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Part IV
Root / lemma: k̂ēko-
Meaning: green grass, green fodder
Material: Old Indic śāka- m. n. ` edible herb, vegetables ';
Lithuanian šė́kas ` freshly mowed grass, green fodder '', Latvian sēks ds., Old Prussian schokis `grass' (these at first from *sjākas; -jā- from -ē-?);
Old Icelandic hā f. ` bumper crop, byproduct' (probably from Germanic *hēhōn-).
References: WP. I 381.
Page(s): 544
Root / lemma: k̂ē-ro-
Meaning: a kind of colour
Material: Old Indic śārá- `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ', this -ra- as formant was verified through the Avestan composition form *śā-(i̯)i- in sāi-mužay- EN ` varicolored colored female donkey ';
gr. κηρύλος `the blue kingfisher ' (diminutive formants -ύλος).
*kē-ro- perhaps as *k̂e[i]-ro- to k̂ei-2 in ` color names '?
References: WP. I 420, WH. I 133.
Page(s): 582
Root / lemma: k̂ēu-1 : k̂ū-
Meaning: to sway
Material: Latin cēveō, -ēre `wobble, sway; to agitate one's self, (the figure taken from the wagging of the tail of a dog), to fawn, flatter ';
Old Bulgarian po-kyva-jǫ, -ti (mainly with glavǫ) ` shake the head, nod ', Czech kývati `wave, beckon, nod, wag, move, shake' (etc.).
References: WP. I 376.
Page(s): 595
Root / lemma: k̂ēu-2 (: k̂ǝu-, k̂ū-)
Meaning: to light, to burn
Note: Only gr. and Lithuanian
Material: Gr. καίω (Ionian), κά̄ω (Attic) from *καF-ι̯ω `to light, kindle', Aor. hom. ἔκηFα, Old Attic Gen. Sg. κέᾱντος (*κηFαντ-), New Attic ἔκαυσα, Med. Epic κηάμην, Pass. ἐκά̆ην, ἐκαύθην, delph. κηΰᾱ, θυσία', κήια καθάρματα and κεῖα ds. Hes., hom. κηώδης ` smelling as of incense, fragrant ' (from a *κῆFος `blaze, incense '), καῦσις, καῦμα n. `blaze', κᾶλον ` dry wood' (*καF-ελον), Aeolic καυαλέος ` burning hot', hom. κήλεος (*κᾱFαλέος) etc.;
Lithuanian kūlė́ti ` become blight-ridden, of corn, grain ', kūlė̃ ` smut, blight '. (common Celtic alb. abbreviation)
Maybe alb. kulë ` hernia '.
References: WP. I 376 f.
Page(s): 595
Root / lemma: k̂ēu̯ero-, k̂ōu̯ero- (also sk̂ūro-?)
Meaning: north, north wind
Material: Latin caurus (cōrus) `northerly wind' (*k̂ǝu̯ero-);
Lithuanian šidurė f. `north', šiaurỹs m. `northerly wind';
Old Bulgarian sěverъ (*k̂ēu̯ero-) `north';
Maybe reduced alb. (sveri) veri ` north' a Slavic loanword.
See:
Proto-Slavic form: sě̀verъ
Accent paradigm: a
Old Church Slavic: sěverъ `North' [m o]
Russian: séver `North' [m o]
Czech: sever `North' [m o]
Slovak: sever `North' [m o]
Serbo-Croatian: sjè ̀vēr `North' [m o]
Slovene: sẹ́ver `North' [m o]
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: śéʔu̯er-; śi̯óʔur-
Lithuanian: šiáurė `North' [f ē]
Indo-European reconstruction: ḱeh1uer-o-
Other cognates: Lat. caurus `northwestern wind' [m]
moreover perhaps changing through vowel gradation and with anlaut s-:
Armenian c̣urt `cold; coldness, shiver ' (*sk̂ūr-do-);
Old Icelandic Old High German skūr ` thunderstorm ', Modern High German Schauer, Old Frisian Old Saxon Old English scūr, scéor ` shiver ', Gothic skūra windis `whirlwind', Norwegian dial. skøyra (*skauriōn-) ` Windschauer ', skjøra (*skeurōn-) ds., Norwegian skøyra, skūra ` drive off blindly on something ', Old Icelandic skȳra ` run there fast '.
Note:
Uralic etymology :
Alb. (*k̂ēu̯ero-) veri ` north '
Proto: *orja
English meaning: slave
Finnish: orja 'Sklave, slave ' ( > Saam. L år'jē 'Leibeigener, Knecht, Sklave', oarji (I) 'Sklave')
Estonian: ori (gen. orja) 'Sklave, Frohnarbeiter'
Saam (Lapp): oar'je -rj- (N) 'who, which is found in or belongs to the southwest'; southwest, west', år'jel (L) 'Leute von Süden', vi̊ørje (T) 'Norden', orjal (A) 'Nordwest', vu↔<ǝr̄jel↔< (Kld.), vŭᾰr̄j̀el↔< (Ko. Not.) 'Nordwesten' ?
Mordovian: uŕe (E), uŕä (M) 'Sklave; Lohndiener', uŕeńd́e- (E) 'mühsame Arbeit verrichten'
Udmurt (Votyak): var (S), war (G) 'Sklave, Diener, Knecht'
Komi (Zyrian): ver (altsyr.) 'слуга, раб', Ud. vere̮s, veres 'Ehemann, Gatte'
References: WP. I 377, WH. I 190, O. Szemerényi KZ. 70, 65.
Page(s): 597
Root / lemma: k̂Þei-
Meaning: to settle
Material: Old Indic kṣḗti, kṣiyáti ` stays, dwells ', Avestan šaēiti ds., Old Indic kṣití-, Avestan šiti- ` residence, settlement', Old Indic kṣḗtra-, Avestan šōiϑra- n. ` estate, residence ', Old Indic kṣēma- m. ` quiet, peaceful staying ';
Maybe alb. (*kṣati) fshati, Pl. fshatra `village' : Rumanian sat `village, countryside' identical to Rumanian coapsă `thigh' : alb. kofsha `thigh' common Rumanian-Illyrian kʷhs- > phs-, fs-. [see Root / lemma: kok̂sā : a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)].
Armenian šēn, Gen. šini ` inhabited, farmed, village ' (: gr. κτοίνᾱ);
Common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old Persian ĝh- > xš- : New Persian xš- > š-; hence Armenian šēn ` village ' is of Persian origin.
gr. κτίζω ` of a city, to found, plant, build; to plant; set up, establish; to create, bring into being, bring about; to make so and so; to perpetrate a deed ', ἐυκτίμενος ` well-built, furnished, well-made, of a garden, well-wrought ', ἐΰκτιτος ds., περικτίονες, περικτίται ` dwellers around, neighbours ', ἀμφικτίονες ` they that dwell round, next neighbours ' (to form ἀμφικτύονες Lithuanian by Boisacq 525 Anm. 2), κτίσις ` a founding, foundation, a doing, an act, a creating, the creation of the universe, that which was created, the creation, an authority created or ordained ', Rhodian κτοίνᾱ ` a local division, township ', also κτίλος ` peaceful, tame; a ram ' (actually ` tame, docile, gentle, domesticated ');
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Hittite ĝh- > tk- : gr. tk- > kt- (see Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : earth)
See also: belongs probably to consecutive: kÞē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)-
Page(s): 626
Root / lemma: k̂ik-1
Meaning: strap
Material: Old Indic śic- f., śikya- n. ` loop, noose, snare, suspenders ', śāikya- ` damascenes, provide with loops ';
gr. κίσσαρος and κισσός `ivy' (?);
Lithuanian šikšnà ` fine leather to manufacture straps '.
References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂ik̂er-
Meaning: pea
Note: barely indogermanisch
Material: Armenian siseṙn ` chickpea ' (seems to continue k̂eik̂er- or k̂oik̂er-);
gr. (Macedonian) κίκερροι (so for expressed κίβερροι demanded through alphabetical sequence) ὠχροί. Μακεδόνες; gr. κριός ` chickpea ' (would be from *κικριός dissimilation);
Latin cicer ` chickpea ';
Alb. qiqër ` chickpea ' a Latin loanword.
[Lithuanian kekė̃ `grape', Latvian k'ekars ds. seem to form against it with a different family Latvian k'eḱis ` umbel, grape', Lituanismus to Latvian cekulis ` pigtail, tassel, fringe, bunch, tussock ', cecers `frizzy hair, curly head' and Czech čečeřiti ` make unkempt, shaggy, frill, friz '.]
Maybe alb. (*katsurel) kaçurel ` curly hair' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 451 f., WH. I 212.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂iph-
Meaning: a small twig or root
Material: Old Indic śiphā `thin root, rod'; gr. messenisch κίφος n. ` a crown, wreath, garland, chaplet '; at most also Latvian sipsna `strong rod', Lithuanian šipulỹs `chip of wood, wooden log'.
References: WP. I 452.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂ī̆k-2
Meaning: to rain, drizzle
Material: Old Indic śīkára- m. `fine rain', śīkāyati ` dribbles '; Norwegian higla `drip, trickle', higl `fine rain'.
References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂īō̆n- (k̂īsō̆n-?)
Meaning: pillar
Note: only Armenian and gr.
Material: Armenian siun = gr. κί̄ων ` pillar '.
References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂lei-
Meaning: to tip, incline, lean
Material: Old Indic śráyati ` leans, puts against ', śráyatē ` leans, resides ', śritá- = Avestan srita- (: sray-) `leaned';
Avestan sray-, srinav-, srinu- `lean' (compare gr. κλινι̯ω);
Armenian leaṙn, Gen. leṙin `mountain' (*k̂leitr̥no-??);
doubtful Armenian linim `become, originate, befall, be' (compare Old Indic śráyate `be');
gr. κλί̄νω, Lesbian κλίννω (*κλῐνι̯ω) ` make one thing slope against another, turn aside, make another recline, make subservient, inflect ' (Fut. κλῐνῶ, Perf. κέκλιμαι), κλιτός `suitable', κλίσις `tendency', κλισία f. `cottage, tent', δικλίδες `double door', κλί̄νη `bed', κλιντήρ, κλισμός `couch, bed, place for resting ', κλῑτύ̄ς (lies κλειτύ̄ς, Herodian.) f. `slope, hill' (hellen. κλῖτος, κλίτος `hill'), κλίμα n. ` inclination, slope of ground ', κλῖμαξ f. `ladder';
Latin clīnō, -āre `bend, bow, incline ' (previously to compounds neologism and thematic reshuffling a *klī̆-nā-mi), acclīnis ` leaning on, inclined to ', triclīnium ` a couch for three persons reclining at meals, eating-couch, dinner-sofa, table-couch ', cliēns, -tis ` a personal dependant, client ', clēmens `milde, gentle' (*k̂léi̯omenos?); clītellae ` a pack-saddle, sumpter-saddle ', diminutive of a *k̂leitrā = Umbrian kletram ` a litter, bier, sedan, portable couch, palanquin, sofa, lounge ' (and Gothic hleiÞra f. `tent'); clīvus `hill' (= Gothic hlaiw n. `grave'), clīvius `slant, skew = unlucky, of omen, sign';
Middle Irish clē, Welsh cledd, Breton kleiz, Cornish cledh ` left, unlucky ' = `slant, skew' (*k̂lei̯os), Middle Irish fo-chla, Welsh go-gledd `north'; Middle Irish clen `leaning, tendency', wish' (: Welsh dichlyn `watchful, wakeful' from *dī-eks-klin-, Loth RC 42, 87 f.);
Old Irish clōin, clōen `slant, skew, stooped '; gallorom. *clēta ` hurdle ', Middle Irish clīath `crates', Welsh clwyd ` hurdle, barrier ', Old Cornish cluit gl. ` clita ', Breton kloued-enn `grove, hedge ' (k̂leito-, -tā); in addition Old Welsh clutam ` lump, mass together ', clut, Modern Welsh clud `heap' (*k̂loi-tā); Middle Irish clēthe n. `roof beam, roof', zero grade Welsh cledr-en `rafter, lath, fence' (*k̂li-trā = Middle Irish clethar `pad'), Middle Breton clezr-en, Modern Breton klerenn ` main piece of the wicker rack ' (vowel gradation with Umbrian kletram, Latin clītellae, Gothic hleiÞra and Old High German leitara);
Old High German (h)linēn `lean (intransitive)', asächs. hlinōn, Old English hlinian, hleonian (*hlinēn) ds.; Old High German hlina ` the back of a couch ', Old English hlinbedd, hlinung ` lair ', Old High German hlinā ` a lattice, enclosure, grating, grate, balustrade, bars, railings, bar in a court of justice '; Causative Old High German (h)leinen, Old English hlǣnan `lean (transitive.)'; Gothic hlainē Gen. Pl. `the hill', Modern Icelandic hleinn ` rock ledge ', Norwegian dial. lein f. ` mound, hillside, slope' (: Latvian slains); Gothic hlaiw `grave', Proto Norse hlaiwa ds., Old High German Old Saxon hlēo `burial mound, grave', Old English hlāw `burial mound, gravestone ' (= Latin clīvus); Gothic hlija m. `tent, cottage'; Old High German (h)līta, Modern High German Leite ` mountainside ', Old Icelandic hlið f. `slope, mountainside ' (compare gr. κλειτύς, Lithuanian šlaĩtas); Old Icelandic hlið f. `side', Old English hlīð n. ` heap, mound, hill' (: κλίτος, Lithuanian šlìtė); Gothic hleiÞra `cottage, tent' (see above to Latin clītellae etc.); Old High German (h)leitara `ladder', Old English hlæd(d)er ds.; Old English -hlīdan `cover', hlid n. `cover, door', Old High German lit `cover' (Modern High German Augenlid), Old Icelandic hlið `door, Gattertür', Gothic hleiduma `linker';
Lithuanian šliejù, šliẽti (older žem. šlejù = Old Indic śráyati =) Latvian sleju, slìet ` lean ', in addition Lithuanian šlýti ` lean, incline, verge ', su-šlìjęs ` be bending ', causative nu-šlajìnti ` turn over, overturn, capsize; keel over '; nouns: Latvian slejs m., sleja f. `line'; Old Prussian slayan n. ` sledge skid ', Nom. Pl. slayo ` sled ', Lithuanian šlãjos f. Pl. ds.; at-šlainis m. ` wing, outhouse, outbuilding ', Latvian slains ` where one sinks ', Lithuanian šlaĩtas m. `slope', šlýna f. ` loam, clay ', at-šlaĩmas m. `forecourt'; Latvian slita f. `fence', Lithuanian žem. pã-šlitas `slant, skew' (= Old Indic śritá-, gr. κλιτός); Lithuanian šlìtė, šlitìs f. ` Garbenhocke ' (: gr. κλίσις), Old Lithuanian šlitė `ladder'; Lithuanian šleivas ` bowlegged' (compare Latin clīvus `slope'), vowel gradation šlivìs m. `bowlegged person'; to the rhyme word Lithuanian kleĩvas, klývas ` bowlegged' see below (s)kel- `bend'; different Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 130, 3171;
Slavic *slojь ` layer ' (*k̂loi̯o-s) in sloven. slòj ` layer, lair ', Russian Czech sloj ds.; compare formal above Old Prussian slayan n. ` sledge skid '.
About the extremely dubious affiliation from Old Bulgarian etc. klětь ` room, cell ' (Lithuanian klė́tis ` granary, garner, barn ' is Slavic loanword) under assumption from West Indo Germanic Guttural s. Berneker 517 f.
References: WP. I 490 ff., WH. I 231 f., 233, 234 f., 236, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 144 f., Trautmann 308 f., Loth RC 42, 87 f., Vendryes RC 46, 261 ff.
See also: extension from k̂el-2 ` incline '; s. also under (s)kel- `bend'.
Page(s): 600-602
Root / lemma: k̂lep- (sk̂lep-?)
Meaning: to cover, conceal, steal
Material: Gr. κλέπτω (*κλεπι̯ω) `steal' (κέκλοφα, ἐκλάπην and ἐκλέφθην), κλέπος n., κλέμμα (out of it Latin clepta), κλώψ, κλοπός, κλοπεύς `thief', κλοπή ` theft ';
Latin clepō, -ere ` to steal ';
Gothic hlifan `steal' (hliftus `thief');
Middle Irish cluain (*klopni-) f. `deceit, flattery, insincere compliments', cluainech `deceitful';
Old Prussian auklipts (*-kleptós) `hide, conceal'; s. also under klēp-.
With anlaut sl- from skl- seems related Lithuanian slepiù, slė̃pti `conceal'.
The meaning is made probably, that k̂lep- extension from k̂el- `conceal'; Middle High German hulft ` quiver ' seems to be justly zero grade our root form, as Old Prussian auklipts; Old Prussian auklipts indicate then West Indo Germanic guttural.
References: WP. I 497, WH. I 232, Trautmann 137.
Page(s): 604
Root / lemma: k̂leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū-
Meaning: to hear, cry
Note: (extension a root k̂el-);
Material: 1. Old Indic śr̥ṇṓti (*k̂l̥-neu-) ` hears ', śrudhí `hear' (= *κλύθι), participle śrutá- (= κλυτός, Latin inclutus, Irish cloth n., Old High German Hlot-, Armenian lu) etc., śraváyati `allows to hear', śrūyate ` is heard ', śrúti- ` the hearing ';
Avestan surunaoiti (*k̂lu-n-) ` hears, is called ' etc., participle srūta- ` heard, famous ', srū̆ti- ` bring to hearing, talk ';
Old Indic śrōtra- n. `ear', Avestan sraoϑra- n. ` the singing ' (= Old English hlēoðor, Old High German hliodar), Avestan sraota- n. ` the hearing ' (compare Serbian slútiti), Avestan sraōman- n. ` ear, hearing ' (: Gothic hliuma), Old Indic śrṓmata- n. `good shout, call' (= Old High German hliumunt);
Armenian lu ` renowned, glorious ' (= κλυτός etc.), lur `knowledge, rumor, tidings ', lsem, Aor. luaj `hear, heard' (*k̂lu-k̂e-); the -s- of thepresent tense is the most likely -sk̂o-);
gr. κλέ(F)ω, -ομαι, ep. κ╓είω ` praise' are secondary; ἔκλυον `heard' (= Old Indic śruvam), κλῦθι, κέκλυθι `hear!', κλυτός `illustrious', κλειτός `illustrious' (*κλεFετος, as γενετή, Latin genitus), κληίζω ` praise; shout, name' (*κλέFε[σ]-ίζω of es-stem), κλεηδών, κληδών, -όνος (*κλεF-ηδών) `shout, call', etc.;
Latin clueō, -ēre (later also cluō, -ĕre) ` to hear, be spoken of, be said ' (ē-verb with the zero grade k̂lu-), cluvior (Gl.) ` that is known, well-known, famous, noted, celebrated, renowned ', inclutus `illustrious' (about Latin from-cultō see below k̂el-2 ` incline '), Oscan-Umbrian only in names (Kluvatiis ` Clovatius ', Umbrian Kluviier ` Cluvii ' );
Old Irish cloth n. `fame' (= Old Indic śruta-), Welsh clod ` praise, commendation, glory, fame, renown, esteem ';
Welsh clywed ` the hearing, sense of hearing ', Middle Welsh clywaf, Cornish clewaf `I hear'; Breton clevout `hear', Old Irish ro-clui-nethar (reconverted with metathesis from *cli-nu-, Indo Germanic *k̂l̥-) ` hears ', Perf. 1. Sg. ro-cuala, Welsh cigleu ` hear ', Old Irish Konj. rocloor ` that I hear ', -cloth, newer -closs ` was heard '; Thurneysen Gr. 357, 439;
Old Icelandic hljōð `listening, quietness; sound' (= Avestan sraota-), Old English hlēoðor `sound, tone, melody ', Old High German hliodar n. `sound, tone, clangor ' (= Old Indic śrōtra-), Gothic hliuma m. ` ear, hearing ', Pl. `ears' (= Avestan sraoman), Old High German hliumunt, Modern High German Leumund (= Old Indic śrōmata-), participle *hluÞa-, *hluða- in Old High German Hluderīch, Hlothari, Old English HloÞ-wīg, HloÞ-here etc.; besides with ū (heavy basis, see above), Old High German hlūt, Old English Old Saxon hlūd, Modern High German laut;
Latvian sludinât ` announce, declare '; lengthened grade Lithuanian šlovė̃ and šlóvë `glory, magnificence, splendor ', vowel gradation East Lithuanian šlãvė `fame';
Old Bulgarian slovǫ, sluti `call, be illustrious', lengthened grade slava f. `fame', therefrom slaviti ` make illustrious ', Serbian slûtīm, slútiti ` foresee, predict ' (Denominative a *slutь; sloven. slût ` suspicion ' is probably postverbal), slytije `shout, call, names';
Tocharian AB klā̆w- ` announce, declare '; A klots, В klautso `ear, gill'.
With West Indo Germanic guttural: alb. kjuhem `be called', gjuanj, kjuanj, quaj `name' (Pedersen IF. 5, 36).
Maybe alb. shquaj `distinguish, divide', shqyej ` tear apart, divide ', shqip ` clear speech, distinguished speech, Albanian language ', shqiptar ` Albanian ', Shqipëri ` Albania ', shqiponjë, gabonjë ` eagle '.
2. es-stem: Old Indic śravas- n. `fame', Avestan sravah- n. `word', gr. κλέFος `fame', Illyrian EN Ves-cleves (= Old Indic vasu-śravas ` possessing good fame '), Latin cluor (Gl.) ` glory, splendour, effulgence, the opinion which others have of one, estimation, reputation, credit, honour ', Old Irish clū `fame' (but Welsh clyw ` ear, hearing ' is a new formation), this ū from the Gen. Sg. derives; Old Church Slavic slovo `word'; Tocharian A klyw, В kälywe (*kleu̯os) `fame'; Pedersen Tochar. 225.
3. s-extensions: Old Indic śrṓṣati ` hears, listens, conforms ', śrúṣti- ` compliance, obsequiousness ', Avestan sraoša- ` ear, hearing ' etc.;
Armenian luṙ ` closemouthed ' (k̂lus-ri-);
Old Irish cluas `ear' (*k̂loustā) = Welsh clūst ` ear, hearing ';
Old Icelandic hler `das Lauschen' (from *hloza-, older *hluza-), Old High German hlosēn `lend ear, listen ', Modern High German (Bavarian) Alemannian losen ds.; Old Icelandic hlust `ear' (= Old Indic śruṣti-), Old English hlyst ` ear, hearing ', Old Saxon hlust f. ` hearing, ear, listening ', Old Icelandic hlusta, Old English hlystan (English listen) `wake up, become alert, listen '; with ū (as Old High German hlūt, see above): Old High German lūstrēn, Modern High German (schwäb.-Bavarian) laustern `lend ear, listen ', Modern High German lauschen (*hlūs-skōn); Old English hlēor, Old Saxon hlior, Old Icelandic hlȳr `cheek' (= Old Bulgarian sluchъ);
Old Bulgarian slyšati `hear', sluchъ ` ear, hearing ', slušati (Serbian slȕšati, also heavy basis as slyšati) `hear';
Tocharian A klyoṣ-, В klyauṣ- `hear'; А klośäṃ, В klausane Dual `ears'.
With West Indo Germanic gutturals: Messapic klaohi `hear!' (: Old Indic śrōṣi); Lithuanian klausaũ, -ýti `hear', Latvian klàusiṚt `hear, obey ', Old Prussian klausīton `erhören', Lithuanian paklusnùs ` obedient, submissive ' (against it Lithuanian kláusiu `ask' = `*will hear' from *kleu̯ǝ-s-iō has future s).
References: WP. I 494 f., WH. 86 f., 237 ff., Trautmann 307 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 285, 333; Hj. Frisk, Göteborgs Högsk. Ȧrsskr. LVI 1950: 3.
Page(s): 605-607
Root / lemma: k̂leu-2 : *k̂lō[u]- : k̂lū-
Meaning: to rinse, clean, tear
Root / lemma: k̂leu-2 : *k̂lō[u]- : k̂lū- : to rinse, clean, tear, derived from Root / lemma: k̂leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū- : to hear, cry.
Note: extension k̂leu-d-, Latvian also k̂lō̆u-k-.
Material: Gr. κλύζω (*κλύδι̯ω) ` rinse, wash with water ', κλύδων m. ` wave, billow, surf, rough water', κλύσμα n., κλυσμός m. ` gurgle, sound made by water flowing over stones ', κλυστήρ m. ` a clyster-pipe, syringe ', root nouns Akk. Sg. κλύδα ` surge ';
Maybe alb. Geg (*klusmos) klumësht, Tosc qumësht ` milk' : gr. κλυσμός m. ` gurgle' : Latvian slàukt `milk'.
Old Latin cluō ` to free from what is superfluous, make clean, make pure, clean, cleanse, purify' (*k̂lou̯ō), Latin cloāca (cluāca, clovāca) ` drainage ditch, drainage canal ';
altgal. Cluad, Old Welsh Clut, Ptol. Κλώτα river name, English Clyde (Celtic *kloutā); Welsh clir `clear, bright, cheerful, pure' (*k̂lū-ro-s);
Gothic hlūtrs, Old English hlūt(t)or, Old Saxon Old High German hlūt(t)ar ` pure, clear, bright', Modern High German lauter (*klūd-ro-s); Old Norse hlér ` sea' (*hlewa-, Indo Germanic *k̂leu̯o-);
Lithuanian šlúoju, šlaviaũ, šlúoti, dial. šlavù (= Latin cluō) ` sweep, wash away, whisk ', šlúota ` besom ', Latvian sluôta ds.; extension k̂lō̆u-k- in slaũcît ` sweep, wash away, whisk', slaukšēt ` splash, fall violently and noisy ', slàukt `milk', Lithuanian šliaukti, šlaukýti ` sweep, wash away '.
Perhaps extension of *k̂el- `humid, wet, damp', there also lie the consecutive roots of the basic: k̂lep-`humid, wet' (see there), k̂lek- ds. (Lithuanian šlakù, -ė́ti `drip, trickle', šleṋ̃kti, šliknóti `spray' etc.), k̂leg(h)- ds. (Russian slezá `tears', Old Church Slavic slьza ds.). If this applied, would be for k̂leu- : k̂el- the relation sreu- ` flow ' : ser- either model or parallel.
References: WP. I 495 f., WH. I 239 f., Trautmann 307.
Page(s): 607
Root / lemma: k̂lou-ni-
Meaning: hip
Material: Old Indic śrōṇi- m. f., Avestan sraoni- f. `buttock, hip, haunch';
Latin clūnis ` a buttock, haunch, rump of people and animals' (clunāculum ` small sword or dagger which one carries behind ');
Welsh Cornish clun f. `hip, haunch', Breton klun `buttock';
Old Icelandic hlaun n. `buttock';
Lithuanian šlaunìs ` femur, thigh, hip, haunch, ham ', Latvian slauna `hip, haunch'; Old Prussian slaunis `thigh'.
The Lautform from gr. κλόνις, -ιος ` coccyx, small trianggular bone at the base of the spinal column ' is still unexplained.
References: WP. I 499, WH. I 239, Trautmann 306, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 162.
Page(s): 607-608
Root / lemma: k̂oi-no-
Meaning: grass
Material: Gr. κοινὰ χόρτος Hes. (perhaps Neutr. Pl.); Lithuanian šiénas, Latvian sìens `hay' (Finnish loanword out of it signify `hay, grass, herb'); Old Church Slavic sěno ` any feeding-ground, pasturage, grass ', Serbo-Croatian sȉjeno `hay', Old Czech sěno ds.
References: WP. I 455, Mühlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. III 859, Trautmann 297.
Page(s): 610
Root / lemma: k̂olǝmo-s, k̂olǝmā
Meaning: stalk; reed
Material: Gr. κάλαμος, καλάμη `reed' (assimilated from κολ-?);
Latin culmus ` stem ';
Old High German halm, halam, Old Norse halmr, Old English healm ` stem ';
Old Prussian salme `straw', Latvian sal̃ms ` straw ';
Maybe alb. (*kalshtë), kashtë ` straw '.
Old Church Slavic slama (*solmā, Indo Germanic *k̂olǝ-mā), Russian soloma, Serbian slȁma `straw';
Tocharian A kulmäṃts- `reed' (?).
From gr. κάλαμος are borrowed Old Indic kaláma- m. ` a kind of rice, writing pipe ' and Latin calamus `reed', from which again Welsh etc. calaf `reed'.
Maybe alb. kallam ` reed ' a Latin loanword.
Maybe alb. kalli, kalliri ` ear of grain '.
relationship to k̂el- perhaps `thin shaft, arrow, stiff stem ' is worth considering (see 552 f.).
References: WP. I 464, WH. I 136, 303 f., Trautmann 298.
Page(s): 612
Root / lemma: k̂onkho-
Meaning: clamshell
Material: Old Indic śaŋkhá- m. ` shell, temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ';
gr. κόγχος, κόγχη ` shell, measure of capacity '; κόχλος, κοχλίας ` shell, snail shell, snail', maybe from *κογχλ-;
Latin congius ` a measure for liquids ' is most likely a gr. loanword;
doubtful Latvian sence ` shell ', there zence seems the right form.
References: WP. I 461 f., WH. I 260, J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 151.
Page(s): 614
Root / lemma: k̂onk-
Meaning: to doubt; to sway
Material: Old Indic śaŋkatē ` sways, doubts, is procured, fears ', śaŋkita- ` anxiously, anxiously before ', śaŋkā́ ` anxiety, fear, suspicion, doubt';
Latin cūnctor, -ārī ` to delay, hesitate' (*concitor frequentative, compare Old Indic śaŋkita-);
Old Norse hǣtta `chance, risk' (*hanhatjan), hǣtta `danger', hāski ds. (*han-h(a)skan-).
About Old High German hāhan ` hang ' etc. s. S. 566 under k̂enk- `waver'.
References: WP. I 461.
Page(s): 614
Root / lemma: k̂op(h)elo-s or k̂ap(h)elo-s
Meaning: a kind of carp
Material: Old Indic śaphara- m. ` Cyprinus sophore ' = Lithuanian šãpalas ` Cyprinus dobula ';
gr. κυπρῖνος `carp', perhaps reshaped after κεστρῖνος, κοxρακῖνος, ἐρυθρῖνος etc.; υ- possibly popular etymology after Κύπρος, because *κοπρῖνος would allow to think in κόπρος.
References: WP. I 457, WH. I 171, Trautmann 299.
Page(s): 614
Root / lemma: k̂orkā (k̂rokā?), -elā
Meaning: gravel, boulder
Material: Old Indic śárkarā (śárkara-ḥ) ` powder, gravel, stone, powder sugar ';
gr. κρόκη, κροκάλη `pebble'; perhaps has a *κορκάλα : śarkarā previously after κρέκω `hit' metathesis experienced in κροκάλη.
References: WP. I 463.
Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂ormen-
Meaning: ` weasel '
See also: see above under ker-6.
Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂ormno-, k̂r̥mno-
Meaning: acid liquid, lye, urine
Material: Middle High German hurmen ` fertilize ' (originally probably with Jauche), Modern High German harn, harm Old High German haran `urine';
Lithuanian šármas ` alkali, leach, lye, buck ', Latvian sãrms `lye', Old Prussian (with the vowel gradation grade from Middle High German hurmen) sirmes (for *sirmis) `lye'.
References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 300.
Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂ormo-
Meaning: suffering, pain
Material: Avestan fšarǝma- m. ` sense of shame before ', Middle Persian šarm ds.;
Old Icelandic harmr ` sorrow, distress, damage, injury', Old English hearm m. ` distress, pain, damage, pity', Old Saxon harm `pain, injury', Middle Low German harm `pain', Old High German har(a)m `affliction, damage, insult', Modern High German Harm, Old English hearm, Old Saxon harm `painful, hurtful ';
Old Bulgarian sramъ `the genitals'.
References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 299.
Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂o-, k̂e- (with particle k̂e `here'), k̂(e)i-, k̂(i)i̯o- (*k̂eḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: this
Material:
Hittite: ka-, ke- ' dieser, here ' , ki-nun ' jetzt ' (Tischler 456 ff, 580)
Armenian: -s Artikel; sa ' dieser ' , ai-s ' s. ' , a-s-t ' hier '
Old Greek: aeol. kē^ ' dort ' ; kẹ̄^no-, e-kẹ̄^no-, dor., lesb. kē^no- ' jener ' , eke^i̯, Archil. ke^i̯ ' dort ' ; sḗmeron, att. tḗmeron ' heute ' , sǟ^tes, att. tē^tes ' heuer '
Slavic: *sь, *se
Baltic: *či-, *čī^ f., *če
Germanic: *xēna-, *xōna-; *xei-z, *dat. *ximu, etc.
Latin: ce-do ' gib her ' ; cēterus ' der andere, der übrige ' ; hi-c(e), sī-c (sī-ci-ne), illūc, tun-c, nun-c; ecce; cis ' diesseits ' , citer, citrō, citimus
Other Italic: Osk ce-bnust ' er wird hergekommen sein oder hingekommen sein ' ; ekask ' hae ' ; ídík; Osk ekkum ' ebenso ' ; *e-ko- > Osk ekas ' hae ' ; Paelign ecic, ecuc; acuf ' hīc ' , ecuc ' huc ' , ecic ' hoc ' ; Marr iafc, esuc, Umbr erek ' = Osk ídík ' , esmik ' huic ' , Umbr śive ' citra ' , śimu, s̀imo ' ad citima, retro '
Celtic: OIr cē ' hier, diesseits ' , cen ' diesseits; ohne ' , centar ' diesseits '
Albanian: sivjet ' heuer ' , sot ' heute ' , sōnde ' heute Abend, heute Nacht '
Armenian -s `article' (e.g. mard-s `the person'), sa `this', ai-s ds., a-s-t `here';
Phrygian σεμου(ν) `this' (*k̂em + ōi); different Pedersen Tochar. 259.
gr. particle *κε in κεῖνος and ἐκεῖνος, Doric Lesbian κῆνος `that' from *(ε)κε-ενος; out of it back formation (ἐ)κεῖ `there', (ἐ)κεῖθι etc.; *k̂i̯o- in σήμερον, Attic τήμερον `today' (*κι̯ᾱμερον), whereupon also *κι̯ᾱFετες `this year' in σῆτες, Attic τῆτες, Doric σᾶτες;
Note:
(common Avestan Slavic k > č : alb. k > ts > ç : Greek Tocharian labialized kw > t, gutturals gw- > d).
Latin -ce, ce-particle in ce-do ` hither with it, give, bring here ' (also Oscan ce-bnust ` he will have come '), cēterus `the other, remainder, rest' (*cĕ + *etero-, compare Umbrian etru ` one, another, the one, the other ')
Note:
Albanian tjetër `the other, remainder, rest' = Latin cēterus ` the other; the others (pl.). the remaining/rest, all the rest ' (common alb. Slavic -j- infix)
Latin hi-c (*hi-ce), hīs-ce, sī-c (sī-ci-ne), illī-c, illū-c, tun-c, nun-c etc., Oscan ekak ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', ekík ` to this place, hither ' = Paelignian eci-c, Marrucinian iaf-c ` he, she, it, the one mentioned ', esu-c ` he, she, it, the one mentioned '; Oscan ídí-k, Umbrian ere-k ` he, she, it, the one mentioned ', Oscan ekas-k ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Umbrian esmi-k ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Latin ecce (probably from *ed-ke, s. *e Pron.-stem), Oscan um -um extended ekk-um `also', after puz ` as, like' reshaped from *kʷuti-s ekss ` in this manner, in this wise, in such a way, so, thus, accordingly, as has been said '; conglutination e-ko- e.g. Oscan ekas ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Paelignian acuf ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', ecuc ` to this place, hither ', ecic ` to this place, hither ', *e-k(e)-so- e.g. Oscan exac ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ';
*k̂i- in Latin cis ` on this side ', citer ` on this side ', citrō `here', citrā ` on this side, on the hither side ', citimus ` On this side ', Umbrian c̨ive ` on this side, on the hither side ' (stem *k̂i-u̯o-), c̨imu, s̀imo ` behind, on the back side, in the rea ';
Old Irish cē `here, on this side ' (*k̂ei, compare changing through vowel gradation Ogom coi `here', gall. κουι), cen (compare to n-suffix Old High German hina ` away, in another place ' etc.) ` on this side ' (in cen-alpande ` lying on south side of Alps; [Cisalpine Gaul => Northern Italy] ') and `without', centar ` on this side '; gall. etic besides eti `also' could contain likewise -k̂e;
Old Norse hānn, hann `he' (*hānaR, Indo Germanic *k̂ēnos from *k̂e-eno-s), hōn ` she '; asächs. hē, he, hie, Old High German hē, her `he', only Nom., Old English hē̆ ds.;
Gothic himma ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', hina ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', hita n. `now, yet', asächs. hiu-diga, Old High German hiu-tu `hoc die, today' (: asächs. ho-digo ds.), Old High German hiuru (*hiu-jāru) `this year', Modern High German jetzt, Austrian hietz(t), Middle High German (*h)ie-zuo (from *hiu + postposition tō `to'); Old High German hina ` away, in another place ', Modern High German hin, hinweg (compare Old Irish cen); Gothic hiri ` get over here, come here, come over here ' (basic form doubtful); Old High German hëra, Old Saxon her `here'; Gothic hēr, Old High German hiar, Old English hēr `here' (*k̂ēi-r); Gothic hidrē `here', Old English hider, English hither `here' (: Latinciter, citrō), nl. heden `today', Old High German hitumum, hitamun ` previous, at length, at last, not till then, just, precisely, only ' (: Latin citimus);
Maybe nl. heden `today' : alb. sonte ` today ' see below.
controversial, whether here: Gothic hindana ` behind, beyond', Old English asächs. hindan, Old High German hintana `behind', Old Norse handan `from that side her, beyond', comparative Gothic hindar, Old High German hintar ` behind ', superlative Gothic hindumists ` hindermost, endmost, outermost ', Old English hindema `last', whereas n from *k̂i-n-t-, *k̂o-n-t identical would be as in Old High German hina; or with gall. Cintugnātos ` firstborn ', Old Irish cētne, Welsh kyntaf `first' etc. to *ken- ` come fresh, appear precisely, adjust oneself, start, begin ' (above S. 564) with the meaning `last' = ` new, not old, young, fresh, recent '?
Old Prussian schis (Adverb schai `here'), Lithuanian šìs (Latvian šis = Old Church Slavic sь `this'), Gen. Lithuanian šiõ, Old Church Slavic sego, Akk. Pl. Old Church Slavic sьję, fem. Lithuanian šì (Latvian šĩ) = Old Church Slavic si, Akk. Sg. f. sьjǫ, Lithuanian šì-tas `this' (*k̂i-to-), in addition štaĩ `here, there, that' (old šitai), Old Prussian stas `that '; Lithuanian šiañdien, Latvian šùodien `today', Lithuanian šè, Latvian še `here', Old Church Slavic si-cь ` of such a kind, such ' etc.;
Maybe alb. (*sodiena) sonte `today' : Latin hodie, Latvian šodiena, Lithuanian šiandien `this day, today'.
Hittite ki ` this ', ki-nun `now, yet' contains *k̂i (Pedersen Hittite 50).
Maybe alb. Geg m. ky, Tosc ki `this', f. kjo ` that', (*ky-ta) këta m. ` these', (*ky-to) këto f. ` these', (*ky-tu) këtu ` here'. (common Polish alb. -y- > -ë-).
Alb. Geg (*a-ji) aji, Tosc ai` he', (*a-jo) ajo ` she'. Note: Occidental (western) Romance languages prefix e-, a-.
Alb. (*a-jo) ajo ` she' = Lithuanian ji ` she', alb. (a-ji) Geg aji, Tosc ai ` he' = Lithuanian jis ` he';
References: WP. I 452 ff., WH. I 192 f., 208 f., 222, 390, 644 f., 855, 862, Trautmann 304, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613.
Page(s): 609-610
Root / lemma: k̂rā̆po- (k̂rō̆po-?)
Meaning: roof
Note: only Germanic and Slavic
Material: Old Icelandic hrōf n. `roof, hanger, shed ', Old English hrōf `roof, deck of the ship ', English roof, Middle Low German rōf ` shelter, cover, cover';
Old Bulgarian stropъ `roof' (*k̂răpos). (common Slavic sk- > st-)
References: WP. I 477 f., Trautmann 309.
Page(s): 616
Root / lemma: k̂rā-
See also: see above S. 574 ff. under k̂er-1 and S. 582 under k̂erǝ-.
Page(s): 616
Root / lemma: k̂rebh-, k̂rō̆bh-, k̂rembh-
Meaning: to trust
Material: Old Indic śrambhatē, participle śrabdha- (with vi- and other preposition) .) ` trust, count on ', niśr̥mbhá- ` appearing surely ';
Old Irish crābud ` devoutness, ascetic' (*k̂rōbhitu-s) m.; Welsh crefydd (new creddyf) `faith, belief' would have attributed e to credu `believe'.
References: WP. I 478, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 146.
Page(s): 617
Root / lemma: k̂red-
See also: see above S. 579 f. under k̂ered-.
Page(s): 618
Root / lemma: k̂rei-
Meaning: to appear, show oneself
Material: Old Indic śrī́- f. `beauty, splendor, satisfaction, richness, glory, magnificence', Avestan srī- `beauty', Old Indic śrī-lá- `beautiful, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', á-śrīra- ` ugly, not good looking ', Avestan srīra- `beautiful', comparative Old Indic śréyas-, Avestan srayah-, superlative Old Indic śrḗṣṭha- (śráïṣṭha-), Avestan sraēšta-, Old Indic śrēmán- m. ` decoration, preference ', Avestan srayan- n. `beauty', Adj. `beautiful', Old Indic śriyásē Dative n. `beautiful';
hom. poet. κρείων `noble, princely, ruler' (εὐρύ κρείων, κρείουσα) κρέων Pind. Aisch., nachhom. EN Κρέουσα (*κρε[ι̯]-οντ- participle ` shining out ' (?), stands perhaps as comparative for κρειον-).
References: WP. I 478, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 526.
Page(s): 618
Root / lemma: k̂re-, k̂rei-, k̂r̥̄-
See also: see above S. 574 ff. under k̂er-1.
Page(s): 617
Root / lemma: k̂rē-
See also: see above S. 578 under k̂er-4.
Page(s): 617
Root / lemma: k̂rūs-
Meaning: shank, leg
Material: Armenian srun-k` Pl. (Gen. srvanc̣, sruni-c̣) `shinbone, calf' (*k̂rūs-ni-);
Latin crūs, -ris n. ` shank, shin bone, leg'.
References: WP. I 489, WH. I 295.
Page(s): 624
Root / lemma: k̂sā- (*k̂eḫu-s-)
Meaning: to burn
Material: Old Indic kṣā́yati `burns', kṣātí- f. `blaze, glow', kṣāmá- `singes, burns, withers, dries up ', kṣārá- ` burning, searing '; Causative kṣāpáyati `makes burn '; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
to latter p-form perhaps Armenian c̣av `pain', c̣asnum `rage against', Aor. c̣aseay (`*be stormy, hot tempered '; s = ps-); to kṣāmá- probably Armenian c̣amak` `dry' (the Armenian words show k̂s-).
References: WP. I 500, Frisk Nominalbild. 6;
See also: see below k̂sē̆-ro-.
Page(s): 624
Root / lemma: k̂sē̆-ro- (*k̂eḫus-ro-)
Meaning: dry; bright (of weather)
Material: Gr. ξερόν (only Akk.) ` solidified, dry land ', lengthened grade ξηρός `dry, arid'; compare above S. 624 Old Indic kṣará-; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Latin serescunt (Lucil. I 306) `(the dress) dry (in the sun), grow dry ', serēnus ` clear, fair, bright, serene ' (of sky, heaven and weather);
Old High German serawēn ` become dry, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay, become faint, grow weak, sink, be enfeebled, be faint, droop, be feeble, be languid ', Middle High German Modern High German serben ` wither, become wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ';
Tocharian A ksär(k) ` morning '?
There k̂sē̆-ro- is probably an extension from k̂sā- `burn, scorch'.
References: WP. I 503, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329.
Page(s): 625
Root / lemma: k̂uei-3 extended kuei-d-, kuei-s-, kuei-t- (*k̂ʷeḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: shining; white
Note: probably extension from k̂eu-, S. 594 f.
Material: a. k̂uei-d-: Old Indic śvindatē `glares, gleams' (Dhātup.), Perf. śiśvindē; gr. mountain name Πίνδος `the white', PN Πίνδαρος (?); Gothic hveits, Old Icelandic hvítr, Old English Old Frisian asächs. hwit, Old High German (h)wiz `white', zero grade nld. ndd. witt, Old Frisian hwit ds.;
o-grade Gothic hveiteis, Old Icelandic hweiti n., Old English hwǣte, Old Frisian asächs. hwēti, ahd weizzi, Modern High German Weizen `wheat'; changing through vowel gradation Middle English white, Swedish dial. hvite, westfäl. wiǝt `wheat'.
b. k̂uei-s- Lithuanian šviesà f. `light', švaisà f. ` gleam'.
c. k̂uei-t- (k̂u̯ei-to-, k̂u̯ei-ti̯o-, k̂u̯i-t(ǝ)no-, k̂u̯i-t(ǝ)ro- `bright, white'):
Old Indic śvētá- `white' (f. śvēnī by Vopadeva) = Avestan spaēta- ds. (= Old Bulgarian světъ `light'); Old Indic śvētya- `white, light ', fem. -ā (= Old Bulgarian svěšta `light'), Old Indic śvētatē `is white', śvítna-, śvitnyá-, śvitrá- (= Lithuanian švitràs ` sandpaper ') `white', Old Persian Σπιθρα-δάτης, New Persian sipihr `sky, heaven'; composition form Aryan śviti- in Old Indic śvity-añc `gleaming', Avestan spiti-doiϑra- ` having bright eyes ';
doubtful gr. τίτανος f., m. ` calc, lime, limestone, gypsum, chalk ' (*k̂u̯it-ǝno-s), κίττανος ds., dissimilation from *k̂u̯it-u̯-ǝno-s PN Tιτάνη, Aeolic Laconian Πιτάνη; mountain name Τίταρος;
Note:
Greek Tocharian labialized kw > t, gutturals gw- > d
Illyrian, Celtic Greek Avestan kw - > p-, gw- > b-
Lithuanian šviečiù, šviẽsti `gleam, shine': šveičiù, šveĩsti `clean', švitù, švitė́ti ` to shine always, shimmer ', švintù, švìsti `be getting bright ', Causative švaitaũ, švaitýti ` make bright '; švìtras m. ` sandpaper ', švytrúoti `flicker';
Old Church Slavic svьtitь sę, svьtěti sę `gleam, shine' and Slavic *svьnǫ (from *švitnō besides Lithuanian švintù) in Russian-Church Slavic svьnuti; Causative Old Church Slavic světiti ` shine to somebody '; Slavic švaita- m. `light' in Old Church Slavic švětъ `light, world'; in addition Slavic *švaitja in Old Church Slavic švěšta `light, candle';
besides with West Indo Germanic k-:
Latvian kvitu, kvitêt `flicker, gleam', Causative kvitinât;
Slavic *kvьtǫ, *kvisti `bloom, blossom' in Old Church Slavic pro-cvьtǫ, -cvisti `flower, bloom, blossom', Old Czech ktvu, kvísti; vowel gradation Old Church Slavic cvětъ, Czech květ etc. `bloom, blossom'; besides Slavic *kvьtěti in Russian-Church Slavic cvьtěti `bloom, blossom' and Serbo-Croatian càvtjeti `bloom, blossom' (= Latvian kvitêt).
References: WP. I 469 f., Trautmann 147 f., 310 f., Osthoff ZONF. 13, 3 ff.
Page(s): 628-629
Root / lemma: k̂up- (*k̂eḫu-p-)
Meaning: shoulder
Note: (Germanic with anlaut s-)
common k- > sk- > s- kentum > satem.
Material: Old Indic śupti-, Avestan supti- `shoulder'; alb. sup `shoulder, back' (without formant -t-); Middle Low German schuft m., East Frisian, Dutch schoft `shoulder blade of a cow, a horse' (*skuftu-).
Note:
Clearly alb. alb. sup `shoulder, back' is the oldest form IE cognate while other IE forms are extensions with suffix -ti, -tu.
References: WP. I 467.
Page(s): 627
Root / lemma: k̂u̯ei-1, k̂u̯ei-no- (*k̂ʷeḫü-no-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: dirt; to defile
Material: With formants -n(o)-: Latin caenum `smut, ordure, dirt, filth', obscēnus, obscaenus (back-formation from*obscēnare) `dirty, filthy, disgusting, indecent' (caenum urbanized for the plebeian *cēnum from *coinom, *quoinom), in-, con-quināre `smudge, befoul ', cūnīre ` produce, dung, excrements, ordure, manure ', ancunulentae ` feminae menstruo tempore ';
Swedish dial. hven ` marshy field', Old Icelandic hvein (*k̂u̯oinā) in place names, wherefore as ` marsh grass ' probably Danish hvene ` couchgrass, type name for several stiff grass kinds ', Swedish hven, Norwegian dial. hvein ` couchgrass, thin blade of grass ' (Middle English whin `broom' from Danish hvine);
Latvian svīnît refl. ` make oneself dirty ', svīns `smudges';
with other formant presumably Armenian šiv ` deposit of pressed grapes ' (k̂u̯ī̆-u̯o-); much more uncertain Old English hwæg, Middle Dutch wey `wheys' (*k̂u̯oio-?).
References: WP. I 469, WH. I 131 f.
Page(s): 628
Root / lemma: k̂u̯ei-2 (*k̂ʷeḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to hiss, whistle, etc..
Note: (see similar under k̂u̯es- `pant, gasp')
Material: Modern Icelandic hvīa ` neigh ', Swedish dial. hwija `loud or violent cry', Middle High German wihe-n- -nen, -len, -ren ` neigh ', Old High German hwaijōn, waijōn, Middle High German weihen ` neigh '; in addition as causative `weep, cry make': Old English ā-hwǣnan `plague, torment, smite', Old Swedish hwin ` annoyance ';
Old Icelandic hvīna ` buzz, whirr ', hvinr `schwirrender sound, tone', Old English hwīnan ` buzz, whirr ', hwinsian, Old High German winisōn ` lament', Modern High German winseln; Old Icelandic hvīskra ` whisper', hvīsla `whistle, whisper', Old English hwiscettan `whistle, from the mouse ', hwistlian `whistle', hwisprian `mumble, murmur', Old High German (h)wispalōn `hiss, wispern', Old Church Slavic svistati `hiss'.
Maybe alb. (*hvīskla) fishkëllej `whistle' = Old Icelandic hvīskra ` whisper', nasalized alb. (*hvinkla) hingëllin ` neigh '.
k̂u̯ei-k- in Armenian ščem ` fizz ' (*šičem from *k̂u̯ī̆ki̯ō) and Lithuanian švýkšti ` breathe whistling '.
References: WP. I 469.
Page(s): 628
Root / lemma: k̂u̯ek- (nasalized k̂u̯enk-) : k̂uk- (*k̂ʷeḫuk-)
Meaning: to gape
Material: Old Indic śváñcatē ` opens', ucchvaŋká- m. ` the gaping, gap, shard, the opening ';
Lithuanian šùkė f. ` notch', šùkos Pl. `comb', Latvian suka f. `bristle brush, currycomb ' (probably from `*comb'), suk'is m. `shard', sukums m. ` fracture, notch';
Slavic *sъčetь f. in polab. sacė́t `bristle, bristle brush', sloven. ščę̂t `bristle brush', Russian ščetъ `bristle'.
References: WP. I 470, Trautmann 309 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 142.
Page(s): 629
Root / lemma: k̂u̯el- (*kʷeḫul-)
Meaning: muddy
Material: Armenian šaɫem ` wet, moistened, prepared cement, mortar ', šaɫax ` loam, clay, slime, mud, cement, mortar ' (-al- = l̥ or el); Lithuanian švelnùs ` soft, tender, tender-hearted, gentle, delicate, sensitive, subtle, subtile, kindly, fond, sweet, affectionate, loving, dulcet, merciful, lenient, facile, smooth, fine, mild, clement, bland, meek, velvet, genial, fleecy, balmy '?
Maybe alb. (*k̂u̯el-k) thuk ` mortar '
References: WP. I 473.
Page(s): 629
Root / lemma: k̂u̯en- (*kʷeḫu-)
Meaning: to celebrate; saint
Material: Avestan spǝnta- `holy' (= Lithuanian šveñtas, Old Church Slavic svętъ `holy'), compounds superlative Avestan span-yah, spǝ̄ništa- ` sacred, holiest ', es-stem Avestan spā̆nah- n. ` holiness';
probably Gothic hunsl n. `sacrifice, oblation', Old English hūsl n. ` sacrament' (k̂u̯n̥-s-lo-);
Lithuanian šveñtas `holy', Old Prussian swenta- in PN, Old Church Slavic svętъ, Russian svjatój ds.; further to Latvian svinêt `hold festivities, sanctify '.
References: WP. I 471, Trautmann 311, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 366.
Page(s): 630
Root / lemma: k̂u̯endh-ro-, -no- (*kʷeḫudh-ro-)
Meaning: a kind of plant
Material: Latin combrētum ` a kind of rush'; nir. cuinneog ` Angelica silvestris ' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 359); based on k̂u̯ondhnā = Old Icelandic huǫnn ` Angelica silvestris ' from k̂u̯ondh-nā, Danish färö. quander ds., Swiss Wannebobbell ` arum maculatum ', Lithuanian šveñdrai Pl. `a kind of reed, Typhalatifolia '.
References: WP. I 472, WH. I 253.
Page(s): 631
Root / lemma: k̂u̯es-, k̂us- (*kʷeḫus-)
Meaning: to puff, sigh
Material: Old Indic śvásiti (inflection perhaps previously after aniti ` breathes '), śvásati ` breathes, wheezes, sighs ', āśuṣāṇá- ` piping, whistling ', Avestan suši ` both lungs ';
Latin queror, -ī, questus sum ` to express grief, complain, lament, bewail ' (: Old Indic śvásati);
lengthened grade Old Icelandic hvǣsa, Old English hwōsan `pant, gasp';
Lithuanian šušinti ` go through the air with hissing noise ' (it could be like Old High German sūsōn ` buzz, whirr, whiz, swish, whistle ' an independent onomatopoeic word).
The k̂u̯es- is an extension of a k̂u-, k̂eu- through -es- (at most onomatopoeic origin), one supposes because of the same initial sound in Old Indic śūt-kārá- m. ` the whistle, hiss ' (perhaps rather like śīt-kārá- new onomatopoeic word formation?), Armenian sulem ` whistle, fizz ' (from *soyl = k̂eu-lo- or k̂ou-lo-); Lithuanian šv-añkšti `breathe, wheeze, pant, gasp': Armenian šunč̣ `breath, breeze, soul, ghost' (k̂u̯onki̯o-); Lithuanian švir̃kšti `whistle, buzz, whirr ', švil̃pti ` whistle, pipe, sing, whine, howl, whiz, whirr, hiss, hurtle ' and in the root k̂u̯ei-2 `hiss ' see there.
References: WP. I 474 f., WH. II 403 f.
Page(s): 631-632
Root / lemma: k̂u̯on-, k̂un- (*kʷeḫün-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: dog (*animal with a strong sense of smell)
Grammatical information: originally Nom. Sg. k̂úu̯ō(n), Gen. k̂unós
Material:
In e- grade:
French chien : Albanian (*kjen) qen : Furlan cjan : Viestano chèń : Wallon tchén ` dog'.
Note:
Maybe under the influence of Occidental Romance languages Griko Salentino u > i as in Albanian Geg y > Tosc i shift.
Old Greek κύων > Greek σκύλος > Griko Salentino (*scillo) sciddho ` dog'
Alb. Geg (*σκύλος) klysh, Tosc këlysh ` young dog ' a greek loanword.
In a- grade:
Luvian: UR.ZÍR
Meaning: `dog'
Attestations: [NSg] UR.ZÍR-iš: 109 iii 7.
Commentary: Probably *zuwani-, cognate with HLuv. zú-wa/i-ni-. See Melchert, Gs Cowgill 202.
Hittite: h.l. śuwanis (Tischler 500)
Hittite: h.l. śuwanis (Tischler 500)
Tokharian: A ku, obl. kon, B ku `собака ' (Adams 179)
Old Indian: ś(u)vā́, gen. śúnaḥ m. `dog '
Avestan: spā, gen. sūnō ' Hund ' ; spaka- ' hunderartig, Hund- '
Armenian: šun, gen. šan `Hund '
Old Greek: küṓn, gen. künós, acc. kǘna m., f. `Hund, Hündin '
Baltic: *čō̃ (*čun=), *čwin-ia- c., -iā̃ f.
Germanic: *xun-d-a- m.
Celtic: OIr cū, gen. con; Cymr ci, pl. cwn; Bret, Corn ki ' Hund '
Old Indic śvā́ and ś(u)vā́ `dog', Gen. śúnas, Akk. śvā́nam, Akk. Pl. śúnas; Avestan spā, spānǝm, Gen. Pl. sū̆nam, med. (Herodotus) σπάκα (*k̂u̯n̥-ko- ` doglike': Old Indic śvaka- `wolf'), Middle Persian sak, New Persian sag, Kurdish sah, wāχi šač; from Iranian derive alb. shak(ë) `bitch', gr. σπάδακες κύνες Hes. (from *σπάκαδες) and Russian sobáka `dog'; compare New Persian sabah;
Armenian šun, Gen. šan `dog' (with unclear š); not well compatible with skund ` little dog', whether from *k̂u̯on-to-, -tā; or to those above S. 564 under *ken- ` be born recently ' to discussed names of the animal young?;
with for the Thracian - Phrygian obvious gutturals Lydian Κανδάυλης `κυν-άγχης', Thracian GN Καν-δάων (to 2. part s. dhāu- ` strangle, throttle, choke ');
quite unclear Latin canis `dog', cănēs originally previously fem. `bitch', canīcula (compare Old Indic śunī f.) considering of a; perhaps interference a the Middle Irish cano, cana `a wolf cub', Welsh cenaw `young dog or wolf' (see ken-3) corresponding words (so also Lydian Καν-δαύ̄λης?);
The meaning from Latin canis as ` a dog, shameless, the barking mouths (of Scylla), the dogs of Hecate, a pack, a term of reproach, dog, of a backbiter, of a miser, of parasites, the constellation, the Dog (canis maior, or Sirius; and canis minor, or Procyon), In play, the worst throw (of dice), dog-throw (opp. Venus) ' turns in gr. κύων again, as well as in Old Indic śva-ghnín- actually ` Hundetöter ', i.e. `professional, dishonest players avoiding the bad throws '; compare also gr. κίνδῡνος `danger (*In play, the worst throw (of dice), dog-throw (opp. Venus))' from *κυν-δῡνος, to Old Indic dyūtá `game'? Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 335 above.
In o- grade:
gr. κύων, κυνός (*κύFων) `dog' (κύντερος ` surly, irritable, sullen, i.e. impudent, insolent, rude, disrespectful, cheeky, bold; forward; impolite', Sup. κύντατος; to κυνάμυια compare Lithuanian šun-musė̃ ` dog fly ');
Old Irish cū (Gen. con = κυνός), Welsh ci (Pl. cwn - κύνες, Lithuanian šùnes), Breton Cornish ki `dog' from *k̂u̯ō;
Gothic hunds, Old Icelandic hundr, Old English hund, Old High German hunt `dog' (k̂u̯n̥-tó-), see above;
Lithuanian šuõ (Gen. šuñs) `dog' (has changed to i-stem in Lithuanian dial. šunis, Latvian suns, Old Prussian sunis `dog'); t- form Latvian suntana `large dog'; Latvian kuńa `bitch' probably with West Indo Germanic gutturals, Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 310? or k from kuca ds. (Lockruf); compare Būga Kalba ir s. I 196; quite doubtful but Russian poln. suka `bitch';
Tocharian A ku, Obl. kon, В Nom. kunder
References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 152 f.; Kuryɫowicz Accentuation 19; after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 32, 121 f.
See also: derivative from the color root k̂eḫu-2, S. 594.
Page(s): 632-633
Root / lemma: k̂ū̆dh- (*keḫudh-)
Meaning: dirt
Material: Gr. ὑσ-κυθά ὑὸς ἀφόδευμα Hes., κυθώδεος δυσόσμου Hes., κυθνόν ` semen ' Hes.; Lithuanian šúdas, Latvian sūds `crap, muck, ordure'.
References: WP. I 467. Different Specht Indog. Dekl. 252 f.
Page(s): 627
Root / lemma: k̂ū- (*keḫu-)
Meaning: sharp; pike
Note:
Root / lemma: k̂ū- (*keḫu-): `sharp; pike' derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone'.
Material: Old Indic śū-la- m. n. `spit, pike, pointed picket, pole; stechender pain', Armenian slak` (from *sulak`) `spit, pike, dagger, arrow', Old Irish cuil ` a gnat, midge ', Welsh cylion-en ds., Latin culex ` mosquito ';
Old Indic śū-ka- m. n` sting of an insect, awn of the corn', Avestan sū-kā- f. `needle', np. sōzan `needle', sōk ` ear, awn'; dubious prākr. osukkai ` whets, sharpens ';
Latin cuneus `wedge' (due to from k̂u-no- `cusp, peak').
Maybe alb. kunj `wedge' Latin loanword.
References: WP. I 465, WH. I 302 f., 308.
Page(s): 626-627
Root / lemma: kʷalo-s (*kʷeḫu-lo-s)
Meaning: a kind of big fish
See also: see below under (s)kʷalo-s.
Page(s): 635
Root / lemma: kʷas-i̯o-, -lo- (*kʷeḫus-lo-)
Meaning: basket-work
Material: Latin quālum (quallus) `a wicker basket' (*ku̯aslom, compare the diminutive:) quăsillus, -um ` a small basket for various purposes; esp., a wool-basket ' (with emphatic -ss-);
Old Bulgarian košь `basket' (*kʷas-i̯o-s), Russian koš `basket, fish snaring net; hurdle ' etc., also Church Slavic košar(j)a ` hurdle ' etc., Russian košélь `basket, bread basket '.
Maybe alb. kosh `basket' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 507, Trautmann 119, WH. II 397.
Page(s): 635
Root / lemma: kʷās- : kʷǝs- (*kʷeḫüs-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to cough
Note: [addendum to S. 635]
Material:
In a- grade:
(*ḫ2ʷas-)
Old Indic kā́s-, kāsá- ` cough ', therefrom kāsate `coughs'; Middle Irish cassacht(ach) m. ` cough ', Welsh pas ds. (*kʷǝs-t-), pesychu `cough' (*kʷǝs-t-isk-), Breton pas ` cough ', Cornish paz ds.;
Latvian kāsẽju, kãsêt ds., Latvian kãsulis ` cough '; Slavic *kašъlь in Russian-Church Slavic kašelь ` cough ', etc.
In o- grade:
(*ḫ3ʷos-)
Old Icelandic hosti m. ` cough ', Old English hwosta, Middle Low German hoste, Old High German huosto, Alemannian wuǝšte ds.;
Lithuanian kósiu (old kosmi), kósèti `cough', Lithuanian kosulỹs ` cough ', alb. kollë, kolla ` cough ' (*kʷos-lā) (common alb. -sl- > -ll-)
Maybe alb. pështyj ` spit' : Welsh pesychu `cough' a Celtic loanword.
References: WP. I 506, Trautmann 119.
Page(s): 649
Root / lemma: kʷei-1(t) (*kʷeḫü-t) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to observe; to appreciate
Note:
(common Avestan Slavic k > č : alb. k > ts > ç : Greek Tocharian labialized kʷ -> t-).
Material:
In a- grade:
A. Old Indic cā́yati ` perceives, observes, is shy, is concerned ', cāyú- ` showing reverence ' = Old Bulgarian čajǫ, čajati ` expect, wait, hope ' (lengthened grade *kʷēi̯-ō);
Old Indic cinōti, cikḗti `notices', cití- f. ` sympathy, appreciation ', cí-t f. `ghost, intellect ': gr. ἀτίζω ` not to honour, not to heed, slight, treat lightly, deprive of honour due ' from *α-τι-τ- ` unheeding ';
In e- grade:
kʷē[i]-ro- in gr. τηρός `warden, guard', τηρέω ` perceive, protect; observe, wait, hide out and wait, lie in wait and make a surprise attack', perhaps also Old Indic cāra- m. ` spy, scout '; it may be added because of Old Indic cā́yati `is anxious ' with zero grade also gr. τετίημαι `be grieving ', τετιηώς `timorous, grieving '?
To *kēi- `move' (above S. 538 f.) belongs kē[i]so-, kē[i]sā `time' in:
In a- grade:
Old Church Slavic časъ m. ` time' (*ḫ2ʷai-ska).
In o- grade:
alb. kohë, koha f. ` time', (*ḫ1ʷei-ska) Jokl Mel. Pedersen 1591 f.
Note:
Also alb. çast `moment' : Old Church Slavic časъ m. a Slavic loanword.
In a- grade:
B. Old Indic cáyatē `racht, straft', cētár- ` avenger', ápa-citi- f. `repayment' (= ἀπότισις, τίσις);
Avestan kāy- ` repay, atone', e.g. čikayat̃ `shall atone, punish, curse, avenge ', pairi-ā-kayayanta ` they should take on themselves as penalty ', kaēnā- f. `penance, atonement' (= ποινή, Slavic cěna, compare also Lithuanian káina), New Persian kīn- `enmity, hate, rage, fury', Avestan kāϑa- n. `repayment', čiϑi- f. ` atonement through payment ', čiϑā `ds., punishment ', osset. čithä `honour' (as τιμή);
In e- grade:
gr. τίω and τί̄ω (Arcadian τείω reshuffling after ἔτεισα, τείσω), Fut. τί̄σω, Aor. ἔτισα, participle Pass. τετῑμένος ` assess; esteem, honour', πολύ-τῑτος ` highly honored ', ἀτίετος `unhonoured, not honouring or regarding ';
hom. τί̄νω, Attic τί̆νω (*τινF-ω) ` atone, pay ', Med. ` allow to pay or atone, punish ', τινύμεναι (Eur. Or. 323), hom. τείνυται (as Cretan ἀποτεινύτω after ἔτεισα, τείσω); Fut. τείσω, Aor. ἔτεισα (Thessalian πεῖσαι, Cypriot πείσει ), τίσις ` payment, penance, atonement, punishment, revenge, vengeance ', ποινή ` atonement, punishment, revenge, vengeance ' (out of it Latin poena); τῑμή ` appraisal; honour; penance, atonement, punishment ', ἄτῑμος ` dishonouring, derisive ';
probably Middle Irish cin, Gen. cinad `blame' (*kʷinu-t-s, compare τίνυ-ται);
In a- grade:
Lithuanian káina ` value, worth, price'; Old Prussian er-kīnint `(of the devil) set free, release ';
In e- grade:
Old Bulgarian cěna ` valuation, price, satisfaction, penalty, punishment; honour, price ', cěniti ` assess '.
In a- grade:
Old Bulgarian kajǫ, kajati sę ` feel repentance ', pokajati sę ` make penance, atonement ', okajati ` deplore, lament ', Russian kájatь `rebuke', -sja ` feel repentance '.
In e- grade:
root extension kʷeis-, kʷeit- (compare above Old Indic cít, cití-):
Old Irish ad-cī (*kʷis-e-t) ` sees ', cīall f. `reason' = Welsh pwyll, Breton poell ds. (*kʷeis-lā), etc. (Lewis-Pedersen 350);
Old Indic cḗtati, cíkētati ` perceives, apprehends, descries ', Perf. cikḗta, participle cikitván ` understanding, knowing ', Avestan čikiϑvā̊ ` thinking over, deliberative ', Old Indic cítti- f. ` thought, reasoning, discernment', Avestan čisti- ds., Old Indic cintā́ ` thought, care ';
Old Bulgarian čьtǫ, čisti ` count, calculate, read a script; honor ', *kʷi-t-ti- > čьstь (= Old Indic cítti-ḥ) `worship, veneration, honour'; with anlaut s- Latvian šḱìetu, šḱitu, šḱist `mean', Impersonal `shine, appear, seem'.
In a- grade:
Latvian skaitît ` count, recite prayers ', Lithuanian skait-aũ, -ýti `count, read '.
References: WP. I 508 f., Trautmann 113, 124, 135, 138, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 686, 697.
Page(s): 636-637
Root / lemma: kʷei-2 (*kʷeḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to pile, stow, gather
Material: Old Indic cinṓti, cáyati ` piles up, lines up; collects, accumulates; joins, is based ', cáya- m. ` accumulation, heap '; káya- m. ` abdomen, body ' (actually `* build, figure, body structure '; or `*mass'?); citā́ ` layer, woodpile, pyre, stake', cíti- f. ` accumulation, layer, pyre, stake', cītí-f. ` the collecting ';
Avestan kay-, čayeiti, činvaiti `(*legere) aussuchen, choose ' with vī- `divide, distinguere', with ham- `colligere, (Schrittlängen) aneinanderlegen'; np. čīdan `gather, collect';
gr. ποιέω `create' (Argolic-Boeotian ἐποίFησε ), then also ` poetize, write poetry ', denominative of a *ποι-Fό-ς ` constructing, creating ' (compare ἀρτο-ποιός ` baker ');
Old Bulgarian činъ (probably u-stem: Old Indic cinṓ-ti, Avestan činvaiti, yet in Slavic with ī the first syllable, as Old Indic cītí-) `order, row, rank', činiti ` sort, order, arrange, put in a line, build ', probably also Ukrainian kojú, kojíty ` instigate, prepare something evil', as gr. φόνον ποιεῖν `murder instigate '), poln. dial. koić się `succeed, proceed, go ahead'.
A s- further formations in Avestan kaēš- (with pre verb) ` to place together, heap up, pile, arrange ', frā- `prepare, make ready ', vī- ` prepare, get ready ' (Bartholomae Wb. 429).
References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Berneker 538, Trautmann 124.
Page(s): 637-638
Root / lemma: kʷei̯ǝ-, kʷii̯ē- (*kʷeḫü-es) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to rest quietly, quiet, peaceful
Material: Old Indic cirá-m ` indecisiveness, delay', cirá- ` lasting, continuing; ongoing, long '; Old Persian šiyāti-š ` complacency ' (= Latin quiēs), Avestan šāiti-š `pleasure, joy' (š- = šy-, compare gathav. šyeitibyō), Avestan šyāta-, šāta- ` pleases ' (= Latin quiētus), a-šāta- ` unhappy ' (= Latin inquiētus), Παρύ-σατις, Avestan šāišta- ` most cozily, most gratifyingly ', np. šād `blithe, glad', Ossetic anc̣ayun `rest'; sogd. š't ` gleeful ';
Armenian han-gč̣im `I lie, rest ', han-gist ` tranquility ' (-gi- from *-kʷi-);
Latin quiēs, -ētis ` tranquility ', quiē-sco, -scere, -vī, -tum `rest', with formants -lo- (as Germanic*hwīl-) tranquīlus, tranquillus ` peaceful' (trans + kʷīlos);
Maybe alb. qetë `quiet' a Latin loanword.
Gothic ƕeila, Old English hwīl, Old High German (h)wīla ` while, time', Old Icelandic hvīla `couch, bed, place for resting ', hvīld ` tranquility ', Gothic ƕeilan ` stay, linger, hesitate, cease', Old English Hwāla MN, Old High German wīlōn, -ēn ` stay, linger ';
Old Church Slavic pokojь ` tranquility ', pokojǫ, pokojiti ` calm, appease ', počijǫ, počiti `rest';
Tocharian В śāte `rich' (: Avestan šyāta- ` pleases ');
Lycian tezi ` sarcophagus ' from *kʷjētis (?), Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 50.
References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Trautmann 124.
Page(s): 638
Root / lemma: kʷek̂-, kʷōk̂-, kʷek̂-s- (*kʷeḫuk̂-s-)
Meaning: to seem, see, show
Material: Old Indic kā́śate `appears, glares, gleams, shines', cakāśiti, cakāśyátē `shines, looks ', kaśa- m. ` being visible, shine';
Avestan ākasat̃ ` perceives '; New Persian āgāh `expert, skillful', nigāh `sight'; s-extension kʷek̂s-: Old Indic cáṣṭē (3. Pl. cakṣatē) `appears; beholds ', in compounds also ` announce, show', cakṣas- n. `shine, face', cakṣu- ` seeing ', n. ` brightness, face, eye'; Avestan čaš(te, -āite) `instruct, teach' (actually ` allow to notice '), Middle Persian čāšītan `instruct, teach', Avestan Old Persian čašman- n. `eye', New Persian čašm, ds.; (common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old Persian ĝh- > xš- : Middle Persian xš- > š-)
gr. τέκμωρ, young τέκμαρ (after τεκμαίρω) `mark, token, sign, feature, characteristic mark or property' (*kʷek̂-m[ō]r-?); different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326;
with voiced final sound Old Church Slavic kažǫ, kazati `show, urge, remind', u-kazъ ` a showing forth, exhibiting, a setting forth, exposition, proving, proof ' (also kaznь ` decision, judgement, alignment '), probably Indo Germanic *kʷeĝ- besides *kʷek̂-? common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Slavic ĝh- > ž-, z-
References: WP. I 510 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 519.
Page(s): 638-639
Root / lemma: kʷe- 2 (*kʷeḫu-)
See also: s. unkʷo-
Page(s): 636
Root / lemma: kʷel-1, kʷelǝ- (*kʷeḫulǝḫ-)
Meaning: to turn; wheel; neck?
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cárati, calati ` moves, walks, grazes, drives ' etc. (heavy basis in cáritum, caritá-, cīrṇá-; carítra- n. `foot, leg', carcūryámāṇa-, cūrtí-, also probably tuvi-kūrmí- ` energetic, vigorous '), lengthened grade cā́ra- m. ` way ', etc.; Avestan čaraiti ` incumbent upon an activity ' etc., čarāna- `field', Old Persian parikarā `cultivate!';
s-extension in Old Indic karṣū́- f. `furrow, headland ', kárṣati, kr̥ṣáti ` turn over, rotate something, plow ', Avestan karša- m. n. `furrow', karšaiti `ridge, mark with ridges ';
Tocharian A källāš ` brings ', preterit śël, Pl. kalar (Pedersen Tochar. 183).
In e- grade:
alb. sjel, sjell ` turn round, twist, turn over, bring' (*kʷel-); besides kjel `bring, bear' (*kʷolei̯ō), a-sul ` willow ', sule ` boat ', (Note: Occidental (western) Romance languages prefix e-, a-), për-kul, përkul `bend, curve ' (*kʷel-n-), kulp, kulpër, kulpra ` forest shoot '(*kʷel-bh-);
Balto Slavic *keli̯a- `knee' in Lithuanian kelỹs, East Lithuanian kẽlias `knee', Latvian celis ds.; Lithuanian kelḗnas m. `knee', vowel gradation Old Church Slavic kolěno n. `knee, stem, gender', perhaps further to Slavic *čelnъ m., sloven. člện `joint, limb, member', Ukrainian čeɫén `limb, member';
Gothic Old Icelandic asächs. (*heals) hals m., Old English heals, Modern High German Hals ` neck '; Old Icelandic hvel n. `wheel' =
Old Prussian kelan `wheel', Latvian f. Pl. du-celes ` 2-wheeled cart ';
gr. πέλω, πέλομαι `be in motion ' (π Aeolic), Aor. ἔπλετο, participle περιπλόμενος `to move round, be round about', with Aeolic τε- = *kʷe-: περιτελλόμενος in the meaning (τέλλω ` accomplish, perform duties, rites, etc, make to arise ' Pind.), hom. τελέθω `be, become', Cretan τέλομαι ` to be, to exist ', Cypriot τενται `he will be ', also τέλος n. `coming to pass, performance, consummation, power of deciding, supreme power, magistracy, office, decision, doom, something done or ordered to be done, task, service, duty, services or offerings due to the gods, state of completion or maturity, completion, end, finish, full realization, highest point. ideal, the end or purpose of action ' (τελέω ` finish, complete, bring to an end, accomplish, execute, perform ', τέλειος, τέλεος from *τελεσ-Fο-ς ` perfect, of victims, entire, without spot or blemish, fully constituted, valid, of animals, full-grown, married, of persons, accomplished, perfect in his kind, in relation to quality, of prayers, vows, etc., fulfilled, accomplished, of numbers, full, complete, of the gods, having power to fulfil prayer, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned, grown', τελευτή ` consummation, termination, end'), wherefore τέλσον (*τελσFον, compare above Old Indic karṣū́-) ` furrow, headland ', i.e. ` headland, i.e. land where the plough turned ';
In o- grade:
gr. πόλος ` piuot on which anything turns, axis, axis of the celestial sphere, pole-star, celestial sphere, vault of heauen, sky, orbit of a star, crown of the head, centre of the circular threshing-floor, pole passing through the axle-tree of a carriage, as a shock-absorber, concave sun-dial (called polos from being shaped like the vault of heaven), on which the shadow was cast by the interpreter, head-dress, worn by goddesses ', πολέω `go about, range ouer, haunt, revolve, turn up the earth with the plough, plough ', ἀμφίπολος ` maid (Hom.), servant' = Latin anculus ` a man-servant ', αἰπόλος ` nanny goat shepherd ', θεοπολέω ` minister in things divine ' (besides θεη-κόλος `priest'); with κ in βουκόλος ` tending kine, worshipper of Dionysos in bull-form, in pl., title of play by Cratinus, Osorapi devotee of Sarapis, cattle shepherd ' = Middle Irish búachaill, Welsh bugail `herdsman, shepherd' from *kʷol(i)os with labialization after u;
Maybe alb. bariu `herdsman, shepherd' a Celtic loanword.
πολεύω ` turn or go about, the planet presiding ouer a day, turn up the soil with the plough ' (γῆν ` plough up '), Ionian Attic ἐπιπολῆς ` on the surface, on the top, uppermost ', ἐμπολή `merchandise, traffic, purchase, gain made by traffic, profit '; πωλέομαι ` go up and down or to and fro: hence, go or come frequently '; πάλιν ` of Place, back, backwards, of Time, again, once more, in turn ' (Akk. a *πάλις ` turn '); κύκλος see below; the gr. π-forms contain probably partly Indo Germanic pel- see below;
Latin colō, -ere ` to till, tend, care for, cultivate ' (*kʷelō); colōnus ` a husbandman, tiller of the soil ', incolere `inhabit, to be at home, abide, dwell ', incola ` an inhabitant, resident ', inquilīnus ` of foreign birth ', Esquiliae ` the largest of the seven hills of Rome '; about anculus ` a man-servant ' see above;
colus, -ūs f. m. or -ī f. `distaff' (*kʷelos ` spindle'), collus, -ī m. (Old Latin), collum, -ī n. ` the neck, the neck (of a flassk or bottle), (of the poppy), mountain ridge ' (*kʷol-so-, Gothic hals);
Old Irish cul ` cart ' (Dual. *kʷolō); Middle Irish coll ` head' =
Old Church Slavic kolo n., Gen. kolese `wheel', Pl. kola ` cart ' (mixture from kʷolo- m. and kʷeles- n.);
kʷekʷlo-, kʷokʷlo- (?) `wheel' in:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cakrá- m. n. (pronunciation secondary) ` cartwheel, disc, circle ', Avestan čaxra- m. `wheel'.
In zero - grade:
gr. κύκλος ` circle ', Pl. κύκλοι and κύκλα ` wheels '
In e- grade:
Old Icelandic hjōl, hvēl (*kʷékʷelon-, Germanic *hwéh(w)ula-) n., Old English hwēol (English wheel), besides hweowol, hweogol (Germanic *hweg(w)ulá-), Middle Low German wēl `wheel'; also Frisian fial is probably eine dissimilation-form for *hwewla-; compare also Phrygian κίκλην ` big, giant bear ' (`cart '), Lithuanian kãklas, Latvian kokls ` neck '; Tocharian A kukäl, В kokale ` cart '.
Lengthened grade perhaps (as ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round ') Old Icelandic hvāll and hōll m. (latter from dem Dative Pl. hōlum from hvālum) `roundish hill'.
References: WP. I 514 f., WH. I 45, 245 ff., 250, 846, Trautmann 125.
Page(s): 639-640
Root / lemma: kʷel-2 (*kʷeḫul-)
Meaning: far (with regard to place and time)
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic caramá- ` the last, extreme ', cirás `chronologically long', gr. πάλαι ` for a long time, since long ago ' (παλαιός `old', παλαίτερος, -τατος).
In e- grade:
gr. τῆλε, Aeolic πήλυι `afar, wide' (τηλό-θεν, -θι, -σε), Welsh Cornish Breton pell `afar' (*kʷel-s-o-?), Welsh pellaf `the extreme'.
References: WP. I 517.
Page(s): 640
Root / lemma: kʷel-3 (*kʷeḫul-)
Meaning: swarm, flock, shoal, school, clan, herd, crowd
Material:
In o- grade:
Old Indic kúla-m n. `herd, bulk, mass; gender, sex';
In zero- grade:
Old Indic kr̥ṣṭí- f. `people, people';
In e- grade:
gr. τέλος n. `troop, multitude, crowd';
Old Church Slavic čeljadь f. ` servants ', collective to that in čelověkъ `person' present čelo-.
References: WP. I 517, Berneker 141 f., Meillet BSL. 22, 18 f., Kuiper Proto-Munda 55.
Page(s): 640
Root / lemma: kʷem- (*kʷeḫum-)
Meaning: to swallow, sip
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cā́mati and camati `* slurps ', participle ācānta-, camasá- m. `drinking bowl, goblet', camū́- m. ` platter '; New Persian čam ` the eating ', čamīδan `drink', osset. cumun ` slurp ';
In e- grade:
Armenian k`im-k` Pl. `faux, guttur' (*kʷēmā-); dubious is gr. ἔτεμεν ἤμελγεν and τέμνοντα [probably τέμοντα] ἀμέλγοντα Hes., whereas ἀμέλγειν in the later meaning ` soak, saturate, absorb the liquid, squeeze ';
In o- grade:
with vowel gradation grade ō: New Persian kām ` palate', afghan. kūmai ds.;
Modern Icelandic hvōma (from *hvāma, Indo Germanic *kʷēmō = Old Indic cā́mati) ` swallow, devour, engulf, consume', hvōma f. ` esophagus, gullet'.
References: WP. I 514.
Page(s): 640-641
Root / lemma: kʷene (*kʷeḫus-)
Meaning: particle of generalization/uncertainty
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cana, Avestan činā̆ ` any, whatever, anyone, anybody, at all '; often negative, e.g. Old Indic ná ḗkaś cana `no, not at all, not';
Maybe alb. ca ` any, some ';
In e- grade:
Germanic -ʒin in Old Icelandic hver-gin ` by no means, not at all, in no way ', Old English asächs. Old High German hwer-gin ` anywhere, in any place, someplace, somewhere, in some place ' (from hwar `where' + -gin) from Old High German io-wergin, Middle High German iergen, Modern High German irgend. (Common Hittite alb. ḫu̯- > y, i, .)
References: WP. I 399 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 562.
Page(s): 641
Root / lemma: kʷenth- (*kʷeḫuth-)
Meaning: to suffer, endure
Material:
In e- grade:
Gr. πένθος n. `affliction, mourning, grief, misfortune'; nachhom. πάθος n. `affliction, misfortune, ferventness, passion', πάσχω (*kʷn̥th-skō), Fut. πείσομαι, Aor. ἔπαθον, Perf. πέπονθα `suffer, bear, endure ' (πε- for τε- after the forms with πα-, πο-);
Old Irish cēss(a)im `I suffer' (*kʷenth-tō or *kʷenth-s-ō), cēssad ` a suffering '.
Pedersen KG. II 486 assumes a cognate without nasal in Old Irish ar-cessi (*kʷet-sī-) ` spares, takes pity ' (meaning would be as in Lithuanian pakentė́ti ` be patient with somebody '), Welsh arbedu (*kʷet-) `spare, look after', Breton erbedi ` recommend ' (older also `spare, look after'), Old Cornish henbidiat ` sparing, frugal, thrifty, economical, niggardly, stingy, penurious, parsimonious '.
Lithuanian kenčiù, kę̃sti ` withstand, suffer, bear, endure'.
In a- grade:
Lithuanian (*pa-kantà) pakantà f. ` patience ', kančià ` suffering, pain, anguish, misery, distress, martyrdom, excruciation, torment, torture, purgatory, rack, sting ', žiem-kiñtis ` enduring the winter ', Latvian cìešu cìest `suffer, bear, endure, brook ', ziem-ciesis (*kentsia-) ` member one to the family of the winter green plants (Pyrolaceae) belonging type of low shrubs: Pyrola ';