joyful
Material: Armenian caɫr, Gen. caɫu ` laughter ' (probably with u from ō = gr *γαλώς, therefore γέλως), cicaɫim ` laugh ', perhaps (after Petersson KZ. 47, 289) also caɫik (Gen. caɫkan) `flower, blossom';
gr. γελάω, ἐγέλα(σ)σα ` laugh ', γελαστός ` laughable ', Doric (Pind.) γελᾱνής ` laughing, cheerful ' (*γελασ-νής due to being reshaped from *γέλας, n. to m. γέλως, originally s-stem as κρέας, Indo Germanic *ĝele-s, Aeolic to γέλος n.), γέλως, -ωτος, Akk. γλω m. ` laughter ' (probably after γελάω colored *γαλώς = Armenian caɫr ds.); γελεῖν λάμπειν, ἀνθεῖν Hes.; with reduced grade the 1. syllable Γαλα-τεία Nereid name (?), γαληνός `cheerful, peaceful' (*γαλασνός), γαλήνη (Aeolic zero grade γέλᾱνα) `cheeriness, calm (at sea) ';
with zero grade the 1. syllable γλῆ-νος n. `superb example, splendour piece; things to stare at, shows, wonders ', γλήνη ` the pupil of the eye, eyeball '.
ĝlǝi- in γλαινοί τὰ λαμπρύσματα Hes., at first to Old High German kleini `gleaming, dainty, fine' (Modern High German klein, in old meaning still in Kleinod and Swiss chlein and chlīn, with unexplained ī), Old English clǣne `pure', English clean;
with formants -u̯o-: ἀγλα[F]ός ` of persons, famous, distinguished; of objects, events, splendid; lovely bright, superb, pretty ' (*ἀγα-γλαFός?), ἀγλαΐα ` splendour, beauty; joy, triumph; pl., festivities, merriment; adornment, of a horse's mane, colours of oyster's shell; one of the Graces, who presided over victory in the games ' (here also ἀγάλλω ` glorify, adorn, Med. be adorned, be glad ', with ἀ- == n̥ `in'? An other attempt by Boisacq 5);
about Old English clǣnе `pure', Old High German kleini `gleaming' see above;
the Celtic and Balto-Slavic color adjective Old Irish gel `luminous, white', glan `pure', Lithuanian gel̃tas `yellow, blond' etc. might be placed because of the Germanic parallels preferred to color root ĝhel- (see there); only if galbus was genuine Latin, it would have to be put together with Lithuanian gul̃bis etc. here.
References: WP. I 622 ff., 628, WH. I 578 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 682, Specht Dekl. 123, 144.
Page(s): 366-367
Root / lemma: ĝembh-, ĝm̥bh-
Meaning: to bite; tooth
Comments:
Root / lemma: ĝembh-, ĝm̥bh- :` to bite; tooth ' : Root / lemma: ĝep(h)-, ĝebh- : jaw, mouth' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és Meaning: ` earth, man, dragon ' because the ancients believed that their ancestors killed the dragon, planted his teeth in the ground and fierce men were born from the ground. snake peeled its skin and was reborn again, that is why warriors venerated the snake as the source of immortality in battle.
Material:
Old Indic jámbhatē, zero grade jábhatē ` snaps ', Causative-Iterative jambháyati ` crunched ', Avestan hǝm- zǝmbayati ds.; Armenian perhaps camem ` chew ', cameli ` maxilla, cheek, mouth'; alb. dhëmp, dhemb ` it hurts me ', Lithuanian žembiù `cut up', Old Church Slavic zębǫ, zębsti `tear';
Old Indic jámbha-ḥ m. `tooth, Pl. teeth ' (jambhya-ḥ ` incisor tooth or molar '), gr. γόμφος `tooth', also `peg, plug, nail'; γομφίος scil. ὀδούς ` incisor tooth ', alb. dhëmb, Geg dâm `tooth', Old Church Slavic zǫbъ `tooth', Latvian zùobs `tooth', Lithuanian žam̃bas ` sharp edge'; žam̃bis `wooden plow';
Old High German kamb, Old English comb `comb' (`dentated'), Old Norse kambr `comb, jagged edge (: Lithuanian žam̃bas), jagged ridge ', Modern High German ` ridge, mountain range ' (but about ndd. kimme see above under gem-), Old English cemban, Old High German kemben `comb', Swiss chambe ` Kamm bei Hähnen '; in addition Bavarian sich kampeln `(quarrel =) tear, rend, fight, squabble', with expressive p;
Tocharian A kam, В keme `tooth'.
Under a meaning mediation `tooth' - ` like a small tooth of protrudent plant shoot ' one lines up the family of Lithuanian žémbu, žémbėti `germinate', Old Church Slavic pro-zębati, pro-zębnǫti ds., Latin gemma (*gembhnā) ` eye or bud in the grapevine or in trees; gemstone, precious stone ', Old High German champ ` the stalk of a cluster of grapes and similar plants; a bunch of berries, cluster of grapes ', Modern High German Kamm (`dentated device '); the Lithuanian glottal stop is explainable through a lengthened grade present formation like sérgmi, gélbmi, gélbu.
References: WP. I 575 f., WH. I 588, Trautmann 369, Specht Dekl. 86 f.
See also: see also under ĝep(h)-, ĝebh-.
Page(s): 369
Root / lemma: ĝem(e)-
Meaning: to marry
Material: Old Indic jārá-ḥ ` suitor, lover ' (*ĝm̥̄-ró-s?); Old Indic jā́mātar-, Avestan zāmātar- ` man's daughter ', created after other relationship names in -tar- extension, with ā the second syllable after mātar-; the basic root has been abbreviated *jāma-, compare Avestan zāmaoya- ` brother of son-in-law ', also Old Indic jāmí-ḥ ` connected, related by blood ', fem. nachved. ` feminine relatives, esp. daughter-in-law ', ved. ví-jāmi-ḥ) ` relative by marriage ', jāmā ` daughter-in-law ';
gr γαμέω ` marry ' (Akt. of man, husband, Med. from the wife, woman), ἔγημα (Doric ἔγᾱμα), γεγάμη-μαι; γαμέτης ` husband ', γαμετή, γαμέτις, -ιδος `wife', γ⛙μήλιος ` nuptial ', γάμος m. ` wedding '; γαμβρός (*ĝem-ro-) `son-in-law';
Maybe alb. dasmë `wedding': gr. γάμος m. `wedding' common alb. ĝh- > d- phoentic mutation.
Latin gener-, ī ds. (for *gemer after genus, gēns).
References: WP. I 574 f., WH. I 590 f.
Page(s): 369-370
Root / lemma: ĝen-1, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-
Meaning: to bear
Material:
Hittite: genzu-, ginzu- n. ' Schoss; Geschlechtsteile; Liebe, Zuneigung ' (Tischler 555 ff)
Tokharian: A, B kän- (PT *kän-) ' come to pass, be realized ' (Adams 160)
Old Indian: jánati, jajanti, aor. ájījanat, pf. jajā́na, jajñúḥ, pass. jā́yate, ptc. jātá- `to generate, beget; to be born ' ; jāti- f. `birth, production ' ; janítra- n. `birthplace, origin ' ; jantú- m. `child, offspring; creature ' ; ján(i)man- n. `birth, origin, generation ' ; janitár- m. `progenitor, father ' , jánitrī f. `mother ' ; jánas n. `race, class of beings ' ; jána- m. `creature, man, person ' ; janús- m.n., (L.) janu-, janū- f. `birth, production ' ; jñātí- m. `near relation, kinsman '
Avestan: zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti `sie gebären ' , conj. zīzanatt_ `sie soll gebären ' ; zānaite `sie werden geboren ' (*gn̥̄-nā́-mi); zayeite `wird geboren ' ; zāta- `geboren ' ; fra-zanti- `Nachkommenschaft ' ; ząʮa- n. `Geburt, Entstehung ' , ząʮra- n. `Geburt ' , zantu- `Landkreis, Gau ' , ft. ptc. ząhyamna-; zana- `Volk, Menschrasse ' ; ā-zna- `angeboren, natürlich '
Other Iranian: NPers zāyad ' wird geboren '
Armenian: cnanim `werde geboren; erzeuge, gebäre ' ; cnauɫ `Erzeuger, Vater ' ; cin `Geburt, Ursprung '
Old Greek: gígnomai̯ (ion. gī́nomai̯, thess., böot. gínumai̯), aor. egénonto, genésthai̯, tr. gẹ̄́nasthai̯, gẹ̄nómetha, -meno-, égento ; pf. gégona, gégamen, gegaṓs `geboren werde, werden, entstehen ' ; genetǟ́ f. `Geburt ' ; genetḗr, genétōr m. `Erzeuger ' ; génos n. `Geschlecht, Abschtammung, Familei, Gattung ' ; geneǟ́ f. `Geschlecht, Nachkommenschaft ' ; góno-s, gonǟ́ f. `Erzeugung, Nachkommenschaft, Geschlecht, Same ' ; genéthlǟ f., génethlo-n n. `Geschlecht, Nachkommenschaft ' ; génesi-s f. `Geburt, Ursprung ' ; génna f. `Geburt, Herkunft, Geschlecht, Nachkommenschaft ' , genétǟ-s m. `Erzeuger; Sohn ' || gnḗsio- `von echter Abkunft, echtbürtig ' , kasí-gnēto-s `Bruder ' , neo-gnó- `neugeboren ' ; homó-gnio- `von gleicher Abstammung ' ; gnōtó-s m. `Verwandter, Bruder ' , gnōtǟ́ f. `Verwandte, Schwester '
Baltic: *ǯnō^-t-a-, -ia- (1) m.
Germanic: *kun-d-í- c., *kun-d-á-/kún-ʮ-a- adj., *kun-d-á- m., *kin-d-á- n., *kun-ja- n., *kun-jō f., *kun-ing-a- m., *kun-a- m., *kun-d-iá- n.; *kan-ja- vb., *knō-d-í- c.
Latin: genō (OLat), gignō, -ere, genuī, genitum `erzeugen, hervorbringen ' ; genitor, -ōris m. `Erzeuger, Vater ' ; genius, -ī m. `der Schutzgeist (des Mannes); die im Manne verkörperte Kraft, Energie, Genussfähigkeit ' ; genetīvus `angeboren ' ; gēns, -tis f. `Geschlechtsverband, Sippe ' ; germmen, -inis n. `Keim, Spross, Zweig ' ; genimen n. `Gewächs ' ; genus, -eris n. `Geschlecht, Abstammung, Gattung, Art und Weise ' ; aliēnigena m.,f. `ausländisch ' , indigena m.,f. `einheimisch, eingeboren ' ; -genus (caprigenus, terrigenus etc.); malignus, benignus, prīvignus; pl. bignae `geminae ' ; prōgeniēs, -ēī f. `Abstammung, Nachkommenschhaft ' ; genuīnus `angeboren, angestammt ' ; ingenuus, -a `eingeboren, heimisch ' ; nāscor, -ī, nātus `geboren werden, entstehen, wachsen ' ; agnāscī, agnātus, cognātus, prōgnātus, regnātus; (g)nātus, -a `geboren ' ; nātus, -ūs m. `Geeburt ' ; nātūra f. `Geburt, Geborensein; angeborene Beschaffenheit; Natur '
Other Italic: Osk Genetaí `Genetrici ' ; Paelign. cnatois `nātīs ' ; Umbr natine `natiōne, gente ' ;
Celtic: OIr conj. genathar, ind. -gainethar `der geboren wird ' ; conj. gignithir `er werde geboren ' , ft. gignud, no-chon-gignethair; pf. ro-gēnar `natus sum ' ; ai-cned `Natur ' ; ingen, ogam. inigena `Mädchen ' ; ogam. Coima-gni, ir. Coim-ān; gein `Geburt ' ; Ir gnīu `ich mache, tue ' ; Gaul Ari-, Cintu-gnātus; Albe-gnia; Cymr geni `geboren werden ' ; Bret genel `gebären '
thematic present Old Indic jánati ` generates, bears ', Old Latin genō, gr. γενέσθαι (ἐγένοντο = Old Indic ajananta), compare Old Irish -genathar Konj. (to Indik. -gainethar ` it is born ' from *gn̥-i̯e-tro), also Welsh genni `be born', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Breton genel ` to give birth to children ';
reduplication present unthematic Old Indic jajanti, Avestan zīzǝnti (v. 1. zazǝnti), themat. Avestan zīzanǝnti ` they bear '; Konj. zīzanāt̃ ` she should bear ', causative Aor. Old Indic ájījanat ` gave birth to ', Old Irish Fut. gignithir (*ĝi-ĝenā-) ` he will be born ' and with (old) zero grade the root gr. γίγνομαι ` to come into being; of persons, to be born; of things, to be produced; of events, to take place, come to pass, come on, happen, and in past tenses to be; to come into a certain state, to become ', Latin gignō, -ere (genui, genitum) ` produce, bring forth';
Perf. Old Indic ja-jñ-é ` I am born ', 3. Sg. jajā́na, 3. Pl. jajñúr, gr. γέγονα, *γέγαμεν, γεγαώς (Schwyzer Gr. Gr I 767, 769), Old Irish rogēnar (*ge-gn-) ` be born ';
n-present Avestan zā-n-aite ` they are born ?' (*ĝn̥̄-nā́-mi), Armenian cnanim, Aor. cnay ` is born; generate, bear ' (I 456; *gnǝ-n-), gr. γεννάω ` of the father, to beget, engender; of the mother, to bring forth, to produce ' (*ĝn̥̄-nā-? different Meillet BSL. 26, 15 f.; postverbal is γέννα `birth, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor; descent, birth; offspring, a generation; a race, family', whereof γενναῖος ` suitable to one's birth or descent; of persons, high-born, noble by birth; so of animals, well-bred; noble in mind, high-minded, of things, good of their kind, excellent, notable, genuine, intense '); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr I 694
Causative-Iterative Old Indic janáyati ` generates, bears ' = Old English cennan ` produce ' (*ĝonéi̯ō); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), i̯o-present Old Indic jā́yatē ` is born ' (therefrom jāyā ` woman '), New Persian zāyad (*ĝen-ǝi̯ṓ; besides ĝn̥-i̯ṓ in:) Avestan zayeite ds.; with lengthened grade of 2. Basis vowel *ĝnē-i̯ō: Irish gnīu `I make, do' (`*engender, create ');
sko-present Latin nā-scor (*gn̥̄-skṓ-r) ` is born ';
common lat ĝn- > n-
to-participle and similar: Old Indic jātá-ḥ ` born ' (jātá-m `gender, sex, kind of'), Avestan zāta-; Latin nātus (cognātus, agnātus) ds., ` born m., a son ';
Maybe alb. kunat `brother-in-law', kunata `sister-in-law' from Rumanian cumnat `brother-in-law', cumnatã `sister-in-law'; from Latin cognātus `related, connected by blood; m. and f. as subst. a relation either on the father's or the mother's side. Transf., akin, similar'.
Paelignian cnatois ` the rump, the buttocks ' (*gn̥̄-tós; so probably also :) gall. Cintu-gnātus ` firstborn ' (could be in itself also = gr γνωτός), f. gnātha `daughter'; Old Norse kundr `son', Gothic -kunds (himina- ) ` be a descendant of ', Old English heofon-kund, with Þ Old Norse ās-kunnr ` of divine origin '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade Latin genitus (*genǝ- or *gene-tos, as :) gall. geneta `daughter', expressive Welsh geneth (*genetta) ds., Old Irish aicned `nature' (*ad-ĝenǝ-tom or *-ĝene-tom); Lithuanian žéntas `son-in-law' (*ĝenǝ-to-s), gentìs `kinsman, relative' (with g after gim̃ti ` be born '), Old Church Slavic zętь m., Serbo-Croatian zȅt `son-in-law, sister's husband ' (*ĝenǝ-ti-s);
Maybe suffixed alb. Geg (*ĝen-tar) dhândër, Tosc dhëndër ` son-in-law ' [common alb. ĝ- > d-]. Phonetically alb. dhândri ` son-in-law ' : Old Indic jánitrī) `progenitor'.
with reduced e Old High German kind `kid, child' (*ĝén-tom), Old Saxon kind (*ĝentóm) ds.;
with full grade the second base syllable gr. -γνητός ` born ' (διό-, κασί-; proto gr. -η-; γνήσιος ` of or belonging to the race, i. e. lawfully begotten, legitimate '), with ō-grade Old Indic jñātí-ḥ m. `kinsman, relative' (originally f. ` kinship'), γνωτός `kinsman, relative, brother ', γνωτή ` sister ', Middle Welsh gnawt `kinsman, relative', Gothic *knōÞs (Dative knōdai) `gender, sex', Old High German knōt, knuot `gender, sex' (compare also Old High German knuosal n. `gender, sex, stem', Old English cnōsl n. ` progeny, gender, sex, family '), Latvian znuõts `son-in-law, brother-in-law';
from the light basis Avestan -zanta-, -zǝnta- ` born ' (compare φρτρον : bharí-tram); also Old Welsh -gint `kid, child' from gen-t-.
compare an other Aryan forms : Avestan fra-zaintiš ` progeny ' (against Old Indic prá-jāti-ḥ); Avestan ząϑa- n. `birth, origin' (Aryan *ž́an-tha-m); ząϑra- n. `birth' (against Old Indic jánitram `birth place'); zantu- ` district, administrative district ' = Old Indic jantú-ḥ `creature'; Avestan ząhyamna- participle Fut. (against Old Indic janišyatē, Aor. ájaništa); Old Indic jánman- n. besides jániman- n. ` birth, gender, sex, lineage '.
Gr. γενετή `birth', Latin Genita Mana `name of a divinity', Oscan Deívaí Genetaí ` goddess of birth ', wherefore Latin genitālis ` of or belonging to generation or birth, causing generation or birth, fruitful, generative, genital ';
gr. γένεσις ` origin, source, beginning; an ancestor ', Latin genetīvus ` of or belonging to generation or birth '; with reduced ǝ: Avestan frazaintiš (see above), Latin gēns (or from *gn̥tí-) ` a clan, stock, people, tribe, nation. Transf., an offspring, descendant; a district, country ' (then probably ingēns as ` monstrous, vast, enormous '), Germanic kindi- in Gothic kindins (*ĝenti-no-s) ` provincial governor ', Old Norse kind f. `entity, gender, sex, descendant '.
ĝn̥̄ti- in Old Indic jātí-ḥ ` birth, family ' = Latin nāti-ō `birth, gender, sex', Umbrian natine ` a birth, origin, people, nation ', Old English (ge)cynd f. ` kind of, nature, quality, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor, descendant ' (English kind);
tu-stem Latin nātū (maior- ) `from birth', therefrom nātūra ` birth; nature, natural qualities or disposition, character; an element, substance, essence, nature';
praegnās `pregnant', new praegnans, from *-gnātis.
ĝenǝ-ter- in Old Indic janitár- `progenitor, father', jánitrī ` begetter, mother', gr. γενετήρ, -ῆρος, γενέτωρ, -ορος `progenitor, father', γενέτειρα `mother', alb. dhëndër, dhândër `son-in-law, bridegroom ' (*genǝ-tr-), Latin genitor, genetrīx (: Old Indic jánitrī) `progenitor';
Armenian cnauɫ `progenitor, father' (*genǝ-tlo-);
Old Indic jániman- (and jánman-) n. ` birth, gender, sex, lineage ', Latin germen `germ, sprout, scion, shoot, twig, branch', germināre ` sprouted out ', germānus, -a (-m- from -mn-) ` brother, 1. sister (having the same father and mother)' (*ĝen-men).
ĝenos- in Old Indic jánaḥ (Gen. jánasaḥ) n. `gender, sex', Armenian cin `birth', gr. γένος `gender, sex', Latin genus ` birth, descent, origin; race, stock, family, house; hence offspring, descendants; sex; in gen., class, kind, variety, sort; in logic, genus; of action, etc., fashion, manner, way ' (generāre ` produce ').
ĝon-os in Old Indic jána-ḥ (Gen. jánasaḥ) m. `gender, sex', Avestan (in compound) zana- `people, humankind ', gr. γόνος m., γονή f. `birth, parentage, ancestry';
Maybe alb. Geg zana `nymph, goddess';
-ĝeno-s, -ĝno-s, -ĝeni̯os, -gnios as 2. compositiion part e.g. in Latin capri-genus ` proceeding from a goat, of the goat kind ', indigena m. f. ` born in a country, native, indigenous ' (= Armenian ǝndo-cin, ǝndo-cna-c̣, ` born in the house of the appropriate patron '), alienigena m. f. ` born in a foreign land; foreign, alien; and subst., a stranger, a foreigner, an alien ';
gall. Boduo-genus, Litu-genius; Old Irish ingen, ogom inigena `girl'.
ĝenā in Modern Welsh adian ` progeny ' (*ati-ĝenā), anian, Breton dial. agnen `nature' (*n̥de-ĝenā), Loth RC 36, 106; 39, 63;
with gr. -γενής, Thracian -zenes (Διογένης = Thracian Diuzenus, Διζένης), compare venet. volti-χenei and volti-χnos, Illyrian PN Anduno-cnetis (Gen.), Volto-gnas; Messapic oroagenas ` inhabitant of Uria ';
gr. νεο-γνός ` new-born ', Gothic niu-kla-hs ` under-age ' (dissimilation from niu-kna-, with formants -ko-), also aina-kla- ` isolated, occasional, sporadic (from *-kna-) and Latin singulus (from *sem-gno-) as well as Latin malignus, benignus, prīvignus (`separate, i.e. born in other matrimony, stepchild '), Celtic -gnos in people's name, originally Patronymica, e.g. gall. Truticnos (= Drūtignos), latinis. Druti filius, ogom Gen. Coimagni, Irish Coim-ān; gall. Ate-gnia; gr. ὁμόγνιος `of the same descent ';
about Cypriot ἶνις `kid, child' (barely *ἐν-γνις) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4503;
*gn̥-i̯o- (wherefore the above -gnio- additional weakening) in Latin geniuus ` the superior or divine nature which is innate in everything, the spiritual part, spirit; the tutelar deity or genius of a person, place; the spirit of social enjoyment, fondness for good living, taste, appetite, inclination; of the intellect, wit, talents, genius ', originally the personified fertility (at most zero grades *ĝen-i̯os), Gothic kuni (*ĝn̥-i̯o-m), Old High German (etc.) chunni `gender, sex', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare Gothic sama-kunjans Akk. Pl. `the same gender': gr. ὁμό-γνιος; Latin progenies ` progeny ', Old Irish gein (*genen < *ĝen-n̥) `birth', Old English cyne- in compound ` royal ', Old Norse konr `son, noble-born man, husband' (Germanic*kuninga-z in Old High German etc. kuning `king', i.e. `sprung forth from, belonging to a noble gender').
ĝn̥̄- in Old Indic jā-s ` descendant ', pra-jā ` progeny ', jā́s-patiṣ ` paterfamilias, male head of a family ' (Meillet MSL. 10, 139);
about Latin ingenuus ` free-born, born of free parents; worthy of a freeman, noble, upright, frank, candid, ingenuous ', genuīnus ` innate, native, natural; genuine' s. WH. I 593 f.
References: WP. I 576 ff., WH. I 590 ff., 597 ff., 868, Trautmann 370, Meillet Cinquantenaire 172 ff.
Page(s): 373-375
Root / lemma: ĝen-2, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-
Meaning: to know
Note: for the avoidance of the homonyms 1. ĝen- are often used with various with ĝnō- verbal forms.
Material:
Hittite: kanes- (I) ' erkennen, anerkennen ' (Tischler 478ff)
Tokharian: A āknats, B aknātsa ' foolish, stupid; fool ' (Adams 3); A knān- ' know ' , B nān- ' appear, be presented; show ' (PT *knān-) (Adams 333)
Old Indian: jānā́ti, pf. jajñau, ptc. jñātá- `to know, apprehend ' ; OInd jñātár- `knower, witness '
Avestan: paiti-zānǝnti `sie nehmen jemands an ' , them. 2 pl. paiti-zānanta `ihr erkennt an, nehmt auf ' ; zanā-t_, zanąn `unterscheidet, erkennt ' ; paiti-zanta- `anerkannt ' , znātar- `Kenner '
Other Iranian: OPers ipf. 3 sg. a-dānāḥ `er wusste ' ; Pashto pē-ẓ̌anī `unterscheidet, erkennt ' ; OPers conj. prs. xšnāsātiy `sie sollen merken '
Armenian: canauth `bekannt ' , aor. caneay `ich erkannte ' , an-can `unbekannt '
Old Greek: gignṓskō (ion. gīnṓskō), epidaur. gnōskō, aor. gnō^nai̯, pf. égnōka, va. gnōtó- `erkennen, kennenlernen ' ; a-gnṓs, -ō^tos `unbekannt ' ; agnoéō `weiss nicht ' , gnō^si-s f. `Erkenntnis, Einsicht ' ; gnō^ma n. `Kennzeichen, Ansicht ' ; gnṓmǟ `Erkennung, Gedanke, Ansicht ' ; gnṓmōn m. (/f.) `Kenner, Beurteiler ' ; gnṓrimo- `erkennbar, bekannt, nobilis ' ; agnói̯ǟ, att. ágnoi̯a `Unwissenheit ' ; pf. gégōna `sich (beim Rufen) vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden '
Slavic: *znā́tī, *znā́jǭ; -*znāvā́tī, -*znā&̀jǭ; *znāmę̄; *znākъ
Baltic: *ǯen^-tl-a- (/ *ǯeñ-tl-a-) (1) c., *ǯen^-tl-in^- (1) vb., *ǯin^- (1) vb. tr./intr., *ǯin-ā^vb., *ǯin-jā^ f.
Germanic: *kunn-a- vb.; *kan-ja- vb.; *knḗ-w-a- adj.; *kōn-ia- adj., *kun-st-i- c., *kún-ʮ-a- adj., *kun-dī́(n-) f., etc.
Latin: nōsco (gnōsco) `erkenne ' , ignōsco `habe ein Eisehehen, verzeihe ' ; pf. nōvī; nōtus `bekannt ' , ignōtus`unbekannt ' ; nota f. `Kennzeichen, Merkmal; Buchstabenzeichen, Schrift, Kurzschrift; Note; Zeichen in Büchern, auf Gefässen etc.; Mutter-, Brandmal; Sorte, Qualität; Anmerkung, Schandfleck, Beschimpfung ' ; nōtio; nōtor; norma `Winkelmass, Richtschnur, Vorschrift, Regel ' ; (g)nōbilis `kennbar, bekannt; vornehm, edel ' ; gnārus `eine Sache kundig ' , ignārus `unkundig ' , nārrāre `zu Wissen machen, künden ' ; nāvus `regsam, rührig, betriebsam ' , ignāvus `ohne Tatkraft '
Other Italic: Umbr naratu `narrato ' , naraklum `nuntiatio '
Celtic: OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim `sapio ' , fut. -gēna, pf. ad-gēn-sa `cognovi, coognosco ' ; gnāth `gewohnt, bekannt ' ; ignad `fremd ' ; MIr gnō `ausgezeichnet ' ; Ir gnō `business, affairs ' ; Cymr gnawd `Gewohnheit ' ; g0-gnaw `activity, active ' ; OBret inschr. Bodo-cnous; MBret gnou `manifeste, évident '
Albanian: ńoh `ich kenne ' , 2, 3 sg. ńeh
Old Indic jānā́mi `I know', anu-jñā- ` acknowledge, admit, grant', Avestan paiti-zānǝnti ` they take care of somebody ' (themat. 2. Pl. paiti-zānatā ` you recognize, take up, absorb, take in '), Old Persian 3. Sg. Impf. a-dānā ` he knew ' (Indo Germanic *ĝn̥̄-nā-mi, besides enclitic *ĝn̥-nāmi in:) Avestan zanā-t̲, zanąn, afghan. pē-žanī `distinguishes, recognizes';
Armenian Aor. cancay `I recognize' (an-can ` unacquainted ') insecure basic form (to present *ĝn̥̄-nā-mi? or from *ĝen-? as:) canaut` `known';
Old Irish itar-gninim, asa-gninaim ` to taste, savor; to tas