Home

Part I

List of language abbreviations in the IED

Abbreviation Language name

Aeq. Aequian

Akk. Akkadian

Alan. Alanian (=Old Ossetic)

Alb. Albanian

Anat. Anatolian

Ang. Anglian

AngN Anglo-Norman

Aram.-Iran Aramaeo-Iranian

Ash. Ashkun

Ass. Assyrian

Auk. Aukshtaitian

Bactr. Bactrian

Bel. Belorussian

Br. British

Bret. Breton

BVan. Bas-Vannetais

CCl. Continental Celtic

Chak. Chakavian

Chor. Chorasmian

CIb. Celtiberian

Class. Skt. Classical Sanskrit

Co. Cornish

Corn. Cornouillais

Dac. Dacian

Dan. Danish

Dard. Dardic

Dzuk. Dzukian

EBl. East Baltic

EGm. East Germanic

EGmRun. East-Germanic Runic

El. Elymian

Elam. Elamite

Elam.-Iran. Elamo-Iranian

EMoBret. Early Modern Breton

EMoIr. Early Modern Irish

EMoW Early Modern Welsh

ESl. East Slavic

Faer. Faeroese

FriRun. Frisian Runic

Gal. Galindian

Gallo-Gk. Gallo-Gk. (in Gk. authors)

Gallo-Lat. Gallo-Latin (in Lat. authors)

Gaul. Gaulish

GaulG Gaulish in Greek letters

GaulL Gaulish in Lat. letters

Go. Gothic

Gr. Greek

Hebr. Hebrew

Hell. Hellenistic

Hi. Hindi

HVan. Haut-Vannetais

IE Indo-European

IIr. Indo-Iranian

InsCl. Insular Celtic

Iran. Iranian

It.-Cl. Italo-Celtic

Kajk. Kajkavian

Ken. Kentish

Khot. Khotanese (=Saka)

Lak. Lakonian

Lang. Langobardian

Latg. Latgalian

LAv. Late Avestan

LCo. Late Cornish

Lep. Lepontic

Liv. Livonian

LPBr. Late Proto-British

Lus. Lusitanian

Mac. Macedonian

MArm. Middle Armenian

Mars. Marsian

Maz. Mazanderani

Mcd. Macedonian

MCo. Middle Cornish

Med. Median

Merc. Mercian

MFr. Middle French

MIA Middle Indo-Aryan

MIc. Middle Icelandic

Mit. Mitanni

MnLE Restsprachen east

MnLW Restsprachen west

MoArm. Modern Armenian

MoBret. Modern Bret.

MoCo. Modern Cornish

MoE Modern English

MoIA Modern Indo-Aryan

MoIc. Modern Icelandic

MoIr. Modern Irish

MoP Modern Persian

MoW Modern Welsh

MP Middle Persian

Mun. Munji

MW Middle Welsh

Myc. Mycenaean

NEIran. Northeast Iranian

NGm. North Germanic

NIA New Indo-Aryan

non-IE Non-IE languages

Nth. Northumbrian

Nur. Nuristani

NWGk. Northwestern Greek

NWIran. Northwest Iranian

OBr. Old British (i.e. names in Latin sources and inscriptions of the Dark Ages)

OBret. Old Breton

OCo. Old Cornish (Voc. Corn.)

OCS Old Church Slavonic

ODan. Old Danish

OERun. Old English Runic

OFri. Old Frisian

OFriRun. Old Frisian Runic

Og. Ogam Irish

OGt. Old Gutnish

OIA Old Indo-Aryan

OIran. Old Iranian (names in var. sources)

ONRun. Old Norse Runic

OP Old Persian

OPhr. Old Phrygian

Orm. Ormuri

ORu. Old Russian

ORun. Old Runic

Oss. Ossetic

OssD Digor

OssI Iron

OSWBr. Old South-West British

OW Old Welsh

P Proto- (can be prefixed to any language)

Pa. Pali

Paeon. Paeonic

Pal. Palaic

Pam. Pamir

Par. Parachi

Parth. Parthian

Pash. Pashto (=Afghan)

PFU Proto-Fenno-Ugric

Pis. Pisidic

Pkt. Prakrit

Plb. Polabian

Pol. Polish

PrIr. Primitive Irish

PRom. Proto-Romance

PSab. (Proto-)Sabellian ( = Osco-Umbrian)

PSamn. Presamnitic

PU Proto-Uralic

qIE quasi-Indo-European

Rosh. Roshani

Ru. Russian

RuCS Russian Church Slavonic

Sar. Sarikoli

Sarmat. Sarmatian

Sbn. Sabinian

SCr. Serbo-Croatian

SCS Serbian Church Slavonic

Scyth. Scythian

SEIran. Southeast Iranian

Sel. Selian

Sh. Shughni

Shtok. Shtokavian

Sic. Siculian

Sid. Sidetic

Skt. Sanskrit

Slc. Slovincian

Slk. Slovak

Sln. Slovene

Sogd. Sogdian

Sp. Spanish

SPic. South Picenian

SSl. South Slavic

Sum. Sumerian (non-IE)

SwG Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch)

SWIran. Southwest Iranian

Taj. Tajik

Thrac. Thracian

Treg. Tregorrois

Ukr. Ukrainian

Van. Vannetais

Vand. Vandal

Ved. Vedic

W Welsh

Wa. Wakhi

WBl. West Baltic

WS West-Saxon

WSl. West Slavic

Yagh. Yaghnobi

Yaz. Yazgulami

Yi. Yidgha

Zhem. Zhemaitian

Root / lemma: abhro-

English meaning: strong, mighty

Material:

Middle Irish Prefix abor- ` very much ', Welsh afr- ` very much ', Gothic abrs ` get strong, violent ', adv. abraba ` very much ', bi-abrjan ` before were astonished beside oneself ', Old Icelandic Prefix afar- ` very much ', Illyrian VN Α῎βροι, Thracian PN Α᾽βρο-.

Here maybe Gothic aba (n- stem) ` husband'.

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.

See also: To ā̆i-4 ` burn '?

Page(s): 15-16

Root / lemma: akkā

Meaning: `mother (children's speech)'

Material: Old Indic akkā 'mother' (gram.)

gr. ᾽Ακκώ ` nurse of Demeter ', ἀκκώ ' ghost ', ἀκκίζεσθαι ` be coy, position oneself stupidly '

Latin Acca Lārentia ` Laren mother, Roman hall goddess ' (probably Etruscan); also into Small-Asian languages; compare lapp. Madder-akka 'earth mother'.

Maybe alb. Ajkuna `great mother' in alb. epos.

References: WP. I 34, WH. I 5. about Tocharian ammaki see below am(m)a.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂-

Meaning: `sharp; stone'

Material: 1. e/o- and ā-St:

New Persian ās (lengthened-grade form) `millstone, grindstone'

gr. ἀκή `point', lengthened-grade form Ionian ἠκή ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἠκμή Hes., reduplication ἀκωκή ` point, edge ' (as ἀγωγή : ἄγω); after Kretschmer KZ. 33, 567 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348 belongs ἀκούω `hears' as *ἀκ-ους- `having sharp ear' here, see, however, 1. keu-;

alb. athëtë `sharp, sour', [common alb. -k > -th].

Latin acēre `sharp, cutting, keen. Hence, to taste, biting; to touch, sharp; of sounds, shrill; of smells, penetrating; of sight, keen; of emotions, painful; of understanding, quick, vigorous, energetic', acidus ` sour, acid, tart ', acētum ` vinegar ';

Maybe alb. acar `frost, sharp steel' : Romanian acar ` signalman, pointman, switchman, pin cushion '.

with o:

mbr. convoc ar vilin `sharpen the millstone '

Welsh hogi `sharpen'

Old Welsh ocoluin

Modern Welsh hogalen

Middle Breton hygo(u)len

Modern Breton higolenn ` whetstone ' (with the unclear second component; to explain Breton vocalism of the initial sound by the pretone); (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-)

Maybe alb. (*hok) thuk ` whetstone ' (common alb. -o->-u- shift)

mc. cyfogi ` vomit, fight ', with secondary i̯o-suffix

Old Welsh cemecid

Modern Welsh cyfegydd (*k̂om-ok̂íi̯o-) ` pickaxe ';

with zero grade:

Old Welsh diauc

Modern Welsh diog

mbr. dieuc (*dē-āk̂o-) `decayed, spoiled '

Middle Welsh ym-am-ogawr (*-āk̂ā-r) ` one stirs, is active ' (Loth RC. 45, 191)

mbr. eaug

Modern Breton eok ` ripe, made soft ' (*eks-āk̂o-)

gall. exācum ` centaurion lepton ' (Ernault Gloss. MBret. 201)

Swedish ag m. `marsh grass, Cladium mariscus, edge, blade' (*ak̂o ́-)

Middle High German ag `perch', egle, eglinc ds.

Modern High German Swiss egel, Diminutive egli

Old Swedish agh-borre ds.

Swedish agg `rancor, hatred ', agga `sting, torment'

Norwegian dial. agge `tooth, point' (*ak̂uko- or expressive Gemination?), as well as (with secondary Germanic vowel gradation a : u or from *ak̂uko- with assimilation a in u?) Norwegian dial. ugg `sting, frightening'

Swedish dial. ugg `point, tooth'

Old Norse uggr `fear'

Norwegian dial. ugge `fin'

Lithuanian akúotas* `awn', ãšaka (*ak̂o-kā) `fish bone, bran'

= Belorussian osoka `sedge', Old Prussian ackons (*ak̂ōno-) ds.

----------------------

2. i- and j- stems:

Armenian aseɫn `needle' (from *asiɫn, Meillet Esquisse 43);

gr. ἀκίς, -ίδος ` point, sting ''

Latin aciēs ` keenness, edge; of the mind, penetration, insight; of the eye, a piercing look or keen vision; sometimes the pupil of the eye, or the eye itself. Milit., battle line; hence battle, battlefield '

Old Saxon eggja f.

Old High German etc ekka `point, sword edge'

Modern High German Ecke (proto Germanic *aʒi̯ō, Old Norse egg `edge, cliff backs', eggja `sharpen, spur on'

Old English ecg ` edge, blade, sword'

Middle Irish ecg `edge'

Modern Breton ek `point'

Old English egle Pl. `awns'

English ails

Old Church Slavic osla (*osъla), Russian osëɫok m. `whetstone'

Czech osina f. `awn'.

about Old English eher `ear ' see below s- formant.

3. u-stem:

Gr. ἄχυρον `chaff' see below s-formant;

Latin acus, - ūs f. `needle; fish name ', acuere `sharpen', acūmen `sharp point; hence the point of remarks, etc.; sharpness of intellect; cunning, trickery', acia (*acu-i̯ā) `thread to be sewed', aquifolium (beside ācrifolium) `holly', aculeus `sting', accipiter `hawk, falcon' (*acu-peter `quick-flying');

Maybe alb. zero grade (*ccipiter) skifter ` hawk', shqiptar ` eagle-man, Albanian ', (*(a)cu-p(t)ona) alb. Geg shqyponjë, Tosc shqiponjë `eagle', alb. Geg Shqypni, Tosc Shqipëri `land of the eagles, Albania', shqip `language of the eagle-men, Albanian language'.

See Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone, fast' + Root / lemma: pet-2, petǝ- : ptē-, ptō- (gr. ptā-) : to fall; to fly = shqipëtar ` eagle, vulture, eagle man, Albanian '

English needle

Italian ago : Spanish : aguja : French : aiguille : Albanian Geg gjyl-panë, Tosc gjil-përë : Aragones agulla : Bergamasco gogia : Bresciano : ocia ; ucia : Calabrese acu ; saccurale ; zaccurafa : Catalan : Furlan gusiele : Galician agulla : Latin acus : Mudnés gàccia : Napulitano aco : Nissart : agùlha : Paduan ago : Piemontese gucia : Portuguese agulha : Romagnolo agòccia : Romanian ac : Sardinian Campidanesu acu : Sardinian Logudoresu acu ; agu : Sicilian ugghia ; ugliola ; zaccurafa : Trentino uza : Valencian agulla : Venetian ago ; ucia ; gucia

gall. acaunum (*akounon) `rock ';

Illyrian ON Acumincum today Szlankamen `salt stone' (Banat)

Note:

Hittite: aku- c. 'stone', akuwant- 'stony' (Tischler 10-11 to *ak'- 'sharp')

Old Indian: áśman-, gen. áśnaḥ, instr. áśnā m. `stone, rock; firmament, cloud'

Avestan: asman-, gen. ašnō, abl. ašnäat_ 'Stein, Himmel', asmana- 'steinern'; asǝngō-gav-mi 'Händen aus Stein'; aʮangaina- 'steinern'

Other Iranian: OPers asman- 'Himmel'

Old Greek: ep., ion., poet. ákmōn, -onos m. `Amboss'

Slavic: *kāmɨ̄, gen. -ene

Baltic: *ak-mō̃ (*ak-men-es) (1)

Germanic: *xam-ar-a- m.; *xam-al=; *xum-Vl=

Celtic: Gaul acaunum `saxum'

Russ. meaning: камень, скала

References: WP I 28 f

Comments: Cf. *k(')em-er/n- #2974 'sky, cloud', often united with "stone" by folk etymology (Hitt. forms show that "heaven" was *k(')em- while "stone" was *ak'm-).

Modern High German Achel f. `ear point, awn' from ndd. aggel (with spirant. g) from Indo Germanic *ak̂u-lā;

Old English āwel m. `fork'

Old Norse soð-āll `meat fork' (Germanic *ahwala-, Indo Germanic *ák̂u̯-olo-)

gallo-Latin opulus `common maple ' (Marstrander, Corr. Germanic-celt. 18), would be placed Indo Germanic *ok̂u̯-olo-

about Old Norse uggr etc. see e/o-stem

about Old English éar see s-formant

Welsh ebill `drill'

mbr. ebil `peg, nail ' (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-);

Note:

The mutation kw > p, b in Celtic tongues, Latin and gr.

Baltic *ašus in Latvian ass ` sharp, pointed '

Lithuanian ašutaĩ m. Pl. ` coarse horse hair '

= Slavic *ošuta m. ` thistle ' in Church Slavic оsъtъ, Russian osót

Tocharian A āc̨āwe `rough' (Van Windekens Lexique 15)?

see below *ōk̂u-s ` fast (sharp in the movement) '.

4. With m-formant:

ak̂mo-/-ā

Gr. ἀκμή ` point, edge, sharpness; the highest point, climax, decisive point ' (ἀκμήν Adv., ἀκμαῖος, ἀκμάζω)

Swedish dial. åm ` marsh grass, Cladium mariscus' (Germanic *ahma-, compare Finnish loanword ahma ` equisetum ').

ak̂-men-/-mer-

Old Indic aśman- n. ` stone, sky ' (as a stone vault, Reichelt IF. 32, 23 ff.)

aśmará- ` stone '

Avestan asman-` stone, sky '

Old Indic Gen. áśnaḥ, Instrumental áśnā

Avestan Gen. ašnō, Abl. ašnāat̃ with -n- from -mn-

Instrumental Pl. Old Indic aśnāih ̣ after o-stem

Phrygian PN ᾽Ακμονία

gr. ἄκμων ' anvil, meteor, heaven ', ἄκμων ὁ οὐρανός

Lithuanian ãšmens m. Pl. ' edge ', akmuõ, -eñs m. ' stone '.

5. With n-formant:

ak̂en-

Old Indic aśáni-ḥ ` head of the arrow, missile'

Avestan аsǝŋgа-

Old Persian aϑanga- ` stone ' (*ak-en-go, Benveniste Orig. 28) (common Old Persian - alb. -k > -th/ -g > -dh)

gr. ἄκαινα ` point, sting; longitudinal dimension '

Latin acuna ` a cavity, hollow, dip; esp. a pool, pond. Transf., gap, deficiency, loss' see WH. I 9

Gr. ἀκόνη ` whetstone ', ἄκων, - οντος ` spear ' (for older ἄκων, *-ονος after the participle), ἀκοντίζω ` throw the spear ', ἄκανος ` thistle kind, prickly head plant ', ἀκανίζειν ` fruit carry prickly heads ', ἄκανθος `thistle' (from * ἀκαν-ανθος `sting flower'), ἄκανθα ` thistle, sting, thorn, spine, esp. of the fish ', ἀκαλανθίς ' goldfinch ' (from *ἀκανθαλίς), ἄκαθος ` barque ', ἀκάτη, ἀκάτιον ` woman's shoe ' (*ak̂nṭo-)

Latin agna ` ear of grain ' (from *ak̂nā)

Gothic ahana f. ` chaff '

Old Norse ǫgn

Old English egenu f., äegnan Pl.

Old High German agana ds.

Modern High German Ahne, dial. Agen `stalk splinter of the flax or hemp' (Germanic *ag-, *ahanō, Indo Germanic *ak̂ǝnā)

Lithuanian žem. ašnìs ` edge, sprouting, germinating, sowing '

Latvian asns m. ` germ bursting out '.

6. With r-formant:

ak̂er-, ok̂er-

Old Irish a(i)cher `sharp (from the hoist)', because of the Gen. Sg. Akeras (PN in the Ogham) not Latin loanword

Old Breton acer-uission `with sharp fingers' (biss), ocerou Pl. `sharpened'

Old Welsh ar-ocrion gl. atrocia

Lithuanian ašerỹs, ešerỹs `river perch'

pol. dial. jesiora (from *aserā) vowel stretch

Old Norse ǫgr ds. (from proto Germanic *agura-, Indo Germanic *ok̂r̥-o-)

West-Norwegian augur (from *ǫ̣gurr, new development from ǫgr), influenced by auga `eye'

Maybe alb. (*(o)gurr), gurrë `stream'

Here also maybe the name of the maple (due to the pointed leaf sections):

Latin acer, -eris n. ` the maple tree or maple wood ' (from acer arbor became Vulgar Latin acerabulus, Meyer-Lübke REW. 93)

Danish ær ds. (Germanic *ahira-)

Modern High German dial. Acher ds. (Germanic *ahura-);

gr. ἄκαστος ἡ σφένδαμνος Hes. (*ἄκαρστος, meaning as πλατάνιστος beside πλάτανος; to stem compare also ἄκαρνα δάφνη Hes.)

gallo Rome. *akaros, *akarnos ` maple ' (Hubschmied RC. 50, 263 f.)

Old High German ahorn `maple'

(from Swiss and other oral kinds would devop certainly ā -, however, ā -would have arisen also of people's etymological distortion, like Middle Low German ānhorn, ālhorn; ahorn (Indo Germanic *ak̂rno-) is up to the declension class = ἄκαρνα, while Latin acernus ` of maple ' is syncopated from *acer-inos; however, that n has probably also arisen from the former adjective material developing formants -no- and not from r/n-stem by accumulation of both elements.

Rather that counts for gr. ἄκορνα (*-ι̯α) ` yellow thistle kind ' ἄκανος ds., maybe here also ἄκορος ` calamus ', ἄκορον ` of a spicy root ', compare with other forms still ἄκινος f. ` odoriferous flower ', ὤκιμον ` basil ' (if here suitablly, named after the sharp smell?).

ak̂ri-, ak̂ro-

Old Indic áśrih ̣ ` corner, edge, border ', catur-aśra-ḥ ̣ `square'

gr. ἄκρος `sharp', ἄκρον, ἄκρα, ἄκρις `point, mountaintops' (also in ἀκροάομαι as `have sharp hearing, sharpen the ear', and ἀκρίς, -ίδος `grasshopper', sshort form for ἀκροβατοῦσα ` tiptoe ', ἀκρίζουσα; ἀκρεμών ` point of the boughs ', see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 241);

Latin ācer, ācris,-e (Old Latin ācra, -um) `sharp, piercing, penetrating, cutting, irritating, pungent'

Oscan akrid ` sharp ', Umbrian peracri- ` fat, plump, corpulent '

= Latin perācer `very sharp'

gr. ἄκρος, also ` uppermost, excellent ', ἀκμαῖoς

Latin acerbus ` acidic, sad, harsh, bitter, unripe ' (from *ăcri-bho-s)

compare gall. AXPOTALVS ` with high forehead '

Old Irish ēr `high' (from *akros)

Lithuanian ašrùs, aštrùs

Old Lithuanian aštras

Old Church Slavic ostrъ `sharp' (t - interpolated wording).

ok̂ri-, ok̂ro-

With shading o-:

gr. ὄκρις f. `sharp' mountain point, corner, edge '

Old Latin ocris m. ` rough mountain '

Latin mediocris ` average, mediocre, of middling size, medium, middling, moderate, ordinary ', actually `to be found halfway up ' (here vowel gradation could be displayed in the compound like in extorris: terra, meditullium: tellūs), Ocriculum, Interocrea, ocrea `splint, a greave, legging'

Umbrian ocar, ukar, Gen. ocrer `mountain, castle mountain '

Marrucinian ocres ` a mountain, mount, range of mountains '

Middle Irish och(a)ir ` corner, edge '

Welsh ochr `edge'.

To the heteroclite paradigm *ak̂-r-(g), *ak̂-n-es (also the i- stem *ak̂i- can have combined with it) compare above ak̂men/mer-, Pedersen KZ. 32, 247, Johansson Beitr. 9, Petersson IF. 24, 269 ff.; as notable the apposition appears thereof from gr. Κράγος ` name of different mountains ', ᾽Ακράγ-ας the 'Agrigentum' which might have signified originally ` rocks, stones'.

7. With s-formant:

ak̂es- : ak̂s-

Gr. ἄχνη `chaff' from *ak̂-s-nā, afterwards reshuffled ἄχυρον ds. instead of *ἄκυρον; gr. ἀκοσ-τή 'barley' (`awned, bristly ', formation like lat onus-tus, venus-tus); gr. ἠκές ὀξύ, Hes. πυρι-ήκης ` with igneous point ', ἀμφήκης `two-edged', τανύηκης `with long point ' (maybe only with stretch in the compound, after which the length also in simple ἠκές; however, lies lengthened grade *āk- also before in Ionian ἠκή ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἀκμή Hes., ἠκάδα ἠνδρωμένην γυναῖκα Hes., compare to meaning ἀκμή `climax of life').

additional formations in gr. ὀξύς `sharp'

Lithuanian tamsùs : Old Indic tāmas-

Lithuanian tamsa ̀ (in addition ὀξίνη `harrow' Hes.)

Gr. ὄξος `wine vinegar'. - Also *ἀκαχμένος `sharpened' seems to be * ἀκ-ακσ-μένος, Hirt IF. 12, 225.

Latin acus,-eris ` a needle ' acervus (*aces-vo-s) ` a heap, mass; in logic, argument by accumulation '

Gothic ahs Gen. *ahsis n.

Old Icelandic ax n.

Old High German ahir, ehir n. (Germanic *ahiz), from the Pl. Modern High German ` ear of corn ' f.

Old English ear (*ahuz)

dat. Sg. North Umbrian æhher, eher ds.

ak̂-sti-

Welsh eithin m. Pl. ' gorse, furze' (*akstīno-)

Middle Irish aittenn ds. (with unclear sound gradation); (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), Lithuanian akstiṘs following 'smoked spit'

= Russian ostъ ` point, ear, spike '

Lithuanian ãkstinas m. ` sting, spur '

= Old Church Slavic ostъnъ m. 'sting'

Czech osten ds.

Alb. (*osten ) hosten `stick for driving cattle' Slavic loanword.

8. With t- formant:

Old Indic apāṣ̌ṭhá- m. (from *apa-aś-tha) ` barb in the arrow '

gr. ἀκτή ` gruff coast with breaker; headland, elevation '

Tocharian В āc ̨-, āc̨c̨e-` head, beginning ' (from *ak̂-t-).

ok̂etā `harrow, device with points ':

Note:

Hittite: akkala- c. ` furrow' -- oder: akkala- c. deep plough' (so Benveniste HIE, otherwise Kronasser EHS 172, Tischler 9-10)

Old Greek: *oksínǟ ˜ -ī́- f.?: oksína 'harrow' Hsch.ж ógmo-s m. `Schwad, Reihe abgemähten Grases oder Getreides; Streifen Land, das abgemäht oder auf andere Weise bearbeitet wird oder werden soll; Ackermass'

Baltic: *ak-ē^t-iā̃ f., *ak-ē^t-ia- c., *ak-ē^- vb.

Germanic: *ag-íʮ-ō f., *ag-ja- vb.

Latin: occa f. `harrow'

Celtic: OCymr ocet, NCymr oged `harrow', Corn ocet `harrow', Bret ogued `harrow'

Latin occa `harrow' from *otika by metathesis from *okitā (Hirt IF. 37, 230)? compare different formations gr. ὀξίνη `harrow';

Old Welsh ocet

Cornish ocet

Breton oguet

Old High German egida

Middle High German eg(e)de

Old English eg(e)de f. (Modern High German Egge renewed from the verb eggen from Old High German egen, ecken, proto Germanic *agjan, on its part only from the Subst. *agiđō revert formation)

Lithuanian akė́čios, ekė́čios ` harrow'

Old Prussian aketes ` harrows', ē instead of e derives from the verb *akēi̯ō [vowel stretch] in Lithuanian akė́ju, akė́ti, besides akė́ju, ekė́ti; the anlaut (initial sound) a- frequently has become e in an unstressed position a before palatal vowel (Endzelin Lett. Gr. 36).

References: WP. I 28 ff., WH. I 6 ff., Specht Dekl. 24, 69, 125, 271, 331. Specht KZ. 62, 210 ff. (unlikely).

See also: S. under *ok̂-tōu `eight', actually ` both points of the hands (without thumb) '.

zero grades k̂- stuck probably in stems k̂emen-, k̂emel-, k̂ōmen- ` stone, sky ', k̂omor- ` stone hammer ', k̂ēi-, k̂ōi-, k̂ǝi- ` sharpen, whet ', k̂ū̆- ` sharp, spit, spear '.

Page(s): 18-22

Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō-

Meaning: `to eat'

Material:

Old Indic aśnāti (inserted Infinitive aśi-tum etc.) `eats, consumes', áśanam n. `food', áśna-ḥ `greedy', lengthened grade āśayati `allows to dine', prātar-āśa-ḥ `breakfast'

Avestan kahrk-āsa `chicken eater = vulture' etc.;

gr. ἄκυλος f. `acorn' (as `food', compare formally Old Indic aśú-ṣa-ḥ `greedy'), ἄκολος `bite';

Old Norse agn n. `bait for fish' (*ak̂ǝ-nó-), ǣja `allow to graze' (*ahjan).

References: WP. I 112 f., WH. I 210 f.

Page(s): 18

Root / lemma: ak̂ru

Meaning: `tear'

Material: Ved. áśru n., later also áśram 'tear'

Avestan asrū- n.

Lithuanian ašara ̀ and ãšara f.

Tocharian А ākär Pl. ākrunt ds.

Old Indic aśrāyāmi, Lithuanian ãšaroju `cries'

The relationship to Indo Germanic *dak̂ru `tear' is unsettled. compare Meillet BSL. 32, 141.

References: WP. I 33, WH. I 746.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

Meaning: `water, river'

Material:

Hittite: eku- / aku- (I) ' trinken '

Tokharian: A, B yok- ' trinken ' (Adams 509)

Latin: ēbrius, -a, -um ' пьяный, хмельной; напоенный, напитанный '

Russ. meaning: пить, напиваться

References: Tischler 103-105 (with discussion)

Latin aqua `water, water pipe' (thereof aquilus `dark', aquila `eagle', actually `the swarthy', aquilō `north wind', actually `the darkening sky')

Hittite: ? akukal(la?)- or akutal(la?)- ' Waschbecken ' (Tischler 11-12)

Germanic: *a(g)w-ṓ f., *áxw-ō f.; *ō(g)w-já- m.; *a(g)w-jṓ f.

Latin: aqua f. `Wasser, Wasserleitung '

= Gothic aƕa f. `river, body of water'

Old Icelandic ǫ́

Old English ēa

Old Saxon Old High German aha

Modern High German Ache ds.

Germanic *ahwō, thereof derived *ahwjō, *awjō `surrounded by the water ' in Old Icelandic ey f. `island, pasture, grassland'

Old English íeg

Old High German -ouwa, -awa

Middle High German ouwe f. `water, peninsula in the river, grassland rich in water';

Maybe alb. (*aquilō) akull `frozen water, ice'

Modern High German Aue

compare Old Frisian ei-land `island', Sca(n)din-avia Kretschmer Gl. 17, 148 ff.

Russian FlN Oká

Pannonian PN Aquincum `stove (*cooking stove where water boils making bubbles)'

apul. FlN Aquilō

Venetic PN Aquileia (also in South Germany)

Vowel stretch

with vowel gradation (Indo Germanic ē) in addition Old Icelandic ǽgir (*ēkʷi̯ós) `God of the sea'

Old English ǽg-weard ` watch at the sea', éagor `sea, flood' (the initial sound after ēa)

Old Indic kām `water'

dak. plant N κοαδάμα ποταμογείτων ` water colonist ' (*kʷa-dhēmn̥)

poln. (North Illyrian) FlN Kwa.

The affiliation from Hittite e-ku-uz-zi (ekuzi) `drinks', 3. Pl. a-ku-wa-an-zi, seems not unlikely. Moreover also Tocharian AB yok-tsi `drink'. Old Irish oiche `water' does not exist; Welsh aig `sea' is neologism to eigion from Latin oceanus.

References: WP. I 34 f., WH. I 60, 848, Feist 18 f., Pedersen Hittitisch 128, Tocharisch 190.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: akʷ-

Meaning: `to hurt'

Material:

Old Indic áka m ` grief, pain '

Avestan akō ` nasty, bad '

axtis ̀ ` grief, pain, illness '

gr. noun *ἄπαρ, *ἀπνός, thereof ἠπανεῖ ἀπορεῖ, ἠπανία ἀπορία, ἠπεροπεύς 'swindler'; Verbalst. ἀπ- in ἀπάτη 'deception' (*apn̥tā), reduplication Present ἰάπτω 'damage'.

References: Kuiper Gl. 21, 282 f.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: albhi-

Meaning: `barley'

Material: Gr. ἄλφι, ἄλφιτον ` barley, pearl barley, barley flour ', Laconian ἀλίφατα ἄλφιτα ἤ ἄλευρα Hes. (with gradual growth vowel ι; Ehrlich KZ. 38, 55, in ἄλφι : ἄλφατα from which by intersection with ἄλφι then ἄλφιτ-α, -ον - sees a relation as between Old Indic ásth-i : asth-n-áḥ, what would guarante older proto Indo Germanic of the word); alb. elp (elbi) `barley' (N. Pl. *albhī-). Iranian *arbhi- conclusions Vasmer Stud. z. alb.Wortf. I (Dorpat 1921) S. 16 ff. from turko-tatar. etc arba 'barley'.

relationship to *albh- ` white ' assumes Specht Dekl. 68 Old Norse

From Iranian branch the name for barley passed to Altaic family:

Protoform: *àrp`á

Meaning: `barley, millet'

Turkic protoform: *arpa

Mongolian protoform: *arbaj

Tungus protoform: *arpa

Japanese protoform: *àpá

Note: EAS 90, KW 15, Poppe 87. АПиПЯЯ 67. The Mong. form cannot be explained as a Turkism (despite TMN 2, 24, Щербак 1997, 100). The Turkic form is sometimes compared with Proto-Iranian *arba- (corresponding to Gr. alphi), compare. East Iranian forms going back to *arpasyā- (or *arbasyā) (Стеблин-Каменский 1982, 23), but it is not identical (loss of the final syllable is hard to explain); on the other hand, the Jpn. parallel is a strong argument in favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form.

References: WP. I 92, Jokl Festschrift Kretschmer 78 f., Kieckers IE. 41, 184, Wahrmann Gl. 17, 253.

Page(s): 29

Root / lemma: albho-

Meaning: `white'

Material:

Hittite: alpa- ' cloud' (Tischler 18)

Old Greek: alphó-s m. `weisser Auschlag, lepra' {acc.pl. alphoús `белый' Hsch. - nowhere found!}

Germanic: *alb=, *alft=

Latin: albus, -a `(matt)weiss, weissglänzend'

Other Italic: Umbr alfu `alba'; Osk Alafaternum `Alafaternorum', Pael Alafis

Gr. ἀλφός ` white rash ', ἀλφούς λευκούς Hes. (also ἀλωφός λευκός Hes., s. below), FlN ᾽Αλφειός;

Latin albus ` white, dead white; hence pale or bright; sometimes making bright; fig., fortunate '

Umbrian alfu ` white '

Oscan Alafaternum Alafaternum ` Alfaternorum '

prälig. Alafis ` Albius ' (and many other names partly Etruscan coinage due to Oscan-Umbrian root alf-, as Latin alb-, s. Schulze Latin Eig. 119 f.; etr. Pronunciation from Latin albus also must be that of Paul. Diac. 4 L. as Sabine called alpum); in addition albula, alburnus ` whitefish ', albarus ` white poplar ', albūcus ` asphodel plant ' etc.;

Vowel stretch

Welsh elfydd m. ` earth, world ' from *albíi̯o- (compare Old Church Slavic světъ ` light, world ');

Old High German albiz, elbiz

Old English aelbitu, ielfetu Vowel stretch

Old Norse elptr, ǫlpt f. (Germanic *alƀ-it-, -ut-) `swan', (forms -d- in animal names: s. Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 467, Charpentier KZ. 40, 433 f., Specht Dekl. 229; also:)

Old Church Slavic lebedь

Russian lebedь lebjadь Vowel stretch

in the vowel gradation:

poln. ɫabędź

Serbian lȁbud

Czech labud' ` swan ' (proto Slavic *olb-edь, -ędь, -ǫdь, compare to the latter suffix form Lithuanian bal-añdis ` pigeon, dove ', actually ` white '; see Meillet Et. 322, MSL. 14, 377, Schulze SBprAk. 1910, 800 = Kl. Schr. 122 f.

named after the color:

Russian lebedá

poln. lebioda, ɫoboda ` atriplex, goosefoot '

Dutch alft, elft `whitefish'

= Old High German etc albiz `swan'

Latin albula `whitish'

Middle High German albel `whitefish'

Modern High German Albe

Low German alf, albe `whitefish'

Latin alburnus `a white fish, bleak' ds .;

Modern High German Dialectal Albums ` hard sand under the fertile earth '

Swedish Dialectal alf ds .;

Old Norse alfr

Old English ælf

English elf (from which borrowed Modern High German Elf m., Elfe f.)

Middle Low German alf ` Аlp, grand, evil spirit '

Middle High German Modern High German Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably ` whitish nebulous figures ')

Old High German alba ` insect larva, locusta quae nondum volavit '

Dutch elften f. Pl. ` cock chafer grubs '

Norwegian alma ds. (m from the Gen. Pl. *albna, from which *almna)

Maybe alb. (*u̯elmna) mjellma, Gen mjellme ` swan ' [common Celtic abbreviation] : [common Lithuanian Hittite Albanian -u̯- > -m- shift see Lithuanian mẽdžias `tree' Root / lemma: u̯idhu- : tree : see Hittite ḫamešḫ(a)- Root / lemma: u̯es-r̥ : spring]

Note:

The Illyrian TN Albanoi is the plural form Middle High German Modern High German Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably ` whitish nebulous figures ') a primitive Indo European people who believed in evil spirits before an elaborate mythology developed later.

Arbën `name of alb. during Middle Ages'

see to these Germanic words esp. Falk-Torp under aame (4, 1428), al (19, 1431), alv (22, 1431), elv I (188 f., 1454), emd (189, 1454); as ` white water ' also the name of Elbe (Latin Albis, Albia, from Germanic *Alƀī, Gen. Alƀiōz =)

Old Norse elfr ` river '

Middle Low German elve ` riverbed '

gall. FlN Albis, Albā (now Aube; contrast Dubis, Dubā, i.e. ` black, deep water ')

Latin Albula

gr. ᾽Αλφειός (see esp. Schulze SBprAk.1910, 797 = Kl. Schr. 120) [vowel stretch]

gall.-Latin Albiōn

Middle Irish Albbu, Gen. Albban (stem *Alb-i̯en-) `Britain' [vowel stretch]

Welsh elfydd or from the white chalk rocks

Latin Alpēs, ῎Αλπεις (high mountains?

in Italian, Ligurian and Celtic areas frequent local name like Alba, Albium

Armenian aɫauni ` pigeon, dove ', barely for *alabh-n- (Bugge KZ. 32, 1, Pedersen KZ. 38, 313), see below. About the affiliation of *albhi- *albhi- ` barley ' s. d.

Hittite al-pa-áš (alpas) ` cloud '

To the vowel gradation: beside *albho-s seems to be two-syllable root form in gr. ἀλωφός (also ἐλεφιτίς?) and Armenian aɫauni, and in addition tuned Slavic intonation (Serbian lȁbūd), s. Osthoff IF. 8, 64 f., Pedersen aaO.

This additional -bho- one syllable is in color names frequent suffix (e.g. Latin galbus Lithuanian raĩbas `in different colors, multicolored, dappled' beside raĩnas; Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 388 f), *albhos is obtainable in monosyllabic root *al- and on the other hand ἀλωφός is possible according to Brugmann aaO.

Lithuanian al̃vas ` tin ' (` white metal ')

Old Prussian alwis `lead, plumbum'

Russian ólovo `tin' from Indo Germanic *alǝu̯o-? a similar relation, as gr. κορω-νός to Latin curv-us `crooked, curved, bent'

Old Indic palā-la-ḥ (: palāv-aḥ) : Old Prussian pelwo, also go back to a word root *alō[u]-: *alǝu-: *alu- (in Armenian aɫawni and Slavic words);

Note:

From Baltic - Slavic the notion for `white metals, whitte color, sick white' passed to Altaic family:

Protoform: *ni̯ā̀lpá

Meaning: `tin, lead'

Tungus protoform: *ńālban

Japanese protoform: *nàmári

Note: An interesting TM-Jpn. isogloss; compare. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see Miller 1979, 8). Jpn. *nàmá-ri < *nàpan-(r)i, with usual regressive nasalization.

Earlier:

Protoform: *ălpa

Meaning: `unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms'

Turkic protoform: *ălp-

Mongolian protoform: *alba-n

Tungus protoform: *alba-

Korean protoform: *àrphằ-

Japanese protoform: *apar-

Note: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.

gr. ἐλεφιτίς is sufficient by the reshuffle to which animal names and plant names are exposed everywhere, in order to ensure in addition still *ale-bh-;

here as ` the shining one ':

gall. alausa ` European shad, twaite shad '

French aloes

Spanish alosa

gall. GN Alaunos

Alounae

brit. FlN Alaunos

Modern English Aln

Welsh PN Alun

Armenian aɫauni ` pigeon, dove ' from *alǝu-n-.

A stem form ali- ` white ' is not provabe, in spite of Specht Dekl. 114, because Hittite ali- ` white ' appears very uncertain (Couvreur H̯ 149 f., Friedrich IF. 58, 94) and gr. ἀλίφαλος, ἀλίφατα, ἄλiξ are to be explained differently.

Here, however, probably (as a ` pale yellow plant '):

hisp.-Latin ala `elecampane ' (Isid.), Spanish -portug. ala ds.

furthermore with -nt-suffix:

Old High German alant ds.

with it etymological identically the fish name:

Old High German alunt (newer alant)

Old Saxon alund `whitefish, Alant'

= (with grammatical alteration) Old Icelandic - ǫlunn `a fish', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns- > -nn-)

Indo Germanic basic form *al-n̥t-/*al-ont-. The original meaning of al- is probably`white, shining', hence, then also `pale yellow' etc.

A precise separation of the meanings of al- and el- is not always possible, which is why Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 59, 160) explained both stems as originally identical, thus al- as el- leads back to el-, with which he associates further (aaO. 114) the color root ar- (see below areĝ-), er- .

References: WP. I 92 ff., WH. I 26 f.

Page(s): 30-31

Root / lemma: aldh-

Meaning: `trough'

Material:

Old Norse alda f. ` wave, upsurge, hostility, warfare '

Norwegian dial. olda f. 'trough'

Swedish dial. ålla ` deep cavity '

Old English ealdoÞ, aldot, aldaht ` trough, tub, container '

Modern High German Bavarian alden ` field furrow'.

In addition Balto-Slavic *aldii̯ā- [vowel stretch] in:

Church Slavic ladiji, alъdiji f. ` small boat '

Lithuanian aldijà, eldijà f. ` river small boat '

also Lithuanian eldijė̃lė ` smoking frying pan'.

Norwegian lodje ` Russian vessel, boat '

Swedish lodja

Middle Low German lod(d)ie, loddige are borrowed from Russian ɫodьjá

= Old Slavic ladiji). Falk-Torp 652 (see also 789 under`olde').

References: WP. I 92, WH. I 35, Trautmann 6.

Page(s): 31-32

Root / lemma: aleq- (*ale-q-)

Meaning: `to hit back, shoot'

Note:

Initially -k- suffix is of Baltic German Slavic origiin

Material:

Old Indic rákṣ̌ati ` defended, protected, preserved '

Armenian aracel ` graze, protect, watch, guard ' (Pisani KZ. 68, 157)

gr. ἀλέξω ` prevent, protect, fight off ' (so- present; rakṣ̌ati because of this correspondence not more probably to equally meaning root areq-), ᾽Αλέκτωρ, ᾽Αλεκτρυών the epic proper names, after becoming known as the cock were used for the name of this contentious bird (Fick Cstem 9, 169, Kretschmer KZ. 33, 559 ff., Boisacq 1091 f.); ἀλαλκεῖν ' defend, refuse, fend ', ἀλκάθω ` defends, helps ', ἄλκαρ ` Protection, defense, help ', ἔπαλξις ` Protection, parapet, (esp.) battlement of the walls; help ' (*αλκ-τι-ς), ἀλκή ` defense, help ' and ` thickness, strength ' (latter meaning, although in itself from ` vigorous defense ' understandable, maybe by flowing together with another

Middle Persian ark ` work, effort, trouble '

= Gr. ἀλκὶ πεποιθώς Hom.; ἄλκιμος ` strong, hard, potent; from weapons: ` resistable, suited to the fight ';

vowel stretch:

Old English ealgian ` protect, defend ' (*algōjan)

Gothic alhs (f., conservative stem) ` temple '

Old English ealh

Old Saxon alah m. ds.

Proto Norse-Runic aluh ` amulet' (?)

Old Lithuanian elkas, al̃kas m. ` holy grove, place on a hill where one has made of early victims '

Latvian èlks m. 'Idol, god' (Germanic and Baltic words originally ` holier, seclusive or the usufruct deprived grove ');

Tocharian В alāsk `remove'.

References: WP. I 89 f.

See also: S. similar root areq-` close, protect '.

Page(s): 32

Root / lemma: algh-

Meaning: `frost, cold'

Material:

Latin algor ` frost, cold ', algeō, -ēre ` freeze, to be cold ', algidus `cold'

Old Icelandic Gen. Sg. elgiar

Modern Icelandic elgur m. ` snow flurry with strong frost, half-molten snow '

Germanic s-stem *alʒiz- disguised itself in Latin algor, Indo Germanic *alghes-.

References: WP. I 91, WH. I 29. compare Petersson Aryan under Arm. Stud. 126.

Page(s): 32

Root / lemma: algʷh-

Meaning: `to earn, price, value, *precious bright metal'

Material:

Old Indic árhati ` is worth, earns, is obliged, debit, ', arghá-ḥ ` value, validity, price '

= osset. arɣ ` price, value '

Avestan arǝjaiti ` is worth, amounts for value '

New Persian arzīdan ` earn '

arǝjah- (es- stem) n. ` value, price '.

maybe alb. (*árhati) argat ` worker, serf ', argëtoj ` entertain, reward, please, become lazy ', argomë `barren, unproductive' oriental loanword.

Gr. ἀλφή `acquisition, purchase '

= alb. (*albe-) blej `to purchase '

= Lithuanian algà

Old Prussian Gen. Sg. ālgas ` wage '

gr. ἀλφάνω, ἀλφεῖν ` profit, earn ' (ἀλφεῖν = Old Indic árhati, but by the more complete present ἀλφάνω in the validity embedded as an Aorist), ἀλφεσίβοιος ` cattle earned '.

An additional form on voiced-nonaspirated is Old Indic arjati ` acquires, earns, fetches '.

References: WP. I 91.

Page(s): 32-33

Root / lemma: al-1, ol-

Meaning: `besides; other'

Material:

Latin uls ` beyond ', *ulter, -tra, -trum ` ulterior, situated beyond ' ((ultrō, ultra), compounds ulterior, Sup. ultimus

= Oscan últiumam ` the utmost, extreme, the highest, first, greatest, lowest, meanest ';

Maybe alb. ultë, ulët `low', ul `to low, sit below' : Latin ulterior -ius `compar. as from ulter, farther, more distant, more advanced, more remote'.

alb. ul `sit' = Hungarian: ül `sit'

Old Latin ollus ` that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)' (*ol-no-s, compare below Irish ind-oll and Slavic *olnī), newer olle, ollī `then, next', ollīc ' he, she, that, in that place, yonder, there '; lengthened grade ōlim `in the distant past, once' (probably after im, exim reshaped and with Old Indic par-āri ` third-last year ' [compare πέρ-υσι] to be equated *ōli, Locative adverb, also the glosses olitana `the aged, old, ancient, of long standing ', olitinata ` old, inveterate, ancient, former, of old times ' can reject - ō or ŏ? - )

Umbrian ulo, ulu ` that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, he, she, it yonder, that '; influenced by is, iste etc. the cognates ollus, olle would be uncolored to ille `that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)'.

Slavic *olnī (Indo Germanic *oln-ei)

= Old Church Slavic lani

Czech loni

poln. loni ` in the last summer, last year ' (` that year ', compare Latin ollī `at that time, then').

Irish alltar, allaid

= Old Indic áraṇa- ` far, strange '

Vowel stretch:

= Avestan auruna- `wild', árād 'from a distance', ārḗ ` far '

Old Indic arí ` of strangers, stranger ', ar(i)yá- ` suitable, proper to the stranger ', then Subst. ` hospitable, lord, master, ruler, man '

= Old High German eli-lenti ` foreign land '

Old Indic ā́r(i)ya- ` to ar(i)yá- , suitable, hospitable ', hence, VN ' Aryan', āryaka- ` venerable man ', aryamáṇ- n. ` hospitality ', m. ` guest's friend ' [vowel stretch:]

Maybe Arrianes Illyrian TN.

Avestan airyō (= ārya)

Old Persian āriya (= ariya) ` Aryan '

Avestan airyaman ` guest, friend '

New Persian ērmān ` guest '

sarmat. VN ᾽Αλανοί (osset. *alan)

osset. ir `Ossete', iron `Ossetic' ` Ossetic ' (P. Thieme*), the stranger in the Rigveda, fig. f. d. client d. Morgenl. XXIII 2, 1938; Specht KZ. 68, 42 ff.);

Old Irish aire (*arios) and airech ` nobleman, of noble people, suitor ', preposition air- ` in front of ', thus ` standing in the first place ', (Thurneysen ZCP. 20, 354)

mythical Irish ancestor Е́remón is scholar neologism to Ériu ` Ireland '. see below ari̯o- ` lord, god, master '.

---------------------

*) Thus Thieme (aaO. 159 f.) properly puts here reinforcing prefix:

gr. ἐρι-( reduced grade ἀρι-), e.g. ἀρί-γνωτος ` easily recognizable (the stranger) '

Old Indic arí- etc surely must lead back to Indo Germanic *er- . Thieme puts further here Old Indic sūrí- ` master, ruler, lord' as su-ri- ` hospitable ' and ri-śā́das ` worry for sustaining the stranger '.

----------------------

Old Irish oll Adj. ` honorable, large, extensive ', actually ` above (the ordinary) going out '

= Latin ollus

= Indo Germanic *olnos:

compounds Old Irish (h)uilliu ` farther, more ', Adv. ind-oll ` ultra, extreme ', innonn, innunn ` over, beyond ' (with assimilation in collaboration with inonn ` the same, identical'; (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-) ol-chen(a)e ` in addition, but ', actually ` on the other side (and) therefrom on this side '; ol-foirbthe ' pluperfect, past perfect ', oldāu, oldaas ` when I, when he ', actually ` about (the) outside, what I am, what he is ', inaill ' certain, sure ', actually ` situated on the other side ' (of it inoillus ' confidence, security'; inuilligud 'protection, safety'; with ol(l) ` ultra, beyond ' maybe corresponds ol ` says ' as ` ultra, beyond, further ', originally in the report in a continuous speech). The conjunction ol ` because, since ' related to Welsh ol ` footprint '.

Besides with a:

Old Irish al (with Akk.) ` on the other side, over - beyond ' (simplification from *all in the pretone), Adv. tall (*to-al-nā) ` on the other side, there ', anall ` from on the other side, from there, over here ', with suffixed Pron. of the 3rd person all, allae, newer alla ` beyond, on the other side '; derivatives: alltar ` the world of the dead, the other world, hereafter ', also from ` to savage areas situated on the other side ', alltarach ` otherworld, ulterior, thithertho '.

Gall. alla ` another, other, different ', allos `second', VN Allo-broges

= Middle Welsh all-fro ` exiled, ostracized, banished' (to bro 'land'), all-tud ` foreigner '

Old Welsh allann, (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-)

Modern Welsh allan ' outdoors, outside '

Old Irish all-slige ` the second cutting out '.

Gothic alls

Old Icelandic allr

Old English eall

Old High German all 'all'

In the compound Germanic ala- (without -no-suffix) in:

Old Germanic matron's names Ala-teivia, Ala-gabiae etc

Gothic ala-mans ` all people, humanity '

Old High German ala-wāri ` totally true ' (Modern High German albern)

compare Old Irish oll-athair (epithet of Irish God's father Dagdae ` the good God ')

= Old Norse al-fǫðr (epithet of Odin), ' all father '.

Latin alers, allers ` taught; learned, instructed, well-informed; experienced, clever, shrewd, skilful ' from *ad-ers, *allers (contrast to iners).

From an adverb *ali ` there, in a specific place, in each case ' have derived:

ali̯os ` other ':

Armenian ail ` other ';

gr. ἄλλος `other' (Cypriot αἴλος), n. ἄλλο, compare ἀλλοδ-απός ` from elsewhere, from another place, strange '

= Latin aliud, forms as in Latin longinquus `far removed, far off, remote, distant'

Gr. ἀλλήλων etc ` each other', ἀλλάττω ` make different, change ', ἀλλαγή ` variation, change, exchange, trade ': ἀλλότριος ` becoming another, strange ', from Old Indic anyátra `somewhere else' corresponding adverb;

Latin alius

= Oscan allo `other things', n. aliud

= gr. ἄλλο

Latin adverb ali: aliēnus 'strange' (from *ali-i̯es-nos), ali-quis, ali-cubi etc; Comparative alter, -era, -erum ` one from two '

= Oscan alttram 'alteram' (from *aliteros-), by Plautus also altro-; in altrinsecus, altrōvorsum the syncope is caused by the length of the whole word; here also alterāre, adulter, alternus, altercāri;

Note:

English otherwise

Italian altrimenti

French autrement

Spanish de otra manera

Albanian ndryshe (*in + de + aresto)

Galician doutro xeito (*de + otra)

Irish dá

Latin aliter

Paduan altrimènti

Romanian altfel

Sardinian Campidanesu bardisi (*b- ar-all) common Sardinian -l- > -d- shift

Venetian daresto

Welsh fel ar-all

From proto Albanian (*in de aresto) ndryshe ` other, otherwise ', ndryshoj ` change '

gall. alios

Old Irish aile (*ali̯os), n. aill (from adverbial all from *al-nā; palat. l comes from aile)

Welsh ail, Breton eil (from *eliüs, Comparative *alii̯ōs)

doubled Old Irish alaile, araile, n. alaill, araill

Middle Welsh etc arall, Pl. ereill (ll from the adverb all);

Gothic aljis `other', but only in compositions, as Old Saxon eli-lendi n. ` foreign land '

Old High German eli-lenti ds. = Modern High German Elend ' woefulness '

Gothic alja-leikō ` other, different '

Old Icelandic elligar, ellar

Old English ellicor, elcor ` other, otherwise '

Old High German elichōr ` further '

In adverbs:

Old English elles

English else ` other, different '

Old Norse alla ` otherwise ' etc.

a comparative formation *alira is Old English elra ` other ';

Tocharian A ālya-kǝ, В alye-kǝ `ἄλλος τις ' (*ali̯e-kǝ, Pedersen Groupement 26, Tocharisch 117); unclear is the absence of palatalization in A ā̆lakǝ ` other ', ālamǝ ` each other', В āläm ` somewhere else', aletste 'strangers';

East Iranian etc hal-ci ` any (thing) available, etc '.

References: WP. I 84 ff., WH. I 30, 32 f., Feist 33 b, 39 a, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 614.

About the sound change from *ani̯os to *ali̯os see Debrunner REtIE. 3, 1 ff., about angebl. pejorative character of a see Specht KZ. 68, 52, Die alten Sprachen 5, 115.

See also: About ani̯os s. under S. 37 (an2).

Page(s): 24-26

Root / lemma: al-2

Meaning: `to grow; to bear'

Material:

Old Indic an-ala- ` fire ' (' the glutton ')

gr. νεᾱλής ` cheerful, strong ' (νέος + al-; about φυταλιή see below)

Latin alō, -ere, -ul, -itum ` to nourish, support, rear, feed, bring up '; alēscere ` grow up, prosper ', coalēscere 'grow together', adolēscere 'grow up' (adultus ' grown up, adult, mature '), abolēscere ' to perish ' (in addition appears aboleō, -ēre ` destroy, exterminate ' as a Transitive to be newly shaped, partly after (ad)augēscō : (ad)augeō, esp., however, after synonymous dēlēvī, dēleō; the reminiscence in ὄλλυμι, ἀπόλλυμι would be then deceptive; (differently WH. I 4), Latin indolēs ` native constitution or quality; nature, disposition, character, talents ', subolēs ` a sprout, shoot, offspring, progeny ', prōles (*pro-olēs) ` offspring, descendants, posterity; the young men of a race; of plants, fruit ' (of it prōlētārius `a citizen of the lowest class, serving the state only by begetting children'; these three with o from a before dark l, not with Indo Germanic o- vowel gradation); alimentum `food, nourishment', alimōnia,-ium ` food, maintenance '

Maybe alb. Geg alkë ` cream, wool fat, *food ' common alb. Slavic -kë diminutive

Old Irish alim `be nourishing'

Welsh alu

Middle Breton halaff

Modern Breton ala `bear, give birth to'

Welsh al f. `act of giving birth, progeny, people', alaf m. `wealth'

= Old Irish alam f. `herd', of it almae ds .;

Gothic Old English alan (ōl) ` grow up ' (intransitive like Latin adoleō)

Old Icelandic ala (ōl) ` be nourishing, produce '

Gothic aliÞs ` fattened ' (participle of a Causative *aljan = Norwegian dial. elja)

Old Icelandic elskr ` inspired by love ', elska `love'

With t- formant:

Gr. ἄν-αλτος `insatiable, gluttonous'; ῎Αλτις, ἄλσος (*αλτι̯-ος) n. ` holy grove '

Latin altus `high' (i.e. `large-scale grown')

Middle Irish old `height; shores, coast'

Welsh allt `side of a hill, wooded hills'

Old Cornish as, Breton aot, aod 'coast'

Old Saxon ald, Old High German (etc.) alt `old' (actually' grown tall '

Old High German altôn `put off, delay' (`make old');

Maybe alb. geg (*n'alt ) nalt `high' > alb. Tosc (*nalt, lant) lart `high' [n/l allophones].

*alti also in Gothic alds f. ` period, lifetime '

Old English ield ` period, lifetime, age, old age ' (Pl. ielde, Old Saxon eldi `people, humans')

Old Norse ǫld f. `time, age, Pl. people'

*alti̯o in:

Oscan altinúm ` food, provisions, aliment '

= Latin *altiōnum; Old Irish comaltae ` foster brother '

= Middle Welsh cyfeillt `serf, slave'

Modern Welsh cyfaill `friend' (*komal-ti̯os)

Middle Welsh eillt (*alti̯os) `pupil, hero'

Old Irish inailt (*eni-altī) ` servant '

Gothic alÞeis (*alti̯os) ` old '

= Old Irish alt(a)e ` brought up ';

*altro- in:

Old Irish altram ` food ', altru `nursing father'

Welsh athraw `teacher'

Old Norse aldr m. (Gen. aldrs) `age, lifetime, old age'

Old English ealdor `life'

Old Saxon aldar

Old High German altar `old age, age'.

With m- formant:

Gr. ἄλμα n. `grove', φυτάλμιος epithet of Zeus and Poseidon (also Φυτάλιος, name of Poseidon in isthmian Troy, Φύταλος, for what hom. φυταλιή `tree nursery' as an abstract noun, see Bechtel Lexil. 331)

Latin almus `nourishing, feeding (ager), blessing-donating, sweet, kind, sublime'

FlN Thracian Almus, Illyrian (?) Almō (Rom), Almā (Etruria), abrit. *Almā, English Yealm

Tocharian А ālym- ` life, mind '.

d- extensions:

Old Indic íḍ-, íḍā ` refreshment, donation, oblation, gift '

gr. ἀλδαίνω ` allows to grow, strengthens ', ἀλδήσκω 'grows', ἀναλδής ` not thriving; growth restraining ', ἄλδομαι ` brings forth, produce, create ' (καρπούς).

Maybe alb. Geg ardh- [dh- extension as in satem languages] `come, (*climax), be born', ardhuna Pl. `yields, profits'.

dh- extensions: Old Indic r̥dhnóti, r̥náddhi, r̥dháti, ŕ̥dhyati `prospers, succeeds, does succeed, manages'

Avestan arǝdat̃ ` he allows to prosper ', ǝrǝdāt- ` cause prospering '

Old Indic árdhuka- ` thriving ' (Specht KZ. 64, 64 f.);

gr. ἀλθαίνω, ἄλθω `heals', ἄλθομαι ` grows, heals '

Old Swedish alda ` fruit-carrying oak '

Old Icelandic aldin ` tree fruit, esp. eatable (fruit or seed of the oak tree, acorn) '.

References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.

Page(s): 26-27

Root / lemma: al-4

Meaning: `to burn'

Material:

Old Indic alātam n. ` fire, blaze, coal ' (also úlmukam `fire')

Latin adoleō ` to worship, offer sacrifice, burn a sacrifice; to sacrifice on an altar; in gen., to burn; to smell ', adolēscō, -ere ` flare up (from altars), to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn ' (o from a as in etymological-different adolēscere ` to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn ' to alō, see below *al-2 `grow'), altāre `fire altar'

with difficult o vowel gradation Umbrian uṙetu ` toward turning to vapor '

Maybe alb. (*ol-) urë ` burning log ' (common alb. o- > u- shift)

New Swedish ala ` blaze, flame '

gr. ἀλάβη ἄνθρακες Hes.

Latin alacer `quick, lively, animated'

Gothic aljan n. `zeal' etc. was possible as ` igneous, quick-tempered '

about Old English ǣlan ` burn ' see *aidh-.

gall. MS Alatus, Middle Irish alad ` multicolored, dappled, striped ' (if originally 'burnt')

= nir. aladh `trout' (alā̆to-).

Maybe alb. alle `red color'.

References: WP. I 88, WH. I 13, EM. 88.

Page(s): 28

Root / lemma: al-5 (*hel-)

Meaning: `to grind'

Material: Old Indic áṇu- ` fine, thin, very small ' (*al-nu-)

Hindi and Bengali āṭā ` flour '

Avestan aša (*arta-) ` crushed, ground'

Armenian aɫam ` grinds', aɫauri (*alatrio-) ` mill ', aleur- ` flour ' (in spite of l instead of ɫ not borrowed from ἄλευρον, Hübschmann Arm. Gr. I 414), aɫaxin ` servant ', aɫij ` young girl ' (Meillet BSL. 37, 72).

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- : Armenian aɫauri (*alatrio-) ` mill ' : Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρία , ἡ, Illyria, also Ἰλλυρίς , ἡ, Adj. Ἰλλυρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region or province of Illyria, Ἰλλυρίζω , speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρία:--hence Adv. Ἰλλυριστί.

Gr. ἀλε: ἀλέω ` grind, crush ', ἀλέται λίθοι ` millstone, grindstone ', ἄλετος and ἀλετός ` the milling, the grinding ', ἀλετών `mill', ἀλετρεύω `grind', ἄλε[F]αρ, Pl. ἀλείατα (stretched from ἀλέατα; Schulze Qunder ep. 225) `flour' (from it contracted *ἀλῆτα called out of the new sg. ἄλητον ἄλευρον Hes.; ἀλητο-ειδής Hippokr., ἀλήτων ἀλεύρων Rhinthon), ἄλευρον (*ἀλε-Fρ-ον) ` wheat flour', ἀλῑνός ` flimsy ' ( ` pulverized, crushed, ground'), ἄλιξ ` miller who grinds the spelt, wheat ' (from it Latin alica `spelt, or a drink prepared from spelt' ds).

----------------

Gr. ἔλυμος `millet', ὄλυρα `spelt', οὐλαί, Attic ὀλαί `ground coarse grain' (*ολF-, not after J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 382 from *αλF-) would be compatible, perhaps, phonetically (then word root would be *el-, *ol-, *el-).

References: WP. I 89.

Page(s): 28-29

Root / lemma: alp-

Meaning: `small, weak'

Material:

Hittite: alpanta- (alpant-) 'ill, weak'

Old Indian: álpa-, alpaka- `small, minute, trifling'

Baltic: *al̃p- vb., *al̃p-na- adj., *al̃p-ā^ f., *alp-iā̃ f.

Germanic: *alb-a- m., *alb-i- c.

Old Indic álpa-, alpaka- small, slight, flimsy ' (alpēna, alpāt ` light, fast ')

Lithuanian alpstù, alpaũ, al̃pti ` become unconscious ', alpùs ` weak '

Latvian el̃pe ` taking air, breath ', alpa ̀ ` one time, time, moment in time '.

apposition also from hom. ἀλαπαδνός (from Aeschylos λαπαδνός) 'weak', ἀλαπάζω ` exhaust, make tired, weaken; drain, empty ', Attic λαπάζω ' despoil, pillage', λαπάττω ` empty (the body) ' is doubtful because of their to two-syllables root words compared with the Old Indic and Lithuanian words; also they suit, as well as to them, added to λαπαρός ` slender, thin, having hollow body ', λαπάρα ` flank, swell of the body in the hip ', λάπαθος ` cavity, pit ', λάπαθος ` sorrel, rumex ' in the meaning colouring (`empty, sunken, shrunken '). Quite dubious also alb. (Jokl SBAk. Wien 168, I 48) laps ` be tired of, sick of, bored with '.

Maybe in e- grade alb. lëpjetë ` sorrel, rumex ' loanword from gr. λάπαθος` sorrel, rumex '

Common alb. Slavic -j- infix.

Maybe Latin lapso -are `to slip, stumble'.

On account of here Hittite al-pa-an-da- (alpant-) `ill, weak, small, flimsy'?

Proto-Altaic: *ălpa

Meaning: unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms

Turkic: *ălp-

Mongolian: *alba-n

Tungus-Manchu: *alba-

Korean: *àrphằ-

Japanese: *apar-

Comments: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.

Proto-Kartvelian: *ɣalp-

English meaning: weak

Georgian: Gur. ɣalp-

References: WP. I 92, Couvreur Ḫ 106 f., WH. I 786, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II, 158.

Page(s): 33

Root / lemma: alu- (-d-, -t-)

Meaning: `bitter; beer'

Material:

Gr. ἀλύδ(ο)ιμον πικρὸν παρὰ Σώφρονι Hes., ἀλυδμαίνειν [πικραίνειν?] Hes.

Latin alūta ` soft leather; a shoe, purse or patch, beauty patch ' and alūmen ` alum ' are simply extensions from *alu-.

The root appears in Northern Europe with the definition ` beer, mead ' (compared to the meaning difference Church Slavic kvasъ ` alum, beer ')

Old Norse ǫl n. ` beer, carousal ', ǫldr n. 'carousal' (*aluÞra-)

Old English ealu(đ) n. `beer'

Old Saxon in alo-fat, Middle High German in al-schaf ` drinking vessel';

maybe alb. alle `red (color of beer?) '

Old Prussian alu n. `mead' (< Old Saxon in alo-)

Lithuanian alùs m. become as medùs = Prussian meddo n .

Church Slavic olъ (m. become like medъ) ` beer '

also borrowed by Finnish olut ` Beer ' from Germanic

References: WP. I 91, WH. I 34.

Page(s): 33-34

Root / lemma: ambhi, m̥bhi

Meaning: `around, from both sides'

Material:

Armenian amboɫj ` entirely, unscathed ' (to oɫj ` healthy ')

gr. ἀμφί ` around ' (ἀμφί-ς ` to both sides ', with the same adverbial -s as z. В. ἄψ, λικριφίς, s.Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 737);

Latin amb- (before vowel, e.g. ambigō), am-, an- (before consonant, e.g. amputō, amiciō from *am[bi]jaciō) inseparable prefix ` round about, around, all around ', Old Latin also preposition am ` around ' m. Akk. (ambi - for the purposes of `both' also anceps which is against late formation it points to ambō)

Umbrian amb- (amboltu), a- (a-ferum ` to carry round, take round; esp. of the eyes, to turn all round; in religion, to lustrate, purify , by carrying round consecrated objects. Transf., to spread, esp.to spread news '), an- (an-ferener ` bearing round ')

Oscan amvíannud ` a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, detour ', amnúd ` a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, a cause, reason, motive, inducement, occasion, opportunity ' (barely *amb-beno- : veniō, however no- derivation, s. v. Planta II 32, 623)

with -er- extension:

after Latin praeter-eō, intereō (see v. Planta II 455, WH. I 36)

Umbrian ampretu, ambretuto ` ambit, circuit'

Oscan amfret ` flanked '

not Latin trails of the same -er- extension in Latin amfrāctus ` a turning, a bend. Transf., legal intricacies, circumlocution, digression ', rather from am-frāctus); about PN Amiternum s. Schulze Latin Eig. 541;

with ti- extension (after pos-t, per-t, Buck Elementarbuch 65):

Oscan ampt ` around ' (as Umbrian ambr- at first due to from amf- before consonant simplified am-)

alb. mbi, mbɛ ` over, by, on, in ' (G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 265).

m̥bhi:

Old Indic abhí-taḥ ` to both sides '

Avestan aiwito ` to both sides, all around, from every direction' (about Avestan aibiš, Old Persian abiš more debatably meaning see Pedersen KZ. 40, 127, Bartholomae IF. 19, Beiheft S. 106; the ending -s in in historical connection with that of gr. ἀμφίς?);

Old Indic abhí ` around, circum '

Old Persian abiy

Avestan aibī, aiwi ` about, in regard to, from ' from derived *m̥bhi or Indo Germanic *obhi or continuing in *ebhi

gall. ambi- ` around, circum ' (e.g. ᾽Αμβί-δραυοι ` living on river Dravos '),

Welsh am- (through i- umlaut em-, ym-)

Cornish Breton am-, em-

Old Irish imb-, imm- `around'

Old High German Old Saxon umbi

Old Icelandic umb

Old English ymb, ymbe ` around ' (absorbed in Gothic from bi ).

bhi:

Gothic bi in meaning `around'

with final sound extension in stressed position Old Saxon Old English be-, bī-

Old High German bi-, bī-

Modern High German bei

Note:

Vowel stretch has caused the accentuation of the last syllable diminishing the first syllable in Germanic and Albanian

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*(a)mbhei) mbë `at, in', (*(a)mbhii) mbi `on upon'.

ambhō(u) ` both ':

Gr. ἄμφω ` both ' (derivative ἀμφότερος ` each or both of two ')

Latin ambō, -ae, -ō ` both ';

Maybe gr. ἀμφιφορεύς ` a large jar with two handles ' maybe Illyrian shortened ἀμφορεύς [shortened for ἀμφιφορεύς,] I. an amphora, jar, urn, Hdt., etc.

Proto-IE: *ab-, *amb-

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Old Indic: ambarī́ṣa- m.n. 'frying-pan'

Lithuanian: ãbrina-s, dial. ãbrē ' butter can, butter pot '

Lettish: abra, abris ' kneading trough '

Old Prussian: aboros ' laceration ' Voc. 228

Latin: obba, -ae f. ' a vessel large at the bottom '

Celtic: Ir uibne ' small drinking vessel'

References: Fraenkel s.v. ãbrinas

Old Indic ubhāu ` both ' [vowel stretch]

Avestan uwa- ds.

Lithuanian abù (*aubhāu) [vowel stretch]

Old Church Slavic oba ds. (*oubhāu) [vowel stretch]

Gothic bai m., ba n., Gen. (*baddjē) bajōÞs [vowel stretch]

Old Saxon bē thie [vowel stretch]

Old English bā, Þā [vowel stretch]

English both [vowel stretch]

Old High German beide, bēde [vowel stretch]

Old Norse bāðer, Gen. beggja ` both ' [vowel stretch]

= Gothic *baddjē < bai̯i̯ē [vowel stretch]

Tocharian A āmpi, āmpe, В ant-api.

Old Bulgarian obъ

Latin ob `with acc., in front of, before; in return for; because of, on account of')

References: WP. I 54 f., WH. I 36 f., Feist 74 a, 88, Pedersen Tocharisch 82.

Page(s): 34-35

Root / lemma: ames- or omes-

Meaning: `blackbird'

Note: (: mes- : ams- or *oms-)?

Material:

Old High German amusla, amsala

Old English ōsle ` blackbird ' [common Celtic abbreviation]

Latin (*mesula) merula ` a blackbird; a fish, the sea-carp '

Welsh mwyalch [vowel stretch]

Old Cornish moelh [vowel stretch]

Breton moualc'h `blackbird' [vowel stretch]

difficult suppositions about Irish smōl, smōlach `thrush').

Maybe through metathesis Welsh mwyalchen `blackbird' = alb. mëllenjë `blackbird'

Note:

Common alb. Germanic Celtic plural -n = -m suffix as in mjellmë ` swan, swans ', delme ` sheep ', djelm ` boys ', zjarm ` fire, fires ', shqiponjë ` eagle, eagles '.

Old High German *meisa

Old English māse

Old Icelandic meisingr ` titmouse '.

Norwegian Dialectal meis ` thin, frail person ', meiseleg ` thin and weak '

West Flemish mijzen ` crumble ', mejzel ` a little bit, tiny bits '

References: WP. I 53 f., WH. II 77 f.

Page(s): 35-36

Root / lemma: amǝ-

Meaning: ` move forward energetically '