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Part I

List of language abbreviations in the IED

Abbreviation Language name

Aeq. Aequian

Akk. Akkadian

Alan. Alanian (=Old Ossetic)

Alb. Albanian

Anat. Anatolian

Ang. Anglian

AngN Anglo-Norman

Aram.-Iran Aramaeo-Iranian

Ash. Ashkun

Ass. Assyrian

Auk. Aukshtaitian

Bactr. Bactrian

Bel. Belorussian

Br. British

Bret. Breton

BVan. Bas-Vannetais

CCl. Continental Celtic

Chak. Chakavian

Chor. Chorasmian

CIb. Celtiberian

Class. Skt. Classical Sanskrit

Co. Cornish

Corn. Cornouillais

Dac. Dacian

Dan. Danish

Dard. Dardic

Dzuk. Dzukian

EBl. East Baltic

EGm. East Germanic

EGmRun. East-Germanic Runic

El. Elymian

Elam. Elamite

Elam.-Iran. Elamo-Iranian

EMoBret. Early Modern Breton

EMoIr. Early Modern Irish

EMoW Early Modern Welsh

ESl. East Slavic

Faer. Faeroese

FriRun. Frisian Runic

Gal. Galindian

Gallo-Gk. Gallo-Gk. (in Gk. authors)

Gallo-Lat. Gallo-Latin (in Lat. authors)

Gaul. Gaulish

GaulG Gaulish in Greek letters

GaulL Gaulish in Lat. letters

Go. Gothic

Gr. Greek

Hebr. Hebrew

Hell. Hellenistic

Hi. Hindi

HVan. Haut-Vannetais

IE Indo-European

IIr. Indo-Iranian

InsCl. Insular Celtic

Iran. Iranian

It.-Cl. Italo-Celtic

Kajk. Kajkavian

Ken. Kentish

Khot. Khotanese (=Saka)

Lak. Lakonian

Lang. Langobardian

Latg. Latgalian

LAv. Late Avestan

LCo. Late Cornish

Lep. Lepontic

Liv. Livonian

LPBr. Late Proto-British

Lus. Lusitanian

Mac. Macedonian

MArm. Middle Armenian

Mars. Marsian

Maz. Mazanderani

Mcd. Macedonian

MCo. Middle Cornish

Med. Median

Merc. Mercian

MFr. Middle French

MIA Middle Indo-Aryan

MIc. Middle Icelandic

Mit. Mitanni

MnLE Restsprachen east

MnLW Restsprachen west

MoArm. Modern Armenian

MoBret. Modern Bret.

MoCo. Modern Cornish

MoE Modern English

MoIA Modern Indo-Aryan

MoIc. Modern Icelandic

MoIr. Modern Irish

MoP Modern Persian

MoW Modern Welsh

MP Middle Persian

Mun. Munji

MW Middle Welsh

Myc. Mycenaean

NEIran. Northeast Iranian

NGm. North Germanic

NIA New Indo-Aryan

non-IE Non-IE languages

Nth. Northumbrian

Nur. Nuristani

NWGk. Northwestern Greek

NWIran. Northwest Iranian

OBr. Old British (i.e. names in Latin sources and inscriptions of the Dark Ages)

OBret. Old Breton

OCo. Old Cornish (Voc. Corn.)

OCS Old Church Slavonic

ODan. Old Danish

OERun. Old English Runic

OFri. Old Frisian

OFriRun. Old Frisian Runic

Og. Ogam Irish

OGt. Old Gutnish

OIA Old Indo-Aryan

OIran. Old Iranian (names in var. sources)

ONRun. Old Norse Runic

OP Old Persian

OPhr. Old Phrygian

Orm. Ormuri

ORu. Old Russian

ORun. Old Runic

Oss. Ossetic

OssD Digor

OssI Iron

OSWBr. Old South-West British

OW Old Welsh

P Proto- (can be prefixed to any language)

Pa. Pali

Paeon. Paeonic

Pal. Palaic

Pam. Pamir

Par. Parachi

Parth. Parthian

Pash. Pashto (=Afghan)

PFU Proto-Fenno-Ugric

Pis. Pisidic

Pkt. Prakrit

Plb. Polabian

Pol. Polish

PrIr. Primitive Irish

PRom. Proto-Romance

PSab. (Proto-)Sabellian ( = Osco-Umbrian)

PSamn. Presamnitic

PU Proto-Uralic

qIE quasi-Indo-European

Rosh. Roshani

Ru. Russian

RuCS Russian Church Slavonic

Sar. Sarikoli

Sarmat. Sarmatian

Sbn. Sabinian

SCr. Serbo-Croatian

SCS Serbian Church Slavonic

Scyth. Scythian

SEIran. Southeast Iranian

Sel. Selian

Sh. Shughni

Shtok. Shtokavian

Sic. Siculian

Sid. Sidetic

Skt. Sanskrit

Slc. Slovincian

Slk. Slovak

Sln. Slovene

Sogd. Sogdian

Sp. Spanish

SPic. South Picenian

SSl. South Slavic

Sum. Sumerian (non-IE)

SwG Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch)

SWIran. Southwest Iranian

Taj. Tajik

Thrac. Thracian

Treg. Tregorrois

Ukr. Ukrainian

Van. Vannetais

Vand. Vandal

Ved. Vedic

W Welsh

Wa. Wakhi

WBl. West Baltic

WS West-Saxon

WSl. West Slavic

Yagh. Yaghnobi

Yaz. Yazgulami

Yi. Yidgha

Zhem. Zhemaitian

Root / lemma: abhro-

English meaning: strong, mighty

Material:

Middle Irish Prefix abor- ` very much ', Welsh afr- ` very much ', Gothic abrs ` get strong, violent ', adv. abraba ` very much ', bi-abrjan ` before were astonished beside oneself ', Old Icelandic Prefix afar- ` very much ', Illyrian VN Α῎βροι, Thracian PN Α᾽βρο-.

Here maybe Gothic aba (n- stem) ` husband'.

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.

See also: s. aĝ-

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: aĝ-

English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle

Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.

Material: aĝō:

Old Indic ájati `drive', ajá- m. `a drove, troop; a driver'; ājí- m./f. `running match, combat', Avestan azaiti ` drive, lead away ', Armenian acem ` lead, bring ';

Maybe alb. Geg (*ἄγω), ago `leader, chief';

gr. ἄγω 'lead' (Aor. Aor. ἤγαγον, ἤξα are new), Latin agō ` to set in motion, drive, lead, negotiate ', Oscan Imperative actud = Umbrian aitu ` o set in violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge ', Oscan acum ` drive, urge ', Old Irish ad-aig ` to drive, bring, or take a person or thing to a place, of cattle ', Old Welsh agit, hegit, more recently ëyt (*agīti), Welsh Cornish Breton a (*aget) `goes',

t- Preterit:

Old Irish ro-da-acht ` driven away ', Welsh aeth (*ag-t) `to put in motion', Old Irish āin ` activity, play ' (from *agnis), gallo-rom. *and-agnis ` big step ', French andain ` swath, scythe slash ', Old French `wide step', Old Norse aka `driving', Old English ac `however, but, yet'

Tocharian B ak-, AB āk- `travel, lead'

to- participle:

gr. ἀκτός, Latin āctus ' put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted', *amb (i)-aktos, actually, ` sent around (: Old Irish imm-aig) messenger, servant ' in gall. (-Latin) ambactus ` vassal, slave ', Welsh amaeth ` servus arans '

from Celtic derives:

Gothic andbahts, Old High German ambaht ` servant ', from which the kinship with Modern High German Amt

As Indo Germanic Instrumental noun in-trā here:

Old Indic aṣ̌ṭrā `goad to drive the livestock ', Avestan aštrā ` whip, scourge '.

Maybe Tokharian: B āk n. `zeal' (Adams 35), AB āk- `lead, guide, drive' (36).

lengthened grade formations:

Old Indic ājí-ḥ m. f. `race, fight ', Middle Irish āg (Gen. āga, u- stem) `fight', āga, āige `leaders', compare also gall. PN Ago-mārus = Old Irish ágmar `warlike'; Com-āgius

Latin only in compounds: ambāgēs, around ` a roundabout way, winding. Hence, in speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity ', indāgēs and indāgo,-inis ` surrounding and driving of game ', co-āgulum ` a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet; the curdled milk; that which holds or binds together, a bond, tie '

Maybe alb. geg (*co-āgulum) klumësht `milk '

Old Indic samāja-ḥ `meeting, society'

gr. ἀγωγός `leading, leadingly ', ἀγωγή `guidance, management, freight', Hes. ὤγανα `spokes', στρατ-ηγός

o- stem:

ved. ajá-ḥ ̣ ` activity, train; driver ', gr. ἀγός ` leader, military leader ', στρατ-ᾱγός, Attic Ionian στρατ-ηγός 'military leader', λοχᾱγός (originally Doric) ` leader ', Latin prōdigo -igere -egi -actum `to drive forth; to spend, waste', prōd-igus `profuse, extravagant; rich, abounding in. Adv. prodige ' (from prōd-igere), abiga ` plant which has the power of producing abortion; ground-pine ' (` close to miscarriage ' from ab-igere = ἀπάγω, Old Indic apa-ájati ` to drive away, drive off ').

i̯o- stem:

Irish aige `race', Old Indic in pr̥tanājyam `competition'.

aĝmn̥, aĝmos:

Old Indic ájman- n. ` road, train ', ájma-ḥ ds. (however, jman, pari-jman-, pr̥thu-jman-, jma-yā́- s. ĝhÞem- ` earth '), Latin agmen ` a driving movement or a mass in (orderly) movement, a stream, band, train; esp. milit., an army on the march ' (to neologism agō for *ammen), exāmen ` a swarm; a throng, crowd, shoal. (2) the tongue of a balance; testing, consideration '; then ` to check, to weigh; to consider ' (from *agsmen), ammentum (*agmen-to-m) ` in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with throw straps '

gr. ὄγμος ` field furrow, road of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing '.

lo- stem:

Old Indic ajirá- ` quick, nimble ', Latin agilis ` flexible, nimble ' is a neologism

gr. ἀγέλη ` herd, crowd ', Latin agolum ` shepherd's stick '.

Gr. ἀγών ` race, competition '; ἄγυια 'street' (part. Perf.), from which about newer *ἄγεια Latin agēa ' a gangway in a ship'; lak. Cretan ätol. ἀγνέω ` leads, brings ', ep. Ionian ἀγῑνέμεναι, ἀγῑνέω ds.

Latin rēmex, rēmigāre, rēmigium, lītigāre ` a rower, oarsman ' and other verbs in -(i)gāre. - Presumably Latin indigitēs ` the local divinities and heroes ' (indigitāre ` a divinity call ', indigitāmenta 'invocation formulae'), as *end(o)-aget- ` the indigenous, native '.

formation development to 'to weigh' (from ` bring in oscillation ') in:

Latin exagium ` a weighing, weight; a balance ', exigere [ex + ago] 'to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take out, expel: -- To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider': among other things ` weigh, measure ', exāctus ` precise, accurate, exact ', exiguus ` strict, exact, scanty, small, little, petty, short, poor, mean, inadequate, inconsiderable, paltry ', exīlis (*ex-ag-slis) ` strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor ', exāmen (see above), agīna ` the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves ' (formation as for example coquīna).

gr. ἄγειν also `weigh' (with Akk. of the weight), ἄξιος `weighing as much, of like value, worth as much as' (from *ἄκτιος, on the grounds of *ag-ti-s `weight', actually:) ` from suitable weight ', hence, ` worth, solemnly ', ἀντάξιος 'worth just as much as, equally'.

Latin acnua, āctus quadrātus ` a field measure of 120 feet in the square ', actūtum 'straight away, immediately, forthwith ', agāsō `footman, driver, hostler ', agō, -ōnis `of the priests killing the sacrificial animal' (from agere in meaning ` sacrifice'), agōnium ` a victim, beast for sacrifice '.

Here maybe gall. exacum ` the herb centaury ' if prescribed for *exagum (= *exago-` pure-craving '). But better to *ak̂- ` sharp ', see there.

Further belong here:

aĝes-, ak̂s . . . ` (fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder ':

Old Indic ákṣ̌a-ḥ ` axis', gr. ἅξων ds., ἅμ-αξα `carriage, wagon', Latin axis 'axis', Lithuanian ašìs, Old Prussian assis, Old Church Slavic osъ f. ds .

Old High German ahsa, Modern High German Achse, Old English eax ds ., Old Norse ǫxull (from Proto German *ahsulaz) 'axis', Middle Irish ais 'axis' (*aksi-lā in Welsh echel f. 'axis', Breton ahel).

Latin āla `shoulder', from which the usual meaning `wing', from *agslā (compare Diminutive axilla `armpit') = Old Norse ǫxl, Old English eaxl, Old High German ahsala, Modern High German Achsel, Dutch oksel ds.

without l- formant:

Old High German uochisa, Middle High German uohse, üehse, Old High German uochsana, Old English ōxn `armpit', Old Norse ōst f., ōstr m. `Cervical pit', Old English ōcusta, ōxta m., English oxter `armpit', av ašayạ̄ Gen. Du. ` of both shoulders ', Armenian anut` ` shoulder pit ' (at first from *asnut`).

Maybe German Achsel : Latin axilla; ala; ascilla; ascella : Italian ascella : Spanish axial : French aisselle : Calabrese ma-scidda; sciddra; titiddra; titilla : Albanian Geg sqetlla, Tosc sqetull ` armpit '.

common Calabrese -ll-> -dd- : Sardinian -ll-> -dd-.

aĝ-rā ` rush, hunt ', aĝ-ro-s ` driving, rushing ':

Old Indic in ghasē-ajra- ` to drive consuming, exciting appetite ', Avestan (vehr-kąm) azrō-daiδīm ` doing the hunt, outgoing on prey (she-wolf) ', gr. ἄγρᾱ, Ionian ἄγρη ` hunt, catch ', πάναγρος ` catching everything, catching ', κρεάγρα ` meat tongs ', πυράγρα ` tongs ', ποδάγρα ` prostration, enuflection ', Μελέαγρος originally name of a ` demon which as a quick-tempered fever seizes the limbs ' (?), ἀγρεύς ` hunter ', ἀγρεύω ` catch '; but ἀγρέω ` take ' according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7271 from *ἁ-γρο-;

Irish ār n. ` defeat ' (*agron) ` battle, fight ' (*agrā), actually, ` rush ', Old Cornish hair ` destruction, injury, mischief, harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity ', Old Breton airou PI. ` an overthrow, destruction, ruin, defeat, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage ', gall. VN Veragri ` the immense combatants '.

Maybe Illyrian Agron PN.

aĝ-ro-s ` field, camp '

Old Indic ájra-ḥ `surface, camp, fields ' (without respect on agriculture), gr. ἀγρός ` field, land ' (in contrast to town), Latin Umbrian ager `field', Gothic (etc.) akrs, Old High German ackar, ahhar, Modern High German Acker (Acker and Old English æcer also a certain land measure, ` so much a bottom plate can oxen plow during one day '), Armenian art 'field' (with puzzling t about *atgr-, *atr-, see Pedersen KZ. 39, 352; thereof artak's ` out ', prefix arta-` from').

Old Indic ajríya- ` located in the plain ' = gr. ἄγριος ` on the field, outside growing or living, wildly '; ἀγρότερος ` wildly living ', Latin agrestis ` a countryman, peasant, rustic, rural, crude '. (about Gothic akran, German Eckern ` beechnut ', however, see below *ōg- `grow'.)

Maybe alb. egër `wild, rural, crude', Illyrian TN Agrianes.

References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112.

Page(s): 4-6

Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s

Meaning: `lamb'

Note: (z. T. also *agʷnos?)

Material:

alb. Geg kinxhi, Tosc (*ḫengh-) qengji `lamb' common alb. h- > k- in alb. similar to Old Icelandic hunang, Old Swedish hunagh n., Old English hunig, Old Saxon honig, Old High German honag, honang `honey' : alb. qengjë `beehive' not a Germanic loanword. See Root / lemma: kenǝkó- : gold; honey, yellowish

gr. ἀμνός m. f., ἀμνή f. `lamb';

Latin agnus, - ī, fem.-a `lamb' (agnīle `sheep stable', lacking suffix affinity with Old Church Slavic jagnilo ` place where the sheep lamb ', a derivative of the verb jagniti `to lamb')

Vowel stretch:

From an Illyrian abbreviated root an (*an < * agnos)

Old Irish ūan, Welsh oen, Old Cornish oin, Breton oan `lamb', Old English ēanian, English to yean `to lamb', Dutch oonen ds. (from *aunōn from *auna- = Indo Germanic *agʷhno-)

Old Church Slavic (j)agne ̨ `lamb' (with formants -et- broadened around popular names of young animals), (j)agnьcь `lambkins' contain full gradation.

Umbrian habina(f) ` of a lamb ' = Latin haedīnus `of a kid', Latin agninus `of a lamb; f. as subst., lamb's flesh', Latin avillus `lambkin' (*agʷhnelos)

References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: ai-dh-, i-dh-, nasalized i-n-dh-

English meaning: to burn

Material:

Hittite: is(sa)na- c. ' dough ' (Tischler 406-407)

Tokharian: B isćem ' clay, brick ' (Adams 67)

Old Indian: íṣṭakā f. `brick '

Avestan: ištya- n. ` tile, brick; building block '

Other Iranian: OPers. išti-, Pers. xišt

Nasalized:

Old Indic inddhḗ ` inflamed, is aroused ' (pass. idhyáte, Perf. īdhḗ, part. Perf. Pass iddhá-ḥ), indhana-m ` lighting '.

Gr. αἴθω ` lights, burns ' (αἰθόμενος), αἴθων, αἶθοψ ` igneous, sparkling ', ἰθαίνεσθαι θερμαίνεσθαι Hes., hylleisch αἰδῶσσα αἴθουσα ` to light up, kindle '; changing by vowel gradation κακ-ιθής Hes. 'ravenously' (W. Schulze KZ. 29, 269 = Kl. Schr. 329).

Maybe alb. (*δῶσσα) ndez ` to light up, kindle '.

o-Grade:

gr. αἶθος m. `fire' (αἰθός `burntly') = Old Indic ēdha-ḥ ̣m. `firewood' = Old English ād

Old High German Middle High German eit m. ` glow, pyre '

zero grade probably:

Norwegian Swedish id ` leuciscus idus ' (a bright carp kind), Modern High German dial. aitel ` leuciscus cephalus'

gall. VN Aedui, Old Irish áed `fire', Latin aedēs ` a dwelling of the gods, a sanctuary, a temple ', originally ` the domestic stove ', also aedis = Macedonian ἄδις ἐσχάρα Hes.

From the verbal adjective in -to- derived:

Latin aestās, - ātis `warm season, summer ' (from *aisto-tāt-, Indo Germanic *aidh-to-); aestus, - ūs (from *aidh-tu-) `heat, glow, surf', aestuāre ` cook, surge, roar ';

Old Germanic MN Aistomōdius (` with quick-tempered courage '), Old English āst f. `dried stove', English oast `drying room, drying loft'.

r- formants:

gr. αἰθήρ `the upper air' (Macedonian ἀδῆ), αἴθρα `the cheerful sky' (Macedonian ἀδραιά), αἴθριος `brightly, cheerfully (from the weather)', for what changing by vowel gradation ἰθαρός 'cheerfully'

Old Indic vīdhrá- (=vi-idh-rá́-) ds.

l- formants:

gr. αἰθάλη, αἴθαλος `soot', Macedonian ἄδαλος; under acceptance of a development from `shining, appearing' ` too apparently ', Old English īdel `vain, pointless, trifling', Old High German ītal, Modern High German eitel.

On Indo Germanic *aidh-lo- is based:

Germanic ail- in:

Old English ǣlan `burn', āl n. `flame', Old English ǣled m., Old Icelandic eldr (Gen. elds) ` fire, flame '.

Vowel stretch:

From Old English ǣled are borrowed:

Welsh aelwyd, Breton oaled ` from fire, stove ', Middle Irish āel `lime'

However, Germanic and Celtic words could also be formed directly by the root 4. 4. ā̆i- with -lo-suffix.

s-formants:

es-stem:

gr. αἴθος n. `glow, fire' = Old Indic ḗdhas- n. `firewood'.

Continuing formation:

Old Icelandic eisa f. (*aidh-s-ōn) `fire', Norwegian `Hearth', Middle Low German ēse f. `chimney, fire stove ', Old High German essa ' chimney, hearth ' see below ā̆s- ` burn ', Avestan aēsma m. `firewood' (*aidh-s-mo-, compare without s Old Indic idhmá-ḥ m. ds.), Lithuanian íesmė `firewood', Lithuanian aistrà f. ` passion '

Old Czech niestějě (fem. Pl.) ` stove ', later nístěj

Note:

The íe- > nie- shift is of Uralic origin

zero grades *idh-s-to- in:

slov. istė́je, stė́je Pl. ` stove hole ', Old Indic iṣ̌ṭakā ` of burnt bricks ', Avestan ištya- n. ` brick, (baked brick) '.

To *indh- goes back:

alb. Geg idhunɛ, Tosc idhëtë, hidhur `bitter', Tosc idhɛrím `bitterness, anger, irritation', hį̄dhitë, hithra Pl. `nettle' (Jokl studies 29). (common alb. Tosc dh- > th- shift)

Note:

Alb. and gr. are the only IE languages to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- .

References: WP. I 5, WH. 15, 20, 843, Trautmann 3, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 347.

Probably to ā̆i-4.

Here also belongs aisk-, if originated from aidh-s-k- .

Page(s): 11-12

Root / lemma: aid-

English Meaning: ` swell '

See also: s. oid-.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: aig-1, nasalized ing-

English meaning: disspirited, sick, ill

Material:

Alb. kë-ék, keq `nasty, bad, evil' [common alb. old laryngeal ḫ- > k- shift similar in Uralic]

Latin aeger, aegra, -um, aegrotus ` unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble ', Old Norse eikenn dismays ` wild, furious ', (influenced by common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), Old English ācol ` excited, dismayed ', New Norwegian eikja, eikla ` continually with attacks, contradictions, assertions torment ', eikjen `argumentative'.

Tocharian В aik(a)re (= Latin *aegro-), A ekro `ill';

nasalized: *ing-:

Lithuanian ìngis `lounger, idler ', ìngas and angùs ` idle, sluggish '; Latvian îgstu, îgt ` have internal pain, be sullen, morose ', îgnêt ` have disgust ', îgnis ` sullen person ', Lithuanian éngti ` choke, torment ', Old Church Slavic jędza `illness', nslov. jeza `rage', poln. jędza ` fury, witch ' (`gruff, sullen'), Czech jezinka `forest woman', Russian bába jagá `witch'.

Old Icelandic ekki `pain, grief ' = Old English inca ` pain, suspicion, quarrel ', Old Frisian inc (d. i. jinc) `angry', Modern English inkle `anticipate, foresee ', inkling ` whispering, notion, indication, sign '.

References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aig-2

English meaning: oak

Material:

Gr. αἰγίλωψ ` an oaken kind ' (see below), presumably also κράτ-αιγος, κρατ-αιγών ` an uncertain type of tree ' (possibly `hard oak').

The outcome from αἰγίλωψ appears λώψ λώψ χλαμύς Hes., compare . λωπίον, λώπη, λοπός ` bowl, bark ' and Plin. n. h. 16, 6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo, verum et e ramis dependentes, Kretschmer Gl. 3, 335.

Old Norse eik (conservative stem) f. `oak', Old Saxon ēk, Old English āc (English oak), Old High German eih, Middle High German eich, eiche, Modern High German Eiche ` oak '

All other cognates are dubious: gr. ἄιγῑρος (more properly than αἴγειρος, s. Fick BB. 30, 273) possibly 'aspen' could be created as ' tree trembler, (*oak shaker) ' also derivative like οἰκτί̄ρω from *αἰγί̄ρω ` swing, tremble ' (: *aig- ` move violently ');

Latin aesculus `(mountain oak), the winter or Italian oak ' (*aig-sklos?) is still unclear after its formation, maybe Mediterranean word.

Vowel stretch:

Maybe alb. (*aich) ahi, ahu ` beech ' common alb. -j- > -h- similar to alb. (*kraj) > krahu ` arm '.

References: WP. 110, WH. I 20, 844, Specht KZ. 68, 195 f. S. unten S. 18 Z. 1/2.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aig-3

English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate

Material:

Old Indic ējati ` stirs, moves, trembles ', ējathu-ḥ ̣ ` the quake of the earth ', vic̨vamējaya- ` making everything shake ', nasal present iŋgati, iŋgate ` stirs, moves ', Causative iŋgáyati ` sets in motion, touches, shakes ', udiŋgayati ` swings ', samiŋgayati ` sets in shaking movement ' (form relation like between αἴθω: Old Indic indhate);

Gr. here very probably αἶγες τα κύματα. Δωριεῖς Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2, 12: και γὰρ τὰ μεγάλα κύματα αἶγας ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ λέγομεν), αἰγιαλός 'strands' (probably from arise the connection ἐν αἰγι ἁλόs ` in the surf of the sea '; differently Bechtel Lexil. 16), αἰγίς ` gale, storm cloud; the shield of Zeus' (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus, 'thunderstorm shield'), καταιγίς ` gust of wind moving down suddenly ' from καταιγίζειν ` storm, attack down, drive off ' (from πνοαὶ ῎Αρεος, ἄνεμοι, θάλασσα), ἐπαιγίζειν ` attack near, thrust near '; probably also αἰγανέη 'lance' (on the grounds of *αἴγανον ` the catapults ' or 'projectile'); presumably also αἴγλη 'shine', from the flickerof the light and the warm air to the south; common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-

in addition Germanic name of the squirrel:

Old High German eihhurno, eihhorn

Middle High German eichorn (Modern High German Eichhorn with support of Eiche `oak' and Horn `horn'

Old English ācweorna,-wern

Middle Low German ēkeren, ēkhorn

Old Norse īkorne

New Norwegian also eikorne

Old Swedish ēkorne (was based on the concept ` flexible, swinging itself from branch to branch '; in earliest with one to *u̯er-, u̯ēu̯er- ` squirrel, weasel ' the belonging second limb: *aik-werna)

Old Church Slavic igrъ, igra ` play ', igrati, perfective vъzigrati ` hop, jump, dance '

References: WP. I 11, Trautmann 103.

Page(s): 13-14

Root / lemma: aiĝ-

English meaning: goat

Material:

Gr. αἴξ, - γός 'nanny goat'

Armenian aic 'nanny goat'

zero grade:

Avestan izaēna- ` of leather ' (actually, ` of goatskin ' as gr. αἴγειος, compare the same importance relations with *aĝo- ` goat ').

Note:

Vowel stretch:

Avestan izaēna- ` of leather '

References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aigʷh-

English meaning: to be ashamed

Material:

Old English ǣwan 'despise', 'be disgusted'

Middle Low German eichelen, ēchelen, ēgelen (from *aiwilōn)

Middle High German ekeln 'be disgusted'

Gr. αἶσχος n. `disgrace' (from *aigʷh-s-kos, k- derivative of a s- stem *aigʷhes-, as:)

Gothic aiwiski n. `disgrace, embarrassment '

Gr. αἰσχύνη `shame, sense of honor, disgrace', αἰσχύνω `dishonor, violate, disfigure', med. `avoids me, is ashamed of me', αἰσχρός `ignominious, full of disgrace; rebarbative'

Gothic unaiwisks `unharmed', aiwiskōn act `shameful'

Old English ǣwisc(e) n. `disgrace, offense', Adj. `shameless'

Middle Low German eisch `nasty, hideous'

nnd. eisk, aisch `revolting, rebarbative'.

References: WP. I 7, Feist 30.

Page(s): 14

Root / lemma: aik-

English meaning: to call (?)

Material:

Gr. αἰκάζει καλεῖ Hes.

Latvian aîcinât ` load, shout '.

But καλεῖ can be prescribed for αἰκάλλει `flatters', and aîcinât can be explained as a derivative from aĩ `hears!' (compare vaicāt `ask' to vai).

References: WP. I 8, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 12.

Page(s): 15

Root / lemma: ai-2 (*avi-2 )

English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm

Material:

present *(a)i-neu-mi :

Old Indic inóti, ínvati, Imperative inuhí, participle -inita- (úpenita- ` pushed, cut into '), ` penetrate into something, master '

Avestan inaoiti, Infinitive aēnaŋhe ` violate, hurt ', ainita (from *an-inita by haplology) ` not violated, not painedly '

from Old Indic énas- n. ` Crime, sin, misfortune '

= Avestan aēnah- ` act of violence, crime ', in addition m. ' evildoer'?

Maybe Slavic vina ` guilt, blame '

Avestan intay-` rape, injury; torture '

Old Indic iná- `strong; m. master ', maybe also īti-ḥ f. `plague, need'

gr. αἰνός `tremendous'

Maybe alb. inat ` anger ' an Avestan loanword.

maybe here-in- in Gothic faír-ina `guilt, reproach'

Old High German firinōn `sin'

Old Icelandic firn n. Pl. `the extraordinary' (compare Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning ` act of violence '.

References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.

Page(s): 10

Root / lemma: ai-3,

English meaning: to give

Material:

Gr. (*aimmai > ainumai) αἴνυμαι `take, pack, touch', only present and imperfect tense.

Venetic MN Aimos, Illyrian MN Aetor.

Note: Identical Avestan = Illyrian = Latin -ae- vowel stretch

Latin ae-mulus ` emulous, rivalling; in bad sense, jealous. M. or f. as subst., a rival, esp. in love ', probably as ` reaches for something ' (Frisk Eranos 41, 53).

Tocharian В ai-, А е-, infinitive В aitsi, А essi `give'; Hittite pa-a-i ` he gives ', 3. Pl. pí(-ia)-an-zi with preverb pe- `there'.

Note:

common Hittite vowel stretch:

Hittite pa-a-i ` he gives '

References: Pedersen Groupement 20, Hittitisch 115, Tocharisch 227; Frisk Indo-Germanic 10 f.

See also: Here belongs certainly: ai-ti-, ai-to-

Page(s): 10-11

Root / lemma: ai-5 : oi-

English meaning: important speech

Material:

Hittite: hanna- (II) ' entscheiden, richten ' (Tischler 146 ff); red. hanhanija- ' tadeln (?) ' (Tischler 148-149)

Tokharian: A, B en- ' unterweisen '

Old Greek: an-ái̯nomai̯ `leugnen, sich weigern ' , a^i̯no-s m. `Rede, Lobrede ' , ái̯nǟ `Ruhm ' , ai̯néō `rühmlich erwähnen, loben, preisen ' , ai̯níssomai̯, att. -ttomai̯ `dunkel, in Rätseln sprechen '

Gr. αἴνημι, αἰνέω `praises', αἴνος m., αἴνη f. `significant speech, praise'; αἰνίσσομαι `talks in riddles', common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; αἰνιγμα n. `dark speech' (however, ἀν-αίνομαι `says no, deny' -i̯o- appears derivative of the negation ἀν-);

vowel gradation:

Middle Irish ōeth m. `oath'

Old Welsh anutonou Pl., gl. ` the perjured, the perfidious '

Modern Welsh anudon `perjury, act of lying under oath'

= Gothic aiÞs m.

Old Icelandic eiðr

Old English āÞ

Old Saxon ēđ

Old High German eid m. `oath' (probably Celtic loanword).

References: WP. I 2, 103, Osthoff ВB. 24, 208 f.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: ai-rā

English meaning: a k. of grass

Material:

Old Indic ērakā ` a grass kind '

gr. αἶρα ` weed in the wheat, ryegrass, darnel ' αἰρικός, αἴρινος ` from ryegrass, darnel '

Latvian aĩres, aĩrenes ' ryegrass, darnel '.

Vowel stretch:

alb. (*eiira > *egira) egjër, egjra `Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel'

References: WP. I 12, Specht Dekl. 2061.

Page(s): 16

Root / lemma: aisk-

English meaning: bright, shining

Material:

Awnord. eiskra ` rage before hot excitement '

Modern Icelandic iskra also from burning pain.

Lithuanian áiškus

zero grade:

Old Lithuanian iškùs `clear, bright '

Russian dial. jáska, diminutive jásočka ` bright star '

Old Bulgarian jasno Adv. `clear, bright, distinct'

Russian jásnyj `light, clear, bright' from *aiskno-

poln. jaskry, jaskrawy `blinding, dazzling, brilliant ' from *aiskro-

Old Bulgarian iskra ` spark ' etc. from *iskrā.

Here the FlN Modern High German Aisch (Bavaria), Eysch(en) (Luxembourg)

Modern English Axe from Celtic or Venetic-Illyrian *Aiskā.

References: WP. I 2, Trautmann 4, Pokorny Urill. 70, 113, M. Förster Themse 839.

See also: perhaps originated from *aidh-sk- , or from *ai-sk- in ā̆i-4.

Page(s): 16-17

Root / lemma: ais-1

English meaning: to wish for, search for

Material:

Hittite: isijahh- (I) ' anzeigen, ankündigen ' (fact.) (Tischler 395-396 with criticism)

Old Indian: eṣati, -te `to seek, search ' , iccháti `to strive, seek for, desire, wish ' , iṣyate `to be wished or liked ' , éṣa- `seeking ' , m. `act of seeking or going after ' , eṣá- m. `wish, option ' ; is-̣ (in comp.) `seeking for ' ; ī̆ṣma- m. `name of Kāmadeva, god of love '

Avestan: išaiti `sucht ' ; isaiti (*is-sk ' ō); iš (2. Zs.-Glied) `suchend, strebend nach ' , f. `Wunsch, Gegenstand des Wunsches '

Armenian: aich `Untersuchung '

Old Greek: hī́mero-s m. `Sehnsucht, Liebessehnsucht, Liebe ' , hīméi̯rō `sich sehnen, verlangen ' '

Slavic: *jīskātī; *jīskā `Wunsch '

Baltic: *ei^šk-ā^- (1) vb.

Germanic: *aisk-ō- vb., *aisk=

Latin: aeruscāre `betteln, bitten '

Other Italic: Umbr eiscurent `arcessierint '

Old Indic ḗšati ` seeks, searches ', ēṣ̌á-ḥ m. ` wish, choice ', anv-iṣ̌áti ` looks for

= Avestan išaiti ` wishes '

Old Indic iccháti (*is-sk̂ō) ` looks, wishes, strives, seeks for, desires'

= Avestan isaiti ds.

Old Indic icchā ` wish ', iš ̣ (2. compound part) ` searching, striving after '

= Avestan iš ds., f. ` wish, the object of the wish '

Old Indic iṣ̌ta- ` desiredly ' ī̆ṣ̌má- m. ` name of Kāmadeva, god of love '

Armenian aic̣ (*ais-sk̂ā) `investigation'

Umbrian eiscurent (Bugge KZ. 30, 40) `they will have caused to come, called, sent for, invited, summoned, fetched ' (probably as *eh-iscurent ' they will have driven out, pushed forth, thrusted out, taken out, expelled ')

Latin aeruscāre `to beg, to get money by going about and exhibiting tricks of legerdemain, to play the juggler ' as *aisos-k̂o- `demanding '

Avestan imperative išasā `longs for' (-esk̂o- besides -sk̂o-: isaiti `wishes')

Old High German eiscōn ` research, ask, demand

Modern High German heischen `demand' with h after heissen `hot'

Old Saxon ēscōn, ēscian `demand'

Old English āscian, āxian ` try, demand, ask'

Old High German eisca `demand'

Old English æsce f. `investigation';

in Balto-Slavic with non-palatal k of the present suffix-skō (towards Aryan Armenian -sk̂-), what is not to be explained byy borrowing from Germanic:

Lithuanian íeškau, ieškóti `look'

Latvian iẽskât ` to delouse '

Old Church Slavic iskǫ (and ištǫ), iskati `look', iska `wish'.

References: WP. I 12, WH. 19, Trautmann 67.

Page(s): 16

Root / lemma: ais-2

English meaning: to be in awe, to worship

Material: Old High German ēra

Modern High German Ehre

Old English ār ` relief, considerate treatment, honour, luck '

Old Norse eir ` considerate treatment, peace, also name of the medicine goddess '

Old High German ērēn, ērōn ` honor, spare, betake '

Old English ārian ` honor, spare, betake '

Old Norse eira 'spare'

Oscan aisusis Abl. Pl. `sacrifices'

Marrucinian aisos D. Pl. ` gods'

Paelignian aisis ` gods '

Volscan esaristrom ` sacrifice '

Umbrian esono- ` divine, sacred '

d- extension:

gr. αἴδομαι (from *aiz-d-) ` shies, reveres ', αἰδώς, -οῦς ` reverence, shyness, shame ', αἰδέομαι (*αἰδέσ-ομαι) `αἴδομαι'

Gothic aistan, -aida ` avoid, pay attention '

zero grade:

Old Indic īḍḗ ` reveres, praises, implores '.

References: WP. I 13, WH. I 20, 419, 844; Feist 28 a, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 882.

Page(s): 16

Root / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to-

English meaning: part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion, cut, contribution

Material:

Vowel stretch:

Avestan aēta- ` the proper part '(' punishment '; dual ` guilt and punishment ')

Gr. αἶσα (* αἰτι̯α) ` interest, destiny ', hom. ἴσα, better ἴσσα ` the proper interest ', ἰσσασθαι κληροῦσθαι. Λέσβιοι Hes.; αἴσιος ` promising good talent, favorabe ', αἴσιος ` certain from the destiny, proper ', ἀναισιμόω ` apply, use, consume ', αἰσυμνάω ` dispenses justice, it rules '; διαιτάω (maybe dissimilated from *διαιτιάω) ` be a referee, leads; divide (the way of) life = leads a certain way of life; prescribe a certain measure in food and drinking ', hence, δίαιτα ' referee's office ' and ` life-style, life arrangement ', ἔξαιτος ` well-chosen, particular '.

Oscan Gen. aeteis `partis', aíttíúm `portionum'

Gr. αἴτιος ` responsible, guilty ' (τ after αἰτέω), from which later αἰτία ` guilt, cause '; also αἰτέω, αἰτίζω 'demands' as ` requires his interest ';

vowel gradation:

gr. οἶτος m. 'Destiny'

Old Irish āes n., Welsh oes f. ` period, age ' from *ait-to-, Old Irish āes m. 'People' from *ait-tu-, Welsh oed m. 'Age' from *aito.

References: WP. I 2, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II, 82 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 4213, 6969, 7057.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: ai-tro-

English meaning: [bitter, sharp]

Material:

Lithuanian aitrùs ` bitterly, harsh ', aitrà f. `sharpness' (also figurative)

the nasal formation *intro- :

Old Bulgarian ob-ętriti `set on fire '

Belorussian zajátřič `anger'

Ukrainian roz-jatrýti ša `fester'.

References: WP. I 3, Berneker 269.