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Part I
List of language abbreviations in the IED
Abbreviation Language name
Aeq. Aequian
Akk. Akkadian
Alan. Alanian (=Old Ossetic)
Alb. Albanian
Anat. Anatolian
Ang. Anglian
AngN Anglo-Norman
Aram.-Iran Aramaeo-Iranian
Ash. Ashkun
Ass. Assyrian
Auk. Aukshtaitian
Bactr. Bactrian
Bel. Belorussian
Br. British
Bret. Breton
BVan. Bas-Vannetais
CCl. Continental Celtic
Chak. Chakavian
Chor. Chorasmian
CIb. Celtiberian
Class. Skt. Classical Sanskrit
Co. Cornish
Corn. Cornouillais
Dac. Dacian
Dan. Danish
Dard. Dardic
Dzuk. Dzukian
EBl. East Baltic
EGm. East Germanic
EGmRun. East-Germanic Runic
El. Elymian
Elam. Elamite
Elam.-Iran. Elamo-Iranian
EMoBret. Early Modern Breton
EMoIr. Early Modern Irish
EMoW Early Modern Welsh
ESl. East Slavic
Faer. Faeroese
FriRun. Frisian Runic
Gal. Galindian
Gallo-Gk. Gallo-Gk. (in Gk. authors)
Gallo-Lat. Gallo-Latin (in Lat. authors)
Gaul. Gaulish
GaulG Gaulish in Greek letters
GaulL Gaulish in Lat. letters
Go. Gothic
Gr. Greek
Hebr. Hebrew
Hell. Hellenistic
Hi. Hindi
HVan. Haut-Vannetais
IE Indo-European
IIr. Indo-Iranian
InsCl. Insular Celtic
Iran. Iranian
It.-Cl. Italo-Celtic
Kajk. Kajkavian
Ken. Kentish
Khot. Khotanese (=Saka)
Lak. Lakonian
Lang. Langobardian
Latg. Latgalian
LAv. Late Avestan
LCo. Late Cornish
Lep. Lepontic
Liv. Livonian
LPBr. Late Proto-British
Lus. Lusitanian
Mac. Macedonian
MArm. Middle Armenian
Mars. Marsian
Maz. Mazanderani
Mcd. Macedonian
MCo. Middle Cornish
Med. Median
Merc. Mercian
MFr. Middle French
MIA Middle Indo-Aryan
MIA Middle Indo-Aryan
MIc. Middle Icelandic
Mit. Mitanni
MnLE Restsprachen east
MnLW Restsprachen west
MoArm. Modern Armenian
MoBret. Modern Bret.
MoCo. Modern Cornish
MoE Modern English
MoIA Modern Indo-Aryan
MoIc. Modern Icelandic
MoIr. Modern Irish
MoP Modern Persian
MoW Modern Welsh
MP Middle Persian
Mun. Munji
MW Middle Welsh
Myc. Mycenaean
NEIran. Northeast Iranian
NGm. North Germanic
NIA New Indo-Aryan
non-IE Non-IE languages
Nth. Northumbrian
Nur. Nuristani
NWGk. Northwestern Greek
NWIran. Northwest Iranian
OBr. Old British (i.e. names in Latin sources and inscriptions of the Dark Ages)
OBret. Old Breton
OCo. Old Cornish (Voc. Corn.)
OCS Old Church Slavonic
ODan. Old Danish
OERun. Old English Runic
OFri. Old Frisian
OFriRun. Old Frisian Runic
Og. Ogam Irish
OGt. Old Gutnish
OIA Old Indo-Aryan
OIran. Old Iranian (names in var. sources)
ONRun. Old Norse Runic
OP Old Persian
OPhr. Old Phrygian
Orm. Ormuri
ORu. Old Russian
ORun. Old Runic
Oss. Ossetic
OssD Digor
OssI Iron
OSWBr. Old South-West British
OW Old Welsh
P Proto- (can be prefixed to any language)
Pa. Pali
Paeon. Paeonic
Pal. Palaic
Pam. Pamir
Par. Parachi
Parth. Parthian
Pash. Pashto (=Afghan)
PFU Proto-Fenno-Ugric
Pis. Pisidic
Pkt. Prakrit
Plb. Polabian
Pol. Polish
PrIr. Primitive Irish
PRom. Proto-Romance
PSab. (Proto-)Sabellian ( = Osco-Umbrian)
PSamn. Presamnitic
PU Proto-Uralic
qIE quasi-Indo-European
Rosh. Roshani
Ru. Russian
RuCS Russian Church Slavonic
Sar. Sarikoli
Sarmat. Sarmatian
Sbn. Sabinian
SCr. Serbo-Croatian
SCS Serbian Church Slavonic
Scyth. Scythian
SEIran. Southeast Iranian
Sel. Selian
Sh. Shughni
Shtok. Shtokavian
Sic. Siculian
Sid. Sidetic
Skt. Sanskrit
Slc. Slovincian
Slk. Slovak
Sln. Slovene
Sogd. Sogdian
Sp. Spanish
SPic. South Picenian
SSl. South Slavic
Sum. Sumerian (non-IE)
SwG Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch)
SWIran. Southwest Iranian
Taj. Tajik
Thrac. Thracian
Treg. Tregorrois
Ukr. Ukrainian
Van. Vannetais
Vand. Vandal
Ved. Vedic
W Welsh
Wa. Wakhi
WBl. West Baltic
WS West-Saxon
WSl. West Slavic
Yagh. Yaghnobi
Yaz. Yazgulami
Yi. Yidgha
Zhem. Zhemaitian
Root / lemma: abhro-
English meaning: strong, mighty
Material:
Middle Irish Prefix abor- ` very much ', Welsh afr- ` very much ', Gothic abrs ` get strong, violent ', adv. abraba ` very much ', bi-abrjan ` before were astonished beside oneself ', Old Icelandic Prefix afar- ` very much ', Illyrian VN Α῎βροι, Thracian PN Α᾽βρο-.
Here maybe Gothic aba (n- stem) ` husband'.
References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.
See also: abh-
Page(s): 2
Root / lemma: abh-
English meaning: quick, abrupt
Note: alter r/n- stem
Material:
Gr. ἄφαρ ` straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently ', ἄφνω, ἄφνως `suddenly'.
Old Church Slavic abьje ` straight away, directly ', uncertain Old Indic ahnāya ` directly, straight away, instantly, speedily ' (rather to áhar, áhan- `day ' p. 7).
References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.
See also: abhro-
Page(s): 2
Root / lemma: abō(n)
English meaning: ape, *water demon
Note: (Celtic neologism). The animal introduced by traveling merchants can have been named by the Celts with the name of her aquatic demon (see above ab-).
Material:
Hes. ἀβράνας Κελτοὶ τοὺς κερκοπιθήκους is maybe ἀββάνας (Akk. Pl.), Old Norse api m. ` monkey ', Old Saxon apo, Old High German affo m., affa, affin f., Old English apa m. `monkey', Old Czech opice, Old Russian opica from Germanic
References: WP. I 51 f.
See also: compare ab-`water' and Schrader Reallex., Hoops Reallex. s. v. ape.
Page(s): 2-3
Root / lemma: ab-
English meaning: water, river
Material:
Hittite: hap(a)- ' river', Pal. hapnas, Luw. hapinni- (Tischler 159-160)
Latin amnis f., late m. c (*abnis), Old Irish ab (*aba) Gen. abae `river', besides abann, Welsh afon, Cornish Breton Auon, gall. brit. FlN Abona, Welsh afanc ` beaver, water demon, dwarf '
Middle Irish abac (*abankos) ` beaver, dwarf ',
Swiss -French avañ `pasture' (*abanko-)
Latvian FlN Abava.
References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, Feist 19a, 579a, GIPatSR. II 134.
See also: compare also āp-2 `water, river' and abō(n) `ape'.
Page(s): 1
Root / lemma: ades-, ados-
English meaning: sort of cereal
Grammatical information: n.
Material:
Hittite: hattar n. ' corn, grain ', Lyk. ẋʮʮase ' hay, fodder ' (Tischler 220)
Armenian: hat `grain'
Latin ador, -ō̆ris n. ` a kind of grain, spelt ', Gothic atisk (*ades-ko-) `sowing field', m.
Old High German ezzisca Pl. `sowing', Middle High German dial. Esch, Swiss dial. Aesch ` field entrance of a village ', Tocharian AB āti ` grass ' [B atiyo (f.pl.) `grass' (Adams 9)]
(differently Pedersen Tocharian 641). about gr. ἀθήρ ` an ear of corn ' see below andh-.
References: WP. I 45, Feist 61 a, anders WH. I 14.
Page(s): 3
Root / lemma: ad-1
English meaning: to, by, at
Material:
Phrygian αδ-δακετ `he brings about', Macedonian ἄδ-δαι ῥυμοί (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 69), Latin ad `to, with, in ', preverb and preposition, m. Akk., also Gen. atque, ac ` and in addition, and also, and ', Umbrian ap `in which place, in what place, where, when, after, since, although ' Umbrian ař- preverb, -ař ̌ postposition m. Akk. , Oscan adpúd ` as far as ', Oscan az ` to, toward ' preposition m. Akk ., Old Irish ad- preverb (e.g., ad-glādur `call upon, appeal to '), Welsh add-, gall. ad- prefix (e.g., MN Ad-iantū: Welsh addiant `longing', Admārus) Welsh â, with vowel ag `with' Germanic *at preverb and preposition mostly with `Dative' = Locative, rare m. Akk., Gothic at ` to, by ', Old Icelandic at ` to, by, against, after ', Old English æt, Old Saxon at, Old High German az ` to, by, in '.
zero grade:
ved. t-sárati ` creeps, creeps up ', Old High German zagēn (: Gothic *-agan `fear'), Old High German z-ougen, Middle High German zōugen, Old Saxon t-ōgian compared with Gothic at-augjan ` with raised up eyes, point, show '.
References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.
See also: Perhaps to ad-2.
Page(s): 3
Root / lemma: ad-2
English meaning: to establish, put in order
Material:
Umbrian arsie (*adio-) ` venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one ', arsmor (*admon) ` a form of religious observance, religious usage, ceremony, rite ', arsmatiam (*admatio-) ` relating to religious rites or ceremonies, ritual ', armamu ` you shall be ordered, set in order, arranged, adjusted, disposed, regulated ', Ařmune epithet of Jupiter to *ad- ` settle, order '
Old Irish ad n. `law', Pl. ada ` ceremonious customs ', from it Adj. `lawful', adas `proper', Welsh addas `suitable', eddyl (*adilo-) ` duty, purpose '.
Germanic *tila- ` suitable opportunity ' in:
Gothic til n., ga-tils ` suitably ', Old English til ` suitable, useful ', Old High German zil ` purpose ', preposition Old English Old Icelandic til ` to, for '.
References: WE. I 12, Devoto Mél. Pedersen 224.
Page(s): 3
Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro-
English meaning: water current
Material:
Avestan aδu ` water run, brook, canal ', Venetic-Illyrian FlN Ad(d)ua (Po), (*Aduli̯a) Attel (to Danube in Bavaria), Mons of Adula `St. Gotthard ' (probably named after the rivers streaming there), Upper Austrian FlN *Adra > Attersee, Attergau, FlN Adrana > Eder (Hessen), PN Adria in Venetien (afterwards mare Adriaticum), sizil. FlN Α᾽δρανός and Venetic-Illyrian name of Oder Οὐι-αδούας, further Latvian FlN Adula
References: Vasmer ZslPh. 8, 114 f., Pokorny Urill. 4, 70, 93, 109, 124.
Page(s): 4
Root / lemma: agh-(lo-)
English meaning: disgusting
Material:
Gothic agls `opprobrious, ignominious', agliÞa, aglō ` hardship ', us-agljan ` press ', Old English eg(e)le ` offensive, unwieldy, unfortunate ', eglan add ` pain ' (English ail ` be hurt; indisposed '), eglian ` to be felt painfully ', Middle Low German egelen ` cause grief ', Gothic aglus Adv. agluba ` δύσκολος, difficult ', aglaitei f. -i n. ` licentiousness, wanton violence, insolence, sexual offense ', Old High German agaleizi f.,-i n. ` discomfort; zeal ', agaleizo ` keen ' Old Saxon aglēto, agalēto Adv. ` sedulous, keen '.
Old Indic aghá- (=Avestan aɣō-) `nasty', n. ` horrible, damage ', aghalá- ` bad '.
Middle Irish ālad n. `wound' (*agloton), Middle Welsh aele(u) `painful', aeleu m. `pain' (*aglou̯-).
References: WP. I 41, Feist 15 a, Specht Dekl. 136, Loth RC. 38, 56.
Page(s): 8
Root / lemma: aghl(u)-
English meaning: rainy weather
Material:
Gr. ἀχλύ̄ς ` fog, darkness ', Old Prussian aglo n. `rain' (u- stem), Armenian *alj- in aɫjaɫj, aɫjamuɫjkh `darkness' (Meillet MSL. 10, 279).
References: WP. I 41. compare Petersen Aryan and Armenian Stud. 126.
Page(s): 8
Root / lemma: agh-
English meaning: to fear
Material:
Gr. ἄχος n. ` fear, pain, grief ', ἄχνυμαι, ἄχομαι ` grieving, sorrowing, mourning ' (Aor. ἥκαχε, ἠκαχόμην, Perf. ἀκάχημαι), ἀχεύων, ἀχέων ` mourning, groaning ', ἀκαχίζω `sadden', ἄχθος ` load, grief ' (* ἀχτος), ἀχθεσθαι ` to be loaded, be depressed '.
Maybe nasalized alb. ankth `fear'
Old English ege m. `fear', egisi-grima gl. ` ghost, spectre, evil spirit ', n. es- stem *agiz = gr. ἄχος `get a fright', Old High German egis-līh ' dreadful ', egisōn ` get a fright ', Gothic agis n. ` fear, anxiety, fright ', Old High German agiso, egiso m., egisa f. ` fear, fright figure ', Old English egesa m. ` fear ', Old Norse agi m. (-en- stem) 'Fear', Old High German egī, Middle High German ege f. ` fear, fright, punishment ', Gothic -agan in un-agands ` are not afraid ', af-agjan ` frighten', us-agjan ` frighten somebody ', ` in-agjan ` snub somebody ', preterit present Gothic ōg (ōgum) ` fears me ', ni ōgs ` fear nothing ' (old short vocal subjunctive *ōgiz), Old Norse ōa-sk ` be afraid ', Gothic ōgjan ` snub somebody ', Old Norse ægja `get a fright', ōgn f. ` fright ', ōtti m. ` fear ' Old English ōga f. ` fright '.
Old Irish ad-agor,-agur ` fear '
References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.
See also: hereupon belongs probably also: agh-(lo-)
Page(s): 7-8
Root / lemma: agos-
English meaning: fault, sin, *blood guilt
Material:
Old Indic ā́gas- n. `offence, injury, sin, fault', gr. ἄγος ` heavy guilt, blood guilt ', Old Indic ánāgas- ` innocent ', gr. ἀναγής ` innocent, guiltless '; ἀγής, ἐναγής ` curses ', ἄγιος μιαρός, Old English acan, ōc `hurt', English ache, ndd. äken ` hurt, fester, dent, blow ', Middle Dutch akel `grief, wrong, pity', Modern Frisian akelig, aeklig ` wretched, vehement '.
References: WP. I 38.
Page(s): 8
Root / lemma: agro- (egro-?)
English meaning: top, first, beginning
Material:
Old Indic ágra- n. `point, foremost point or part, tip, front ', agrē (Locative) `at the top, in front, ahead of ', also timewise `in the beginning, first', agrimá- `first, preceding, foremost ', Avestan aɣra- `first, uppermost after time space etc.', n. `beginning; the uppermost, point', Latvian agrs (Adj.) `early', agri Adv. `early, early on', agrums `the early morning',
Maybe alb. ag `dawn, the early morning', agull `dark, bad vision ',
Latin MN Agrippa from *agri-p(e)d- ` breech birth (one who causes great pain at his birth ', Old Indic ágra : Hittite ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur 'cliff summit, rock, crag '.
Maybe Agrianes Illyrian TN, Agron `Illyrian king'.
References: WP. I 38 f., Pedersen Hittite 183.
Page(s): 8-9
Root / lemma: agu̯(e)sī, aksī
English meaning: axe
Material:
Gothic aqizi, Old Norse øx, Old English acus, æx, Old Saxon acus, accus, Old High German achhus, accus, aches, Modern High German Axt, gr. ἰξός ` ax, hatchet ', Latin ascia ` ax of the carpenters '
Maybe alb. ashka `shavings, wood splinter'
References: WP. I 39, WH. I 71, Feist 54 b, Specht Dekl. 150, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4654.
Page(s): 9
Root / lemma: aĝh-
English meaning: plough animal
Material:
Old Indic ahī `cow', Avestan azī f. Adj. `pregnant' (from cows and mares), Middle Irish ag (s- stem) m., f. ` bovine animal, cow ', ag allaid 'deer' (actually, ` wild ox '), ál ` brood, throw ', (*aglo-) Welsh ael ds.
Middle Welsh aelaw ` abundance, fertility ', eilion (*agliones) ` fallow deer, horses ', Armenian ezn `bovine animal'?
References: WP. I 38, Loth RC. 38, 55.
Page(s): 7
Root / lemma: aĝro-s
See also: s. aĝ-
Page(s): 9
Root / lemma: aĝ-
English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle
Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.
Material: aĝō:
Old Indic ájati `drive', ajá- m. `a drove, troop; a driver'; ājí- m./f. `running match, combat', Avestan azaiti ` drive, lead away ', Armenian acem ` lead, bring ';
Maybe alb. Geg (*ἄγω), ago `leader, chief';
gr. ἄγω 'lead' (Aor. Aor. ἤγαγον, ἤξα are new), Latin agō ` to set in motion, drive, lead, negotiate ', Oscan Imperative actud = Umbrian aitu ` o set in violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge ', Oscan acum ` drive, urge ', Old Irish ad-aig ` to drive, bring, or take a person or thing to a place, of cattle ', Old Welsh agit, hegit, more recently ëyt (*agīti), Welsh Cornish Breton a (*aget) `goes',
t- Preterit:
Old Irish ro-da-acht ` driven away ', Welsh aeth (*ag-t) `to put in motion', Old Irish āin ` activity, play ' (from *agnis), gallo-rom. *and-agnis ` big step ', French andain ` swath, scythe slash ', Old French `wide step', Old Norse aka `driving', Old English ac `however, but, yet'
Tocharian B ak-, AB āk- `travel, lead'
to- participle:
gr. ἀκτός, Latin āctus ' put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted', *amb (i)-aktos, actually, ` sent around (: Old Irish imm-aig) messenger, servant ' in gall. (-Latin) ambactus ` vassal, slave ', Welsh amaeth ` servus arans '
from Celtic derives:
Gothic andbahts, Old High German ambaht ` servant ', from which the kinship with Modern High German Amt
As Indo Germanic Instrumental noun in-trā here:
Old Indic aṣ̌ṭrā `goad to drive the livestock ', Avestan aštrā ` whip, scourge '.
Maybe Tokharian: B āk n. `zeal' (Adams 35), AB āk- `lead, guide, drive' (36).
lengthened grade formations:
Old Indic ājí-ḥ m. f. `race, fight ', Middle Irish āg (Gen. āga, u- stem) `fight', āga, āige `leaders', compare also gall. PN Ago-mārus = Old Irish ágmar `warlike'; Com-āgius
Latin only in compounds: ambāgēs, around ` a roundabout way, winding. Hence, in speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity ', indāgēs and indāgo,-inis ` surrounding and driving of game ', co-āgulum ` a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet; the curdled milk; that which holds or binds together, a bond, tie '
Maybe alb. geg (*co-āgulum) klumësht `milk '
Old Indic samāja-ḥ `meeting, society'
gr. ἀγωγός `leading, leadingly ', ἀγωγή `guidance, management, freight', Hes. ὤγανα `spokes', στρατ-ηγός
o- stem:
ved. ajá-ḥ ̣ ` activity, train; driver ', gr. ἀγός ` leader, military leader ', στρατ-ᾱγός, Attic Ionian στρατ-ηγός 'military leader', λοχᾱγός (originally Doric) ` leader ', Latin prōdigo -igere -egi -actum `to drive forth; to spend, waste', prōd-igus `profuse, extravagant; rich, abounding in. Adv. prodige ' (from prōd-igere), abiga ` plant which has the power of producing abortion; ground-pine ' (` close to miscarriage ' from ab-igere = ἀπάγω, Old Indic apa-ájati ` to drive away, drive off ').
i̯o- stem:
Irish aige `race', Old Indic in pr̥tanājyam `competition'.
aĝmn̥, aĝmos:
Old Indic ájman- n. ` road, train ', ájma-ḥ ds. (however, jman, pari-jman-, pr̥thu-jman-, jma-yā́- s. ĝhÞem- ` earth '), Latin agmen ` a driving movement or a mass in (orderly) movement, a stream, band, train; esp. milit., an army on the march ' (to neologism agō for *ammen), exāmen ` a swarm; a throng, crowd, shoal. (2) the tongue of a balance; testing, consideration '; then ` to check, to weigh; to consider ' (from *agsmen), ammentum (*agmen-to-m) ` in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with throw straps '
gr. ὄγμος ` field furrow, road of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing '.
lo- stem:
Old Indic ajirá- ` quick, nimble ', Latin agilis ` flexible, nimble ' is a neologism
gr. ἀγέλη ` herd, crowd ', Latin agolum ` shepherd's stick '.
Gr. ἀγών ` race, competition '; ἄγυια 'street' (part. Perf.), from which about newer *ἄγεια Latin agēa ' a gangway in a ship'; lak. Cretan ätol. ἀγνέω ` leads, brings ', ep. Ionian ἀγῑνέμεναι, ἀγῑνέω ds.
Latin rēmex, rēmigāre, rēmigium, lītigāre ` a rower, oarsman ' and other verbs in -(i)gāre. - Presumably Latin indigitēs ` the local divinities and heroes ' (indigitāre ` a divinity call ', indigitāmenta 'invocation formulae'), as *end(o)-aget- ` the indigenous, native '.
formation development to 'to weigh' (from ` bring in oscillation ') in:
Latin exagium ` a weighing, weight; a balance ', exigere [ex + ago] 'to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take out, expel: -- To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider': among other things ` weigh, measure ', exāctus ` precise, accurate, exact ', exiguus ` strict, exact, scanty, small, little, petty, short, poor, mean, inadequate, inconsiderable, paltry ', exīlis (*ex-ag-slis) ` strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor ', exāmen (see above), agīna ` the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves ' (formation as for example coquīna).
gr. ἄγειν also `weigh' (with Akk. of the weight), ἄξιος `weighing as much, of like value, worth as much as' (from *ἄκτιος, on the grounds of *ag-ti-s `weight', actually:) ` from suitable weight ', hence, ` worth, solemnly ', ἀντάξιος 'worth just as much as, equally'.
Latin acnua, āctus quadrātus ` a field measure of 120 feet in the square ', actūtum 'straight away, immediately, forthwith ', agāsō `footman, driver, hostler ', agō, -ōnis `of the priests killing the sacrificial animal' (from agere in meaning ` sacrifice'), agōnium ` a victim, beast for sacrifice '.
Here maybe gall. exacum ` the herb centaury ' if prescribed for *exagum (= *exago-` pure-craving '). But better to *ak̂- ` sharp ', see there.
Further belong here:
aĝes-, ak̂s . . . ` (fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder ':
Old Indic ákṣ̌a-ḥ ` axis', gr. ἅξων ds., ἅμ-αξα `carriage, wagon', Latin axis 'axis', Lithuanian ašìs, Old Prussian assis, Old Church Slavic osъ f. ds .
Old High German ahsa, Modern High German Achse, Old English eax ds ., Old Norse ǫxull (from Proto German *ahsulaz) 'axis', Middle Irish ais 'axis' (*aksi-lā in Welsh echel f. 'axis', Breton ahel).
Latin āla `shoulder', from which the usual meaning `wing', from *agslā (compare Diminutive axilla `armpit') = Old Norse ǫxl, Old English eaxl, Old High German ahsala, Modern High German Achsel, Dutch oksel ds.
without l- formant:
Old High German uochisa, Middle High German uohse, üehse, Old High German uochsana, Old English ōxn `armpit', Old Norse ōst f., ōstr m. `Cervical pit', Old English ōcusta, ōxta m., English oxter `armpit', av ašayạ̄ Gen. Du. ` of both shoulders ', Armenian anut` ` shoulder pit ' (at first from *asnut`).
Maybe German Achsel : Latin axilla; ala; ascilla; ascella : Italian ascella : Spanish axial : French aisselle : Calabrese ma-scidda; sciddra; titiddra; titilla : Albanian Geg sqetlla, Tosc sqetull ` armpit '.
common Calabrese -ll-> -dd- : Sardinian -ll-> -dd-.
aĝ-rā ` rush, hunt ', aĝ-ro-s ` driving, rushing ':
Old Indic in ghasē-ajra- ` to drive consuming, exciting appetite ', Avestan (vehr-kąm) azrō-daiδīm ` doing the hunt, outgoing on prey (she-wolf) ', gr. ἄγρᾱ, Ionian ἄγρη ` hunt, catch ', πάναγρος ` catching everything, catching ', κρεάγρα ` meat tongs ', πυράγρα ` tongs ', ποδάγρα ` prostration, enuflection ', Μελέαγρος originally name of a ` demon which as a quick-tempered fever seizes the limbs ' (?), ἀγρεύς ` hunter ', ἀγρεύω ` catch '; but ἀγρέω ` take ' according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7271 from *ἁ-γρο-;
Irish ār n. ` defeat ' (*agron) ` battle, fight ' (*agrā), actually, ` rush ', Old Cornish hair ` destruction, injury, mischief, harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity ', Old Breton airou PI. ` an overthrow, destruction, ruin, defeat, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage ', gall. VN Veragri ` the immense combatants '.
Maybe Illyrian Agron PN.
aĝ-ro-s ` field, camp '
Old Indic ájra-ḥ `surface, camp, fields ' (without respect on agriculture), gr. ἀγρός ` field, land ' (in contrast to town), Latin Umbrian ager `field', Gothic (etc.) akrs, Old High German ackar, ahhar, Modern High German Acker (Acker and Old English æcer also a certain land measure, ` so much a bottom plate can oxen plow during one day '), Armenian art 'field' (with puzzling t about *atgr-, *atr-, see Pedersen KZ. 39, 352; thereof artak's ` out ', prefix arta-` from').
Old Indic ajríya- ` located in the plain ' = gr. ἄγριος ` on the field, outside growing or living, wildly '; ἀγρότερος ` wildly living ', Latin agrestis ` a countryman, peasant, rustic, rural, crude '. (about Gothic akran, German Eckern ` beechnut ', however, see below *ōg- `grow'.)
Maybe alb. egër `wild, rural, crude', Illyrian TN Agrianes.
References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112.
Page(s): 4-6
Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s
Meaning: `lamb'
Note: (z. T. also *agʷnos?)
Material:
alb. Geg kinxhi, Tosc (*ḫengh-) qengji `lamb' common alb. h- > k- in alb. similar to Old Icelandic hunang, Old Swedish hunagh n., Old English hunig, Old Saxon honig, Old High German honag, honang `honey' : alb. qengjë `beehive' not a Germanic loanword. See Root / lemma: kenǝkó- : gold; honey, yellowish
gr. ἀμνός m. f., ἀμνή f. `lamb';
Latin agnus, - ī, fem.-a `lamb' (agnīle `sheep stable', lacking suffix affinity with Old Church Slavic jagnilo ` place where the sheep lamb ', a derivative of the verb jagniti `to lamb')
Vowel stretch:
From an Illyrian abbreviated root an (*an < * agnos)
Old Irish ūan, Welsh oen, Old Cornish oin, Breton oan `lamb', Old English ēanian, English to yean `to lamb', Dutch oonen ds. (from *aunōn from *auna- = Indo Germanic *agʷhno-)
Old Church Slavic (j)agne ̨ `lamb' (with formants -et- broadened around popular names of young animals), (j)agnьcь `lambkins' contain full gradation.
Umbrian habina(f) ` of a lamb ' = Latin haedīnus `of a kid', Latin agninus `of a lamb; f. as subst., lamb's flesh', Latin avillus `lambkin' (*agʷhnelos)
References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.
Page(s): 9
Root / lemma: ai-dh-, i-dh-, nasalized i-n-dh-
English meaning: to burn
Material:
Hittite: is(sa)na- c. ' dough ' (Tischler 406-407)
Tokharian: B isćem ' clay, brick ' (Adams 67)
Old Indian: íṣṭakā f. `brick '
Avestan: ištya- n. ` tile, brick; building block '
Other Iranian: OPers. išti-, Pers. xišt
Nasalized:
Old Indic inddhḗ ` inflamed, is aroused ' (pass. idhyáte, Perf. īdhḗ, part. Perf. Pass iddhá-ḥ), indhana-m ` lighting '.
Gr. αἴθω ` lights, burns ' (αἰθόμενος), αἴθων, αἶθοψ ` igneous, sparkling ', ἰθαίνεσθαι θερμαίνεσθαι Hes., hylleisch αἰδῶσσα αἴθουσα ` to light up, kindle '; changing by vowel gradation κακ-ιθής Hes. 'ravenously' (W. Schulze KZ. 29, 269 = Kl. Schr. 329).
Maybe alb. (*δῶσσα) ndez ` to light up, kindle '.
o-Grade:
gr. αἶθος m. `fire' (αἰθός `burntly') = Old Indic ēdha-ḥ ̣m. `firewood' = Old English ād
Old High German Middle High German eit m. ` glow, pyre '
zero grade probably:
Norwegian Swedish id ` leuciscus idus ' (a bright carp kind), Modern High German dial. aitel ` leuciscus cephalus'
gall. VN Aedui, Old Irish áed `fire', Latin aedēs ` a dwelling of the gods, a sanctuary, a temple ', originally ` the domestic stove ', also aedis = Macedonian ἄδις ἐσχάρα Hes.
From the verbal adjective in -to- derived:
Latin aestās, - ātis `warm season, summer ' (from *aisto-tāt-, Indo Germanic *aidh-to-); aestus, - ūs (from *aidh-tu-) `heat, glow, surf', aestuāre ` cook, surge, roar ';
Old Germanic MN Aistomōdius (` with quick-tempered courage '), Old English āst f. `dried stove', English oast `drying room, drying loft'.
r- formants:
gr. αἰθήρ `the upper air' (Macedonian ἀδῆ), αἴθρα `the cheerful sky' (Macedonian ἀδραιά), αἴθριος `brightly, cheerfully (from the weather)', for what changing by vowel gradation ἰθαρός 'cheerfully'
Old Indic vīdhrá- (=vi-idh-rá́-) ds.
l- formants:
gr. αἰθάλη, αἴθαλος `soot', Macedonian ἄδαλος; under acceptance of a development from `shining, appearing' ` too apparently ', Old English īdel `vain, pointless, trifling', Old High German ītal, Modern High German eitel.
On Indo Germanic *aidh-lo- is based:
Germanic ail- in:
Old English ǣlan `burn', āl n. `flame', Old English ǣled m., Old Icelandic eldr (Gen. elds) ` fire, flame '.
Vowel stretch:
From Old English ǣled are borrowed:
Welsh aelwyd, Breton oaled ` from fire, stove ', Middle Irish āel `lime'
However, Germanic and Celtic words could also be formed directly by the root 4. 4. ā̆i- with -lo-suffix.
s-formants:
es-stem:
gr. αἴθος n. `glow, fire' = Old Indic ḗdhas- n. `firewood'.
Continuing formation:
Old Icelandic eisa f. (*aidh-s-ōn) `fire', Norwegian `Hearth', Middle Low German ēse f. `chimney, fire stove ', Old High German essa ' chimney, hearth ' see below ā̆s- ` burn ', Avestan aēsma m. `firewood' (*aidh-s-mo-, compare without s Old Indic idhmá-ḥ m. ds.), Lithuanian íesmė `firewood', Lithuanian aistrà f. ` passion '
Old Czech niestějě (fem. Pl.) ` stove ', later nístěj
Note:
The íe- > nie- shift is of Uralic origin
zero grades *idh-s-to- in:
slov. istė́je, stė́je Pl. ` stove hole ', Old Indic iṣ̌ṭakā ` of burnt bricks ', Avestan ištya- n. ` brick, (baked brick) '.
To *indh- goes back:
alb. Geg idhunɛ, Tosc idhëtë, hidhur `bitter', Tosc idhɛrím `bitterness, anger, irritation', hį̄dhitë, hithra Pl. `nettle' (Jokl studies 29). (common alb. Tosc dh- > th- shift)
Note:
Alb. and gr. are the only IE languages to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- .
References: WP. I 5, WH. 15, 20, 843, Trautmann 3, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 347.
Probably to ā̆i-4.
Here also belongs aisk-, if originated from aidh-s-k- .
Page(s): 11-12
Root / lemma: aid-
English Meaning: ` swell '
See also: s. oid-.
Page(s): 11
Root / lemma: aig-1, nasalized ing-
English meaning: disspirited, sick, ill
Material:
Alb. kë-ék, keq `nasty, bad, evil' [common alb. old laryngeal ḫ- > k- shift similar in Uralic]
Latin aeger, aegra, -um, aegrotus ` unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble ', Old Norse eikenn dismays ` wild, furious ', (influenced by common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), Old English ācol ` excited, dismayed ', New Norwegian eikja, eikla ` continually with attacks, contradictions, assertions torment ', eikjen `argumentative'.
Tocharian В aik(a)re (= Latin *aegro-), A ekro `ill';
nasalized: *ing-:
Lithuanian ìngis `lounger, idler ', ìngas and angùs ` idle, sluggish '; Latvian îgstu, îgt ` have internal pain, be sullen, morose ', îgnêt ` have disgust ', îgnis ` sullen person ', Lithuanian éngti ` choke, torment ', Old Church Slavic jędza `illness', nslov. jeza `rage', poln. jędza ` fury, witch ' (`gruff, sullen'), Czech jezinka `forest woman', Russian bába jagá `witch'.
Old Icelandic ekki `pain, grief ' = Old English inca ` pain, suspicion, quarrel ', Old Frisian inc (d. i. jinc) `angry', Modern English inkle `anticipate, foresee ', inkling ` whispering, notion, indication, sign '.
References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.
Page(s): 13
Root / lemma: aig-2
English meaning: oak
Material:
Gr. αἰγίλωψ ` an oaken kind ' (see below), presumably also κράτ-αιγος, κρατ-αιγών ` an uncertain type of tree ' (possibly `hard oak').
The outcome from αἰγίλωψ appears λώψ λώψ χλαμύς Hes., compare . λωπίον, λώπη, λοπός ` bowl, bark ' and Plin. n. h. 16, 6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo, verum et e ramis dependentes, Kretschmer Gl. 3, 335.
Old Norse eik (conservative stem) f. `oak', Old Saxon ēk, Old English āc (English oak), Old High German eih, Middle High German eich, eiche, Modern High German Eiche ` oak '
All other cognates are dubious: gr. ἄιγῑρος (more properly than αἴγειρος, s. Fick BB. 30, 273) possibly 'aspen' could be created as ' tree trembler, (*oak shaker) ' also derivative like οἰκτί̄ρω from *αἰγί̄ρω ` swing, tremble ' (: *aig- ` move violently ');
Latin aesculus `(mountain oak), the winter or Italian oak ' (*aig-sklos?) is still unclear after its formation, maybe Mediterranean word.
Vowel stretch:
Maybe alb. (*aich) ahi, ahu ` beech ' common alb. -j- > -h- similar to alb. (*kraj) > krahu ` arm '.
References: WP. 110, WH. I 20, 844, Specht KZ. 68, 195 f. S. unten S. 18 Z. 1/2.
Page(s): 13
Root / lemma: aig-3
English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate
Material:
Old Indic ējati ` stirs, moves, trembles ', ējathu-ḥ ̣ ` the quake of the earth ', vic̨vamējaya- ` making everything shake ', nasal present iŋgati, iŋgate ` stirs, moves ', Causative iŋgáyati ` sets in motion, touches, shakes ', udiŋgayati ` swings ', samiŋgayati ` sets in shaking movement ' (form relation like between αἴθω: Old Indic indhate);
Gr. here very probably αἶγες τα κύματα. Δωριεῖς Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2, 12: και γὰρ τὰ μεγάλα κύματα αἶγας ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ λέγομεν), αἰγιαλός 'strands' (probably from arise the connection ἐν αἰγι ἁλόs ` in the surf of the sea '; differently Bechtel Lexil. 16), αἰγίς ` gale, storm cloud; the shield of Zeus' (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus, 'thunderstorm shield'), καταιγίς ` gust of wind moving down suddenly ' from καταιγίζειν ` storm, attack down, drive off ' (from πνοαὶ ῎Αρεος, ἄνεμοι, θάλασσα), ἐπαιγίζειν ` attack near, thrust near '; probably also αἰγανέη 'lance' (on the grounds of *αἴγανον ` the catapults ' or 'projectile'); presumably also αἴγλη 'shine', from the flickerof the light and the warm air to the south; common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-
in addition Germanic name of the squirrel:
Old High German eihhurno, eihhorn
Middle High German eichorn (Modern High German Eichhorn with support of Eiche `oak' and Horn `horn'
Old English ācweorna,-wern
Middle Low German ēkeren, ēkhorn
Old Norse īkorne
New Norwegian also eikorne
Old Swedish ēkorne (was based on the concept ` flexible, swinging itself from branch to branch '; in earliest with one to *u̯er-, u̯ēu̯er- ` squirrel, weasel ' the belonging second limb: *aik-werna)
Old Church Slavic igrъ, igra ` play ', igrati, perfective vъzigrati ` hop, jump, dance '
References: WP. I 11, Trautmann 103.
Page(s): 13-14
Root / lemma: aiĝ-
English meaning: goat
Material:
Gr. αἴξ, - γός 'nanny goat'
Armenian aic 'nanny goat'
zero grade:
Avestan izaēna- ` of leather ' (actually, ` of goatskin ' as gr. αἴγειος, compare the same importance relations with *aĝo- ` goat ').
Note:
Vowel stretch:
Avestan izaēna- ` of leather '
References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.
Page(s): 13
Root / lemma: aigʷh-
English meaning: to be ashamed
Material:
Old English ǣwan 'despise', 'be disgusted'
Middle Low German eichelen, ēchelen, ēgelen (from *aiwilōn)
Middle High German ekeln 'be disgusted'
Gr. αἶσχος n. `disgrace' (from *aigʷh-s-kos, k- derivative of a s- stem *aigʷhes-, as:)
Gothic aiwiski n. `disgrace, embarrassment '
Gr. αἰσχύνη `shame, sense of honor, disgrace', αἰσχύνω `dishonor, violate, disfigure', med. `avoids me, is ashamed of me', αἰσχρός `ignominious, full of disgrace; rebarbative'
Gothic unaiwisks `unharmed', aiwiskōn act `shameful'
Old English ǣwisc(e) n. `disgrace, offense', Adj. `shameless'
Middle Low German eisch `nasty, hideous'
nnd. eisk, aisch `revolting, rebarbative'.
References: WP. I 7, Feist 30.
Page(s): 14
Root / lemma: aik-
English meaning: to call (?)
Material:
Gr. αἰκάζει καλεῖ Hes.
Latvian aîcinât ` load, shout '.
But καλεῖ can be prescribed for αἰκάλλει `flatters', and aîcinât can be explained as a derivative from aĩ `hears!' (compare vaicāt `ask' to vai).
References: WP. I 8, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 12.
Page(s): 15
Root / lemma: ai-2 (*avi-2 )
English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm
Material:
present *(a)i-neu-mi :
Old Indic inóti, ínvati, Imperative inuhí, participle -inita- (úpenita- ` pushed, cut into '), ` penetrate into something, master '
Avestan inaoiti, Infinitive aēnaŋhe ` violate, hurt ', ainita (from *an-inita by haplology) ` not violated, not painedly '
from Old Indic énas- n. ` Crime, sin, misfortune '
= Avestan aēnah- ` act of violence, crime ', in addition m. ' evildoer'?
Maybe Slavic vina ` guilt, blame '
Avestan intay-` rape, injury; torture '
Old Indic iná- `strong; m. master ', maybe also īti-ḥ f. `plague, need'
gr. αἰνός `tremendous'
Maybe alb. inat ` anger ' an Avestan loanword.
maybe here-in- in Gothic faír-ina `guilt, reproach'
Old High German firinōn `sin'
Old Icelandic firn n. Pl. `the extraordinary' (compare Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning ` act of violence '.
References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.
Page(s): 10
Root / lemma: ai-3,
English meaning: to give
Material:
Gr. (*aimmai > ainumai) αἴνυμαι `take, pack, touch', only present and imperfect tense.
Venetic MN Aimos, Illyrian MN Aetor.
Note: Identical Avestan = Illyrian = Latin -ae- vowel stretch
Latin ae-mulus ` emulous, rivalling; in bad sense, jealous. M. or f. as subst., a rival, esp. in love ', probably as ` reaches for something ' (Frisk Eranos 41, 53).
Tocharian В ai-, А е-, infinitive В aitsi, А essi `give'; Hittite pa-a-i ` he gives ', 3. Pl. pí(-ia)-an-zi with preverb pe- `there'.
Note:
common Hittite vowel stretch:
Hittite pa-a-i ` he gives '
References: Pedersen Groupement 20, Hittitisch 115, Tocharisch 227; Frisk Indo-Germanic 10 f.
See also: Here belongs certainly: ai-ti-, ai-to-
Page(s): 10-11
Root / lemma: ai-5 : oi-
English meaning: important speech
Material:
Hittite: hanna- (II) ' entscheiden, richten ' (Tischler 146 ff); red. hanhanija- ' tadeln (?) ' (Tischler 148-149)
Tokharian: A, B en- ' unterweisen '
Old Greek: an-ái̯nomai̯ `leugnen, sich weigern ' , a^i̯no-s m. `Rede, Lobrede ' , ái̯nǟ `Ruhm ' , ai̯néō `rühmlich erwähnen, loben, preisen ' , ai̯níssomai̯, att. -ttomai̯ `dunkel, in Rätseln sprechen '
Gr. αἴνημι, αἰνέω `praises', αἴνος m., αἴνη f. `significant speech, praise'; αἰνίσσομαι `talks in riddles', common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; αἰνιγμα n. `dark speech' (however, ἀν-αίνομαι `says no, deny' -i̯o- appears derivative of the negation ἀν-);
vowel gradation:
Middle Irish ōeth m. `oath'
Old Welsh anutonou Pl., gl. ` the perjured, the perfidious '
Modern Welsh anudon `perjury, act of lying under oath'
= Gothic aiÞs m.
Old Icelandic eiðr
Old English āÞ
Old Saxon ēđ
Old High German eid m. `oath' (probably Celtic loanword).
References: WP. I 2, 103, Osthoff ВB. 24, 208 f.
Page(s): 11
Root / lemma: ai-rā
English meaning: a k. of grass
Material:
Old Indic ērakā ` a grass kind '
gr. αἶρα ` weed in the wheat, ryegrass, darnel ' αἰρικός, αἴρινος ` from ryegrass, darnel '
Latvian aĩres, aĩrenes ' ryegrass, darnel '.
Vowel stretch:
alb. (*eiira > *egira) egjër, egjra `Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel'
References: WP. I 12, Specht Dekl. 2061.
Page(s): 16
Root / lemma: aisk-
English meaning: bright, shining
Material:
Awnord. eiskra ` rage before hot excitement '
Modern Icelandic iskra also from burning pain.
Lithuanian áiškus
zero grade:
Old Lithuanian iškùs `clear, bright '
Russian dial. jáska, diminutive jásočka ` bright star '
Old Bulgarian jasno Adv. `clear, bright, distinct'
Russian jásnyj `light, clear, bright' from *aiskno-
poln. jaskry, jaskrawy `blinding, dazzling, brilliant ' from *aiskro-
Old Bulgarian iskra ` spark ' etc. from *iskrā.
Here the FlN Modern High German Aisch (Bavaria), Eysch(en) (Luxembourg)
Modern English Axe from Celtic or Venetic-Illyrian *Aiskā.
References: WP. I 2, Trautmann 4, Pokorny Urill. 70, 113, M. Förster Themse 839.
See also: perhaps originated from *aidh-sk- , or from *ai-sk- in ā̆i-4.
Page(s): 16-17
Root / lemma: ais-1
English meaning: to wish for, search for
Material:
Hittite: isijahh- (I) ' anzeigen, ankündigen ' (fact.) (Tischler 395-396 with criticism)
Old Indian: eṣati, -te `to seek, search ' , iccháti `to strive, seek for, desire, wish ' , iṣyate `to be wished or liked ' , éṣa- `seeking ' , m. `act of seeking or going after ' , eṣá- m. `wish, option ' ; is-̣ (in comp.) `seeking for ' ; ī̆ṣma- m. `name of Kāmadeva, god of love '
Avestan: išaiti `sucht ' ; isaiti (*is-sk ' ō); iš (2. Zs.-Glied) `suchend, strebend nach ' , f. `Wunsch, Gegenstand des Wunsches '
Armenian: aich `Untersuchung '
Old Greek: hī́mero-s m. `Sehnsucht, Liebessehnsucht, Liebe ' , hīméi̯rō `sich sehnen, verlangen ' '
Slavic: *jīskātī; *jīskā `Wunsch '
Baltic: *ei^šk-ā^- (1) vb.
Germanic: *aisk-ō- vb., *aisk=
Latin: aeruscāre `betteln, bitten '
Other Italic: Umbr eiscurent `arcessierint '
Old Indic ḗšati ` seeks, searches ', ēṣ̌á-ḥ m. ` wish, choice ', anv-iṣ̌áti ` looks for
= Avestan išaiti ` wishes '
Old Indic iccháti (*is-sk̂ō) ` looks, wishes, strives, seeks for, desires'
= Avestan isaiti ds.
Old Indic icchā ` wish ', iš ̣ (2. compound part) ` searching, striving after '
= Avestan iš ds., f. ` wish, the object of the wish '
Old Indic iṣ̌ta- ` desiredly ' ī̆ṣ̌má- m. ` name of Kāmadeva, god of love '
Armenian aic̣ (*ais-sk̂ā) `investigation'
Umbrian eiscurent (Bugge KZ. 30, 40) `they will have caused to come, called, sent for, invited, summoned, fetched ' (probably as *eh-iscurent ' they will have driven out, pushed forth, thrusted out, taken out, expelled ')
Latin aeruscāre `to beg, to get money by going about and exhibiting tricks of legerdemain, to play the juggler ' as *aisos-k̂o- `demanding '
Avestan imperative išasā `longs for' (-esk̂o- besides -sk̂o-: isaiti `wishes')
Old High German eiscōn ` research, ask, demand
Modern High German heischen `demand' with h after heissen `hot'
Old Saxon ēscōn, ēscian `demand'
Old English āscian, āxian ` try, demand, ask'
Old High German eisca `demand'
Old English æsce f. `investigation';
in Balto-Slavic with non-palatal k of the present suffix-skō (towards Aryan Armenian -sk̂-), what is not to be explained byy borrowing from Germanic:
Lithuanian íeškau, ieškóti `look'
Latvian iẽskât ` to delouse '
Old Church Slavic iskǫ (and ištǫ), iskati `look', iska `wish'.
References: WP. I 12, WH. 19, Trautmann 67.
Page(s): 16
Root / lemma: ais-2
English meaning: to be in awe, to worship
Material: Old High German ēra
Modern High German Ehre
Old English ār ` relief, considerate treatment, honour, luck '
Old Norse eir ` considerate treatment, peace, also name of the medicine goddess '
Old High German ērēn, ērōn ` honor, spare, betake '
Old English ārian ` honor, spare, betake '
Old Norse eira 'spare'
Oscan aisusis Abl. Pl. `sacrifices'
Marrucinian aisos D. Pl. ` gods'
Paelignian aisis ` gods '
Volscan esaristrom ` sacrifice '
Umbrian esono- ` divine, sacred '
d- extension:
gr. αἴδομαι (from *aiz-d-) ` shies, reveres ', αἰδώς, -οῦς ` reverence, shyness, shame ', αἰδέομαι (*αἰδέσ-ομαι) `αἴδομαι'
Gothic aistan, -aida ` avoid, pay attention '
zero grade:
Old Indic īḍḗ ` reveres, praises, implores '.
References: WP. I 13, WH. I 20, 419, 844; Feist 28 a, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 882.
Page(s): 16
Root / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to-
English meaning: part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion, cut, contribution
Material:
Vowel stretch:
Avestan aēta- ` the proper part '(' punishment '; dual ` guilt and punishment ')
Gr. αἶσα (* αἰτι̯α) ` interest, destiny ', hom. ἴσα, better ἴσσα ` the proper interest ', ἰσσασθαι κληροῦσθαι. Λέσβιοι Hes.; αἴσιος ` promising good talent, favorabe ', αἴσιος ` certain from the destiny, proper ', ἀναισιμόω ` apply, use, consume ', αἰσυμνάω ` dispenses justice, it rules '; διαιτάω (maybe dissimilated from *διαιτιάω) ` be a referee, leads; divide (the way of) life = leads a certain way of life; prescribe a certain measure in food and drinking ', hence, δίαιτα ' referee's office ' and ` life-style, life arrangement ', ἔξαιτος ` well-chosen, particular '.
Oscan Gen. aeteis `partis', aíttíúm `portionum'
Gr. αἴτιος ` responsible, guilty ' (τ after αἰτέω), from which later αἰτία ` guilt, cause '; also αἰτέω, αἰτίζω 'demands' as ` requires his interest ';
vowel gradation:
gr. οἶτος m. 'Destiny'
Old Irish āes n., Welsh oes f. ` period, age ' from *ait-to-, Old Irish āes m. 'People' from *ait-tu-, Welsh oed m. 'Age' from *aito.
References: WP. I 2, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II, 82 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 4213, 6969, 7057.
Page(s): 11
Root / lemma: ai-tro-
English meaning: [bitter, sharp]
Material:
Lithuanian aitrùs ` bitterly, harsh ', aitrà f. `sharpness' (also figurative)
the nasal formation *intro- :
Old Bulgarian ob-ętriti `set on fire '
Belorussian zajátřič `anger'
Ukrainian roz-jatrýti ša `fester'.
References: WP. I 3, Berneker 269.
See also: perhaps in ā̆i-4.
Page(s): 17
Root / lemma: aiu̯-, ai̯u-
Meaning: `vital energy, vitality'
Material:
Vowel stretch:
Old Indic ā́yu- n., a nominalized adjective to āуú- ` flexibe, active '; āyú-ḥ m. ` Genius of the vitality ', thereof derived s-stem ā́yuḥ n., Gen. āyušaḥ ` vitality ' (*ā́iu̯os, Gen. *ai̯us-és); n-stem in the locative. āyuni, Instrumental āyunā; yúh ̣` vitality '
Avestan āyū n. 'Life span', Gen. yaoš, dat. yavōi, Instrumental yavā, of it yavaētāt- ` duration ', yavaējī- ` living always '; yuš m. 'Life span'
Gr. s-stem:
Cypriot υFαις ζαν (= διὰ βίου); locative without suffix. Laconian αἰές 'always'; hom. αἰεί, Attic ἀεί (*αιFεσι), Akk. Attic αἰῶ (*αιFοσα); Dative-Locative without extension in Ionian αἰί, Lesbian ἄι (*αιFι) (afterwards ἀί̄διος 'forever', δην-αιός 'long-living'); n-stem: αἰών m. (and f. after αἰώς) ` vitality, life span ', αἰέν 'always';
alb. eshë ` period of time; span; space; stretch; lapse ' from *aiu̯esi̯ā (Jokl L.-k. U. 34);
Latin o-stem aevus m. and aevum n. `eternity, age, time, lifetime, or time of life, a period of life '; however, are based aetas f. 'age: of human life, either a lifetime or time of life, age, a period of time, epoch', old aevitas ` lifetime| age| generation; period; stage| period of life| time| era'
Oscan Gen. aítateís, Akk. aítatúm, Paelignian Abl. aetatu ` age, time of life '
Latin aeternus ` of an age, lasting, enduring, permanent, endless, forever' in adverbial *aiu̯i.
o-stem:
Gothic aiws m. ` time, eternity, world ';
i- stem:
Gothic adverbial aiw (*aiu̯i)
= Old Icelandic æ, ei (also in ei-gi 'not')
Old English ā, ō
Old High German io ` ever, always '
Vowel stretch:
Maybe alb. (*ō) jo `not, no' (common alb. -slav. j- prefix.
Gothic ni aiw 'never'
Old High German neo, nio
Modern High German nie
Old English n-ā, English no ` not, no ';
Old Icelandic lang-ǣr =
Latin longaevus ` of great age, aged, ancient '
i-stem:
Old Icelandic ǣfi, ǣvi f. (*aiu̯i-) ` life, age '
ā-stem:
Old High German ēwa f. ` time, eternity '
Old High German ēwidō 'eternity', ēwīg 'forever'
Gothic aju-k-dūÞs f. `eternity' from *ajuki- (= Old English ēce `forever'), with Indo Germanic g-suffix + Indo Germanic-tūti;
Tocharian A āym- `mind, life' whose -m- attributed to āñm- ` life '.
References: WP. I 6, WH. I 21, EM. 21, Feist 30, 32, Benveniste BSL 38, 103 ff, Dumézil BSL 39, 193, Specht KZ. 68, 196, Dekl. 88 ff., Van Windekens 15.
See also: From this derived *i̯uu̯en- (i̯eu̯-3) 'young'; Specht also wants very much risquély be put in addition *aig-, oak ' (= ` vitality '?).
Page(s): 17-18
Root / lemma: ai 1
Meaning: `exclamation'
Material:
Old Indic ē exclamation of remembering, address, compassion;
Old Indic ai the same; ayi interjection with the vocative;
Avestan āi interjection of the phone call (before the vocative);
gr. αἴ, αἶ, αἰαἶ exclamation of the surprise, of astonishment or pain (thereof αἰάζω ` sighs, deplores ', αἴαγμα 'sigh');
Lithuanian aĩ and ái ` oh! blows! ' and before vocatives.
References: WP. I 1, WH. I 396, Benveniste Origines 130 f.
See also: see also *aik-.
Page(s): 10
Root / lemma: ai̯os-
Meaning: `metal (copper; iron)'
Material:
Vowel stretch:
Old Indic áyas- n.
Avestan ayaŋh- n. `metal, iron';
Latin aes, g. aeris
Gothic aiz (proto Germanic *a(i̯)iz- = Indo Germanic *ai̯es-) ` copper ore, and the alloy of copper, bronze. Transf., anything made of bronze; a vessel, statue, trumpet, kettle '
Old High German ēr `ore', Old Norse eir n. `ore, copper'.
reduplicated Avestan ayaŋ-haēna- ` metallic, iron '
Latin aēnus (*ai̯es-no- )
= Umbrian ahesnes ` of copper, of bronze '
Kurdish asin, hesin
= Tocharian B eñcuwo ˜ iñcuwo `iron' (*anśuwan)
= alb. hekur n/r allophones
Latin aēneus
Old English ǣren
Old Saxon Old High German Middle High German ērīn
Modern High German ēren (ehern)
Indo Germanic ai̯os old borrowing from Ajasja, older Aɫas(ja), the old name of Cyprus, as Latin cuprum : Κύπρος
Latin aestimō, old aestumō `to appraise, rate, estimate the value of; to assess the damages in a lawsuit; in a wider sense, to value a thing or person; hence, in gen., to judge ', Denominative from *ais-temos `he cuts the ore ' (to temnō).
Vowel stretch:
Tocharian B eñcuwo ˜ iñcuwo `iron'
Tocharian A *añcu (id.) (attested in the derived adjective añcwāṣi) and B eñcuwo (iñcuwo is variant on the same order as inte is to ente, q.v.) reflect PTch *eñcuwo. Further connections are uncertain. Schwarz (1974:409) compares Ossetic ändon `steel' or Chorasmian hnčw `id.' and suggests that the Iranian and Tocharian words might be borrowings from some adstratum language in the shape +_ *anśuwan.
References: WP. I 4, WH. I, 19, 20, Feist 31.
See also: To ā̆i-4 ` burn '?
Page(s): 15-16
Root / lemma: akkā
Meaning: `mother (