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Part IV
Root / lemma: k̂ēko-
Meaning: green grass, green fodder
Material: Old Indic śāka- m. n. ` edible herb, vegetables ';
Lithuanian šė́kas ` freshly mowed grass, green fodder '', Latvian sēks ds., Old Prussian schokis `grass' (these at first from *sjākas; -jā- from -ē-?);
Old Icelandic hā f. ` bumper crop, byproduct' (probably from Germanic *hēhōn-).
References: WP. I 381.
Page(s): 544
Root / lemma: k̂ē-ro-
Meaning: a kind of colour
Material: Old Indic śārá- `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ', this -ra- as formant was verified through the Avestan composition form *śā-(i̯)i- in sāi-mužay- EN ` varicolored colored female donkey ';
gr. κηρύλος `the blue kingfisher ' (diminutive formants -ύλος).
*kē-ro- perhaps as *k̂e[i]-ro- to k̂ei-2 in ` color names '?
References: WP. I 420, WH. I 133.
Page(s): 582
Root / lemma: k̂ēu-1 : k̂ū-
Meaning: to sway
Material: Latin cēveō, -ēre `wobble, sway; to agitate one's self, (the figure taken from the wagging of the tail of a dog), to fawn, flatter ';
Old Bulgarian po-kyva-jǫ, -ti (mainly with glavǫ) ` shake the head, nod ', Czech kývati `wave, beckon, nod, wag, move, shake' (etc.).
References: WP. I 376.
Page(s): 595
Root / lemma: k̂ēu-2 (: k̂ǝu-, k̂ū-)
Meaning: to light, to burn
Note: Only gr. and Lithuanian
Material: Gr. καίω (Ionian), κά̄ω (Attic) from *καF-ι̯ω `to light, kindle', Aor. hom. ἔκηFα, Old Attic Gen. Sg. κέᾱντος (*κηFαντ-), New Attic ἔκαυσα, Med. Epic κηάμην, Pass. ἐκά̆ην, ἐκαύθην, delph. κηΰᾱ, θυσία', κήια καθάρματα and κεῖα ds. Hes., hom. κηώδης ` smelling as of incense, fragrant ' (from a *κῆFος `blaze, incense '), καῦσις, καῦμα n. `blaze', κᾶλον ` dry wood' (*καF-ελον), Aeolic καυαλέος ` burning hot', hom. κήλεος (*κᾱFαλέος) etc.;
Lithuanian kūlė́ti ` become blight-ridden, of corn, grain ', kūlė̃ ` smut, blight '. (common Celtic alb. abbreviation)
Maybe alb. kulë ` hernia '.
References: WP. I 376 f.
Page(s): 595
Root / lemma: k̂ēu̯ero-, k̂ōu̯ero- (also sk̂ūro-?)
Meaning: north, north wind
Material: Latin caurus (cōrus) `northerly wind' (*k̂ǝu̯ero-);
Lithuanian šidurė f. `north', šiaurỹs m. `northerly wind';
Old Bulgarian sěverъ (*k̂ēu̯ero-) `north';
Maybe reduced alb. (sveri) veri ` north' a Slavic loanword.
See:
Proto-Slavic form: sě̀verъ
Accent paradigm: a
Old Church Slavic: sěverъ `North' [m o]
Russian: séver `North' [m o]
Czech: sever `North' [m o]
Slovak: sever `North' [m o]
Serbo-Croatian: sjè ̀vēr `North' [m o]
Slovene: sẹ́ver `North' [m o]
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: śéʔu̯er-; śi̯óʔur-
Lithuanian: šiáurė `North' [f ē]
Indo-European reconstruction: ḱeh1uer-o-
Other cognates: Lat. caurus `northwestern wind' [m]
moreover perhaps changing through vowel gradation and with anlaut s-:
Armenian c̣urt `cold; coldness, shiver ' (*sk̂ūr-do-);
Old Icelandic Old High German skūr ` thunderstorm ', Modern High German Schauer, Old Frisian Old Saxon Old English scūr, scéor ` shiver ', Gothic skūra windis `whirlwind', Norwegian dial. skøyra (*skauriōn-) ` Windschauer ', skjøra (*skeurōn-) ds., Norwegian skøyra, skūra ` drive off blindly on something ', Old Icelandic skȳra ` run there fast '.
Note:
Uralic etymology :
Alb. (*k̂ēu̯ero-) veri ` north '
Proto: *orja
English meaning: slave
Finnish: orja 'Sklave, slave ' ( > Saam. L år'jē 'Leibeigener, Knecht, Sklave', oarji (I) 'Sklave')
Estonian: ori (gen. orja) 'Sklave, Frohnarbeiter'
Saam (Lapp): oar'je -rj- (N) 'who, which is found in or belongs to the southwest'; southwest, west', år'jel (L) 'Leute von Süden', vi̊ørje (T) 'Norden', orjal (A) 'Nordwest', vu↔<ǝr̄jel↔< (Kld.), vŭᾰr̄j̀el↔< (Ko. Not.) 'Nordwesten' ?
Mordovian: uŕe (E), uŕä (M) 'Sklave; Lohndiener', uŕeńd́e- (E) 'mühsame Arbeit verrichten'
Udmurt (Votyak): var (S), war (G) 'Sklave, Diener, Knecht'
Komi (Zyrian): ver (altsyr.) 'слуга, раб', Ud. vere̮s, veres 'Ehemann, Gatte'
References: WP. I 377, WH. I 190, O. Szemerényi KZ. 70, 65.
Page(s): 597
Root / lemma: k̂Þei-
Meaning: to settle
Material: Old Indic kṣḗti, kṣiyáti ` stays, dwells ', Avestan šaēiti ds., Old Indic kṣití-, Avestan šiti- ` residence, settlement', Old Indic kṣḗtra-, Avestan šōiϑra- n. ` estate, residence ', Old Indic kṣēma- m. ` quiet, peaceful staying ';
Maybe alb. (*kṣati) fshati, Pl. fshatra `village' : Rumanian sat `village, countryside' identical to Rumanian coapsă `thigh' : alb. kofsha `thigh' common Rumanian-Illyrian kʷhs- > phs-, fs-. [see Root / lemma: kok̂sā : a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)].
Armenian šēn, Gen. šini ` inhabited, farmed, village ' (: gr. κτοίνᾱ);
Common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old Persian ĝh- > xš- : New Persian xš- > š-; hence Armenian šēn ` village ' is of Persian origin.
gr. κτίζω ` of a city, to found, plant, build; to plant; set up, establish; to create, bring into being, bring about; to make so and so; to perpetrate a deed ', ἐυκτίμενος ` well-built, furnished, well-made, of a garden, well-wrought ', ἐΰκτιτος ds., περικτίονες, περικτίται ` dwellers around, neighbours ', ἀμφικτίονες ` they that dwell round, next neighbours ' (to form ἀμφικτύονες Lithuanian by Boisacq 525 Anm. 2), κτίσις ` a founding, foundation, a doing, an act, a creating, the creation of the universe, that which was created, the creation, an authority created or ordained ', Rhodian κτοίνᾱ ` a local division, township ', also κτίλος ` peaceful, tame; a ram ' (actually ` tame, docile, gentle, domesticated ');
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Hittite ĝh- > tk- : gr. tk- > kt- (see Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : earth)
See also: belongs probably to consecutive: kÞē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)-
Page(s): 626
Root / lemma: k̂ik-1
Meaning: strap
Material: Old Indic śic- f., śikya- n. ` loop, noose, snare, suspenders ', śāikya- ` damascenes, provide with loops ';
gr. κίσσαρος and κισσός `ivy' (?);
Lithuanian šikšnà ` fine leather to manufacture straps '.
References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂ik̂er-
Meaning: pea
Note: barely indogermanisch
Material: Armenian siseṙn ` chickpea ' (seems to continue k̂eik̂er- or k̂oik̂er-);
gr. (Macedonian) κίκερροι (so for expressed κίβερροι demanded through alphabetical sequence) ὠχροί. Μακεδόνες; gr. κριός ` chickpea ' (would be from *κικριός dissimilation);
Latin cicer ` chickpea ';
Alb. qiqër ` chickpea ' a Latin loanword.
[Lithuanian kekė̃ `grape', Latvian k'ekars ds. seem to form against it with a different family Latvian k'eḱis ` umbel, grape', Lituanismus to Latvian cekulis ` pigtail, tassel, fringe, bunch, tussock ', cecers `frizzy hair, curly head' and Czech čečeřiti ` make unkempt, shaggy, frill, friz '.]
Maybe alb. (*katsurel) kaçurel ` curly hair' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 451 f., WH. I 212.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂iph-
Meaning: a small twig or root
Material: Old Indic śiphā `thin root, rod'; gr. messenisch κίφος n. ` a crown, wreath, garland, chaplet '; at most also Latvian sipsna `strong rod', Lithuanian šipulỹs `chip of wood, wooden log'.
References: WP. I 452.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂ī̆k-2
Meaning: to rain, drizzle
Material: Old Indic śīkára- m. `fine rain', śīkāyati ` dribbles '; Norwegian higla `drip, trickle', higl `fine rain'.
References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂īō̆n- (k̂īsō̆n-?)
Meaning: pillar
Note: only Armenian and gr.
Material: Armenian siun = gr. κί̄ων ` pillar '.
References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂lei-
Meaning: to tip, incline, lean
Material: Old Indic śráyati ` leans, puts against ', śráyatē ` leans, resides ', śritá- = Avestan srita- (: sray-) `leaned';
Avestan sray-, srinav-, srinu- `lean' (compare gr. κλινι̯ω);
Armenian leaṙn, Gen. leṙin `mountain' (*k̂leitr̥no-??);
doubtful Armenian linim `become, originate, befall, be' (compare Old Indic śráyate `be');
gr. κλί̄νω, Lesbian κλίννω (*κλῐνι̯ω) ` make one thing slope against another, turn aside, make another recline, make subservient, inflect ' (Fut. κλῐνῶ, Perf. κέκλιμαι), κλιτός `suitable', κλίσις `tendency', κλισία f. `cottage, tent', δικλίδες `double door', κλί̄νη `bed', κλιντήρ, κλισμός `couch, bed, place for resting ', κλῑτύ̄ς (lies κλειτύ̄ς, Herodian.) f. `slope, hill' (hellen. κλῖτος, κλίτος `hill'), κλίμα n. ` inclination, slope of ground ', κλῖμαξ f. `ladder';
Latin clīnō, -āre `bend, bow, incline ' (previously to compounds neologism and thematic reshuffling a *klī̆-nā-mi), acclīnis ` leaning on, inclined to ', triclīnium ` a couch for three persons reclining at meals, eating-couch, dinner-sofa, table-couch ', cliēns, -tis ` a personal dependant, client ', clēmens `milde, gentle' (*k̂léi̯omenos?); clītellae ` a pack-saddle, sumpter-saddle ', diminutive of a *k̂leitrā = Umbrian kletram ` a litter, bier, sedan, portable couch, palanquin, sofa, lounge ' (and Gothic hleiÞra f. `tent'); clīvus `hill' (= Gothic hlaiw n. `grave'), clīvius `slant, skew = unlucky, of omen, sign';
Middle Irish clē, Welsh cledd, Breton kleiz, Cornish cledh ` left, unlucky ' = `slant, skew' (*k̂lei̯os), Middle Irish fo-chla, Welsh go-gledd `north'; Middle Irish clen `leaning, tendency', wish' (: Welsh dichlyn `watchful, wakeful' from *dī-eks-klin-, Loth RC 42, 87 f.);
Old Irish clōin, clōen `slant, skew, stooped '; gallorom. *clēta ` hurdle ', Middle Irish clīath `crates', Welsh clwyd ` hurdle, barrier ', Old Cornish cluit gl. ` clita ', Breton kloued-enn `grove, hedge ' (k̂leito-, -tā); in addition Old Welsh clutam ` lump, mass together ', clut, Modern Welsh clud `heap' (*k̂loi-tā); Middle Irish clēthe n. `roof beam, roof', zero grade Welsh cledr-en `rafter, lath, fence' (*k̂li-trā = Middle Irish clethar `pad'), Middle Breton clezr-en, Modern Breton klerenn ` main piece of the wicker rack ' (vowel gradation with Umbrian kletram, Latin clītellae, Gothic hleiÞra and Old High German leitara);
Old High German (h)linēn `lean (intransitive)', asächs. hlinōn, Old English hlinian, hleonian (*hlinēn) ds.; Old High German hlina ` the back of a couch ', Old English hlinbedd, hlinung ` lair ', Old High German hlinā ` a lattice, enclosure, grating, grate, balustrade, bars, railings, bar in a court of justice '; Causative Old High German (h)leinen, Old English hlǣnan `lean (transitive.)'; Gothic hlainē Gen. Pl. `the hill', Modern Icelandic hleinn ` rock ledge ', Norwegian dial. lein f. ` mound, hillside, slope' (: Latvian slains); Gothic hlaiw `grave', Proto Norse hlaiwa ds., Old High German Old Saxon hlēo `burial mound, grave', Old English hlāw `burial mound, gravestone ' (= Latin clīvus); Gothic hlija m. `tent, cottage'; Old High German (h)līta, Modern High German Leite ` mountainside ', Old Icelandic hlið f. `slope, mountainside ' (compare gr. κλειτύς, Lithuanian šlaĩtas); Old Icelandic hlið f. `side', Old English hlīð n. ` heap, mound, hill' (: κλίτος, Lithuanian šlìtė); Gothic hleiÞra `cottage, tent' (see above to Latin clītellae etc.); Old High German (h)leitara `ladder', Old English hlæd(d)er ds.; Old English -hlīdan `cover', hlid n. `cover, door', Old High German lit `cover' (Modern High German Augenlid), Old Icelandic hlið `door, Gattertür', Gothic hleiduma `linker';
Lithuanian šliejù, šliẽti (older žem. šlejù = Old Indic śráyati =) Latvian sleju, slìet ` lean ', in addition Lithuanian šlýti ` lean, incline, verge ', su-šlìjęs ` be bending ', causative nu-šlajìnti ` turn over, overturn, capsize; keel over '; nouns: Latvian slejs m., sleja f. `line'; Old Prussian slayan n. ` sledge skid ', Nom. Pl. slayo ` sled ', Lithuanian šlãjos f. Pl. ds.; at-šlainis m. ` wing, outhouse, outbuilding ', Latvian slains ` where one sinks ', Lithuanian šlaĩtas m. `slope', šlýna f. ` loam, clay ', at-šlaĩmas m. `forecourt'; Latvian slita f. `fence', Lithuanian žem. pã-šlitas `slant, skew' (= Old Indic śritá-, gr. κλιτός); Lithuanian šlìtė, šlitìs f. ` Garbenhocke ' (: gr. κλίσις), Old Lithuanian šlitė `ladder'; Lithuanian šleivas ` bowlegged' (compare Latin clīvus `slope'), vowel gradation šlivìs m. `bowlegged person'; to the rhyme word Lithuanian kleĩvas, klývas ` bowlegged' see below (s)kel- `bend'; different Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 130, 3171;
Slavic *slojь ` layer ' (*k̂loi̯o-s) in sloven. slòj ` layer, lair ', Russian Czech sloj ds.; compare formal above Old Prussian slayan n. ` sledge skid '.
About the extremely dubious affiliation from Old Bulgarian etc. klětь ` room, cell ' (Lithuanian klė́tis ` granary, garner, barn ' is Slavic loanword) under assumption from West Indo Germanic Guttural s. Berneker 517 f.
References: WP. I 490 ff., WH. I 231 f., 233, 234 f., 236, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 144 f., Trautmann 308 f., Loth RC 42, 87 f., Vendryes RC 46, 261 ff.
See also: extension from k̂el-2 ` incline '; s. also under (s)kel- `bend'.
Page(s): 600-602
Root / lemma: k̂lep- (sk̂lep-?)
Meaning: to cover, conceal, steal
Material: Gr. κλέπτω (*κλεπι̯ω) `steal' (κέκλοφα, ἐκλάπην and ἐκλέφθην), κλέπος n., κλέμμα (out of it Latin clepta), κλώψ, κλοπός, κλοπεύς `thief', κλοπή ` theft ';
Latin clepō, -ere ` to steal ';
Gothic hlifan `steal' (hliftus `thief');
Middle Irish cluain (*klopni-) f. `deceit, flattery, insincere compliments', cluainech `deceitful';
Old Prussian auklipts (*-kleptós) `hide, conceal'; s. also under klēp-.
With anlaut sl- from skl- seems related Lithuanian slepiù, slė̃pti `conceal'.
The meaning is made probably, that k̂lep- extension from k̂el- `conceal'; Middle High German hulft ` quiver ' seems to be justly zero grade our root form, as Old Prussian auklipts; Old Prussian auklipts indicate then West Indo Germanic guttural.
References: WP. I 497, WH. I 232, Trautmann 137.
Page(s): 604
Root / lemma: k̂leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū-
Meaning: to hear, cry
Note: (extension a root k̂el-);
Material: 1. Old Indic śr̥ṇṓti (*k̂l̥-neu-) ` hears ', śrudhí `hear' (= *κλύθι), participle śrutá- (= κλυτός, Latin inclutus, Irish cloth n., Old High German Hlot-, Armenian lu) etc., śraváyati `allows to hear', śrūyate ` is heard ', śrúti- ` the hearing ';
Avestan surunaoiti (*k̂lu-n-) ` hears, is called ' etc., participle srūta- ` heard, famous ', srū̆ti- ` bring to hearing, talk ';
Old Indic śrōtra- n. `ear', Avestan sraoϑra- n. ` the singing ' (= Old English hlēoðor, Old High German hliodar), Avestan sraota- n. ` the hearing ' (compare Serbian slútiti), Avestan sraōman- n. ` ear, hearing ' (: Gothic hliuma), Old Indic śrṓmata- n. `good shout, call' (= Old High German hliumunt);
Armenian lu ` renowned, glorious ' (= κλυτός etc.), lur `knowledge, rumor, tidings ', lsem, Aor. luaj `hear, heard' (*k̂lu-k̂e-); the -s- of thepresent tense is the most likely -sk̂o-);
gr. κλέ(F)ω, -ομαι, ep. κ╓είω ` praise' are secondary; ἔκλυον `heard' (= Old Indic śruvam), κλῦθι, κέκλυθι `hear!', κλυτός `illustrious', κλειτός `illustrious' (*κλεFετος, as γενετή, Latin genitus), κληίζω ` praise; shout, name' (*κλέFε[σ]-ίζω of es-stem), κλεηδών, κληδών, -όνος (*κλεF-ηδών) `shout, call', etc.;
Latin clueō, -ēre (later also cluō, -ĕre) ` to hear, be spoken of, be said ' (ē-verb with the zero grade k̂lu-), cluvior (Gl.) ` that is known, well-known, famous, noted, celebrated, renowned ', inclutus `illustrious' (about Latin from-cultō see below k̂el-2 ` incline '), Oscan-Umbrian only in names (Kluvatiis ` Clovatius ', Umbrian Kluviier ` Cluvii ' );
Old Irish cloth n. `fame' (= Old Indic śruta-), Welsh clod ` praise, commendation, glory, fame, renown, esteem ';
Welsh clywed ` the hearing, sense of hearing ', Middle Welsh clywaf, Cornish clewaf `I hear'; Breton clevout `hear', Old Irish ro-clui-nethar (reconverted with metathesis from *cli-nu-, Indo Germanic *k̂l̥-) ` hears ', Perf. 1. Sg. ro-cuala, Welsh cigleu ` hear ', Old Irish Konj. rocloor ` that I hear ', -cloth, newer -closs ` was heard '; Thurneysen Gr. 357, 439;
Old Icelandic hljōð `listening, quietness; sound' (= Avestan sraota-), Old English hlēoðor `sound, tone, melody ', Old High German hliodar n. `sound, tone, clangor ' (= Old Indic śrōtra-), Gothic hliuma m. ` ear, hearing ', Pl. `ears' (= Avestan sraoman), Old High German hliumunt, Modern High German Leumund (= Old Indic śrōmata-), participle *hluÞa-, *hluða- in Old High German Hluderīch, Hlothari, Old English HloÞ-wīg, HloÞ-here etc.; besides with ū (heavy basis, see above), Old High German hlūt, Old English Old Saxon hlūd, Modern High German laut;
Latvian sludinât ` announce, declare '; lengthened grade Lithuanian šlovė̃ and šlóvë `glory, magnificence, splendor ', vowel gradation East Lithuanian šlãvė `fame';
Old Bulgarian slovǫ, sluti `call, be illustrious', lengthened grade slava f. `fame', therefrom slaviti ` make illustrious ', Serbian slûtīm, slútiti ` foresee, predict ' (Denominative a *slutь; sloven. slût ` suspicion ' is probably postverbal), slytije `shout, call, names';
Tocharian AB klā̆w- ` announce, declare '; A klots, В klautso `ear, gill'.
With West Indo Germanic guttural: alb. kjuhem `be called', gjuanj, kjuanj, quaj `name' (Pedersen IF. 5, 36).
Maybe alb. shquaj `distinguish, divide', shqyej ` tear apart, divide ', shqip ` clear speech, distinguished speech, Albanian language ', shqiptar ` Albanian ', Shqipëri ` Albania ', shqiponjë, gabonjë ` eagle '.
2. es-stem: Old Indic śravas- n. `fame', Avestan sravah- n. `word', gr. κλέFος `fame', Illyrian EN Ves-cleves (= Old Indic vasu-śravas ` possessing good fame '), Latin cluor (Gl.) ` glory, splendour, effulgence, the opinion which others have of one, estimation, reputation, credit, honour ', Old Irish clū `fame' (but Welsh clyw ` ear, hearing ' is a new formation), this ū from the Gen. Sg. derives; Old Church Slavic slovo `word'; Tocharian A klyw, В kälywe (*kleu̯os) `fame'; Pedersen Tochar. 225.
3. s-extensions: Old Indic śrṓṣati ` hears, listens, conforms ', śrúṣti- ` compliance, obsequiousness ', Avestan sraoša- ` ear, hearing ' etc.;
Armenian luṙ ` closemouthed ' (k̂lus-ri-);
Old Irish cluas `ear' (*k̂loustā) = Welsh clūst ` ear, hearing ';
Old Icelandic hler `das Lauschen' (from *hloza-, older *hluza-), Old High German hlosēn `lend ear, listen ', Modern High German (Bavarian) Alemannian losen ds.; Old Icelandic hlust `ear' (= Old Indic śruṣti-), Old English hlyst ` ear, hearing ', Old Saxon hlust f. ` hearing, ear, listening ', Old Icelandic hlusta, Old English hlystan (English listen) `wake up, become alert, listen '; with ū (as Old High German hlūt, see above): Old High German lūstrēn, Modern High German (schwäb.-Bavarian) laustern `lend ear, listen ', Modern High German lauschen (*hlūs-skōn); Old English hlēor, Old Saxon hlior, Old Icelandic hlȳr `cheek' (= Old Bulgarian sluchъ);
Old Bulgarian slyšati `hear', sluchъ ` ear, hearing ', slušati (Serbian slȕšati, also heavy basis as slyšati) `hear';
Tocharian A klyoṣ-, В klyauṣ- `hear'; А klośäṃ, В klausane Dual `ears'.
With West Indo Germanic gutturals: Messapic klaohi `hear!' (: Old Indic śrōṣi); Lithuanian klausaũ, -ýti `hear', Latvian klàusiṚt `hear, obey ', Old Prussian klausīton `erhören', Lithuanian paklusnùs ` obedient, submissive ' (against it Lithuanian kláusiu `ask' = `*will hear' from *kleu̯ǝ-s-iō has future s).
References: WP. I 494 f., WH. 86 f., 237 ff., Trautmann 307 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 285, 333; Hj. Frisk, Göteborgs Högsk. Ȧrsskr. LVI 1950: 3.
Page(s): 605-607
Root / lemma: k̂leu-2 : *k̂lō[u]- : k̂lū-
Meaning: to rinse, clean, tear
Root / lemma: k̂leu-2 : *k̂lō[u]- : k̂lū- : to rinse, clean, tear, derived from Root / lemma: k̂leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū- : to hear, cry.
Note: extension k̂leu-d-, Latvian also k̂lō̆u-k-.
Material: Gr. κλύζω (*κλύδι̯ω) ` rinse, wash with water ', κλύδων m. ` wave, billow, surf, rough water', κλύσμα n., κλυσμός m. ` gurgle, sound made by water flowing over stones ', κλυστήρ m. ` a clyster-pipe, syringe ', root nouns Akk. Sg. κλύδα ` surge ';
Maybe alb. Geg (*klusmos) klumësht, Tosc qumësht ` milk' : gr. κλυσμός m. ` gurgle' : Latvian slàukt `milk'.
Old Latin cluō ` to free from what is superfluous, make clean, make pure, clean, cleanse, purify' (*k̂lou̯ō), Latin cloāca (cluāca, clovāca) ` drainage ditch, drainage canal ';
altgal. Cluad, Old Welsh Clut, Ptol. Κλώτα river name, English Clyde (Celtic *kloutā); Welsh clir `clear, bright, cheerful, pure' (*k̂lū-ro-s);
Gothic hlūtrs, Old English hlūt(t)or, Old Saxon Old High German hlūt(t)ar ` pure, clear, bright', Modern High German lauter (*klūd-ro-s); Old Norse hlér ` sea' (*hlewa-, Indo Germanic *k̂leu̯o-);
Lithuanian šlúoju, šlaviaũ, šlúoti, dial. šlavù (= Latin cluō) ` sweep, wash away, whisk ', šlúota ` besom ', Latvian sluôta ds.; extension k̂lō̆u-k- in slaũcît ` sweep, wash away, whisk', slaukšēt ` splash, fall violently and noisy ', slàukt `milk', Lithuanian šliaukti, šlaukýti ` sweep, wash away '.
Perhaps extension of *k̂el- `humid, wet, damp', there also lie the consecutive roots of the basic: k̂lep-`humid, wet' (see there), k̂lek- ds. (Lithuanian šlakù, -ė́ti `drip, trickle', šleṋ̃kti, šliknóti `spray' etc.), k̂leg(h)- ds. (Russian slezá `tears', Old Church Slavic slьza ds.). If this applied, would be for k̂leu- : k̂el- the relation sreu- ` flow ' : ser- either model or parallel.
References: WP. I 495 f., WH. I 239 f., Trautmann 307.
Page(s): 607
Root / lemma: k̂lou-ni-
Meaning: hip
Material: Old Indic śrōṇi- m. f., Avestan sraoni- f. `buttock, hip, haunch';
Latin clūnis ` a buttock, haunch, rump of people and animals' (clunāculum ` small sword or dagger which one carries behind ');
Welsh Cornish clun f. `hip, haunch', Breton klun `buttock';
Old Icelandic hlaun n. `buttock';
Lithuanian šlaunìs ` femur, thigh, hip, haunch, ham ', Latvian slauna `hip, haunch'; Old Prussian slaunis `thigh'.
The Lautform from gr. κλόνις, -ιος ` coccyx, small trianggular bone at the base of the spinal column ' is still unexplained.
References: WP. I 499, WH. I 239, Trautmann 306, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 162.
Page(s): 607-608
Root / lemma: k̂oi-no-
Meaning: grass
Material: Gr. κοινὰ χόρτος Hes. (perhaps Neutr. Pl.); Lithuanian šiénas, Latvian sìens `hay' (Finnish loanword out of it signify `hay, grass, herb'); Old Church Slavic sěno ` any feeding-ground, pasturage, grass ', Serbo-Croatian sȉjeno `hay', Old Czech sěno ds.
References: WP. I 455, Mühlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. III 859, Trautmann 297.
Page(s): 610
Root / lemma: k̂olǝmo-s, k̂olǝmā
Meaning: stalk; reed
Material: Gr. κάλαμος, καλάμη `reed' (assimilated from κολ-?);
Latin culmus ` stem ';
Old High German halm, halam, Old Norse halmr, Old English healm ` stem ';
Old Prussian salme `straw', Latvian sal̃ms ` straw ';
Maybe alb. (*kalshtë), kashtë ` straw '.
Old Church Slavic slama (*solmā, Indo Germanic *k̂olǝ-mā), Russian soloma, Serbian slȁma `straw';
Tocharian A kulmäṃts- `reed' (?).
From gr. κάλαμος are borrowed Old Indic kaláma- m. ` a kind of rice, writing pipe ' and Latin calamus `reed', from which again Welsh etc. calaf `reed'.
Maybe alb. kallam ` reed ' a Latin loanword.
Maybe alb. kalli, kalliri ` ear of grain '.
relationship to k̂el- perhaps `thin shaft, arrow, stiff stem ' is worth considering (see 552 f.).
References: WP. I 464, WH. I 136, 303 f., Trautmann 298.
Page(s): 612
Root / lemma: k̂onkho-
Meaning: clamshell
Material: Old Indic śaŋkhá- m. ` shell, temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ';
gr. κόγχος, κόγχη ` shell, measure of capacity '; κόχλος, κοχλίας ` shell, snail shell, snail', maybe from *κογχλ-;
Latin congius ` a measure for liquids ' is most likely a gr. loanword;
doubtful Latvian sence ` shell ', there zence seems the right form.
References: WP. I 461 f., WH. I 260, J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 151.
Page(s): 614
Root / lemma: k̂onk-
Meaning: to doubt; to sway
Material: Old Indic śaŋkatē ` sways, doubts, is procured, fears ', śaŋkita- ` anxiously, anxiously before ', śaŋkā́ ` anxiety, fear, suspicion, doubt';
Latin cūnctor, -ārī ` to delay, hesitate' (*concitor frequentative, compare Old Indic śaŋkita-);
Old Norse hǣtta `chance, risk' (*hanhatjan), hǣtta `danger', hāski ds. (*han-h(a)skan-).
About Old High German hāhan ` hang ' etc. s. S. 566 under k̂enk- `waver'.
References: WP. I 461.
Page(s): 614
Root / lemma: k̂op(h)elo-s or k̂ap(h)elo-s
Meaning: a kind of carp
Material: Old Indic śaphara- m. ` Cyprinus sophore ' = Lithuanian šãpalas ` Cyprinus dobula ';
gr. κυπρῖνος `carp', perhaps reshaped after κεστρῖνος, κοxρακῖνος, ἐρυθρῖνος etc.; υ- possibly popular etymology after Κύπρος, because *κοπρῖνος would allow to think in κόπρος.
References: WP. I 457, WH. I 171, Trautmann 299.
Page(s): 614
Root / lemma: k̂orkā (k̂rokā?), -elā
Meaning: gravel, boulder
Material: Old Indic śárkarā (śárkara-ḥ) ` powder, gravel, stone, powder sugar ';
gr. κρόκη, κροκάλη `pebble'; perhaps has a *κορκάλα : śarkarā previously after κρέκω `hit' metathesis experienced in κροκάλη.
References: WP. I 463.
Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂ormen-
Meaning: ` weasel '
See also: see above under ker-6.
Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂ormno-, k̂r̥mno-
Meaning: acid liquid, lye, urine
Material: Middle High German hurmen ` fertilize ' (originally probably with Jauche), Modern High German harn, harm Old High German haran `urine';
Lithuanian šármas ` alkali, leach, lye, buck ', Latvian sãrms `lye', Old Prussian (with the vowel gradation grade from Middle High German hurmen) sirmes (for *sirmis) `lye'.
References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 300.
Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂ormo-
Meaning: suffering, pain
Material: Avestan fšarǝma- m. ` sense of shame before ', Middle Persian šarm ds.;
Old Icelandic harmr ` sorrow, distress, damage, injury', Old English hearm m. ` distress, pain, damage, pity', Old Saxon harm `pain, injury', Middle Low German harm `pain', Old High German har(a)m `affliction, damage, insult', Modern High German Harm, Old English hearm, Old Saxon harm `painful, hurtful ';
Old Bulgarian sramъ `the genitals'.
References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 299.
Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂o-, k̂e- (with particle k̂e `here'), k̂(e)i-, k̂(i)i̯o- (*k̂eḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: this
Material:
Hittite: ka-, ke- ' dieser, here ' , ki-nun ' jetzt ' (Tischler 456 ff, 580)
Armenian: -s Artikel; sa ' dieser ' , ai-s ' s. ' , a-s-t ' hier '
Old Greek: aeol. kē^ ' dort ' ; kẹ̄^no-, e-kẹ̄^no-, dor., lesb. kē^no- ' jener ' , eke^i̯, Archil. ke^i̯ ' dort ' ; sḗmeron, att. tḗmeron ' heute ' , sǟ^tes, att. tē^tes ' heuer '
Slavic: *sь, *se
Baltic: *či-, *čī^ f., *če
Germanic: *xēna-, *xōna-; *xei-z, *dat. *ximu, etc.
Latin: ce-do ' gib her ' ; cēterus ' der andere, der übrige ' ; hi-c(e), sī-c (sī-ci-ne), illūc, tun-c, nun-c; ecce; cis ' diesseits ' , citer, citrō, citimus
Other Italic: Osk ce-bnust ' er wird hergekommen sein oder hingekommen sein ' ; ekask ' hae ' ; ídík; Osk ekkum ' ebenso ' ; *e-ko- > Osk ekas ' hae ' ; Paelign ecic, ecuc; acuf ' hīc ' , ecuc ' huc ' , ecic ' hoc ' ; Marr iafc, esuc, Umbr erek ' = Osk ídík ' , esmik ' huic ' , Umbr śive ' citra ' , śimu, s̀imo ' ad citima, retro '
Celtic: OIr cē ' hier, diesseits ' , cen ' diesseits; ohne ' , centar ' diesseits '
Albanian: sivjet ' heuer ' , sot ' heute ' , sōnde ' heute Abend, heute Nacht '
Armenian -s `article' (e.g. mard-s `the person'), sa `this', ai-s ds., a-s-t `here';
Phrygian σεμου(ν) `this' (*k̂em + ōi); different Pedersen Tochar. 259.
gr. particle *κε in κεῖνος and ἐκεῖνος, Doric Lesbian κῆνος `that' from *(ε)κε-ενος; out of it back formation (ἐ)κεῖ `there', (ἐ)κεῖθι etc.; *k̂i̯o- in σήμερον, Attic τήμερον `today' (*κι̯ᾱμερον), whereupon also *κι̯ᾱFετες `this year' in σῆτες, Attic τῆτες, Doric σᾶτες;
Note:
(common Avestan Slavic k > č : alb. k > ts > ç : Greek Tocharian labialized kw > t, gutturals gw- > d).
Latin -ce, ce-particle in ce-do ` hither with it, give, bring here ' (also Oscan ce-bnust ` he will have come '), cēterus `the other, remainder, rest' (*cĕ + *etero-, compare Umbrian etru ` one, another, the one, the other ')
Note:
Albanian tjetër `the other, remainder, rest' = Latin cēterus ` the other; the others (pl.). the remaining/rest, all the rest ' (common alb. Slavic -j- infix)
Latin hi-c (*hi-ce), hīs-ce, sī-c (sī-ci-ne), illī-c, illū-c, tun-c, nun-c etc., Oscan ekak ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', ekík ` to this place, hither ' = Paelignian eci-c, Marrucinian iaf-c ` he, she, it, the one mentioned ', esu-c ` he, she, it, the one mentioned '; Oscan ídí-k, Umbrian ere-k ` he, she, it, the one mentioned ', Oscan ekas-k ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Umbrian esmi-k ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Latin ecce (probably from *ed-ke, s. *e Pron.-stem), Oscan um -um extended ekk-um `also', after puz ` as, like' reshaped from *kʷuti-s ekss ` in this manner, in this wise, in such a way, so, thus, accordingly, as has been said '; conglutination e-ko- e.g. Oscan ekas ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Paelignian acuf ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', ecuc ` to this place, hither ', ecic ` to this place, hither ', *e-k(e)-so- e.g. Oscan exac ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ';
*k̂i- in Latin cis ` on this side ', citer ` on this side ', citrō `here', citrā ` on this side, on the hither side ', citimus ` On this side ', Umbrian c̨ive ` on this side, on the hither side ' (stem *k̂i-u̯o-), c̨imu, s̀imo ` behind, on the back side, in the rea ';
Old Irish cē `here, on this side ' (*k̂ei, compare changing through vowel gradation Ogom coi `here', gall. κουι), cen (compare to n-suffix Old High German hina ` away, in another place ' etc.) ` on this side ' (in cen-alpande ` lying on south side of Alps; [Cisalpine Gaul => Northern Italy] ') and `without', centar ` on this side '; gall. etic besides eti `also' could contain likewise -k̂e;
Old Norse hānn, hann `he' (*hānaR, Indo Germanic *k̂ēnos from *k̂e-eno-s), hōn ` she '; asächs. hē, he, hie, Old High German hē, her `he', only Nom., Old English hē̆ ds.;
Gothic himma ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', hina ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', hita n. `now, yet', asächs. hiu-diga, Old High German hiu-tu `hoc die, today' (: asächs. ho-digo ds.), Old High German hiuru (*hiu-jāru) `this year', Modern High German jetzt, Austrian hietz(t), Middle High German (*h)ie-zuo (from *hiu + postposition tō `to'); Old High German hina ` away, in another place ', Modern High German hin, hinweg (compare Old Irish cen); Gothic hiri ` get over here, come here, come over here ' (basic form doubtful); Old High German hëra, Old Saxon her `here'; Gothic hēr, Old High German hiar, Old English hēr `here' (*k̂ēi-r); Gothic hidrē `here', Old English hider, English hither `here' (: Latinciter, citrō), nl. heden `today', Old High German hitumum, hitamun ` previous, at length, at last, not till then, just, precisely, only ' (: Latin citimus);
Maybe nl. heden `today' : alb. sonte ` today ' see below.
controversial, whether here: Gothic hindana ` behind, beyond', Old English asächs. hindan, Old High German hintana `behind', Old Norse handan `from that side her, beyond', comparative Gothic hindar, Old High German hintar ` behind ', superlative Gothic hindumists ` hindermost, endmost, outermost ', Old English hindema `last', whereas n from *k̂i-n-t-, *k̂o-n-t identical would be as in Old High German hina; or with gall. Cintugnātos ` firstborn ', Old Irish cētne, Welsh kyntaf `first' etc. to *ken- ` come fresh, appear precisely, adjust oneself, start, begin ' (above S. 564) with the meaning `last' = ` new, not old, young, fresh, recent '?
Old Prussian schis (Adverb schai `here'), Lithuanian šìs (Latvian šis = Old Church Slavic sь `this'), Gen. Lithuanian šiõ, Old Church Slavic sego, Akk. Pl. Old Church Slavic sьję, fem. Lithuanian šì (Latvian šĩ) = Old Church Slavic si, Akk. Sg. f. sьjǫ, Lithuanian šì-tas `this' (*k̂i-to-), in addition štaĩ `here, there, that' (old šitai), Old Prussian stas `that '; Lithuanian šiañdien, Latvian šùodien `today', Lithuanian šè, Latvian še `here', Old Church Slavic si-cь ` of such a kind, such ' etc.;
Maybe alb. (*sodiena) sonte `today' : Latin hodie, Latvian šodiena, Lithuanian šiandien `this day, today'.
Hittite ki ` this ', ki-nun `now, yet' contains *k̂i (Pedersen Hittite 50).
Maybe alb. Geg m. ky, Tosc ki `this', f. kjo ` that', (*ky-ta) këta m. ` these', (*ky-to) këto f. ` these', (*ky-tu) këtu ` here'. (common Polish alb. -y- > -ë-).
Alb. Geg (*a-ji) aji, Tosc ai` he', (*a-jo) ajo ` she'. Note: Occidental (western) Romance languages prefix e-, a-.
Alb. (*a-jo) ajo ` she' = Lithuanian ji ` she', alb. (a-ji) Geg aji, Tosc ai ` he' = Lithuanian jis ` he';
References: WP. I 452 ff., WH. I 192 f., 208 f., 222, 390, 644 f., 855, 862, Trautmann 304, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613.
Page(s): 609-610
Root / lemma: k̂rā̆po- (k̂rō̆po-?)
Meaning: roof
Note: only Germanic and Slavic
Material: Old Icelandic hrōf n. `roof, hanger, shed ', Old English hrōf `roof, deck of the ship ', English roof, Middle Low German rōf ` shelter, cover, cover';
Old Bulgarian stropъ `roof' (*k̂răpos). (common Slavic sk- > st-)
References: WP. I 477 f., Trautmann 309.
Page(s): 616
Root / lemma: k̂rā-
See also: see above S. 574 ff. under k̂er-1 and S. 582 under k̂erǝ-.
Page(s): 616
Root / lemma: k̂rebh-, k̂rō̆bh-, k̂rembh-
Meaning: to trust
Material: Old Indic śrambhatē, participle śrabdha- (with vi- and other preposition) .) ` trust, count on ', niśr̥mbhá- ` appearing surely ';
Old Irish crābud ` devoutness, ascetic' (*k̂rōbhitu-s) m.; Welsh crefydd (new creddyf) `faith, belief' would have attributed e to credu `believe'.
References: WP. I 478, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 146.
Page(s): 617
Root / lemma: k̂red-
See also: see above S. 579 f. under k̂ered-.
Page(s): 618
Root / lemma: k̂rei-
Meaning: to appear, show oneself
Material: Old Indic śrī́- f. `beauty, splendor, satisfaction, richness, glory, magnificence', Avestan srī- `beauty', Old Indic śrī-lá- `beautiful, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', á-śrīra- ` ugly, not good looking ', Avestan srīra- `beautiful', comparative Old Indic śréyas-, Avestan srayah-, superlative Old Indic śrḗṣṭha- (śráïṣṭha-), Avestan sraēšta-, Old Indic śrēmán- m. ` decoration, preference ', Avestan srayan- n. `beauty', Adj. `beautiful', Old Indic śriyásē Dative n. `beautiful';
hom. poet. κρείων `noble, princely, ruler' (εὐρύ κρείων, κρείουσα) κρέων Pind. Aisch., nachhom. EN Κρέουσα (*κρε[ι̯]-οντ- participle ` shining out ' (?), stands perhaps as comparative for κρειον-).
References: WP. I 478, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 526.
Page(s): 618
Root / lemma: k̂re-, k̂rei-, k̂r̥̄-
See also: see above S. 574 ff. under k̂er-1.
Page(s): 617
Root / lemma: k̂rē-
See also: see above S. 578 under k̂er-4.
Page(s): 617
Root / lemma: k̂rūs-
Meaning: shank, leg
Material: Armenian srun-k` Pl. (Gen. srvanc̣, sruni-c̣) `shinbone, calf' (*k̂rūs-ni-);
Latin crūs, -ris n. ` shank, shin bone, leg'.
References: WP. I 489, WH. I 295.
Page(s): 624
Root / lemma: k̂sā- (*k̂eḫu-s-)
Meaning: to burn
Material: Old Indic kṣā́yati `burns', kṣātí- f. `blaze, glow', kṣāmá- `singes, burns, withers, dries up ', kṣārá- ` burning, searing '; Causative kṣāpáyati `makes burn '; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
to latter p-form perhaps Armenian c̣av `pain', c̣asnum `rage against', Aor. c̣aseay (`*be stormy, hot tempered '; s = ps-); to kṣāmá- probably Armenian c̣amak` `dry' (the Armenian words show k̂s-).
References: WP. I 500, Frisk Nominalbild. 6;
See also: see below k̂sē̆-ro-.
Page(s): 624
Root / lemma: k̂sē̆-ro- (*k̂eḫus-ro-)
Meaning: dry; bright (of weather)
Material: Gr. ξερόν (only Akk.) ` solidified, dry land ', lengthened grade ξηρός `dry, arid'; compare above S. 624 Old Indic kṣará-; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Latin serescunt (Lucil. I 306) `(the dress) dry (in the sun), grow dry ', serēnus ` clear, fair, bright, serene ' (of sky, heaven and weather);
Old High German serawēn ` become dry, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay, become faint, grow weak, sink, be enfeebled, be faint, droop, be feeble, be languid ', Middle High German Modern High German serben ` wither, become wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ';
Tocharian A ksär(k) ` morning '?
There k̂sē̆-ro- is probably an extension from k̂sā- `burn, scorch'.
References: WP. I 503, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329.
Page(s): 625
Root / lemma: k̂uei-3 extended kuei-d-, kuei-s-, kuei-t- (*k̂ʷeḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: shining; white
Note: probably extension from k̂eu-, S. 594 f.
Material: a. k̂uei-d-: Old Indic śvindatē `glares, gleams' (Dhātup.), Perf. śiśvindē; gr. mountain name Πίνδος `the white', PN Πίνδαρος (?); Gothic hveits, Old Icelandic hvítr, Old English Old Frisian asächs. hwit, Old High German (h)wiz `white', zero grade nld. ndd. witt, Old Frisian hwit ds.;
o-grade Gothic hveiteis, Old Icelandic hweiti n., Old English hwǣte, Old Frisian asächs. hwēti, ahd weizzi, Modern High German Weizen `wheat'; changing through vowel gradation Middle English white, Swedish dial. hvite, westfäl. wiǝt `wheat'.
b. k̂uei-s- Lithuanian šviesà f. `light', švaisà f. ` gleam'.
c. k̂uei-t- (k̂u̯ei-to-, k̂u̯ei-ti̯o-, k̂u̯i-t(ǝ)no-, k̂u̯i-t(ǝ)ro- `bright, white'):
Old Indic śvētá- `white' (f. śvēnī by Vopadeva) = Avestan spaēta- ds. (= Old Bulgarian světъ `light'); Old Indic śvētya- `white, light ', fem. -ā (= Old Bulgarian svěšta `light'), Old Indic śvētatē `is white', śvítna-, śvitnyá-, śvitrá- (= Lithuanian švitràs ` sandpaper ') `white', Old Persian Σπιθρα-δάτης, New Persian sipihr `sky, heaven'; composition form Aryan śviti- in Old Indic śvity-añc `gleaming', Avestan spiti-doiϑra- ` having bright eyes ';
doubtful gr. τίτανος f., m. ` calc, lime, limestone, gypsum, chalk ' (*k̂u̯it-ǝno-s), κίττανος ds., dissimilation from *k̂u̯it-u̯-ǝno-s PN Tιτάνη, Aeolic Laconian Πιτάνη; mountain name Τίταρος;
Note:
Greek Tocharian labialized kw > t, gutturals gw- > d
Illyrian, Celtic Greek Avestan kw - > p-, gw- > b-
Lithuanian šviečiù, šviẽsti `gleam, shine': šveičiù, šveĩsti `clean', švitù, švitė́ti ` to shine always, shimmer ', švintù, švìsti `be getting bright ', Causative švaitaũ, švaitýti ` make bright '; švìtras m. ` sandpaper ', švytrúoti `flicker';
Old Church Slavic svьtitь sę, svьtěti sę `gleam, shine' and Slavic *svьnǫ (from *švitnō besides Lithuanian švintù) in Russian-Church Slavic svьnuti; Causative Old Church Slavic světiti ` shine to somebody '; Slavic švaita- m. `light' in Old Church Slavic švětъ `light, world'; in addition Slavic *švaitja in Old Church Slavic švěšta `light, candle';
besides with West Indo Germanic k-:
Latvian kvitu, kvitêt `flicker, gleam', Causative kvitinât;
Slavic *kvьtǫ, *kvisti `bloom, blossom' in Old Church Slavic pro-cvьtǫ, -cvisti `flower, bloom, blossom', Old Czech ktvu, kvísti; vowel gradation Old Church Slavic cvětъ, Czech květ etc. `bloom, blossom'; besides Slavic *kvьtěti in Russian-Church Slavic cvьtěti `bloom, blossom' and Serbo-Croatian càvtjeti `bloom, blossom' (= Latvian kvitêt).
References: WP. I 469 f., Trautmann 147 f., 310 f., Osthoff ZONF. 13, 3 ff.
Page(s): 628-629
Root / lemma: k̂up- (*k̂eḫu-p-)
Meaning: shoulder
Note: (Germanic with anlaut s-)
common k- > sk- > s- kentum > satem.
Material: Old Indic śupti-, Avestan supti- `shoulder'; alb. sup `shoulder, back' (without formant -t-); Middle Low German schuft m., East Frisian, Dutch schoft `shoulder blade of a cow, a horse' (*skuftu-).
Note:
Clearly alb. alb. sup `shoulder, back' is the oldest form IE cognate while other IE forms are extensions with suffix -ti, -tu.
References: WP. I 467.
Page(s): 627
Root / lemma: k̂u̯ei-1, k̂u̯ei-no- (*k̂ʷeḫü-no-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: dirt; to defile
Material: With formants -n(o)-: Latin caenum `smut, ordure, dirt, filth', obscēnus, obscaenus (back-formation from*obscēnare) `dirty, filthy, disgusting, indecent' (caenum urbanized for the plebeian *cēnum from *coinom, *quoinom), in-, con-quināre `smudge, befoul ', cūnīre ` produce, dung, excrements, ordure, manure ', ancunulentae ` feminae menstruo tempore ';
Swedish dial. hven ` marshy field', Old Icelandic hvein (*k̂u̯oinā) in place names, wherefore as ` marsh grass ' probably Danish hvene ` couchgrass, type name for several stiff grass kinds ', Swedish hven, Norwegian dial. hvein ` couchgrass, thin blade of grass ' (Middle English whin `broom' from Danish hvine);
Latvian svīnît refl. ` make oneself dirty ', svīns `smudges';
with other formant presumably Armenian šiv ` deposit of pressed grapes ' (k̂u̯ī̆-u̯o-); much more uncertain Old English hwæg, Middle Dutch wey `wheys' (*k̂u̯oio-?).
References: WP. I 469, WH. I 131 f.
Page(s): 628
Root / lemma: k̂u̯ei-2 (*k̂ʷeḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to hiss, whistle, etc..
Note: (see similar under k̂u̯es- `pant, gasp')
Material: Modern Icelandic hvīa ` neigh ', Swedish dial. hwija `loud or violent cry', Middle High German wihe-n- -nen, -len, -ren ` neigh ', Old High German hwaijōn, waijōn, Middle High German weihen ` neigh '; in addition as causative `weep, cry make': Old English ā-hwǣnan `plague, torment, smite', Old Swedish hwin ` annoyance ';
Old Icelandic hvīna ` buzz, whirr ', hvinr `schwirrender sound, tone', Old English hwīnan ` buzz, whirr ', hwinsian, Old High German winisōn ` lament', Modern High German winseln; Old Icelandic hvīskra ` whisper', hvīsla `whistle, whisper', Old English hwiscettan `whistle, from the mouse ', hwistlian `whistle', hwisprian `mumble, murmur', Old High German (h)wispalōn `hiss, wispern', Old Church Slavic svistati `hiss'.
Maybe alb. (*hvīskla) fishkëllej `whistle' = Old Icelandic hvīskra ` whisper', nasalized alb. (*hvinkla) hingëllin ` neigh '.
k̂u̯ei-k- in Armenian ščem ` fizz ' (*šičem from *k̂u̯ī̆ki̯ō) and Lithuanian švýkšti ` breathe whistling '.
References: WP. I 469.
Page(s): 628
Root / lemma: k̂u̯ek- (nasalized k̂u̯enk-) : k̂uk- (*k̂ʷeḫuk-)
Meaning: to gape
Material: Old Indic śváñcatē ` opens', ucchvaŋká- m. ` the gaping, gap, shard, the opening ';
Lithuanian šùkė f. ` notch', šùkos Pl. `comb', Latvian suka f. `bristle brush, currycomb ' (probably from `*comb'), suk'is m. `shard', sukums m. ` fracture, notch';
Slavic *sъčetь f. in polab. sacė́t `bristle, bristle brush', sloven. ščę̂t `bristle brush', Russian ščetъ `bristle'.
References: WP. I 470, Trautmann 309 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 142.
Page(s): 629
Root / lemma: k̂u̯el- (*kʷeḫul-)
Meaning: muddy
Material: Armenian šaɫem ` wet, moistened, prepared cement, mortar ', šaɫax ` loam, clay, slime, mud, cement, mortar ' (-al- = l̥ or el); Lithuanian švelnùs ` soft, tender, tender-hearted, gentle, delicate, sensitive, subtle, subtile, kindly, fond, sweet, affectionate, loving, dulcet, merciful, lenient, facile, smooth, fine, mild, clement, bland, meek, velvet, genial, fleecy, balmy '?
Maybe alb. (*k̂u̯el-k) thuk ` mortar '
References: WP. I 473.
Page(s): 629
Root / lemma: k̂u̯en- (*kʷeḫu-)
Meaning: to celebrate; saint
Material: Avestan spǝnta- `holy' (= Lithuanian šveñtas, Old Church Slavic svętъ `holy'), compounds superlative Avestan span-yah, spǝ̄ništa- ` sacred, holiest ', es-stem Avestan spā̆nah- n. ` holiness';
probably Gothic hunsl n. `sacrifice, oblation', Old English hūsl n. ` sacrament' (k̂u̯n̥-s-lo-);
Lithuanian šveñtas `holy', Old Prussian swenta- in PN, Old Church Slavic svętъ, Russian svjatój ds.; further to Latvian svinêt `hold festivities, sanctify '.
References: WP. I 471, Trautmann 311, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 366.
Page(s): 630
Root / lemma: k̂u̯endh-ro-, -no- (*kʷeḫudh-ro-)
Meaning: a kind of plant
Material: Latin combrētum ` a kind of rush'; nir. cuinneog ` Angelica silvestris ' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 359); based on k̂u̯ondhnā = Old Icelandic huǫnn ` Angelica silvestris ' from k̂u̯ondh-nā, Danish färö. quander ds., Swiss Wannebobbell ` arum maculatum ', Lithuanian šveñdrai Pl. `a kind of reed, Typhalatifolia '.
References: WP. I 472, WH. I 253.
Page(s): 631
Root / lemma: k̂u̯es-, k̂us- (*kʷeḫus-)
Meaning: to puff, sigh
Material: Old Indic śvásiti (inflection perhaps previously after aniti ` breathes '), śvásati ` breathes, wheezes, sighs ', āśuṣāṇá- ` piping, whistling ', Avestan suši ` both lungs ';
Latin queror, -ī, questus sum ` to express grief, complain, lament, bewail ' (: Old Indic śvásati);
lengthened grade Old Icelandic hvǣsa, Old English hwōsan `pant, gasp';
Lithuanian šušinti ` go through the air with hissing noise ' (it could be like Old High German sūsōn ` buzz, whirr, whiz, swish, whistle ' an independent onomatopoeic word).
The k̂u̯es- is an extension of a k̂u-, k̂eu- through -es- (at most onomatopoeic origin), one supposes because of the same initial sound in Old Indic śūt-kārá- m. ` the whistle, hiss ' (perhaps rather like śīt-kārá- new onomatopoeic word formation?), Armenian sulem ` whistle, fizz ' (from *soyl = k̂eu-lo- or k̂ou-lo-); Lithuanian šv-añkšti `breathe, wheeze, pant, gasp': Armenian šunč̣ `breath, breeze, soul, ghost' (k̂u̯onki̯o-); Lithuanian švir̃kšti `whistle, buzz, whirr ', švil̃pti ` whistle, pipe, sing, whine, howl, whiz, whirr, hiss, hurtle ' and in the root k̂u̯ei-2 `hiss ' see there.
References: WP. I 474 f., WH. II 403 f.
Page(s): 631-632
Root / lemma: k̂u̯on-, k̂un- (*kʷeḫün-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: dog (*animal with a strong sense of smell)
Grammatical information: originally Nom. Sg. k̂úu̯ō(n), Gen. k̂unós
Material:
In e- grade:
French chien : Albanian (*kjen) qen : Furlan cjan : Viestano chèń : Wallon tchén ` dog'.
Note:
Maybe under the influence of Occidental Romance languages Griko Salentino u > i as in Albanian Geg y > Tosc i shift.
Old Greek κύων > Greek σκύλος > Griko Salentino (*scillo) sciddho ` dog'
Alb. Geg (*σκύλος) klysh, Tosc këlysh ` young dog ' a greek loanword.
In a- grade:
Luvian: UR.ZÍR
Meaning: `dog'
Attestations: [NSg] UR.ZÍR-iš: 109 iii 7.
Commentary: Probably *zuwani-, cognate with HLuv. zú-wa/i-ni-. See Melchert, Gs Cowgill 202.
Hittite: h.l. śuwanis (Tischler 500)
Hittite: h.l. śuwanis (Tischler 500)
Tokharian: A ku, obl. kon, B ku `собака ' (Adams 179)
Old Indian: ś(u)vā́, gen. śúnaḥ m. `dog '
Avestan: spā, gen. sūnō ' Hund ' ; spaka- ' hunderartig, Hund- '
Armenian: šun, gen. šan `Hund '
Old Greek: küṓn, gen. künós, acc. kǘna m., f. `Hund, Hündin '
Baltic: *čō̃ (*čun=), *čwin-ia- c., -iā̃ f.
Germanic: *xun-d-a- m.
Celtic: OIr cū, gen. con; Cymr ci, pl. cwn; Bret, Corn ki ' Hund '
Old Indic śvā́ and ś(u)vā́ `dog', Gen. śúnas, Akk. śvā́nam, Akk. Pl. śúnas; Avestan spā, spānǝm, Gen. Pl. sū̆nam, med. (Herodotus) σπάκα (*k̂u̯n̥-ko- ` doglike': Old Indic śvaka- `wolf'), Middle Persian sak, New Persian sag, Kurdish sah, wāχi šač; from Iranian derive alb. shak(ë) `bitch', gr. σπάδακες κύνες Hes. (from *σπάκαδες) and Russian sobáka `dog'; compare New Persian sabah;
Armenian šun, Gen. šan `dog' (with unclear š); not well compatible with skund ` little dog', whether from *k̂u̯on-to-, -tā; or to those above S. 564 under *ken- ` be born recently ' to discussed names of the animal young?;
with for the Thracian - Phrygian obvious gutturals Lydian Κανδάυλης `κυν-άγχης', Thracian GN Καν-δάων (to 2. part s. dhāu- ` strangle, throttle, choke ');
quite unclear Latin canis `dog', cănēs originally previously fem. `bitch', canīcula (compare Old Indic śunī f.) considering of a; perhaps interference a the Middle Irish cano, cana `a wolf cub', Welsh cenaw `young dog or wolf' (see ken-3) corresponding words (so also Lydian Καν-δαύ̄λης?);
The meaning from Latin canis as ` a dog, shameless, the barking mouths (of Scylla), the dogs of Hecate, a pack, a term of reproach, dog, of a backbiter, of a miser, of parasites, the constellation, the Dog (canis maior, or Sirius; and canis minor, or Procyon), In play, the worst throw (of dice), dog-throw (opp. Venus) ' turns in gr. κύων again, as well as in Old Indic śva-ghnín- actually ` Hundetöter ', i.e. `professional, dishonest players avoiding the bad throws '; compare also gr. κίνδῡνος `danger (*In play, the worst throw (of dice), dog-throw (opp. Venus))' from *κυν-δῡνος, to Old Indic dyūtá `game'? Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 335 above.
In o- grade:
gr. κύων, κυνός (*κύFων) `dog' (κύντερος ` surly, irritable, sullen, i.e. impudent, insolent, rude, disrespectful, cheeky, bold; forward; impolite', Sup. κύντατος; to κυνάμυια compare Lithuanian šun-musė̃ ` dog fly ');
Old Irish cū (Gen. con = κυνός), Welsh ci (Pl. cwn - κύνες, Lithuanian šùnes), Breton Cornish ki `dog' from *k̂u̯ō;
Gothic hunds, Old Icelandic hundr, Old English hund, Old High German hunt `dog' (k̂u̯n̥-tó-), see above;
Lithuanian šuõ (Gen. šuñs) `dog' (has changed to i-stem in Lithuanian dial. šunis, Latvian suns, Old Prussian sunis `dog'); t- form Latvian suntana `large dog'; Latvian kuńa `bitch' probably with West Indo Germanic gutturals, Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 310? or k from kuca ds. (Lockruf); compare Būga Kalba ir s. I 196; quite doubtful but Russian poln. suka `bitch';
Tocharian A ku, Obl. kon, В Nom. kunder
References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 152 f.; Kuryɫowicz Accentuation 19; after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 32, 121 f.
See also: derivative from the color root k̂eḫu-2, S. 594.
Page(s): 632-633
Root / lemma: k̂ū̆dh- (*keḫudh-)
Meaning: dirt
Material: Gr. ὑσ-κυθά ὑὸς ἀφόδευμα Hes., κυθώδεος δυσόσμου Hes., κυθνόν ` semen ' Hes.; Lithuanian šúdas, Latvian sūds `crap, muck, ordure'.
References: WP. I 467. Different Specht Indog. Dekl. 252 f.
Page(s): 627
Root / lemma: k̂ū- (*keḫu-)
Meaning: sharp; pike
Note:
Root / lemma: k̂ū- (*keḫu-): `sharp; pike' derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone'.
Material: Old Indic śū-la- m. n. `spit, pike, pointed picket, pole; stechender pain', Armenian slak` (from *sulak`) `spit, pike, dagger, arrow', Old Irish cuil ` a gnat, midge ', Welsh cylion-en ds., Latin culex ` mosquito ';
Old Indic śū-ka- m. n` sting of an insect, awn of the corn', Avestan sū-kā- f. `needle', np. sōzan `needle', sōk ` ear, awn'; dubious prākr. osukkai ` whets, sharpens ';
Latin cuneus `wedge' (due to from k̂u-no- `cusp, peak').
Maybe alb. kunj `wedge' Latin loanword.
References: WP. I 465, WH. I 302 f., 308.
Page(s): 626-627
Root / lemma: kʷalo-s (*kʷeḫu-lo-s)
Meaning: a kind of big fish
See also: see below under (s)kʷalo-s.
Page(s): 635
Root / lemma: kʷas-i̯o-, -lo- (*kʷeḫus-lo-)
Meaning: basket-work
Material: Latin quālum (quallus) `a wicker basket' (*ku̯aslom, compare the diminutive:) quăsillus, -um ` a small basket for various purposes; esp., a wool-basket ' (with emphatic -ss-);
Old Bulgarian košь `basket' (*kʷas-i̯o-s), Russian koš `basket, fish snaring net; hurdle ' etc., also Church Slavic košar(j)a ` hurdle ' etc., Russian košélь `basket, bread basket '.
Maybe alb. kosh `basket' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 507, Trautmann 119, WH. II 397.
Page(s): 635
Root / lemma: kʷās- : kʷǝs- (*kʷeḫüs-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to cough
Note: [addendum to S. 635]
Material:
In a- grade:
(*ḫ2ʷas-)
Old Indic kā́s-, kāsá- ` cough ', therefrom kāsate `coughs'; Middle Irish cassacht(ach) m. ` cough ', Welsh pas ds. (*kʷǝs-t-), pesychu `cough' (*kʷǝs-t-isk-), Breton pas ` cough ', Cornish paz ds.;
Latvian kāsẽju, kãsêt ds., Latvian kãsulis ` cough '; Slavic *kašъlь in Russian-Church Slavic kašelь ` cough ', etc.
In o- grade:
(*ḫ3ʷos-)
Old Icelandic hosti m. ` cough ', Old English hwosta, Middle Low German hoste, Old High German huosto, Alemannian wuǝšte ds.;
Lithuanian kósiu (old kosmi), kósèti `cough', Lithuanian kosulỹs ` cough ', alb. kollë, kolla ` cough ' (*kʷos-lā) (common alb. -sl- > -ll-)
Maybe alb. pështyj ` spit' : Welsh pesychu `cough' a Celtic loanword.
References: WP. I 506, Trautmann 119.
Page(s): 649
Root / lemma: kʷei-1(t) (*kʷeḫü-t) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to observe; to appreciate
Note:
(common Avestan Slavic k > č : alb. k > ts > ç : Greek Tocharian labialized kʷ -> t-).
Material:
In a- grade:
A. Old Indic cā́yati ` perceives, observes, is shy, is concerned ', cāyú- ` showing reverence ' = Old Bulgarian čajǫ, čajati ` expect, wait, hope ' (lengthened grade *kʷēi̯-ō);
Old Indic cinōti, cikḗti `notices', cití- f. ` sympathy, appreciation ', cí-t f. `ghost, intellect ': gr. ἀτίζω ` not to honour, not to heed, slight, treat lightly, deprive of honour due ' from *α-τι-τ- ` unheeding ';
In e- grade:
kʷē[i]-ro- in gr. τηρός `warden, guard', τηρέω ` perceive, protect; observe, wait, hide out and wait, lie in wait and make a surprise attack', perhaps also Old Indic cāra- m. ` spy, scout '; it may be added because of Old Indic cā́yati `is anxious ' with zero grade also gr. τετίημαι `be grieving ', τετιηώς `timorous, grieving '?
To *kēi- `move' (above S. 538 f.) belongs kē[i]so-, kē[i]sā `time' in:
In a- grade:
Old Church Slavic časъ m. ` time' (*ḫ2ʷai-ska).
In o- grade:
alb. kohë, koha f. ` time', (*ḫ1ʷei-ska) Jokl Mel. Pedersen 1591 f.
Note:
Also alb. çast `moment' : Old Church Slavic časъ m. a Slavic loanword.
In a- grade:
B. Old Indic cáyatē `racht, straft', cētár- ` avenger', ápa-citi- f. `repayment' (= ἀπότισις, τίσις);
Avestan kāy- ` repay, atone', e.g. čikayat̃ `shall atone, punish, curse, avenge ', pairi-ā-kayayanta ` they should take on themselves as penalty ', kaēnā- f. `penance, atonement' (= ποινή, Slavic cěna, compare also Lithuanian káina), New Persian kīn- `enmity, hate, rage, fury', Avestan kāϑa- n. `repayment', čiϑi- f. ` atonement through payment ', čiϑā `ds., punishment ', osset. čithä `honour' (as τιμή);
In e- grade:
gr. τίω and τί̄ω (Arcadian τείω reshuffling after ἔτεισα, τείσω), Fut. τί̄σω, Aor. ἔτισα, participle Pass. τετῑμένος ` assess; esteem, honour', πολύ-τῑτος ` highly honored ', ἀτίετος `unhonoured, not honouring or regarding ';
hom. τί̄νω, Attic τί̆νω (*τινF-ω) ` atone, pay ', Med. ` allow to pay or atone, punish ', τινύμεναι (Eur. Or. 323), hom. τείνυται (as Cretan ἀποτεινύτω after ἔτεισα, τείσω); Fut. τείσω, Aor. ἔτεισα (Thessalian πεῖσαι, Cypriot πείσει ), τίσις ` payment, penance, atonement, punishment, revenge, vengeance ', ποινή ` atonement, punishment, revenge, vengeance ' (out of it Latin poena); τῑμή ` appraisal; honour; penance, atonement, punishment ', ἄτῑμος ` dishonouring, derisive ';
probably Middle Irish cin, Gen. cinad `blame' (*kʷinu-t-s, compare τίνυ-ται);
In a- grade:
Lithuanian káina ` value, worth, price'; Old Prussian er-kīnint `(of the devil) set free, release ';
In e- grade:
Old Bulgarian cěna ` valuation, price, satisfaction, penalty, punishment; honour, price ', cěniti ` assess '.
In a- grade:
Old Bulgarian kajǫ, kajati sę ` feel repentance ', pokajati sę ` make penance, atonement ', okajati ` deplore, lament ', Russian kájatь `rebuke', -sja ` feel repentance '.
In e- grade:
root extension kʷeis-, kʷeit- (compare above Old Indic cít, cití-):
Old Irish ad-cī (*kʷis-e-t) ` sees ', cīall f. `reason' = Welsh pwyll, Breton poell ds. (*kʷeis-lā), etc. (Lewis-Pedersen 350);
Old Indic cḗtati, cíkētati ` perceives, apprehends, descries ', Perf. cikḗta, participle cikitván ` understanding, knowing ', Avestan čikiϑvā̊ ` thinking over, deliberative ', Old Indic cítti- f. ` thought, reasoning, discernment', Avestan čisti- ds., Old Indic cintā́ ` thought, care ';
Old Bulgarian čьtǫ, čisti ` count, calculate, read a script; honor ', *kʷi-t-ti- > čьstь (= Old Indic cítti-ḥ) `worship, veneration, honour'; with anlaut s- Latvian šḱìetu, šḱitu, šḱist `mean', Impersonal `shine, appear, seem'.
In a- grade:
Latvian skaitît ` count, recite prayers ', Lithuanian skait-aũ, -ýti `count, read '.
References: WP. I 508 f., Trautmann 113, 124, 135, 138, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 686, 697.
Page(s): 636-637
Root / lemma: kʷei-2 (*kʷeḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to pile, stow, gather
Material: Old Indic cinṓti, cáyati ` piles up, lines up; collects, accumulates; joins, is based ', cáya- m. ` accumulation, heap '; káya- m. ` abdomen, body ' (actually `* build, figure, body structure '; or `*mass'?); citā́ ` layer, woodpile, pyre, stake', cíti- f. ` accumulation, layer, pyre, stake', cītí-f. ` the collecting ';
Avestan kay-, čayeiti, činvaiti `(*legere) aussuchen, choose ' with vī- `divide, distinguere', with ham- `colligere, (Schrittlängen) aneinanderlegen'; np. čīdan `gather, collect';
gr. ποιέω `create' (Argolic-Boeotian ἐποίFησε ), then also ` poetize, write poetry ', denominative of a *ποι-Fό-ς ` constructing, creating ' (compare ἀρτο-ποιός ` baker ');
Old Bulgarian činъ (probably u-stem: Old Indic cinṓ-ti, Avestan činvaiti, yet in Slavic with ī the first syllable, as Old Indic cītí-) `order, row, rank', činiti ` sort, order, arrange, put in a line, build ', probably also Ukrainian kojú, kojíty ` instigate, prepare something evil', as gr. φόνον ποιεῖν `murder instigate '), poln. dial. koić się `succeed, proceed, go ahead'.
A s- further formations in Avestan kaēš- (with pre verb) ` to place together, heap up, pile, arrange ', frā- `prepare, make ready ', vī- ` prepare, get ready ' (Bartholomae Wb. 429).
References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Berneker 538, Trautmann 124.
Page(s): 637-638
Root / lemma: kʷei̯ǝ-, kʷii̯ē- (*kʷeḫü-es) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to rest quietly, quiet, peaceful
Material: Old Indic cirá-m ` indecisiveness, delay', cirá- ` lasting, continuing; ongoing, long '; Old Persian šiyāti-š ` complacency ' (= Latin quiēs), Avestan šāiti-š `pleasure, joy' (š- = šy-, compare gathav. šyeitibyō), Avestan šyāta-, šāta- ` pleases ' (= Latin quiētus), a-šāta- ` unhappy ' (= Latin inquiētus), Παρύ-σατις, Avestan šāišta- ` most cozily, most gratifyingly ', np. šād `blithe, glad', Ossetic anc̣ayun `rest'; sogd. š't ` gleeful ';
Armenian han-gč̣im `I lie, rest ', han-gist ` tranquility ' (-gi- from *-kʷi-);
Latin quiēs, -ētis ` tranquility ', quiē-sco, -scere, -vī, -tum `rest', with formants -lo- (as Germanic*hwīl-) tranquīlus, tranquillus ` peaceful' (trans + kʷīlos);
Maybe alb. qetë `quiet' a Latin loanword.
Gothic ƕeila, Old English hwīl, Old High German (h)wīla ` while, time', Old Icelandic hvīla `couch, bed, place for resting ', hvīld ` tranquility ', Gothic ƕeilan ` stay, linger, hesitate, cease', Old English Hwāla MN, Old High German wīlōn, -ēn ` stay, linger ';
Old Church Slavic pokojь ` tranquility ', pokojǫ, pokojiti ` calm, appease ', počijǫ, počiti `rest';
Tocharian В śāte `rich' (: Avestan šyāta- ` pleases ');
Lycian tezi ` sarcophagus ' from *kʷjētis (?), Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 50.
References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Trautmann 124.
Page(s): 638
Root / lemma: kʷek̂-, kʷōk̂-, kʷek̂-s- (*kʷeḫuk̂-s-)
Meaning: to seem, see, show
Material: Old Indic kā́śate `appears, glares, gleams, shines', cakāśiti, cakāśyátē `shines, looks ', kaśa- m. ` being visible, shine';
Avestan ākasat̃ ` perceives '; New Persian āgāh `expert, skillful', nigāh `sight'; s-extension kʷek̂s-: Old Indic cáṣṭē (3. Pl. cakṣatē) `appears; beholds ', in compounds also ` announce, show', cakṣas- n. `shine, face', cakṣu- ` seeing ', n. ` brightness, face, eye'; Avestan čaš(te, -āite) `instruct, teach' (actually ` allow to notice '), Middle Persian čāšītan `instruct, teach', Avestan Old Persian čašman- n. `eye', New Persian čašm, ds.; (common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old Persian ĝh- > xš- : Middle Persian xš- > š-)
gr. τέκμωρ, young τέκμαρ (after τεκμαίρω) `mark, token, sign, feature, characteristic mark or property' (*kʷek̂-m[ō]r-?); different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326;
with voiced final sound Old Church Slavic kažǫ, kazati `show, urge, remind', u-kazъ ` a showing forth, exhibiting, a setting forth, exposition, proving, proof ' (also kaznь ` decision, judgement, alignment '), probably Indo Germanic *kʷeĝ- besides *kʷek̂-? common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Slavic ĝh- > ž-, z-
References: WP. I 510 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 519.
Page(s): 638-639
Root / lemma: kʷe- 2 (*kʷeḫu-)
See also: s. unkʷo-
Page(s): 636
Root / lemma: kʷel-1, kʷelǝ- (*kʷeḫulǝḫ-)
Meaning: to turn; wheel; neck?
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cárati, calati ` moves, walks, grazes, drives ' etc. (heavy basis in cáritum, caritá-, cīrṇá-; carítra- n. `foot, leg', carcūryámāṇa-, cūrtí-, also probably tuvi-kūrmí- ` energetic, vigorous '), lengthened grade cā́ra- m. ` way ', etc.; Avestan čaraiti ` incumbent upon an activity ' etc., čarāna- `field', Old Persian parikarā `cultivate!';
s-extension in Old Indic karṣū́- f. `furrow, headland ', kárṣati, kr̥ṣáti ` turn over, rotate something, plow ', Avestan karša- m. n. `furrow', karšaiti `ridge, mark with ridges ';
Tocharian A källāš ` brings ', preterit śël, Pl. kalar (Pedersen Tochar. 183).
In e- grade:
alb. sjel, sjell ` turn round, twist, turn over, bring' (*kʷel-); besides kjel `bring, bear' (*kʷolei̯ō), a-sul ` willow ', sule ` boat ', (Note: Occidental (western) Romance languages prefix e-, a-), për-kul, përkul `bend, curve ' (*kʷel-n-), kulp, kulpër, kulpra ` forest shoot '(*kʷel-bh-);
Balto Slavic *keli̯a- `knee' in Lithuanian kelỹs, East Lithuanian kẽlias `knee', Latvian celis ds.; Lithuanian kelḗnas m. `knee', vowel gradation Old Church Slavic kolěno n. `knee, stem, gender', perhaps further to Slavic *čelnъ m., sloven. člện `joint, limb, member', Ukrainian čeɫén `limb, member';
Gothic Old Icelandic asächs. (*heals) hals m., Old English heals, Modern High German Hals ` neck '; Old Icelandic hvel n. `wheel' =
Old Prussian kelan `wheel', Latvian f. Pl. du-celes ` 2-wheeled cart ';
gr. πέλω, πέλομαι `be in motion ' (π Aeolic), Aor. ἔπλετο, participle περιπλόμενος `to move round, be round about', with Aeolic τε- = *kʷe-: περιτελλόμενος in the meaning (τέλλω ` accomplish, perform duties, rites, etc, make to arise ' Pind.), hom. τελέθω `be, become', Cretan τέλομαι ` to be, to exist ', Cypriot τενται `he will be ', also τέλος n. `coming to pass, performance, consummation, power of deciding, supreme power, magistracy, office, decision, doom, something done or ordered to be done, task, service, duty, services or offerings due to the gods, state of completion or maturity, completion, end, finish, full realization, highest point. ideal, the end or purpose of action ' (τελέω ` finish, complete, bring to an end, accomplish, execute, perform ', τέλειος, τέλεος from *τελεσ-Fο-ς ` perfect, of victims, entire, without spot or blemish, fully constituted, valid, of animals, full-grown, married, of persons, accomplished, perfect in his kind, in relation to quality, of prayers, vows, etc., fulfilled, accomplished, of numbers, full, complete, of the gods, having power to fulfil prayer, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned, grown', τελευτή ` consummation, termination, end'), wherefore τέλσον (*τελσFον, compare above Old Indic karṣū́-) ` furrow, headland ', i.e. ` headland, i.e. land where the plough turned ';
In o- grade:
gr. πόλος ` piuot on which anything turns, axis, axis of the celestial sphere, pole-star, celestial sphere, vault of heauen, sky, orbit of a star, crown of the head, centre of the circular threshing-floor, pole passing through the axle-tree of a carriage, as a shock-absorber, concave sun-dial (called polos from being shaped like the vault of heaven), on which the shadow was cast by the interpreter, head-dress, worn by goddesses ', πολέω `go about, range ouer, haunt, revolve, turn up the earth with the plough, plough ', ἀμφίπολος ` maid (Hom.), servant' = Latin anculus ` a man-servant ', αἰπόλος ` nanny goat shepherd ', θεοπολέω ` minister in things divine ' (besides θεη-κόλος `priest'); with κ in βουκόλος ` tending kine, worshipper of Dionysos in bull-form, in pl., title of play by Cratinus, Osorapi devotee of Sarapis, cattle shepherd ' = Middle Irish búachaill, Welsh bugail `herdsman, shepherd' from *kʷol(i)os with labialization after u;
Maybe alb. bariu `herdsman, shepherd' a Celtic loanword.
πολεύω ` turn or go about, the planet presiding ouer a day, turn up the soil with the plough ' (γῆν ` plough up '), Ionian Attic ἐπιπολῆς ` on the surface, on the top, uppermost ', ἐμπολή `merchandise, traffic, purchase, gain made by traffic, profit '; πωλέομαι ` go up and down or to and fro: hence, go or come frequently '; πάλιν ` of Place, back, backwards, of Time, again, once more, in turn ' (Akk. a *πάλις ` turn '); κύκλος see below; the gr. π-forms contain probably partly Indo Germanic pel- see below;
Latin colō, -ere ` to till, tend, care for, cultivate ' (*kʷelō); colōnus ` a husbandman, tiller of the soil ', incolere `inhabit, to be at home, abide, dwell ', incola ` an inhabitant, resident ', inquilīnus ` of foreign birth ', Esquiliae ` the largest of the seven hills of Rome '; about anculus ` a man-servant ' see above;
colus, -ūs f. m. or -ī f. `distaff' (*kʷelos ` spindle'), collus, -ī m. (Old Latin), collum, -ī n. ` the neck, the neck (of a flassk or bottle), (of the poppy), mountain ridge ' (*kʷol-so-, Gothic hals);
Old Irish cul ` cart ' (Dual. *kʷolō); Middle Irish coll ` head' =
Old Church Slavic kolo n., Gen. kolese `wheel', Pl. kola ` cart ' (mixture from kʷolo- m. and kʷeles- n.);
kʷekʷlo-, kʷokʷlo- (?) `wheel' in:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cakrá- m. n. (pronunciation secondary) ` cartwheel, disc, circle ', Avestan čaxra- m. `wheel'.
In zero - grade:
gr. κύκλος ` circle ', Pl. κύκλοι and κύκλα ` wheels '
In e- grade:
Old Icelandic hjōl, hvēl (*kʷékʷelon-, Germanic *hwéh(w)ula-) n., Old English hwēol (English wheel), besides hweowol, hweogol (Germanic *hweg(w)ulá-), Middle Low German wēl `wheel'; also Frisian fial is probably eine dissimilation-form for *hwewla-; compare also Phrygian κίκλην ` big, giant bear ' (`cart '), Lithuanian kãklas, Latvian kokls ` neck '; Tocharian A kukäl, В kokale ` cart '.
Lengthened grade perhaps (as ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round ') Old Icelandic hvāll and hōll m. (latter from dem Dative Pl. hōlum from hvālum) `roundish hill'.
References: WP. I 514 f., WH. I 45, 245 ff., 250, 846, Trautmann 125.
Page(s): 639-640
Root / lemma: kʷel-2 (*kʷeḫul-)
Meaning: far (with regard to place and time)
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic caramá- ` the last, extreme ', cirás `chronologically long', gr. πάλαι ` for a long time, since long ago ' (παλαιός `old', παλαίτερος, -τατος).
In e- grade:
gr. τῆλε, Aeolic πήλυι `afar, wide' (τηλό-θεν, -θι, -σε), Welsh Cornish Breton pell `afar' (*kʷel-s-o-?), Welsh pellaf `the extreme'.
References: WP. I 517.
Page(s): 640
Root / lemma: kʷel-3 (*kʷeḫul-)
Meaning: swarm, flock, shoal, school, clan, herd, crowd
Material:
In o- grade:
Old Indic kúla-m n. `herd, bulk, mass; gender, sex';
In zero- grade:
Old Indic kr̥ṣṭí- f. `people, people';
In e- grade:
gr. τέλος n. `troop, multitude, crowd';
Old Church Slavic čeljadь f. ` servants ', collective to that in čelověkъ `person' present čelo-.
References: WP. I 517, Berneker 141 f., Meillet BSL. 22, 18 f., Kuiper Proto-Munda 55.
Page(s): 640
Root / lemma: kʷem- (*kʷeḫum-)
Meaning: to swallow, sip
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cā́mati and camati `* slurps ', participle ācānta-, camasá- m. `drinking bowl, goblet', camū́- m. ` platter '; New Persian čam ` the eating ', čamīδan `drink', osset. cumun ` slurp ';
In e- grade:
Armenian k`im-k` Pl. `faux, guttur' (*kʷēmā-); dubious is gr. ἔτεμεν ἤμελγεν and τέμνοντα [probably τέμοντα] ἀμέλγοντα Hes., whereas ἀμέλγειν in the later meaning ` soak, saturate, absorb the liquid, squeeze ';
In o- grade:
with vowel gradation grade ō: New Persian kām ` palate', afghan. kūmai ds.;
Modern Icelandic hvōma (from *hvāma, Indo Germanic *kʷēmō = Old Indic cā́mati) ` swallow, devour, engulf, consume', hvōma f. ` esophagus, gullet'.
References: WP. I 514.
Page(s): 640-641
Root / lemma: kʷene (*kʷeḫus-)
Meaning: particle of generalization/uncertainty
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cana, Avestan činā̆ ` any, whatever, anyone, anybody, at all '; often negative, e.g. Old Indic ná ḗkaś cana `no, not at all, not';
Maybe alb. ca ` any, some ';
In e- grade:
Germanic -ʒin in Old Icelandic hver-gin ` by no means, not at all, in no way ', Old English asächs. Old High German hwer-gin ` anywhere, in any place, someplace, somewhere, in some place ' (from hwar `where' + -gin) from Old High German io-wergin, Middle High German iergen, Modern High German irgend. (Common Hittite alb. ḫu̯- > y, i, .)
References: WP. I 399 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 562.
Page(s): 641
Root / lemma: kʷenth- (*kʷeḫuth-)
Meaning: to suffer, endure
Material:
In e- grade:
Gr. πένθος n. `affliction, mourning, grief, misfortune'; nachhom. πάθος n. `affliction, misfortune, ferventness, passion', πάσχω (*kʷn̥th-skō), Fut. πείσομαι, Aor. ἔπαθον, Perf. πέπονθα `suffer, bear, endure ' (πε- for τε- after the forms with πα-, πο-);
Old Irish cēss(a)im `I suffer' (*kʷenth-tō or *kʷenth-s-ō), cēssad ` a suffering '.
Pedersen KG. II 486 assumes a cognate without nasal in Old Irish ar-cessi (*kʷet-sī-) ` spares, takes pity ' (meaning would be as in Lithuanian pakentė́ti ` be patient with somebody '), Welsh arbedu (*kʷet-) `spare, look after', Breton erbedi ` recommend ' (older also `spare, look after'), Old Cornish henbidiat ` sparing, frugal, thrifty, economical, niggardly, stingy, penurious, parsimonious '.
Lithuanian kenčiù, kę̃sti ` withstand, suffer, bear, endure'.
In a- grade:
Lithuanian (*pa-kantà) pakantà f. ` patience ', kančià ` suffering, pain, anguish, misery, distress, martyrdom, excruciation, torment, torture, purgatory, rack, sting ', žiem-kiñtis ` enduring the winter ', Latvian cìešu cìest `suffer, bear, endure, brook ', ziem-ciesis (*kentsia-) ` member one to the family of the winter green plants (Pyrolaceae) belonging type of low shrubs: Pyrola ';
References: WP. I 513, Trautmann 126 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 708.
Page(s): 641
Root / lemma: kʷer-1 (*kʷeḫur-)
Meaning: to do
Material: Old Indic karṓti (Imperative kuru), kr̥ṇṓti ` does, accomplishes ', participle kr̥tá-; kará- ` doing, making ', m. `hand, elephant's trunk ', kāra- ` making ', m. `feat, dead, act', kárman- n. `action, work', karmāra-ḥ ` smith '; kr̥ti- `feat, dead, act'; saṃ-kr̥t `once'; besides with s- pari-ṣkar- and saṃ-skar-;
Avestan kǝrǝnaoiti ` makes, performs, acts ', kǝrǝtay- `feat, dead, act', Infin. kǝrǝtǝ̄e, Old Persian akunavam, karta-; Avestan čārā ` tool, aid ', np. čār ` tool ', cāra ` tool, help, artifice' (= Slavic čara `charm, spell', see below);
Oscan petiro-pert ` quadruple, four times, fourfold ' (: Old Indic saṃ-kr̥t);
Welsh paraf ` effectuate, cause, obtain ', verbal noun peri, wherefore reduplication (from a reduplication present?) probably Welsh pybyr ` energetic, vigorous ';
Old Irish cruth `shape', Welsh pryd (*kʷr̥tu-) `shape, time'; in addition perhaps Old Irish Cru(i)thin, Middle Welsh Prydyn ` Picts '; Welsh Prydain ` Britannia, ancient Roman name for the island of Great Britain ' the ending is attributed to Rhufain (Rōmanī); Old Cornish prit, Middle Cornish prys, Breton pred `time'; Middle Irish creth ` poem ' (*kʷr̥to-), Welsh prydu ` poetize ', prydydd `bard';
Lithuanian kuriù, kùrti `erect, build, make', out of it perhaps `start a fire, heat '; Latvian kur̃t ` stimulate, heat ', Old Prussian kūra ` build, construct, create '; different above S. 572.
Here with the meaning ` cheat somebody, bewitch ', also Old Indic kr̥tyā́ (`action, feat, dead, act':) `the bewitching, charm, spell' , gr. τέρας n. ` miracle sign ', πέλωρ n. ` monster, horror ', τελώριος μέγας, πελώριος Hes.; the π- is Aeolic; πέλωρ, τέλωρ dissimilated from *πέρωρ, *τέρωρ; Lithuanian keriù, kerė́ti ` conjure, practice witchcraft ', kẽras `charm, spell', Slavic čara f. `charm, spell' in Old Bulgarian čarodějь ` magician ', čari f. Pl. `charm, spell, allurement ' etc.;
perhaps with anlaut s- (compare Old Indic saṃ-skar-) Old Indic ā-ścarya- ` strange, wonderful ', n. `wonder, miracle', Old Icelandic skars n. `a monster; giantess ', skersa f. ` giantess ', skyrse m. `( nauseous) omen, sign, phantom ' (whose suffix includes the zero grade of es-stem τέρας).
References: WP. I 517 f., WH. I 165, 273, Trautmann 127.
Page(s): 641-642
Root / lemma: kʷer-2 (*kʷeḫur-)
Meaning: a kind of dish or pot
Material: Old Indic carú- ` kettle, pot, pan', wherefore probably karkarī `water jug', karaŋka- `cranium';
Old Irish co(i)re (though not from *kʷerijo-, but from *kʷerijo-), Welsh pair, Cornish pêr ` kettle ';
Old Norse hverr m. ` kettle ', Old English hwer, Old High German (h)wer ds.
n-extension lies before in: Middle Irish cern f. ` platter ', Modern Icelandic hvörn ` bone in the fish head ', Norwegian dial. hvann ds.; Gothic ƕaírnei f. `cranium', Old Icelandic hverna f. ` pots and pans, set of cooking utensils '.
References: WP. I 518.
Page(s): 642
Root / lemma: kʷeru- (*kʷeḫur-)
Meaning: to chew; to grind
Material: Old Indic cárvati `chews up, crushes ', participle cūrṇa-s, m. `fine dust, powder, meal, flour' (in -ū- influenced the second vowel after the basis kʷeru-?); different about cárvati above S. 576, 582;
gr. τορύνη σιτῶδές τε Hes. (assimilation from *τερύνᾱ), πορύναν μαγίδα Hes. (development from gradational *kʷorunā or Aeolic form of τορύνη), πύρνον n., Pl. πύρνα (Hom.) ` wheat bread ' (-υ- in still to inquiring connection with the second vowel from *kʷeru-).
References: WP. I 519.
Page(s): 642
Root / lemma: kʷetu̯er-, kʷetuō̆r-, kʷetur- m., kʷetes(o)r- f. (*kʷeḫut-eḫsor-)
Meaning: four
Note: (contains?? *sor `wife, woman')
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic catvā́raḥ m. (Akk. catúraḥ), catvā́ri n., cátasraḥ f.; Avestan čaϑwārō m. (Gen. čaturąm), čataŋrō f., New Persian čahār;
Latin quattuor (a seems, as hom. πίσυρες, e to continue);
In e- grade:
Armenian čork` from *č̣orek` < *kʷetu̯ores (Akk. č̣ors);
gr. hom. τέσσαρες, Attic τέτταρες, Boeotian πέτταρες (with secondary weak grade); Ionian Arcadian hellen. τέσσερες (*kʷetu̯eres);
reduced grade hom. πίσυρες (Akk. πίσυρας = Old Indic catúraḥ, Lesbian πισύρων = Avestan čaturąm), Lesbian also πέσσυρες; Doric wgr. τέτορες (*kʷetu̯ores);
Oscan pettiur; petora n. (compare petiro-pert ` quadruple, four times, fourfold ' from *petri̯ā-, that after *triā in Umbrian triiuper ` thrice, three times ');
Old Irish ceth(a)ir (fem. cethēoir after tēoir `3'), Old Welsh petguar, Modern Welsh pedwar (fem. pedair), Cornish peswar (abrit. town name Πετουαρία);
Gothic fidwōr, nord. and West Germanic due to an assimilation form *ku̯eku̯or (besides the composition forms salfr. fitter-, Old English fyðer-, Old Swedish fiæÞer-: Gothic fidur-): Old Icelandic fiōrer m., fiōrar f., fiogor n., Old High German feor, fior, Old Saxon fiuwar, fior, Old English fēower;
Lithuanian keturì (Akk. kêturis = Old Indic catúraḥ), fem. kêturios; Latvian četri; Old Church Slavic -četyre m., -i f. n.
Tocharian A śtwar (*kʷetu̯er-), В ś(t)wār, ś(t)wer (*kʷetu̯ores) `4', A śtwarāk `40'.
In a- grade:
In compounds (and derivatives) kʷetur-, kʷetu̯r̥-, kʷetru-: Old Indic cátur- [aŋga-ḥ ` four limbed '], with zero grade of the 1. syllable Avestan ā-xtūirīm ` quadruple, four times, fourfold ' Old Indic turīya-, túrya-ḥ, Avestan tūirya- ` the fourth '; Avestan čaϑwarǝ-aspa- Avestan čaϑru-[gaoša-];
In e- grade:
from *τετFρα (Indo Germanic *kʷetu̯r̥-): gr. τετρα-[κόσιοι], -πους; contaminated frrom τρυ- and τετρα-: gr. τράπεζα; τρυ-φάλεια `helmet' (compare τετρά-φαλος ` with four horns ') probably zero grade *[kʷ]tru-, as Oscan trutom (if it stands for ` for the fourth time '); Latin quadru-[pēs]; Umbrian petur[-pursus ` four-footed; quadruped ']; gall. Petru-corii ` the 4-born ', petru-deca-metos ` fourteenth ', Welsh pedry- ` fourfold ' (gall. petor-ritum `vierräderiger cart ' probably with the vowel from *kʷetu̯ores), ` rectangular, strong'; Gothic fidur-dōgs (West-Germanic see above); Lithuanian ketur-[kõjis ` four-footed; quadruped ']; Armenian k`taṙ-a-sun `40' (from *twr̥-, compare Old Indic turīya- ` the fourth ').
ordinals:
In a- grade:
Old Indic caturthá-, turī́ya-, túrya-, Avestan tūirya-;
In e- grade:
Armenian č̣orir, č̣orr-ord, kaṙ-ord; gr. Attic τέταρτος, hom. τέτρατος (for *τυρτος ` the fourth ' in Τυρταῖος), Boeotian πέτρατος; Latin quārtus, prän. Quorta, Oscan perhaps truto- (see above); Old Irish cethramad (*kʷetru-metos); gall. petuarios = Old Welsh petuerid;
In zero grade:
Old High German fiordo, Old English féorða, Old Icelandic fiōrði; Lithuanian ketvir̃tas (Latvian cetur̃taĩs as Old Indic caturthá-ḥ), Old Church Slavic četvrьtъ; Tocharian A śtärt (*kʷetu̯r̥tos), В śtwerne.
From other attachments is accented Latin quattuordecim, Gothic fidwōrtaíhun, Old High German viorzëhan `14'; Doric Ionian delph. τετpώκοντα (*kʷetu̯orǝ-k̂omte) = Latin quadrāgintā `40'; Avestan čaϑruš ` quadruple, four times, fourfold ', Old Indic catúḥ = Latin quater (*kʷetrus); Old Indic catvará- m. ` rectangular place', Lithuanian ketverì ` quadruple ', Old Church Slavic četverъ, četvorъ ds., Old Irish cethorcho `40' (*kʷetru-k̂omt-s).
References: WP. I 512, Trautmann 131 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 f., 589 f., WH. II 394, 400 f., F. Sommer Zum Zahlwort, 27.
Page(s): 643-644
Root / lemma: kʷe 1 (*kʷeḫu-)
Meaning: and (encl.)
Note: from `* anyhow, somehow ', as also to Pron.-stem kʷo-, kʷe- of interrogative and indefinite standing in same relationship, as *k̂e `here' to k̂o-, k̂e- `this'. With it identically kʷe behind forms of interrogative - indefinite -stem to the strengthening of the indefinite mode.
Material: Old Indic ca, Avestan ča, Old Persian čā enclitic `and'; Lydian -k `and'; gr. τε `and'; venet. -ke, lepont. -pe, piken. -p; Latin -que; ne-que = Oscann-Umbrian nep, neip ` not; and not, nor; rarely not even ' = Old Irish na-ch, Middle Welsh etc. nac `not' (to a from e see below ne `not'), compare Latin atque `and in addition' (ad + que) = Umbrian ap(e) ` in which place, in what place, where, with, together with, in the company of, in connection with, along with, together, and '; Gothic ni-h (etc., see below ne) `not'; (see also Old High German etc. noh under *nu ` but, well, now that '); Bulgarian če ` but, and, that, because ', Czech old a-če, ač `if', poln. acz ` even though, although ';
the indefinite mode, mind intensifying e.g. Old Indic káś-ca, Avestan čiš-ca ` any, whatever, anyone, anybody what, who, which, the one that; some, what a ', in relative clause with Rel.-Pron. ya-; Avestan čiš-ca also ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything ';
Armenian -k` e.g. o-k` `whoever' (if drop of e from *kʷe before the palatalization; with k` of equated with the plural);
gr. ὅσ-τε (here behind the relative; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 575 f.);
Latin quom-que, cunque, Umbrian pumpe originally `* with, together with, in the company of, in connection with, along with, together, and ', then with coloring of time mode (as in Modern High German wer immer `whoever') just generalizing, e.g. quīcumque, Umbrian pisipumpe ds.; quisque (from *quī quisque: Old Indic yáḥ káś-ca) in sentences of relativen mode, quisque (mostly against) ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything ';
Gothic -h, -u-h in ƕaz-u-h, ƕō-h, ƕa-h ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything ';
Hittite ku-iš-ki (= Latin quis-que) = Lycian ti-ke; ni-ik-ku (: Latin ne-que) = Lydian ni-k.
In similar meaning also other forms from of the stems kʷo-, kʷā, kʷi-: Latin quis-quam; Old Indic cit (cid), Avestan čit̃, Old Persian čiy generalization particle (z. В. Old Indic kaś-cid ` any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something ') = Indo Germanic *kʷid in Oscan -píd, -pid, Umbrian -pe, -pei (e.g. Oscan pútúru&##769;s-píd ` which of both ', Umbrian putres-pe ` which of both ') = Armenian -č (in-č ` something '); s. also *kʷene.
References: WP. I 507 f., WH. I 309 f., II 401 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 573 ff., 6482 f.
Page(s): 635-636
Root / lemma: kʷē̆d-, kʷō̆d- (*kʷeḫutt-)
Meaning: to prick; to drill, sharpen
Note: (older keu̯ed-?)
Material: Old Icelandic hvatr `quick, fast, gamy, sharp', hvǫt f. ` in irritation ', hvata, -aða ` set in motion, hasten ', Old English hwæt `quick, fast, gamy', Old Saxon hwat ds., Old High German (h)waz `sharp, violent', Gothic gaƕatjan ` set in motion, whet', Old Icelandic hvetja ` sharpen, incite ', Old English hwettan ds., Middle Low German wetten `whet', Old High German (h)wezzen, Middle High German wetzen `stir, tease, irritate, stimulate, whet'; to-participle Gothic ƕassaba Adv. `sharp, stern' (ƕassei `vehemency, austereness, severeness '), Old Icelandic hvass `sharp, rash, hasty', Old English hwæss `sharp', Old High German (h)was, Middle High German was(ser) `sharp, spiky, violent, stern'; vowel gradation Old Icelandic hvāta ` penetrate '; Old Swedish hø̄ta ` bore holes '; with an allegorical meaning Old Saxon for-hwātan, Old High German far-hwāzan ` curse ' and Gothic ƕōta f. ` threat ', ƕōtjan `threaten', Old Icelandic hōt n. ` threat ', hōta `threaten';
probably Latin tri-quetrus ` with three corners, triangular ' (`tricorn, three-cornered '; probably from *tri-quedros); possibly also Old Indic cṓdati, cōdáyati ` invigorates, sets in motion, presses ' (*keḫud-).
References: WP. I 513, II 554, Wissmann Postverbalia 64 f.
Page(s): 636
Root / lemma: kʷÞei-
See also: s. more properly above S. 487 under gʷhðei(ǝ)-.
Page(s): 649
Root / lemma: kʷo-, kʷe-, fem. kʷā; kʷei- (*kʷeḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: indefinite/interrogative pronominal base
Grammatical information: (presumably once only in Nom. Akk. Sg.); kʷu- (only in Adv.);
Note: the relative has partly changed single-linguistically
Material:
Hittite: kan (encl.)
Old Indian: kam `a particle used after datives of persons and abstract nouns '
Slavic: *kъ, *kъm-
Germanic: *ga-, *gi-
Latin: cum prp., com-, con-, cō- prf., usw.
Celtic: OIr co-n- prp. ' mit ' , prf. Gaul com-, OIr com-, con-, Cymr cyf-, cyn-, Corn cev-
1. stem kʷo-, kʷe-, fem. kʷā-; Gen. kʷeso, Instrumental kʷī, time adverb kʷom.
A. Case forms and only single-linguistically provable derivations:
Old Indic ká-ḥ (= Phrygian κος ` anyone, someone; anybody; somebody; anything; something; everything ', Gothic ƕas `who?'), fem. kā `who?' and indefinite; Indo Germanic kʷos probably the old Nom. Sg. m.;
Avestan kō (Gen. Gatha-Avestan ka-hyā, ča-hyā), fem. kā `who?, who, what, which, the one that?', Old Persian kaš[-čiy], as Indef. with -čī̆t̃, or placed in reduplication, or in neg. or rel. sentences; Avestan kā `as?'; Old Persian ada-kaiy ` then, at that time ' = gr. ποι by Pindar ` also, i.e. especially ';
Armenian о `who?' (*kʷo-, Meillet Esquisse2 189), indef. o-k` `whoever' (-k` = Latin que), o-mn `who' (relative o-r `who, what, which, the one that'); k`ani `how much', k`an `as, after the comparative' (= Latin quam), k`anak ` quantita ' ; Latin quantus `of what quantity?', Umbrian panta ` how great? how much? of what amount? ' has derived from quām with formants-to-;
Maybe alb. (*kʷā) sa ` how great? how much? of what amount? '.
gr. Gen. Sg. hom. τέο, Attic τοῦ ` whose, of whom?' (= Old Bulgarian ceso, Old High German hwes; Indo Germanic *kʷes(j)o); Dative Sg. f. Doric πᾳ, Attic πῇ, Ionian κῇ (*kʷā-) `whereto?, wherefore?, how?'; Instrumental f. Ionian Attic πῆ `whereto'; Instrumental Sg. m. n. Cretan ὀ-πῆ `where, whereto', Doric πή-ποκα, πώ-ποκα, Attic πώ-ποτε ` when? at what time? ', πω, Ionian κω `(* during a period, sometime =) still' and modal ` anyhow, somehow ' in οὔ πω ` not yet, not at this time, not just now, not to this point in time ' and ` not anyhow, on no account ' (compare Gothic ƕē as well as Latin quō `whereto', if not ablative); πῶς, Ionian κῶς `how'; ποδαπός ` from what country?: hence, generally, whence? where born? of what sort? ' (neutr. *kʷod + forms -ŋ̣kʷo-, compare ἀ⛣λοδ-απός above S. 25 under *alios `other'); Attic etc. ποῖ `whereto', Doric πεῖ `where' (Locative); Attic ποῦ, Ionian κοῦ `where' (Gen.);
Maybe alb. (*kʷo-) ku ` where' : Ionian κοῦ `where'.
πόθεν `from where?'; hom. πόθι, Ionian κόθι `where'; πότε `when?' (Doric πόκα `when', compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 629), ποτέ, Lesbian πότα, Ionian κοτέ ` someday, one day, one of these days, some time or other, once ', wherefore also ποτέ after Interrogativen, e.g. τί ποτε ` what then' and - with previously gr. reduplication - τίπτε ds. (see in addition under poti-s), πόσε `whereto' (-σε from -τε) = Gothic ƕaÞ, ƕad `whereto'; Cretan τεῖον ποῖον Hes., Attic ποῖος ` of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a ' from *kʷo- + oiu̯o- = Old Indic ḗva- `kind of way', Old High German ēwa, compare Gothic laiwa `how?', see below ei- `go'; to variation from π- (: Ionian κ-): τ- s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 293 f.
alb. kë ` whom?' (*kʷo-m), se ` what, which?', se ` then (in comparative)', në se ` if' (Abl. *kʷōd with analogical palatalization?), si `how, as?' (*kʷei?); (common alb. Polish y > ë)
Latin quī (Old Latin quoi from *kʷo + Demonstr. -ī), quae, quod Rel. and indefinitive, Oscan pui, paí, púd ` who? which? what? what kind of a?, any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something, in what manner? how? whereby? by what means? why? ', Umbrian po-i, -e, -ei ` who? which? what? what kind of a? ', puře, porse ` who? which? what? what kind of a? ', Latin cuius, cui, quō, quā etc., Umbrian pusme ` who? which? what? what kind of a? '; Adv. Latin quō `whereto' (Abl.) = Umbrian pu-e ` in what manner? how? whereby? by what means? why? ' (u = ō, that is not abbreviated before the enclitic); Latin quam ` in what manner, to what degree, how greatly, how, how much ' (Akk. Sg. f.) = Umbrian [pre-]pa ` former, previous, prior, first ', Oscan pruter pam ds. (Avestan kąm-čit̃ ` in any way, every way ', Old Latin quam-de = Umbrian pane, Oscan pan ` who? which? what? what kind of a? '; Latin quantus see above;
Hittite: kwi-s, kwi-t ' wer, was ' (Tischler 611 ff)
Tokharian: B kā `why ' ; A kus, B kŭse ' who ' (Adams 149, 186 f)
Old Indian: ka-s, f. kā ' who? ' ; pron. indef.; kim ' what? ' , náki-ḥ ' noone ' , cit (cid) `generalization particle '
Avestan: kō, Gathic gen. kahyā, čahyā, f. kā ' wer? welcher? ' , kā ' wie? ' ; čit_ Verallgemeinerungspartikel; čiš ' wer ' , cī ' wie '
Other Iranian: OPers čiy Verallgemeinerungspartikel
Armenian: in-č ' etwas '
Old Greek: *kʷi-s, *kʷi(-t); *kʷó-then, *kʷo^i̯ etc.; Argiv tístis
Slavic: *kъ-to, *čь-to, *kъ, *kā
Baltic: *ka-
Germanic: { *xwa-s ' wer ' , etc.; Got hʷilīks, OE hwilc ' wie bescgaffen ' , OE hwī, hwiu, OIsl hvī ' wie, wozu, warum ' , usw. }
Latin: quī, quae, quod; quis, quid, usw.; quisquis
Other Italic: Osk púí, paí, púd; Osk pis, píd ' quis, quid ' , Umbr sve-pi-s ' si quiis ' , pis-i ' quis, quisquis ' ; Osk pispis
Celtic: { Ir cia (< *kʷei), OIr ; OInd cid ' was? }
Albanian: kɛ ' wen? ' , se ' was? '
Latin quom, cum ` with, together with, in the company of, in connection with, along with, together, and ' (Akk. Sg. n. as primum etc. = Avestan kǝm `as', Gothic ƕan `when', Old Prussian kan, Lithuanian (dial.) ką `if'; Old Church Slavic ko-gda from *ko-g(o)da, Meillet Slave commun2 470;
with -de extension Umbrian pon(n)e, Oscan pún ` with, together with, in the company of, in connection with, along with, together, and '; Latin quandō `when' (*quām Akk. extension + dō), Umbrian panu-pei ` at what time soever, whenever, whensoever, as often as ', Middle Low German wante ` twice, at two times, on two occasions '; Latin quantus, Umbrian panta ` how great? how much? of what amount? ' (see 644);
Old Irish nech, adj. (proklit.) nach ` some, any; any one, anybody ', Welsh Cornish Breton nep (*ne-kʷo-s, with coloring of the negation in neg. sentences with repeated negation, also Lithuanian kaz-ne-kàs `somewhat', kadà-ne-kadà ` sometimes ', Old Bulgarian někъto ` somebody, some person, someone, anybody, anyone '); Old Irish cāch, connected to cach, Middle Welsh pawp, connected to pop, Cornish pup, pop, pep, Breton pep ` each, every ' (*kʷā- or kʷō-kʷo-s; to Old Bulgarian kakъ `who, what, which, the one that?'), Irish cech ` each, every ' (e after nech); Old Irish can, Middle Welsh pan (*kʷanā), Middle Breton ре-ban `whence?'; Old Irish cuin `when?', Middle Welsh etc. pan, pann `as, if' (*kʷani?), Old Irish ca-ni, Middle Welsh po-ny ` In a direct question, not? ' (*kʷā-);
Gothic ƕas (*kʷo-s) `who?' and indefinite (Gen. ƕis, Old High German hwes = Old Bulgarian ceso, gr. τέο), Old Swedish hvar, har, Old Danish hvā, Old English hwā `who', with e of Gen. Old Saxon hwē, Old High German hwer (*kʷe-s) `who'; neutr. Gothic ƕa (*kʷo-d), Old High German hwaz, Old Norse hvat, Old English hwæt, Old Saxon hwat ` what '; fem. Gothic ƕō `who? what? which?' : Gothic ƕan `when, how', Old Saxon hwan, Old High German hwanne `when' (close comparison to Old Irish can `whence' is doubtful because of the meaning), Old Saxon hwanda ` because, for, due to the fact that, since ', Old High German hwanta ` why '; Gothic ƕē `wherewith?' (Instrumental); Old Frisian hō, Old Saxon hwō, Old High German hwuō `how' to Latin quō `whereto' (Ablat.), gr. πω, κω ` anyhow, somehow ';
Lithuanian kàs `who?, what?' also indefinite, fem. kà, Old Prussian kas m., ka n. `who?', kas f. quai, quoi, n. ka (Akk. also kan, kai) ` what, who, which, the one that; some, any; what a '; Lithuanian kad ` than, but, whereas, that, as, in order to, in order that, because, if ' (conjunction as Latin quod, from the questioning use, compare Old Indic kad, Avestan kat̃ adv. interrogative particle ` then, whether, if?'); Lithuanian kaĩ, kaĩ-p, Old Prussian kāi-gi `how?' (= Old Bulgarian cě; but about gr. καί see below *kai `and');
Old Bulgarian kъ-to `who?' (Gen. česo), kyjь, f. kaja, n. koje ` who? which? what? what kind of a? ', cě ` and indeed, and further, and yet ' (see above).
Maybe alb. kujt ` whose' a Slavic loanword. Slavic alb. -j- consonant.
B. The derivations which can be pursued by several languages: kʷo-tero- ` who of the two? '; kʷā-li- `how?'; kʷo-ti-, kʷe-ti- `how many?'.
Old Indic katará-, Avestan katāra- ` who of the two? ', gr. πότερος, Ionian κότερος ds., Oscan Locative pútereí-píd ` in utroque ', Umbrian podruh-pei adv. ` to both places, on both sides, in each direction ', putres-pe ` which of both ', Gothic ƕaÞar, Old Icelandic hvārr, Old English hwæÞer ` who of both ' (Old High German hwedar, Modern High German still in weder, with e, as hwer `who' : Gothic ƕas), Lithuanian katràs ` which?', Old Bulgarian koteryjь, kotoryjь ` what, who, which ' comparative formation (restriction on the choice between two opposites); superlative Old Indic katamá- ` which of several '; compare of stem kʷu- : Latin uter.
Old Indic kadā, Avestan kaδa `when?'; but Lithuanian kadà `when?' from *kadā̀n; to ending see above S. 181 ff. (also for Old Bulgarian kǫdǫ, kǫdě `whence', Latin quan-do).
Gr. πηλί-κος `how great or large? of what age', Latin quālis `of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a', Lithuanian kõlei, kõl' `how long'; of stem kʷo- from: Old Bulgarian kolikъ `of what quantity?', kolь ` as much as, so much as, to as great an extent ' (Trautmann 111).
Old Indic káti `how many' = Hittite kuwatta, Latin quot ds. (of apocope quot from: quotus ` which in number, which in order, of what number '), Old Indic kati-thá- ` which in number, which in order, of what number ' = Latin *quotitei (Locative m.) diē > cottī-diē ` in how many days, always, daily '; gr. Lesbian πόσσος (hom. ποσσῆμαρ), Attic πόσος, Ionian κόσος ` of what quantity? ' (*kʷoti-os; πόστος ` which in number, which in order, of what number, which in the ordinal series? ' from *ποσσοστός; besides with Indo Germanic e Avestan čaiti `how many', Breton pet in pet dez `how many days', petguez ` how often? how many times? '.
Old Indic kár-hi `when?' = Gothic ƕar, Old Icelandic hvar (*kʷor) `where?' and relative (therefrom Gothic ƕarjis, Old Icelandic hverr `who, what, which, the one that', actually `where he', as from Lithuanian kur̃ [*kʷū̆r] `where' + jìs `he' arose Lithuanian Rel. kurìs, kur̃s `who, what, which, the one that'); ē-grade Old English hwǣr, Old High German Old Saxon hwār `where'; ō-grade Latin cūr ` why, wherefore ', old quōr.
Maybe alb. kur ` when', apocope (*kur) ku ` where'.
A parallel formation to Latin quis in Old Latin quir-quir ` in which place, in what place, where '.
2. stem kʷei-, same form for Maskul., Neutr. and Femin.:
Old Indic kím ` what? which', kíḥ `who?', ná-ki-ḥ ` nobody, no person, no one ' (with k instead of c; latter sound according to the rules in:) Old Indic cit (cid), Avestan cit̃, Old Persian čiy ` even, anyhow ' (originally Nom. Sg. n. *kʷi-d; s. also under kʷe `and'); Avestan čiš `who', čišca = Latin quisque, gr. τίς τε, Old Persian čiš-čiy ds.; Avestan čī `how' (Instrumental);
Maybe alb. si ` how'.
Armenian -č in in-č `somewhat' (= Old Indic kim - cid), that also in first part here, with drop of kʷ- as i (z-i) ` what?' (*kʷid-), Instrumental i-v ` which, wherewith', (see also above to Armenian о `who'); to Alb. see above under 1;
gr. τίς (*kʷis) m. f. (Thessalian κίς, Arcadian Cypriot σίς), n. τί (*kʷid) `who? who, what, which?' and τὶς, τὶ ` who, what ', Akk. m. *τιν (*kʷim) extension to τίνα, whereupon τίνος, τίνι, Pl. n. *kʷi̯ǝ in Megarian σά μάν ` why?' τὶ μην; Boeotian τά ` why ' = Latin quia; also in Ionian ἄσσα, Attic ἄττα, ` something, some, ' (through false separation from ὁποῖά σσα) and with the relative ἅ connected ἅσσα, Attic ἅττα;
Maybe prefixed alb. (*pre-se) përse, pse ` why?'; (common Slavic alb. prefix pre-).
Latin quis, quid `who, what ' (interrogative, indefinite, relative), quī Adv. ` who? which? what? what kind of a? ' (it could be Abl. *kʷīd, but yet probably due to an Instrumental *kʷi = Avestan čī, sloven. či `if', Czech či `if', Old English etc. hwī `how, wherefore, why '); quī-n (from -ne) ` why not? wherefore not? ', quia-nam ` wherefore? ', quia ` wherefore?, because, for, due to the fact that, since ' (Akk. Pl. *kʷiǝ) see above;
Oscan pis, píd ` any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something ' (interrogative, indefinite, indefinite -relative), Umbrian sve-pis ` sī quis ', pis-i ` any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something, whoever, whosoever, whatever, whatsoever, every one who, everything which '; doubled Oscan pispis, Latin quisquis, argiv. τίστις in generalizing indef. mode;
Old Irish cid ` what?' with i from c-id ` although it is '; originally as the adj. ced from *ce ed;
Old Irish cia `who', Welsh pwy, Cornish pyw, Breton piou `who' (*kʷei); connected to Welsh py, pa, p- etc. (Old Irish cote, cate ` what is', `where is' is unclear);
Gothic ƕi-leiks, Old English hwilc ` of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a '; Old English hwī, Old Saxon hwī, hwiu, Old Icelandic hvī `how, wherefore, why ' (kʷī Instrumental);
Maybe alb. cili ` which ' : Gothic ƕi-leiks, Old English hwilc ` what kind of a '.
Old Bulgarian čь-to ` what '; Instrumental kʷī (see above) in sloven. či `if; also interrogative particle ', Czech či `if', poln. czy `if', Russian old či `if', Old Bulgarian či-mь Instrumental extended out of it;
Maybe alb. ç', compond (*ç' + farë ` kind ') ç'farë ` what ' a Slavic loanword.
about Tocharian A kus, В kuse `who, what, which, the one that' s. Pedersen Tocharian 121;
Maybe alb. kush ` who ' : Tocharian A kus ` who '.
Hittite question- and relative pronoun kuiš `who, what, which, the one that', generalizing kuiš kuiš etc. (= Latin quisquis) ` whoever ', indefinitive kuiš-ki (= Latin quisque) ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything ', n. kuit-ki (= Latin quidque); Lycian ti-ke (= Hittite kuiš-ki); s. P. Tedesco Lang. 21, 128 ff., A. Hahn Lang. 22, 68 ff.
3. stem kʷu-:
Old Indic kū́, Avestan kū `where?'
Maybe alb. ku `where', kë `whom'.
ved. kuv-íd ` if, whether, perhaps', Avestan čū ` how, in which quantity? ' (č- after čī `how?'); Old Indic kúva, kvá `where, whereto'; Old Indic kútra, Avestan kuϑra `where? whereto?'; Old Indic kútaḥ `whence'; Old Indic kúha = gathav. kudā `where' (= Old Bulgarian kъde; Indo Germanic *kʷu-dhe; see below Latin ubi);
Maybe alb. kudo ` everywhere '.
Avestan kuϑa `how'; here also Aryan ku as 1. first part of the compound the expression of the bad, defective (actually ` of which kind !'), e.g. Old Indic ku-putra- `bad son', Avestan ku-nāiri ` whore ', compare Boeotian πούλιμος ` ravenousness ' (*πυ-), Old Boeotian Πυλιμιάδᾱς, also from stems kʷo- and kʷi-: Old Indic ka-, kā-, kad-, kim-, e.g. kā-puruṣa- ` living creature, goblin, ugly mischievous sprite ', ka-pūya- ` stinking ', kiṃ-puruṣa- `fairy demon, ghost, dwarf ' (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 399 f.);
Cretan ὄ-πυι `whereto', syrak. πῦς (*πυι-ς), Rhodian ὅπῡς `whereto' (*πυι neologism to ποῖ);
alb. kur `as, when' (see below 1. В with r-formations = Lithuanian kur̃, Armenian ur), kurrë ` ever, never ' (*kur-nei), ku `where', ku-sh `who', kü-sh `how' (ü from Indo Germanic ū);
Maybe alb. Tosc (*kü-sh) qysh ` how' (common Balric Celtic alb. gutturals).
Latin ubī̆ ` in which place, in what place, where ' (in addition unde ` from which place, whence ' shaped after ibi : inde), next to which inlaut. -cubī in nē-cubi, sī-cubi, ali-cubi, nesciō-cubi, nun-cubi (nē-cunde etc.);
it is that has changed through the stem Latin quo-, quā, quī before the labialization through u preserved qʷ- before u to qw- and qwu- are attributed to anlaut wu-, u-, in *nē-qwubi etc. as a result of the syllabic separation nēq-wubī the gutturals were preserved;
Note:
Latin (*ku-wa-dhi) ubi ` where ' : Hittite ku-wa-pi (kwabi) `where, when?'. Common Anatolian Latin dh > bh.
it is ubī̆ reshaped after Locative in -ī (*ei, *oi) from *ubĕ = Old Indic kúha, Avestan kudā, Old Bulgarian kъde = Oscan puf ` in which place, in what place, where ' (Umbrian extended to pufe ` in which place, in what place, where ')?; after Pedersen Hittite 50 f. contain ubi, ibi rather the Indo Germanic adverbial ending -bhi (gr. -φι), compare Hittite ku-wa-pi (kwabi) `where, when?'; correspondingly Latin ut ` where ' (uti-nam, -que) and utī, Old Latin utei (reshuffling as in ubī) from *kʷu-ti (us-piam, -quam ` anywhere, in any place, someplace, somewhere, in some place ' from ut + adv. s = Oscan puz, Umbrian puz-e from *kʷut-s-), uter, utra, -um ` which of both ' from *kʷu-teros (parallel with πότερος etc.), unquam, umquam ` someday, one day, one of these days, some time or other ' (kʷum- of time Akk.); whether Umbrian pu-e (-o particle) `where' = Old Indic kū is or *kʷō, is doubtful;
Middle Welsh cw, cwd (= ð), cwt (= d) `where, whereto' (*kʷu-) = Old Irish со `how?';
Gothic -hun to the formation of indefinite pronoun: ni ains-hun ` not anyone ', etc.; Old English hū `how', English how, Old Frisian hū, Middle Low German wū;
Lithuanian kur̃ `where' (see above 1. B); also Lithuanian dial. kũ ` what?' from *kun? Old Prussian quei `where' from *kʷu-ei and probably the originator of qu- instead of k- in fem. Nom. quai, quoi etc.;
References: WP. I 514 ff., WH. I 313, II 397 f., 404 ff., 408 f., 410 ff., Trautmann 110 f., 120 f., 133, 134, Meillet Slave commun2 442 ff., 469, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 293 f., 615 ff., Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 558 ff.
Page(s): 644-648
Root / lemma: kʷrei- (*kʷeḫür-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to buy
Grammatical information: present kʷri-nā-mi
Material: Old Indic krīṇā́ti ` buys ' (ī after krītá- participle; ved. also krĭnā́ti according to poetic meter, as also Pāli kiṇāti), Infin. krētum, krayá- ` purchase, purchase price'; New Persian xarīdan `buy';
gr. πρίαμαι ` buy ';
Old Irish cren(a)im (*kʷri-nǝ-mi) `I buy ', Konj. ni-crïa (*kʷrii̯āt), crīth ` payment, purchase ', crīthid ` fond of buying '; Welsh prynu ` receive, ransom, to purchase the freedom of; sometimes, to set free for a ransom ' (3. Sg. Old Welsh prinit), Cornish prenne, perna, Breton prena `buy', Welsh prid (= Irish crīth) ` mortgage, pledge, pawn ';
Maybe alb. blenj ` buy ' : Cornish prenne, perna, Breton prena `buy' [common Illyrian Celtic kʷ- > p-.
Middle Irish tochra ` the wooing ' (`*purchasing of the bride'), t-ind-s-cra n. ` purchase price for the bride' (seems *kʷroi̯o- = Old Indic krayá-), Welsh g(w)o-br ` price, guerdon, reward, recompense, prize, trophy ', Cornish gober, Breton gobr ds., Welsh also go-brwy ds. (-wy- suffix); verbal noun Akk. Middle Irish creicc (formal after reicc ` sell ', whereat s. Thurneysen Gr. 454), Old Irish fochr(a)icc f. ` guerdon, reward, recompense, prize, trophy ';
Old Lithuanian (Gen.) krieno ` price for guarantee, price for engagement ', Latvian kriens, krienis ` present to the bride ', also Lithuanian kraĩtis ` dowry, dowry of the bride';
Old Russian krьnuti, krenuti `buy', Infin. kriti, Russian-Church Slavic once also u-kri-jenъ (*u-krьjenъ) ` bought ' without the present nasal;
Tocharian A kuryar `trade', kuryart ` trader ', В karyor ` purchase ', kǝryorttau ` trader '.
References: WP. I 523 f., Trautmann 142, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 284, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 197.
Page(s): 648
Root / lemma: kʷr̥mi- (*kʷeḫürmi-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: worm, grub
Note:
-m- suffix Illyrian Greek stem formation.
Root / lemma: kʷr̥mi- : worm, grub derived from Root / lemma: u̯er-3: A. u̯r̥mi-s, u̯r̥mo-s : worm. The laryngeal has been solidified h- > k-. alb. and Uralic languages typically solidify IE laryngeal.
Material: Old Indic kŕ̥mi- `worm, maggot '; np. kirm `worm';
alb. krimp (krim-bi), Geg krüm ds.; (common alb. -w- > -y-, -i-)
Also alb. kërmill ` snail ' : Lithuanian kirmėlė ` worm ' (common Polish alb. y > ë)
Old Irish cruim `worm', Proto Irish kʷrimi-, Welsh pryf, Cornish ds. `worm', Breton préñv ds.; gall. FlN *Primia > Modern High German Pfrimm, Primantia > Modern High German Prims;
Old Prussian girmis (leg. kirmis) ` maggot '; Lithuanian kirmìs m. f. etc. ds., Latvian cirmins m. ds., Latvian cḕrme f. ` worm, mawworm, hook-worm, bot, helminth ' Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 378 under 386;
sloven. čr̂m ` carbuncle, red gemstone, finger worm ', poln. czerń (for *czerḿ? compare Serbo-Croatian cr̂n ` metallic oxide, rust ' for *cr̂m?) ` worms in the rotting meat ', czermień ` Dragon tea ', czermiówka ` morel, nightshade, any of various herbs and shrubs of the genus Solanum ';
in addition Adj.-formation of Slavic *čьrmьnъ `red', Old Bulgarian črъmьnъ `red', črъmьnovati sę ` turn crimson ' etc.;
the e-lengthened grade seems to exist in Latvian cèrme f. ` earthworm ', cer̂me `worm'; besides Slavic*čьrmь is found *čьrvь with peculiar vi- suffix: Old Bulgarian črъvь `worm', Russian červь etc.; compare Lithuanian *skirvis ` ant '?
References: WP. I 523, Trautmann 134, Specht KZ. 65, 212 f., Indo Germanic Dekl. 45, 181.
Page(s): 649
Root / lemma: kʷsep- (?) (*ĝʷseḫup-)
Meaning: dark
Material:
Hittite: ispant- c. ' Nacht ' (Tischler 409ff)
Old Indian: kṣáp- (gen. kṣapáḥ), kṣapā́ f. `night '
Avestan: xšap- ' Dunkelheit '
Old Greek: pséphas, pséphos n. `Dunkel, Finsternis ' , psepharó- `dunkel, finster, wolkig '
Old Indic kṣáp, kṣapā́ `night', Avestan xšap- `darkness'; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old Persian ĝh- > xš- : New Persian xš- > š-
gr. ψέφας, ψέφος n. ` darkness', ψεφαρός, ψεφηνός `dark'; κνέφας ` darkness';
Note:
common gr. kʷs- > ps-.
Maybe alb. Geg mshef, Tosc fsheh `hide (in the dark)' common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : alb. kʷh- > ph- > f-
δνόφος ` darkness ', later γνόφος ds., hom. δνοφερός `dark', ἰοδνεφής ` dark (as the flower), purple-dark '; ζόφος ` darkness', ζοφερός `dark'.
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Illyrian-alb. - hom. ĝh- > d-, z-
The changing gr. anlaut based on taboo images.
References: WP. I 524 f., WH. I 289, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 11.
Page(s): 649
Root / lemma: labh- (*leḫubh-)
Meaning: to grab, hold
Material: Old Indic lábhatē, lámbhatē, rábhatē (Perf. lalābha) ` grasps, seizes ', lābha- m. ` the obtaining, profit, gain, benefit, advantage', rábhas- n. ` impetuousness, hastiness, force, might', rabhasá- `wild, boisterous, vast, grand';
gr. λάφῡρον `booty', ἀμφι-λαφής `wide, big, large';
Lithuanian lõbis m. `blessing, possession, richness ', lõbti ` become rich ', vowel gradation lãbas m. `blessing', also ` good ', Latvian Old Prussian labs ` good '.
References: WP. II 385, Trautmann 148, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 148 f.
Page(s): 652
Root / lemma: lab- and labh- (?), lap(h)- (*leḫubh-)
Meaning: to sip, chaw, etc..
Note: onomatopoeic (compare the similar lak-)
Material: Armenian lap'el `lick';
gr. λαφύσσω ` devour, swallow up ' (-ph-? or *labhuk-i̯ō, standing next to Slavic lobьz-ati?); λάπτω ` lick slurping ' is secondary besides old λάψειν, λάψαι;
alb. lap ` lick water';
Latin lambō, -ere `lick';
Old High German laffan (luof) `lick', Old High German leffil `spoon', Middle Low German lepel ds. (: Gothic *lapins, from which borrowed Old Prussian lapinis); Old English lapian `drink, slurp ', Old Swedish lapa ds. (*lapōn), Modern Icelandic Norwegian lepja ` lick slurping like a dog ' = Middle High German leffen `lick, slurp ', Old High German gilepfen ds.; intensive. Middle High German Modern High German lappen ds. behaves to schlappen as lecken `lick' to schlecken;
besides Modern High German dial. labbe `lip', labern `talk slowly, simply; drink licking ', Serbo-Croatian lȁbati ` drink like dogs or cats ';
here perhaps Russian dial. lopa ` devourer ', lopatь ` devour '; Bulgarian lápam ` devour, gobble', etc.; also Old Bulgarian lobъzati `kiss' (`*munch, smack, chew loudly ')?
Maybe alb. lopë `cow (eating slowly?) '.
References: WP. II 383 f., WH. I 754, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 72 f.
Page(s): 651
Root / lemma: laidh-, lidh- (*leḫüdh-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to cut, hurt
Material: Gr. λίστρον n. ` shovel, poker, spade; spoon', λιστρεύω ` hoe around ', λιστρόω ` level, even ', λιστρίον n. `spoon'; λισγάριον `hack, mattock, hoe' (*λιδ-σκο-);
Latin laedō, -ere `injure, damage';
Latvian lîdu, lîst ` clear, cut away ', Lithuanian lýdymas, lydìmas ` clearing, virgin soil, untilled land '. (common Baltic alb. y > i)
Maybe alb. (*landoj) lëndoj `hurt' a Latin loanword.
References: WP. II 379, WH. I 749.
Page(s): 652
Root / lemma: lai- (*leḫu-os)
Meaning: fat
Note: Only gr. and Latin
Material: Gr. λᾱρῑνός ` fattened, fat' (*lai̯es-r-īnos?); Latin lāridum, lardum ` the fat of bacon, lard ' (*lai̯es-idom?); lārgus ` abundant, copious, plentiful, large, much ' (*laies-agos); lae-tus `fat, luscious, fertile, gleeful, cheerful', laetāre ` fertilize '.
References: WP. II 379, WH. I 750, 764 f.
Page(s): 652
Root / lemma: lai̯uo- (*leḫüu-os) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: left
Note: originally `crooked'?
Material: Gr. λαιός ` left '; Illyrian PN Laevicus, Laevonicus, Levonicus, Levo etc.; Latin laevus ds.; gloss. laevi boves ` with horns crooked downwards ' point at in association with Lithuanian išlaivóti ` make bent ' in `crooked, writhed, crooked, humped ' perhaps in sense from ` crooked = weak, left' as basic meaning; Old Bulgarian lěvъ `left' etc.
References: WP. II 378 f., WH. I 750 f., Trautmann 148.
Page(s): 652
Root / lemma: laku- (*leḫuk-)
Meaning: water basin (ditch, lake, sea)
Material:
Proto-Baltic-Celtic-Illyrian: *lek-men-iā̃ f., *lak-men-ā^ f. : pool, puddle
Lithuanian: lekmẽnē 'plash, pool, pond', lakmenà 'deep pond in which is quite a lot of mud'.
alb. (*leik-men) likien, liqen = Armenian լիճ lič = Breton (*lek-men) lagen, lenn, Welsh llyn, Scots Gaelic loch, Irish loch, Ladin lêch, Mantuan lach, French lac, Basque laku, Bergamasco lac, Bresciano lak, Catalan llac, Napulitano laco, Occitan lac, Romanian lac, Valencian llac, Wallon lac ` lake '.
Gr. λάκκος (*λακυ̯ος) ` cistern, pond, pool';
Maybe alb. (*pe-llegu) pellgu ` pond, pool ' (common Slavic alb. pe- prefix)
Latin lacus, -ūs m. (Old High German lahha `puddle', Middle Low German lake `puddle, slop', Old English lacu f. `river, stream, brook' etc., are Latin loanword) `pit, pothole, sea, trough', lacūna ` a ditch, pit, hole, pool, pond ' (therefrom lacūnar n. ` field spread ', as laquear ds. directly from lacus);
Old Irish loch n. `sea, pond, pool' (*laku), out of it borrowed Welsh llwch, etc.; Old Cornish Breton lagen `sea, pond, pool'; Southeast French loye probably from venet.-Illyrian *loku̯ā; unclear о also in gall. PN Penne-locōs (Gen. *-ous); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Old English asächs. lagu (*lakú-) `sea' (in addition the nordwestd. FlN Leine from Lagina), Old Icelandic lǫgr m. `sea, water, liquid '; in addition lā, lǣ f. ` beach water, sea' (*lahō), Middle High German lā `stream, brook, marsh water ';
Old Bulgarian loky f. (*lakū), Gen. -ьve `puddle, cistern ', Serbian lo&̏kva `puddle, pool, slop', etc.
Uralic etymology :
Proto: *lakte
English meaning: bay
Finnish: lahti (gen. lahden), dial. laksi, laaksi 'Meerbusen, Bucht' ?
Estonian: laht (gen. lahe, lahi) ?
Saam (Lapp): luok'tå (N) 'creek, bay', luokta (L) 'Meerbusen, Meerbucht', lī̊kt (T), lūẋt (Kld.), luøẋt (Not.) 'Bucht, Meerbusen' ?
Khanty (Ostyak): ḷŏk (V), lŏẋ (DN), loẋ (O) 'lange, schmale Bucht' ( > Nen. O loẋeʔ 'Winkel', Lj. loẋī 'schmale Seebucht')
Mansi (Vogul): lōk (KM), lōẋ (LO) 'bay, bight, loch'
References: WP. II 380 f., WH. I 748, Trautmann 149.
Page(s): 653
Root / lemma: lak- (*leḫuk-)
Meaning: to lick, lap
Material: Armenian lakem (from *kk) `lick';
Lithuanian làkti, Latvian lakt ` devour slicking ';
Church Slavic loču, lokati `lick'.
Similar to onomatopoeic words as lab-, lap(h)-.
References: WP. II 380.
Page(s): 653
Root / lemma: lak̂- (*leḫuk̂-)
Meaning: to be spotted; salmon
Material: Old High German lahs, Old English leax, Old Icelandic lax m. `salmon'; Old Prussian lasasso f.; Lithuanian lašišà f., besides lãšis and Latvian lasis m.; Russian losośь `salmon'; after Löwenthal (KZ. 52, 98) as ` the spotted ' to Lithuanian lãšas `drip', lašė́ti `drip, trickle', Latvian lā̆se ` speckle, spot, stain ', lãsaîns ` dotted, dappled ', etc.; Tocharian В laks `fish'. After Thieme KZ 69, 209 ff. in addition also (?) Old Indic lākṣā ` lacquer; varnish; enamel ' (*`salmonoid, resembling a salmon, *red') and (?) lakṣá- ` incalculable amount '. common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
References: WP. II 381, Trautmann 150, Petersson Heterokl. 199 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 31, Heine-Geldern Saeculum 2, 247.
Page(s): 653
Root / lemma: las- (*leḫus-)
Meaning: willing, active, covetous
Material: Old Indic laṣati ` longs for ' (*la-ls-ati), lālasa- ` eager, avid, violent, longing ', ullasita- ` exuberant, bratty', lasati ` strives, plays, shows, is cheerful';
latter stands for also `seems, shines', compare gr. λάω ` gaze ', wherefore also ἀ-λαός `blind'; perhaps originally various group;
gr. λιλαίομaι ` long or desire earnestly ' (*λι-λασι̯ομαι), Perf. λελίημαι (analogy after τετίημαι ` be grieving '); λάστη πόρνη Hes., λάσθη ` a mockery, derision, wantonness ' (etc.), λᾶσθαι (*λα[σ]-εσθαι) παίζειν, λοιδορεῖν Hes., ληναί βάκχαι. ᾽Αρκάδες Hes. (*λασ-νο-), ληνίς ` female bacchant, a female priest or devotee of Bacchus, god of wine ' (out of it Latin lēna ` a bawd, procuress ');
Latin lascīvus `bratty, exuberant, unrestrained, luscious, horny, lustful' (further formations Adj. *las-ko-s); in addition also (?) Lār, Lăris, Old Latin Larēs ` ghost' (actually `the greedy'), lārua, lārva (*lāsou̯ā) `ghost, larva, mask' (Lār has nominative lengthened grade);
Old Irish lainn ` greedy ' (*las-ni-s); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Gothic lustus, Old High German Old Saxon Old English lust `lust', Old Icelandic losti m. `pleasure, joy, lust, eagerness ' (reduced grade); lyst f. ds. from Middle Low German lust;
Lithuanian lokšnùs ` loving ' (*lāsknus);
Serbian lȁska `flattery, insincere compliments', Czech láska `love'; compare Russian lásyj ` keen, lickerish ', lasovatь ` nibble ', etc.; lasko-sérdyj ` lustful, greedy ', lásitь ` flatter ', lástitь ds., etc.
References: WP. II 386 f., WH. I 762 f., 766 f., Trautmann 150.
Page(s): 654
Root / lemma: lat- (*leḫut-)
Meaning: wet, damp; swamp
Material: Gr. λάταξ, -αγος `drip, the dropss of wine in the bottom of the cup which were thrown into a basin with a splash, water-quadruped, perh. beaver ' (compare the loanword Latin latex, -icis), λαταγέω `throw the drops of wine in the bottom of the cup ', λατάσσω ds.;
Middle Irish laith `beer, liquid; swamp, marsh' = gall. Are-late town, city ` to the east of the swamp ', Cornish lad ` fluidity ', Old Welsh llat ds., Welsh llaid (*lati̯o-) `slime, mud', Middle Irish lathach ds.;
Old Icelandic leÞja (*laÞjōn-) ` loam, clay, smut', Old High German letto `clay, loam ', Modern High German Letten;
Lithuanian FlN Lãt-upė, Latuvà, Latvian FlN Late (Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 425).
Note:
Latuvà ` muddy place ' is a translation of Albanian Balta ` mud, bog, baltic place '.
References: WP. II 381 f., WH. I 770.
Page(s): 654-655
Root / lemma: lauk(o)- (lǝuk-) (*leḫuk-)
Meaning: throat, jaw
Material: Hom. λαυκανίη `throat, gullet', Lithuanian ра-laũkis ` the dewlap of the cow ', Belorussian ɫkać (*lъkati), Iterative ɫýkać ` gulp, sip, swallow, drink' etc. (Ukrainian ɫýhati ` gulp, sip, swallow ' with h from proto Slavic g, compare probably the cognate root (s)leug- ` gulp, sip, swallow ').
References: WP. II 380.
Page(s): 655
Root / lemma: lā̆gh- (*leḫugʷh-)
Meaning: to cut, a cutting instrument
Material: Gr. λαχαίνω `ditch, grub', λάχανον ` garden herb, vegetable '; Irish lāige `spade' (*lāgjā), lāigen ` lance '(*lāginā), Welsh llain `blade' (*lăgīnā).
References: WP. II 381, WH. I 757 f., different O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 152.
Page(s): 652
Root / lemma: lāgʷh- (*leḫugʷh-)
Meaning: ` catch '
See also: see below (s)lāgʷh-.
Page(s): 652
Root / lemma: lā-1 and lē- (*leḫudh-)
Meaning: expr. roots (bark, howl, etc..), onomatopoeic words
Grammatical information: present lāi̯ō and lēi̯ō
Material: Old Indic rā́yati ` barks ' (possibly also to rē- `cry'); osset. raïn `bark, bay';
Armenian lam `cry, weep'; unclear lor ` quail ' (see below gr. λάρος);
gr. λῆρος m. `gossip, prank, trash, trumpery, of what is showy but useless, delirium ' (contains lā- or lē-), ληρέω ` to be foolish or silly, speak or act foolishly, of a sick person, to be delirious '; unclear is the vocalism (onomatopoeic?) in λάρος ` seagull' (compare Armenian lor ` quail ');
alb. leh `bark';
Latin lāmentum ` lamentation ', lāmentāri `lament', lātrō, -āre `bark, bay'; perhaps Oscan lamatir ` should be cursed ';
Old Irish līid (*lēi̯eti) ` accuse '; Welsh edliw (*ate-līu̯-) `rebuke';
Gothic laílōun ` be blasphemed ' (present *laian, Indo Germanic *lē-); Old Norse lō f., ` curlew, long-billed wading bird ', Pl. lør; lōmr ` sea diver, loud crying bird', compare Icelandic lōmur `clamor, lamentation ';
Lithuanian lóju, lóti `bark, bay', Latvian lāju, lāt `bark, bay, curse ', lādēt ` curse '; lādēt ` curse ';
Old Church Slavic lajǫ, lajati `bark, bay, inveigh' etc. (lajati for *lati after the preterite stem, compare Lithuanian lójo).
Reduplicated lal(l)a-: Old Indic lalallā ` babble '; gr. λάλος ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ', λαλία `gossip', λαλέω `babble', λαλαγή ` prattle'; Latin lallō, -āre ` to sing lalla ', lallus ` a singing lalla or lullaby ' (compare PN Lalla, Lallia, Lallō, Lollia); Modern High German lallen ` babble '; Lithuanian laluóti ` babble ', Russian lála ` babbler ', etc.
Maybe alb. laluc, lalë ` people from the south (pejorative)' a Slavic loanword.
Note:
Lycian language < Carian lukk- ` (a Leleg) *babbler ' : Luwian lulahi- ` (a Leleg) *babbler ' < gr. λαλαγή ` light murmuring '.
similar lel-, lul- ` lull, rock to sleep, swing' in:
Old Indic lṓlati ` moves to and fro ', lulita- `fluttering', lálati ` walks daintily, plays, shows', lēlā́yati ` sways, swings '; Latin lolium ` darnel, cockle, tares, dizziness exciting plant ';
Maybe alb. lule ` flower, narcotic plant ', (*luludi) lulëzoj ` blossom ' : Greek λουλούδι : Griko Salentino lulùdi ` flower '.
Middle Low German lollen, Modern High German lullen; Lithuanian leliúou, leliúoti `lull, craddle, swing', Latvian leluoju, leluot `lull, cradle children'; in addition Lithuanian lė́lis, lėlỹs m. ` night raven, pitch black '; Latvian lēlis ds. and ` clumsy person'; Serbian léljati `lull, swing, cradle, dangle', ljûljati ` lull, swing, cradle ', Russian ljuljú ` little poplar = (traditional in lullabies) ', lelja `aunt', etc.; in addition Russian lelek, poln. Czech lelek ` night raven, pitch black ' (see above Lithuanian lė́lis).
Maybe alb. lejlek ` stork ' < Turkish leylek ` stork '.
Perhaps here with k-extension:
gr. λάσκω (*λακ-σκω), Aor. ἔλακον, Perf. λέληκα, Doric λέλᾱκα ` speak loudly, cry', ληκέω Doric λᾱκ-) ds., λακερός Hes. ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ';
after Jokl L.-kunder U. 205 to alb. laikatis ` flatter, cajole '.
References: WP. II 376 f., WH. I 752 f., 754 f., 819, Trautmann 146, 156, J. Loth RC 38, 49 f.
Page(s): 650-651
Root / lemma: lā-2 (*leḫudh-)
Meaning: to be concealed, covered
Note: also lāḫi- and lāḫ[i]- dh-
Material: Gr. λῇτο, λήιτο ἐπελάθετο Hes., due to a *λᾱ-Fός `hide, conceal' perhaps λεωργός, πανοῦργος ` nefarious, evil, wicked ' (*ληFο-Fεργός ` im verborgenen tuend, was das Licht scheuen muß ');
from the dh-extension (dh-present?) λήθω, Doric λά̄θω `to lurk, lie hid, be concealed, escape notice, skulk', λήθη ` a forgetting, forgetfulness, a place of oblivion in the lower world ', Doric λᾶθος n. ds., ἀληθής, Doric ἀλᾱθής ` unconcealed, so true, real, opp. false, apparent, of persons, etc., truthful, honest ', λανθάνω (λήσω, ἔλαθον, λέληθα) ` to escape notice, to be unknown, unseen, unnoticed ', λαθρός ` clandestine ', Ionian λάθρη, Attic λάθρᾱ Adv. ` clandestine ', hom. λαθι-κηδής ` banishing care ';
lāi-dh- in λαίθ-αργος besides λήθ-αργος;
Latin lateō, -ēre ` to lurk, lie hid, be concealed, escape notice, skulk ' (from a participle *lǝ-tó-s);
Old Icelandic lōmr ` betrayal, deceit', Middle High German luo ` pestering, temptation; snare'; Old High German luog `cave, lair ', luoga ` lair (of an animal) ';
Old Bulgarian lajati ` be after someone, to follow somebody, to pester somebody ', Czech (due to a *lā-kā = Old High German luoga) lákati ` make advances, pursue ';
Tocharian A lät-, länt-, В lät-, lant- ` go after ', preterit 3. Sg. A läc, В lac (: gr. ἔλαθε), 3. Pl. A läntseńc, В laten (Pedersen Hittite 173, 189).
References: WP. II 377 f., WH. I 768 f.
Page(s): 651
Root / lemma: lāmā (*leḫumta-)
Meaning: swamp, puddle
Grammatical information: f.
Material: Latin lāma f. `puddle, slop, swamp, marsh', probably barely genuine Latin; as appellative still today in Spain, southern France, northern Italy, frequent, often in PN in N Portugal and Spain, Corsica, northern Italy and Apulia, also in venet.-Illyrian region, area; Illyrian FlN Λάμητος (Bruttium), nowadays Lamato; Latvian lãma `puddle, slop, pit, pothole', Lithuanian lomà (one expects lóma), Akk. Sg. lõmą ds.; Bulgarian lam m. `pit, pothole, hole'.
Maybe alb. llomë, llum, llohë `mud'.
References: WP. II 385 f., WH. I 753, 870 f., Trautmann 162, R. Menendez Pidal ZrPh. 59, 202 ff. Unclear is the relationship to Finnish lampi, Gen. lammen `pond, pool', Estonian lomm `puddle, slop, lowland, depression', etc.
Page(s): 653-654
Root / lemma: lāp- (*leḫu-p)
Meaning: cow
Note:
Root / lemma: lāp- (*leḫu-p): cow, derived from zero grade of gr. ἔλαφος ` deer ' see Root / lemma: el-1, ol-, el- : red, brown (in names of trees and animals).
Material: Alb. lopë `cow' (*lāpā), Latvian luõps `cattle'; also Swiss loobe, lioba `cow'.
Maybe Celtic: *lāpego- > OIr lāeg m. ` calf'; Cymr llo (for *lloc after Pl. lloau < *lloceu); OCorn loch ` calf', NCorn leauh (-ch- < -gn-) ` calf', Bret leue ` calf'.
References: WP. II 383.
Page(s): 654
Root / lemma: lāu- (*leḫu-)
Meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.
Material: Old Indic lṓtam, lṓtram n. `booty, robbed property ';
gr. ἀπολαύω ` eat, drink ', Doric λᾱίᾱ, Ionian ληΐη and ληΐς, Attic λείᾱ `booty' (*lāu̯i̯ā), ληΐζοoμαι ` capture, entrap ', ληΐστωρ, ληιστήρ, λῃστής, Doric λᾳστάς ` robber '; probably also λήιον ` seed, Feldfrüchte', Doric λαῖον, λᾳον ` sown field ' as `* gain, yield'; hom. ἀλήιος `arm', πολυλήιος ` rich, affluent ' (originally in arable land); λᾱρός ` delicious, tasty ' (? *lǝḫu̯eros);
Latin lucrum n. `profit, gain, benefit, advantage' (*lu-tlo-m);
Old Irish lōg, lūag, lūach `earnings, price' (with g- or gh-forms), folad (foluth) ` substance ' = Welsh golud ` richness ', Old Cornish wuludoc ` rich, wealthy, opulent ' (*upo-lau-to-m); Welsh llawen `cheerful' (`*enjoying '); also Welsh llawer `much, a lot of', Old Irish lour ` sufficient ' as original Subst. `number, big, giant bulk, mass' from *lǝu̯eros = gr. λᾱρός;
Gothic laun n., Old High German lōn (n., m.) `earnings, repayment', Old Norse laun n. Pl., Old English lean ds.;
Old Church Slavic lovъ ` catch, capture; ensnarement, hunt', loviti ` capture, hunt, chase'; Lithuanian lãvinti ` train an animal ' etc. is Russian loanword
References: WP. II 379 f., WH. I 826, Trautmann 153.
Page(s): 655
Root / lemma: lāḫ[i]p-, lǝḫip-, lǝḫp- (*leḫüp- ) Note common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to burn, be bright
Material:
Hittite: lap- (I) `glühen ' , lapnu- `in Glut versetzen, anfachen ' , lappija- c. ' Glut ' (Friedrich 127)
Old Greek: lámpō, aor. lámpsai̯, ps. lamphthē^nai̯, pf. (prs.-Bed.) lélampe `leuchten, glänzen ' , lampró- `leuchtend, glänzend ' ; ep. lampetáōn `leuchtend ' ; lamptḗr m. `Leuchter, Fackel, Laterne ' , lámpsi-s f. `das Leuchten '
Baltic: *lāp-ā^, -iā̃ (1) f., *lāp-[a]- m. <
Celtic: *lass- > OIr lassaim `flamme ' , lassair `Flamme ' ; Cymr llachar `glänzend '
Gr. λάμπω ` shine ', λαμπάς `torch', λαμπρός `luminous' (with originally bare present formation nasal);
Old Irish lassaim ` burn ', lassair ` a blazing fire, blaze, flame ', Welsh llachar `gleaming' (*laps-);
Lithuanian lópė `light', Latvian lāpa `torch', Old Prussian lopis `flame';
Hittite lap- `glow, be hot'.
Besides with i-Vok. Old Indic lip- ` ignite ', Old Icelandic leiptr `lightning', Lithuanian liepsnà `flame', lìpst `burns', Latvian lipt `gleam, kindle, inflame', Lower Sorbian lipotaś `flicker'.
References: WP. II 383, Trautmann 149, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 152, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 439, 475.
Page(s): 652-653
Root / lemma: legh- (*leḫugh- )
Meaning: to put down; to lie down, woman in childbed
Material: Gr. λέχεται κοιμᾶται Hes., λέξομαι, λέκτο, ἐλέξατο ` lie down, lay asleep, lull to sleep ', ἔλεξα ` lull, put to sleep ', λελουχυῖα λεχὼ γενομένη Hes., λέχος n. ` a couch, bed, a kind of state-bed or bier, a marriage-bed, and generally marriage, a bird's nest ', λέκτρον ` lair ' (= Old High German lehtar), ` womb, uterus, placenta, afterbirth ', λεχώ a woman in childbed, or one who has just given birth '.
Maybe alb. lehonë ` woman in childbed ', apocope alb. Geg me le ` be born, give birth ', Tosc (*leigh- ) lind ` be born' (common alb. -gh > -d).
gr. λέσχη Rhodian ` final resting place; resting place, couch, bed = grave', Attic ` a place where people assembled to talk and hear news, a lounge ' (*leghskā, compare under Old Irish lesc, Old High German irlëskan), λόχος ` ambush, place for lying in wait, child-birth ', ἡ λοχός ` woman in childbirth, woman in the childbed ', ἄ-λοχος ` bedmate, wife' (: Slavic *sǫ-logъ), λόχμη ` thicket, copse, esp. as the lair of wild beasts ';
alb. lagje f. `troop, multitude, crowd, quarter, borough' etc. (older *lag = λόχος);
Latin lectus, -ī `deposit, layer, bed' (from *legh-to-), lectīca ` a litter, sedan, portable couch, palanquin, sofa, lounge ';
Old Irish lige `bed, grave' (*leghi̯om), Welsh lle, Cornish le `place' (*legho-), Welsh gwe-ly, Breton gwele, Cornish gueli `bed' (upo-leghio-); Welsh gwal `bed' = Old Irish mucc-foil ` pigsty, pigpen ' (*u(p)o-legh-s); gall. legasit ` has put down, set down, put, placed, set, fixed '; Middle Irish laigid ` lies down ' (to a from e see Thurneysen, KZ. 59, 9), Perf. dellig ` has lain down ', l(a)ige ` a lying together, concubinage ', Middle Breton lech, Modern Breton leac'h `place'(*leghs-o-); Old Irish *luigim (Causative *loghei̯ō) in fo-álgim (*fo-ad-log-) ` knock down ', fu-llugaimm `hide'; Old Irish fo-lach n. ` hideout ', Welsh Breton go-lo ds., gall. logan Akk. Sg. `grave'; nasalized and in gradation to Slavic lęgǫ probably Old Irish im-fo-lngai ` causing, bringing about', in-loing ` combined ' = Middle Welsh ellwng, Modern Welsh gollwng `to let go, drop'; about Old Irish lesc see below; lengthened grade gall.-rom. līga (*lēghā) ` settlings, sediment ';
here very probably Old Irish lesc ` unwilling, reluctant, averse, backward ', Welsh llesg ` not strong, weak, feeble, infirm, faint, dull, sluggish, languid ', basic form *legzgho- from *legh-sko-;
In o- grade:
alb. plok, plogu, plogë, plogëtë `careless, neglectful, idle' (common Slavic alb. prefix pe-, pa- ) + log-të from Indo Germanic *lēg- ` to disregard, not heed, not trouble oneself about, not attend to, slight, neglect, be regardless of, be indifferent to ' proves Indo Germanic g for our family.
probably as `lie, lay, place': Old High German lëscan, irlëscan, Old Saxon leskan ` die, be extinguished, extinguish, put out ' (the transitive meaning must be then secondary);
Gothic ligan `lie' (neologism); previous i̯-present Old English licgan, Old Frisian lidza, Old Saxon liggian, Old English licgan, Old High German ligen, licken, `lie' (liggiu = Old Bulgarian ležǫ), Causative Gothic lagjan `lay, place' (= Old Bulgarian ložiti), Old High German leg(g)en, Old Saxon leggian, Old Frisian ledza, Old English lecgan, Old Icelandic leggja ds.; Gothic ligrs ` lair ', Old High German Old Saxon legar n. ds.; Old Icelandic lag n. `place, position ', Pl. lǫg ` law, state community '; Old English ge-læg `surface, plain, area'; from Proto Norse Old English lagu, English law, Middle Low German lach ` lair '; Old Saxon aldar-lagu Pl. n. ` the definite lifetime ', gi-lagu n. Pl. ` determination, fate, destiny, lot, fate' (: gr. λόχος); postverbal are ørlǫg N. Pl. `fate, destiny', Old Saxon orlag, orleg `ds.', Old English orlaeg n., Old High German urlag m. ds.; Middle High German urlage `fate, destiny, war, fight' (latter meaning probably originating from Old High German urliugi, Middle Low German orloge, s. leugh-); Old High German lehter ` womb, uterus, placenta, afterbirth ' (: gr. λέκτρον), Old Icelandic lātr (*logh-tro-) n. `lair of animals'; lengthened grade Old Icelandic lāg Old High German lāga ` position ' (: Lithuanian pa-lėgỹs);
maybe alb. Geg logu `place for men'.
with gradation Old English Old Frisian lōg n. `place', lōgian ` to place here and there, array, distribute, set in order, arrange, dispose ', Old High German luog `cave, lair ', Old Icelandic lø̄gi ` tranquility ';
about Old High German lescan see above;
Lithuanian pa-lėgỹs ` bedriddenness, confinement in bed';
Old Bulgarian ležǫ (= Old High German liggiu), ležati (*legēti) `lie', nasalized lęgǫ, lešti `lie, lay, place', causative ložiti (= Gothic lagjan) `lay, place', Iterative lěgati `lie, lay, place', Iterative vъ lagati `inlay' etc.; lože ` lair, womb, uterus', *sǫ-logъ (Serbo-Croatian- Church Slavic sulogъ) ` a bedfellow, spouse, wife ', za-logъ ` pledge, agreement' (etc.);
Tocharian A lake, В leke ` lair '; A läk- `lie', В lyśalyñe ` the lying ';
Hittite la-a-ki (lagi) ` brings to collapse', la-ga-a-ri (lagari) `lies'.
Maybe alb. loth, lodh `to weary, tire' [the common alb. shift -g > -th, -dh]
References: WP. II 424 f., WH. I 777 ff., Specht KZ. 62, 40 ff., Trautmann 158.
Page(s): 658-659
Root / lemma: leg-1 (*leḫug- )
Meaning: to drip, ooze, flow out
Material: Armenian lič `swamp, marsh' (*lēgi̯ā);
Old Irish legaim ` dissolve, melt, disappear ', fo-llega ` the ink leaks ', dī-leg- (3. Sg. do-lega) `destroy', dīlgend ` annihilation ', Middle Welsh dílein (*dē-leg-ni-) ds., dileith ds., Welsh llaith, Breton leiz (*lekto-) `humid, wet', Welsh dad-leithio `melt', Old Irish lecht `death', Welsh llaith ` death, annihilation, a cutting-down, violent death, murder, slaughter ' as `* dissolving ', lleas `death' (*leg-astu-); perhaps also as Causative Old Irish do-luigim (*logei̯ō) ` soften, forgive ', dílgud ` forgiveness ';
Old Icelandic lekr ` leaky, leaking ', leki m. ` leak, leakage ', Old English hlec (with false h) ` leaky, leaking ', Modern High German (actually ndd.) Leck, Adj. lech and (ndd.) leck, Middle Low German lak, Old Icelandic leka strong. verb ` let the water through ', Middle Low German leken ds., Old High German ze(r)lechen ` leaky, leaking ', Middle High German lechen ` Flussigkeit durchlassen, vor Trockenheit Risse bekommen, verschmachten ' (lechezen ` parch, dry ', Modern High German lechzen); Causative *lakjan in Old English leccan ` moisten, make damp ', Middle Low German lecken ` strain ', Middle High German lecken ` moisten, make damp '; Middle Low German lak m. n. `fault, error, lack, disability ', Middle English lac, Modern English lack ds., Old Frisian lec `damage, pity'; lengthened grade Old Icelandic lø̄kr m. `stream, brook', Norwegian also `puddle, slop'.
References: WP. II 422 f.
Page(s): 657
Root / lemma: leg-2 (*leḫug- )
Meaning: to take care about smth.
Material: Gr. ἀλέγω ` to trouble oneself, have a care, heed, regard, respect ', ἀλεγίζω ds., ἀλεγύνω ` provide, supply ' (ἀ- = the preposition n̥- `in'); hom. δυσ-ηλεγής, epithet of death, as ` bringing bitter grief, cruel, ruthless ', as also that presumably for ταν-ηλεγής inserting ἀν-ηλεγής, likewise epithet of death, at best is to be understood as ` inconsiderate '; after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 538 but to λέγω ` count ';
References: WP. II 423 f., WH. I 351 ff.; Leumann Homer. Wörter 55.
Page(s): 658
Root / lemma: leĝ- (*leḫuĝ- )
Meaning: to gather
Material: Gr. λέγω ` pick up, choose for oneself, pick out, count, tell, say, speak ', καταλέγω ` lay down ', συλλογή ` collection ', ἐκλογή ` selection, collection of items available to choose ', λόγος, λέξις ` discourse ', λογίζομαι ` calculate, think; consider ' (also ἀλέγω ἐν ` number, count something ' with ἀ- `ἐν-'), λώγη συναγωγη σίτου Hes., Doric ἐλώγη ἔλεγεν Hes.;
Maybe alb. Geg log `meadow for gathering of men, place of discourse', loth, lodh (*log) `to tire, weary, exhaust, be choosy, elegant'.
Latin legō, -ere `to bring together, gather, collect; choose; read ', legiō `a body of soldiers, legion ' = Oscan leginum ` a body of soldiers, legion ', legulus ` a gatherer, collector ', ēlegāns `choosy, elegant'; here probably also lignum as ` gathered wood, firewood '; further dīligere (*dis-leg-) ` to single out, value, esteem, prize, love ', intellegere (*inter-leg-) ` to come to know, see into, perceive, understand, discern, comprehend, gather ', neglegere ` to disregard, not heed, not trouble oneself about, not attend to, slight, neglect, be regardless of, be indifferent to ', religiō ` conscientiousness, sense of right, moral obligation, duty '; Paelignian lexe ` to bring together, gather, collect '.
palatal proves alb. (*mbë-leĝ) mb-leth, mbledh ` collect, harvest, assemble ', preterit mblodha (: Latin lēgī), Pass. mblidhem;
Maybe alb. ledhë (*leg-) n. `caress, fondling'
to legō presumably also as ` collection of the regulations ' Latin lēx f. ` a formal proposition for a law, motion, bill ', lēgāre, lēgātus, Oscan ligud ` to bring together, gather, collect ', ligatúís ` to bring together, gather, collect ' and legūmen ` legume, pod vegetable, bean ';
Germanic *lēkja- ` sayer of a magic spell, physician, medicine man' in Gothic lēkeis, Old Icelandic lǣknir, Old English lǣce, Old High German lāchi; in addition Old High German lāchin n. `healing', Middle High German lāchenīe f. ` sayer of a magic spell, witch '; Church Slavic lěkъ `remedy' from Germanic; about Old Irish liaig see below lep-1.
References: WP. II 422, WH. 351 ff., 779 f., 789 f.
Page(s): 658
Root / lemma: leḫgʷh- (*leḫugʷh- )
Meaning: light (adj.)
Note: nasalized leḫngʷh-
Material: 1. Old Indic laghú-, ved. raghú- `rash, hasty, light, small', comparative lághīyaṁs-, superlative lághiṣṭha-; Avestan ragu-, f. rǝvī `agile'; comparative rǝnjyō, superlative rǝnjišta- (of stem *lengʷh-);
zero grade Old Indic r̥hánt- `weak, small' (`*light'); Avestan rǝnjaiti, rǝnjayeiti `makes light, agile, allows to be moved', Old Indic ráṁhatē, ráŋghati, láŋghati ` runs, it hurries, jumps up, jumps about ';
gr. ἐλαχύς `small', comparative ἐλά̄σσων, Attic ἐλά̄ττων (with secondary ᾱ, s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 538 and Anm. 4), superlative ἐλάχιστος (ἐλαχύς from Indo Germanic *legʷhú-, as Slavic lьgъkъ and Celtic *lag-; Old Indic laghú- perhaps also or zero grade as Latin levis); ἐλαφρός `light, agile' (probably from *lṇgʷhrós = Old High German lungar); after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 302 though contaminated from *ἐλαχρός (= Old High German lungar) and *ἐλαφός (from *-χFος = Lithuanian leñgvas); perhaps Ionian λωφᾶν ` recover, relax, slacken, transitive ease, dismiss, set free, release ';
Illyrian lembus (*lengʷho-s) ` light vessel ', out of it gr. λέμβος, Latin lembus ds.; northern Italy FlN Lambrus (: ἐλαφρός), Krahe, Gymnasium 59 (1952), 79; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Latin levis ` light, quick, fast ' (based on f. *legʷhu̯ī to m. *legʷhú-s);
Old Irish comparative laigiu (and laugu) `small, bad' = Middle Welsh llei, Modern Welsh llai ` little, small, petty, puny, inconsiderable ', Cornish le ds. Breton -lei in Old Breton nahu-lei ` nothing, in no respect, not at all, to no purpose, in vain ' (proto Celtic *lag-i̯ōs, Indo Germanic *legʷh-, see above), superlative Old Irish lugimem and lugam, Middle Welsh lleiaf, Old Breton lau, Middle Welsh llaw `small' (out of it Middle Irish lau, lū ds.), Old Irish lagat ` smallness, littleness, slightness '; Old Irish lingim `spring' (preterit leblaing with analogical imitation of p : b-reduplication), Old Irish lēimm, Welsh etc. llam `spring' (*lṇg-smen-);
Maybe alb. (*leiht) lehtë `light'.
Gothic leihts, Old English léoht, Old Icelandic lēttr, Old High German līht(i) `light', Modern Dutch licht n. ` placenta, afterbirth ' (*linχta-, Indo Germanic *lengʷh-to-);
Old Saxon lungor, Old High German lungar `quick, fast', Old English lungre Adv. `quick, fast, bald' (*lṇgʷhro-, see above); Old High German gilingan ` to take place, prosper, succeed, thrive ', Middle High German lingen ` progress ';
Lithuanian leñgvas, lengvùs, Latvian liêgs `light';
Old Church Slavic lъgъkъ (*legʷhu-, see above) `light', lьgota ` lightness', Old Church Slavic (je) lьzě ` it is permitted ' (Dative Sg. to lьga), po-lьdza, po-lьza `benefit', russ lьzja, old lьzě ` it is possible, one may ', besides lьga, ds. (etc.).
2. Here also names of the lung (lighter than the remaining meat parts, swim on top of the water): Old High German lungūn Pl., Old English lungen, Old Norse lunga n. ` lung ', English lights ` lungs of an animal (especially of a sheep or pig) ', Russian lëgkoje ` lungs '; hence also Armenian lanjk` `breast' (older `* lungs '; *lṇgʷhi̯o-).
References: WP. II 426 f., WH. I 788 f., Trautmann 158 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 143.
Page(s): 660-661
Root / lemma: leibh- (*leḫübh-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: ` live '
See also: see below leip-1 `besmear'.
Page(s): 666
Root / lemma: leid- (*leḫüd-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to play, joke
Material: Gr. λίζει παίζει, λίζουσι παίζουσι Hes. (from *λινδι̯ω, compare λινδέσθαι ἁμιλλᾶσθαι Hes.); λοίδορος ` scolding ', λοιδορέω ` abuse, revile, scold ' (compare to meaning Middle High German schimpf ` joke, pastime, entertainment ': Modern High German Schimpf);
Latin lūdō, -ere, lūsī, -sum ` to play, play at a game ', lūdus (old loidos) ` a play, game, diversion ';
Maybe alb. lodra, loja `play, joke' (common alb. Iranian -d- > -l- > -j-), lodroj, luaj `play games' a Latin loaword.
perhaps Middle Irish laídid (*loid-) ` stimulates, invigorates, sings '.
References: WP. II 402, WH. I 829 f.
Page(s): 666
Root / lemma: leḫig-1 and leḫik- better oleig-/k- (*leḫüg) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: poor, miserable
Note:
Root / lemma: leḫig-1 and leḫik- better oleḫig-/k- : poor, miserable, derived from Root / lemma: elg- : miserable, poor.
Material:
In zero grade:
Gr. λοιγός `ruin, mischief, death', λοίγιος ` ruinous, deadly '; ὀλίγος `small';
Maybe alb. Tosc logël `small', Geg vogël `small' Greek loanword. Typical Slavic prothetic v- before initial bare vowels.
alb. lig `mad, wicked, evil, lean', ligë `malice, evil, wickedness ';
Lithuanian ligà `disease, malady', Latvian liga `heavy disease, malady, epidemic ', vowel gradation Lithuanian (*pa-liegis) pãliegis m. ds.;
In a- grade:
2. Armenian aɫk`at ` poor, miserable, a little, concise '; Subst. ` poor beggar ', aɫk`at- anam ` be or become poor; decrease, become weak ' : Armenian aɫkaɫk ` miserable, poor, small, evil, bad' see Root / lemma: elg- : miserable, poor.
(*alik`- must be assumed from Indo Germanic *oliko-; accordingly is also that ὀ- from gr. ὀλίγος probably old, the root also as *(o)leig-/k-); Old Irish līach ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky '; Old Prussian licuts `small'.
References: WP. II 398, Trautmann 161;
See also: probably to lei-2.
Page(s): 667
Root / lemma: leḫig-3, loḫig- (*leḫüg) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to jump; to tremble
Material: Old Indic rḗjati ` makes jump, allows to tremble ', rḗjatē ` jumps, shakes ', rējáyati ` makes tremble, shake ';
New Persian ālēχtan ` jump, kick (of the horse) ', Kurdish be-lezium `dance', līzim ` play ';
gr. ἐλελίζω, ἐλέλιξα ` cause to vibrate, whirl round, of an army, cause it to turn and face the enemy, rally it, move in coils or spires, of a serpent ', ἐλελί[*γ]-χθων ` shaking the earth, epith. of Poseidon ' (in addition probably also λιγ- ` tear off, dash off ' in λιγαίνει ` outleap, jump before -, jump forward ', λίγα ταχέως);
Old Irish loíg m. `calf', Breton dial. lu-é ds., lu ` blockhead, laughable'; Welsh Pl. lloi ` calves ' (Sg. llo) is Irish loanword;
Gothic laikan (laílaik) ` jump, spring', bi-laikan ` deride ', laiks ` dance ', Old Norse leika (lēk) `join somebody to play, lick (flame), fence ', leikr `game, derision ', Old English lācan `be quick, move fast, play, fence ', lāc `game, fight, struggle, booty, gift', Middle High German leichen ` jump, make fun, laugh at ', Old High German leih, leich `game, song, melody ', Modern High German dial. laich ` lusus venerius ', Middle Low German lēk ` the spawning, spawn ', Modern High German Laich (from Germanic entl. Old Bulgarian likъ ` round dance, peasant dance ');
Lithuanian láigyti ` run around wildly ', verbal noun láigymas.
References: WP. II 399, Trautmann 148.
Page(s): 667-668
Root / lemma: leḫig-4, leḫiĝ- (*leḫüg) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to bind, *vow, make an oath
Material: Alb. lith, lidh Pass. lidhem `bind, bandage, gird ', lidhë, lidhe `band, strap, chain; fascicle band, truss ';
Note:
Also alb. lidh besën `vow, make a sacred oath' is identical with Hittite li-in-ga-in Akk. `oath'; alb. common g > dh, k > th.
Alb. and Hittite prove that Root / lemma: leḫig-4, leḫiĝ- : `to bind, *vow, make an oath' derived from Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā : `tongue' [common Latin-italic d- > l-].
Latin ligō, -āre `to tie, bind, bind together, bind up, bandage, bind fast', obligātiō ` an engaging, pledging, obligation'; līctor ` a lictor, official attendant upon a magistrate';
Middle Low German līk `band, strap', out of it Old Icelandic līk ` hemline rope ', changing through vowel gradation probably Middle High German geleich ` joints, joint';
with g: Ukrainian polýhaty śa ` bandage oneself ', zalyháty ` in Bande schlagen, schnüren, anknüpfen, in Beschlag nehmen ', nalýhaty ` put in, tie up the bridle, loop, noose ', presumably also Lithuanian laigõnas ` brother of the wife, woman', wherefore λοιγωντίαν φρατρίαν Hes.;
Hittite li-in-ga-in Akk. `oath', li-ik-zi (lenkzi) `swears', 3. Pl. li-in-kán-zi.
References: WP. II 400, WH. I 800.
Page(s): 668
Root / lemma: leḫiĝh-, sleḫiĝh- (*leḫüĝh-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to lick
Note:
Root / lemma: leḫiĝh-, sleḫiĝh- : `to lick' derived from Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā : `tongue' [common Latin d- > l-.
Grammatical information: present leiĝh-mi
Material: Old Indic lḗḍhi, rḗḍhi, lihati ` licks ', lēhá- m. ` licker ', Avestan 3. Pl. raēzaite ` lick oneself ', np. lištan `lick';
Note:
Common Indic alb. -ĝh > -ḍh = Avestan -ĝh > -z shift
Armenian lizum, lizem, lizanem ` leak ';
gr. λείχω ` leak ', λειχήν `lichen, skin rash', λίχνος ` delicious, tasty, snacking ', λιχνεύω ` lick ', λιχανός ` forefinger ' (`licker ');
Latin lingō, -ere, linxī `lick', ligurrio, ligūrio ` leak ' (compare formal Old Irish ligur, Corm. `tongue'), ligula (*ligh-lā) `spoon', as also Middle Irish liag, Welsh llwy, Breton loa, Cornish lo `spoon' (*leighā), Old Irish ligim ` leak ', Welsh llyfu, llyw `lick' (f is a hiatus push, Pedersen KG. I 100), Middle Breton leat `lick'; Old Irish ligur `tongue';
Maybe alb. lugë, luga ` spoon' a Latin loanword.
Maybe alb. lëpij `lick' : Welsh llyfu, llyw `lick' common Illyrian Celtic kʷ- > p-.
Gothic bilaigōn ` lick '; vowel gradation geminated Old English liccian, Old High German lecchōn, Old Saxon likkon `lick';
besides with anlaut s-: Old Icelandic sleikja `lick', Middle High German slecken ` lick, nibble '; das s- has perhaps in the varying onomatopoeic words of licking on the grounds as perhaps westfäl. slappern besides other *lab- `lick';
Lithuanian lëžiù, liẽszti `lick', iterative laižaũ, -ýti ds., ìsz-ližos f. Pl. ` space between the teeth ', Latvian laischa `sweet tooth, love for sweet foods ';
Old Bulgarian ližą, lizati `lick', Serbo-Croatian lȁznēm (*lьznǫ) ds.
References: WP. II 400 f., WH. I 800 f., Wissmann, Nom. postverb. 183 f., Trautmann 155 f.
Page(s): 668
Root / lemma: leḫik-1 (*leḫük) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to prepare for sale
Material: Latin liceō, -ēre ` to be for sale, be priced, be valued ', licet ` it is lawful, is allowed, is permitted', liceor, -ērī ` to bid, make a bid ', polllicērī ` to hold forth, offer, promise ', Oscan líkítud, licitud ` to be for sale, be priced, be valued ';
Latvian līkstu, līku, līkt `get, put, suggest, set, lay, place, bring, order, make, have, constrain, compel, possess, oblige, bid, cause, rest, tell, back ', salīkt `ds., put, place, assemble ', nuolīkums `pact, covenant'.
References: WP. II 395, WH. I 797.
Page(s): 669
Root / lemma: leḫik-2 (*leḫük) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to bend
Material: S. above S. 309 E (el-8, elē̆ḫi-, lē̆ḫi-), wherefore further the Celtic (?) FlN Licus ` Lech, River (the name is of Celtic origin), river in the west of Austria, rises south of Rote Wand, the highest peak in Vorarlberg ' (Bavaria), Lithuanian FlN Liẽkė and Leikà, Lithuanian líekna `marshy meadow', Latvian liẽkna ds.; compare Illyrian Epi-licus portus, FlN Pacco-licus (Bruttium), mod. FlN Lika (Kroatien).
Page(s): 669
Root / lemma: leḫikʷ- (*leḫükʷ) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to leave
Grammatical information: imperfect leḫikʷō, perfective li-n-kʷō (originally athematic); Aor. 3. Sg. e-likʷ-e, Perf. leḫ-loḫikʷ-e; participle Perf. likʷtó-s
Material: Old Indic riṇákti (3. Pl. riñcanti) ` leaves, lets go, puts away, gives, grants ', riktá- ` blank, empty, freely of something ', rícyátē ` is released, is freed from something, is forfeited ', rḗku- `unproductive', atirḗka- m. ` remnant, leftover item ', rḗkṇas- n. ` inherited possession, property ' = Avestan raexnah- `blessing, treasure, tribute, inheritance', -irinaxti ` clears up, releases ', New Persian rēxtan `diffuse', gurēxten `miss';
Armenian lk`anem ` allow ', Aor. elik` = ἔλιπε, lk`anim ` will leave, becomes weary, exhausted ';
gr. λείπω ` allow, leave ', λοιπός `residual, remaining', λιμπάνω ` allow ', λισσωμεν ἐάσωμεν Hes. (probably with ī, from *linkʷ-i̯ō); λεῖμμα n. ` remnant, leftover item ', λείψανον ds.;
Latin linquō, -ere, līquī ` to go away, leave, quit, forsake, depart from ' (*loikʷai, compare Old Indic rirḗca, gr. λέλοιπα, and esp. Gothic laiƕ), relictus ` leave behind ', relicuos `residual, remaining';
Old Irish lēicid `allows, lets go ', after Strachan (BB. 20, 31) from *linkʷ-, with the vocalism of Fut. and Aor. *leikʷ-s-;
Gothic leiƕan, Old Icelandic ljā, Old High German līhan, Old English lēon ` lend ' (*leikʷō), participle Old Saxon Old High German farliwan ` lend ', Old Icelandic leiga ` rent ', Old Icelandic lān, Old English lǣn, Old High German lēhan ` borrowed property, fief, feudal estate, land held on condition of service and loyalty to the feudal lord who granted it ' (*laihna- = Old Indic rḗkṇas-, compare to n-forms also Czech liknavý);
Lithuanian liekù, old liekmì (reshaped from *link-mi), Infin. lìkti ` let, allow ' and ` abide, remain ', lìktas `residual, remaining', liẽkas ` to leave something [for somebody] ', old ` eleventh ', pãlaikas ` residual, leftover, remaining ', laĩkas ` certain time, time, period ' (Latvian laiks `time'), laikaũ, -ýti `keep, retain possession of, hold onto the remaining ', lỹkius ` rest ', ãtlykis ` work break '; Latvian lìeks (= lìekas) ` supernumerary, excessive, spare; phoney '; Old Prussian polīnka ` he remains ', also Old Lithuanian palinkt ds.;
Old Bulgarian otъlěkъ ` remnant, leftover item ' (: Old Indic atirḗka-), Czech liknovati se ` refuse, shy, hesitate, flee ', liknavý ` negligent ' (see above), with s-forms Old Bulgarian lichъ ` extraordinary, eminent, remarkable, wicked, evil' etc. (*lik-chъ, Indo Germanic leiqʷso-); lišiti `mug, rob';
Maybe alb. m. lig, f. ligë ` mad, evil'.
here also Lithuanian vienuó-, dvý-lika etc. `11, 12' etc. (bis 19), Old Lithuanian liekas ` eleventh '; but Gothic ain-, twa-lif, Old High German ein-, zwe-lif `11, 12', Old Icelandic ellifu, Old Norwegian ællugu `11', øllykti `the 11.' etc. are to be put either to either to leip-1 or according to Marstrander (Ériu 5, 206) borrowed from Celtic *lipi- (*likʷi-).
References: WP. II 396 f., WH. I 808 f., Trautmann 154 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 123 f., 179, Speeht KZ. 62, 89, 114.
Page(s): 669-670
Root / lemma: leḫi-2 (*leḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to eliminate, dissipate, disappear; weak, thin
Note: (from *el-eḫi-)
Material: a. Gr. λίναμαι τρέπομαι Hes., λιάζομαι ` bend, incline, go aside, recoil, shrink, sink, fall, retired, drew back ', λειρός (handschr. λειρώς) ὁἰσχνός καὶ ὠχρός Hes. (= Lithuanian leĩlas), λῑμός m. ` hunger, famine ', λοιμός ` pestilence, epidemic disease, plague '; λινό-σαρκος ` with soft, tender body ';
Middle Irish lían (*lei-no-) `gentle'; léine f. `shirt' (`*soft untergarment ');
Middle High German lī̆n `lukewarm, faint, languid', Old High German Lino PN, nld. lenig ` ductile ', Old Icelandic linr `tender, soft, weak'; lina ` relieve, slacken ';
Gothic af-linnan ` cease, leave, depart ', Old Icelandic linna `cease let, hamper', Old English linnan `cease', Old High German bi-linnan ` withdraw, cease', with -nn- from -nu̯-; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Old Icelandic lǣ n. (*laiwa-) `damage, pity, misfortune, deceit', Old High German Gen. lēwes ` unfortunately ', Old English lǣw ` mutilation '; Old English Old Saxon lēf `weak' (*lēḫi-bho-);
from the concurrent Gothic-nord. lit- (in Gothic leitils `small, little ', Old Icelandic lítill ds., Old Frisian lītik, Bavarian dünn-leizig, Old Icelandic Adverb lítt ` little, evil, bad') and West Germanic lut- (in asächs. luttil, Old High German luzzil, liuzil `small', Old English lȳtel ds.)
leḫi- must have originated from *el-eḫi-, besides leḫu- from *el-eḫu-;
Lithuanian leĩlas `thin, slim ' (from *leĩras, to gr. λειρός), Latvian liẽls `big, large' (`*slim '), with other suffixes Lithuanian leĩnas, leĩtas ` slim ', vowel gradation láinas ds.; líebas `lean, thin', vowel gradation láibas `tender, thin, slim ';
Church Slavic liběvъ, libavь, libivъ `lean', Serbian linjati ` dwindle ', linjati se ` moult, shed periodically ', Denominative from *lein- (: Lithuanian leĩnas), slov. liliti `häuten' (: Lithuanian leilė́ti `lean become'), leviti se ` skin, flay, flesh, remove the skin from oneself ' (: Lithuanian láibinti ` make thin ');
Tocharian A lalaṃsk-, В lalaṃske `tender'.
b. s-extension leḫis-, loḫis- in:
gr. λιαρός ` warm, lukewarm ' (*lisero-s), λοῖσθος ` left behind, last ', λοίσθιος ds., maybe from *λοιhιστος, superlative to *λοιhις
= Germanic *laisiz `less, smaller ', Old English lǣs, Modern English less, Old Saxon lēs ds., comparative Old English lǣssa (*laisiza), Old Frisian lessa, superlative Old English lǣst and lǣrest, English least, Old Frisian lērest and lēst, to Crimean Gothic lista ` little '; Old High German līso Adv. ` soft, smooth, mild, gentle, easy, calm ', Middle High German Adj. and Adv. līse, Modern High German leise; Old English ge-līsian ` slip, stumble, glide, slide';
Lithuanian líesas, Latvian líess `lean'; Lithuanian líesti and lýsti ` become lean ', Latvian líest ds.
References: WP. II 387 ff., WH. I 807 f., Trautmann 154, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 125, Machek Recherches 75 ff. Probably here 1. leḫig- and leḫik-, see below S. 676.
Page(s): 661-662
Root / lemma: leḫi-3 (*leḫü-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: slimy; to glide
Note: various also slei-
Material:
In a- grade:
Hittite: halina- 'clay' (Tischler 131-2)
gr. ἀλί̄νω (-ῑν- from -ῐνι̯-) ` spread, anoint, smear, rub'; about līmus see below;
Latin linō, -ere, lēvī (*leḫüuai) (from dē-lēvī seems to derive dēleō), lĭtum ` daub, besmear, anoint, to spread or rub over ', liniō, -īre ds.;
Old Irish lenaid, Perf. rolil `follow' (actually ` stick to someone '; Welsh can-lyn `follow' better to glynu, Irish glenaid ` get stuck, stick '), Old Irish lenomnaib ` a smearing on a writing tablet, blotting out, erasure ', Old Breton linom ` a smearing on a writing tablet, blotting out, erasure, correction ', Old Irish as-lenaim `besmirch, daub, smear over ';
Latin līmus ` earth mud, sludge, ordure, smut' (*loimos) = Old High German leim ` loam, clay ', Modern High German Lehm, Old English lām ` loam, clay, humus ', Old High German leime ` loam, clay ', Modern High German Leimen, vowel gradation Old High German Old English Old Icelandic līm ` glue, calc, lime, limestone ' (`*earth mass for sticking together '); based on a weak es-stem *loi̯es- Old Icelandic leir n. ` loam, clay ' (lajiz-), leira (*laizōn). Fem. ` loamy beach, seaside ';
Tokharian: A, B li(yā)- 'wipe away, cleanse oneself' (Adams 553).
1. Old Indic linā́ti (grammatical), láyatē, līyatē līyati ` adhere; cling or press closely, stick to '; līna- ` nestling up, snuggling up; clinging to, adjoining ';
and Old Prussian layso f. (*laisā) ` clay, natural dampness of earth, earth clay '; in the meaning from a d-extension Old Prussian laydis ` loam, clay ' and alb. leth, ledh `damp clay';
Lithuanian laistaũ, -ýti ` make sticky, smear with loam or lime ', compare also Old Indic lindu- `slimy, slippery ';
2. as appellation of slimy fish:
gr. λινεύς ` mullet ', Old High German slīo, Old English slīw, slēo `tench ', Lithuanian lýnas, Latvian lînis, Old Prussian linis `tench ', Russian linь etc. ds.;
3. as appellation of `(slimy) the smooth ': gr. λεῖος ` smooth ': Latin lēvis (*leiu̯is) ` smooth ', gr. λῑτός ` smooth, simple, inexpensive, frugal ', λῑτός and λί̄ς, -τός ` smooth kerchief, clloth', λισση πέτρα ` smooth rock '; λίσπος, Attic λίσφος ` smooth, rub or scrape against ' are unclear; Latin līma `file, tool for smoothing surfaces' probably from *(s)lī-mā or *(s)lei-mā (compare Old High German slīm `mucus', slīmen ` make smooth, rub shiningly ', also gr. λείμαξ `snail');
Alb. lima ` file, tool for smoothing surfaces ', lëmoj ` smooth with a file ' Latin loanword.
4. with initial sound sl-:
Celtic *sli-m-no- `slimy' in Old Irish slemun ` smooth, slippery ', Welsh llyfn ` smooth, even ', Old Welsh limnint `be smooth', Old Breton gur-limun `smooth', Middle Breton di-leffn `hard';
Old English Old Icelandic Modern Frisian Middle Low German Middle High German slīm `mucus' (Old High German slīmen `smooth'); compare Old Icelandic slȳ n. `slimy water plant';
Latvian sliẽnas f. Pl. `saliva' (*slēinās), Old Church Slavic sliny, Serbian slȉne `snot', Russian slína `saliva';
5. with k-suffix:
gr. λείμαξ ` snail without covering ' (out of it Latin līmāx ds.) = Russian slimák `snail'; compare Old Prussian slayx m., Lithuanian sliẽkas m., Latvian sliêka f. ` earthworm ' and Latvian sliẽkas f. Pl. `saliva'; perhaps also Lithuanian séilės, Latvian seilas f. Pl. `saliva' (from *slēilās?).
6. extensions:
(s)leib- `slimy, slippery, glide, slide, darüber stroke, smooth'.
Gr. ὀλιβρός ` slippery, smooth ' Hes., ὀλιβάξαι ὀλισπεῖν Hes.;
perhaps Welsh llym `sharp', Breton lemm `sharp; sharp side of a knife' (as *slibsmós);
Old High German slīfan ` glide, slip; sharpen smoothly ', Modern High German schleifen, Middle Low German slīpen ` sharpen, make smooth; intransitive slink', Old English tōslīpan ` dissolve, melt '; Old Icelandic slīpari ` grinder ', sleipr ` slippery, smooth ' = Middle High German sleif ds., Old English slipor, Old High German sleffar ds., Norwegian slipra `glide, slide', Causative Middle Low German slēpen `drag, sharpen ' (out of it Modern High German schleppen), Old High German Middle High German sleifen ds., Middle High German eine burc sleifen ` they make to the surface of the earth immediately ', Intensive Old High German slipfen ` slide, hatch', Middle High German slipfec, slipferic ` slippery ';
besides with Germanic -bb-: Dutch slib, slibbe `silt, slime, mud', slibberen `glide, slide', Middle Low German slibber, -ich ` slippery '.
(s)leidh- ` slippery, glide, slide', see below the particular headword.
Maybe alb. ledhë ` fondling, caress ', ledhatoj ` to caress '.
sleig- `slimy, glide, slide, smooth':
Gr. λίγδην `the grazing surface ', λίγδος, λίγδα ` clay mould, lye, used as soap, mortar';
Old Irish sligim, fo-sligim ` to reduce to a straight line, to make straight ', adslig ` lure, tempt, entice, draw ' (Welsh llith ` sugarplum ', llithio ` decoy, lure ' < *slig-t-), perhaps - as `stroke = hit' = Old Irish sligim `hit', in addition slige `road' (?); Old Irish sliachtad ` the smoothness, flattening '; Old Irish slige `comb';
Old Icelandic slīkr ` smooth ', slīkisteinn `grindstone, whetstone', Old High German slīhhan `slink' (= `glide, slide'), sleihha `loop, sled ', Middle Low German slīk, slick, Middle High German slich `silt, slime, mud'; participle *slihta- ` smoothed ' in Gothic slaíhts `simple, even ', Old Icelandic slēttr ` smooth, even, straight', Old High Germanslëht `straight, even, evil, bad', Modern High German schlicht and schlecht, Old English sliht, Middle English slight, sleght ` smooth, even ';
Old Bulgarian slьzъkъ `εἰς ὄλισθον', Russian slízkij ` slippery ', slizь `mucus', slízy Pl. `a kind of loop'.
leip- ` besmear with fat ', see below particular headword (leip-).
lei-t- ` glide over, touch softly, stroke ': probably λιτή `request', λίσσομαι, λίτομαι `bid, beg, ask, invoke', λίτανος `imploring', λιτανεύω `invoke'; Latin litāre `to make an acceptable sacrifice, obtain favorable omens' (based on *litā from λιτή); Lithuanian lytė́ti `touch', Latvian làitît `stroke, caress', Lithuanian liečiù, liẽsti `touch, betreffen'.
Maybe alb. lut, lus ` pray'.
References: WP. II 389 ff., WH. I 789, 801, 802, 807 f., Trautmann 148, 162, 269, 270; different about 3. and 4. lei- EM2 553 f.
Page(s): 662-664
Root / lemma: leḫip-1 (*leḫüp) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to smear, stick
Note: probably extension to lei- `slimy'.
Material: Old Indic lip- (limpáti-, lipyátē) `besmear', liptá- ` sticking, adhesive ', lēpayati ` smears ' (= Slavic lěpiti), rip- `smear, stick, glue, cheat, deceive'; ríp- f. `deceit; pollution '(= gr. λίπα Akk.), lēpa- m. ` the coating, the smearing, smut', rḗpas- n. ` stain, smut', riprá- n. `smut' (similarly gr. λιπαρός, alb. laparós), ripú ` malicious, cheater ';
New Persian fi-rēftan `cheat, deceive', rēw `deceit', osset. fä-lēwun, -līwyn `cheat, deceive';
gr. λίπος n. `fat', λιπαρός `fat, being anointed ', with final sound derailment ἀλείφω `anoint, smear, rub', ἄλειφαρ, ἀλοιφή ` ointment '; with the meaning ` climb, ascend ' (as Lithuanian lipù, lìpti) gr. αἰγίλιψ `destitute even of goats, hence, steep, sheer ', ἄλιψ πέτρα Hes., actually `unersteiglich', λίψ πέτρα, ἀφ' ἧς ὕδωρ στάζει Hes.;
alb. laparós ` dirty, soil, stink ', lapërdhī́ ` dirty discourse ', gëlepë, shklepë f, sklep m.., glep `eye discharge, glama ' (prefix kë- + *loipos or *loipā);
Latin lippus ` blear-eyed, bleared, inflamed ' (with expressive consonant increase);
Gothic bileiban, Old High German bilīban ` abide, remain ', Old English belīfan ` abide, remain, be left ' (to ī s. Meillet MSL. 14, 351), Causative Gothic bilaibjan; Old Icelandic leifa, Old High German leiben, Old English lǣfan ` leave '; Gothic laiba f., Old Icelandic leif, Old High German leipa, Old English lāf ` remnant, leftover item '; Gothic aflifnan, Old Icelandic lifna ` be left ', Old Icelandic lifa `be residual, remaining ';
Germanic līƀ- `stick, glue' has also absorbed the meaning ` be left ' from līƕ (leikʷ- ` abandon '), thereby now in the meaning ` abandon, lend ';
[a various, also in Latin cae-lebs from *caivi-lib- (see kai- ` alone ') available root *leibh- ` live ' contain Gothic liban (3. Sg. libaiÞ), Old High German lebēn, Old Saxon libbian, leƀōn, Old English libban, Old Icelandic lifa ` live ', lifna ` come to life '; Old Icelandic līf n., Old English līf, Old Saxon līf, līƀ n. `life', Old High German līb, līp, Middle High German līp, lībes m. n. `life; body, person'];
Lithuanian limpù, lìpti `stick' (and lipù, lìpti ` climb, ascend ', see above), lipnùs ` humid and sticky ', lipùs `ds., sticky', Latvian lípu, lipt `be attached, be linked ', lipigs ` humid and sticky ', lipns, laipns `mild, affable, friendly';
Slavic *lьnǫ, *lьnoti in Old Church Slavic pri-lьnǫti `stick, cling ' and Slavic *lьpěti in Old Church Slavic pri-lьpljǫ, pri-lьpěti `stick, cling ', in addition Causative Old Church Slavic pri-lěpiti sę ds., etc. and Old Church Slavic *lěръ m. ` glue ' (= Old Indic lēpa-), also Old Bulgarian lěpъ ` fitting, beautiful' (originally `sticking');
Tocharian A lip- ` be left '; lyipär ` rest ';
Hittite lip- `smear'.
References: WP. II 403 f., WH. I 811 f., Trautmann 161 f., Jokl L-k. U. 314, Specht KZ. 64, 67.
Page(s): 670-671
Root / lemma: leḫip-2 (*leḫüp) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to wish for, request
Material: Gr. λίπτομαι, new λίπτω, participle Perf. Med. (in akt. meaning) λελιμμένος `lust, crave', λίψ ἐπιθυμίαHes., λιψουρία `desire to urinate ';
Note:
The inanimate suffix -ur- : gr. λιψουρία `desire to urinate': Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρία , ἡ, Illyria, also Ἰλλυρίς , ἡ, Adj. Ἰλλυρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region or province of Illyria, Ἰλλυρίζω , speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρία:--hence Adv. Ἰλλυριστί.
Lithuanian liepiù, liẽpti, pa-liẽpti `order', Old Prussian pallaips, Akk. -san ` command ' (-so-stem), pallaipsī twei `lust, crave', laipinna ` demanded '.
References: WP. II 404, Trautmann 155.
Page(s): 671
Root / lemma: leḫis- (*leḫüs) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: furrow, to furrow; to pursue, learn
Material: Latin līra (*leisā) ` the earth thrown up between two furrows, a ridge ', dēlīrus ` silly, doting, crazy ', dēlīrō, -āre ` to be crazy, be deranged, be silly, dote, rave ' (also dialekt. dēlērus, dēlērāre); Umbrian disleralinsust ` inritum fecerit ' (*dis-leisa-li);
Old High German wagan-leisa `wheel track, groove, furrow' (= Old Bulgarian lěcha), Middle High German leis(e) ` track, line '; zero grade Middle Dutch lese (*līs-) f. ` track, furrow, line in face, wrinkle', Old High German lesa `wrinkle'; Gothic laists m. `spoor, track ' (i-stem f. old o-stem), Old Icelandic leistr m. `foot; sock ', Old English lāst, lǣst ` footprint, spoor'; Old High German Middle High German leist `spoor, track, groin ' (*lois-to-), whereof Gothic laistjan `( follow up on the spoor, strive after, aspire to ', Old High German leisten ` perform, follow an order ', Old English lǣstan `follow, help, commit, withstand ' (English last `endure'); Gothic lists f. `artifice', Old Icelandic list f. `skillfulness, shrewdness', Old High German Old Saxon Old English list `skillfulness, Klugheit, artifice' (Old Bulgarian lьstъ `artifice, deceit' from Gothic lists); Gothic lais preterit-present ` I know, I know to do something ' (example wait), Causative laisjan `instruct, teach' (galaisjan sik `learn'); Old High German lērran, lēren, Old Saxon lērian, Old English lǣran `instruct, teach'; Old High German lirnēn, lërnēn, lërnōn (*liznōn), Old Frisian lirna, lerna, Old English leornian `learn', Old Saxon līnōn ds.; Gothic lubja-leis `poison-expert' (example weis);
Old Bulgarian lěcha `a field divided into beds', Russian lechá, Serbo-Croatian lijèha, Czech lícha (*loisā);
Lithuanian lýsė `garden bed, garden plot', Old Prussian lyso `a field divided into beds'.
References: WP. II 404 f., WH. I 812 f.
Page(s): 671
Root / lemma: leḫit(h)-2 (*leḫüth-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to go out; die; go
Material: Avestan raēϑ- `die' (present iriϑyeiti);
Gothic ga-leiÞan `go', Old Norse līða stem verb ` go, pass, dwindle away, run, come to an end, pass away ', Old Saxon līthan stem verb ` go, walk, drive, drive, pass ', schw. verb lithon ` bring, proceed '; Old English līÞan stem verb ` go, travel ', Old High German līdan stem verb `go, leave, pass, go bad; get to know, experience, suffer', Modern High German leiden (different of Subst. Leid, s. *leit- ` abhor, detest '); Old Norse lið n. `vessel', Old English n. `vessel, ship'; Old High German ūz-lit ` a departure, demise ';
Germanic *laidō: 1. `way' in Old Icelandic leið f. ds., Old English lád ds., ` watercourse ', primary formation to Germanic līÞan `go, drive'; 2. ` direction ' in Old English lád f. n. ds., ` means of transporting, sustenance, livelihood', Old High German leita ` direction ', to causative Germanic *laidjan `go, make, guide, lead'; 3. Old English lád `clearing oath', Old Franconian lāde ds., also to *laidjan as ` teaching from oath assistants ', also Old High German laida (d from leida ` accusation ');
Causative (Germanic *laidian) Old Norse leiða ` lead, escort, accompany ', Old English lǣdan, Old Saxon lēdian `lead, bring', Old High German leittan, leiten ` lead, guide '; Old Norse liðinn ` dead ', lēiði n. ` tomb ', Old High German leita (*leitia), leitī ` a funeral procession, funeral rites, burial, funeral ', Middle High German bileite n. `burial, funeral'; with latter meaning presumably also gr. λοίτη ` a burial, funeral ', λοιτεύειν θάπτειν Hes., also λοιτός λοιμός Hes.?
Tocharian A lit- ` leave, depart, tumble, fall down'.
from extension from *lei- ` duck, disappear '?? compare Gothic aflinnan ` leave, depart ' etc. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
References: WP. II 401 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 57 f.
Page(s): 672
Root / lemma: leḫit-1 (*leḫüt-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to be disgusted; to violate
Material: Gr. ἀλείτης ` delinquent', Aeolic ἀλοίτης ` avenger', ἀλοιτός ` delinquent', ἀλιταίνειν ` commit an outrage, commit a sin', ἀλιτήμων ` sinner, delinquent', ἀλιτρός `ds., mad, wicked, evil';
Old Irish liuss `repugnance' (*lit-tu-), ni er-lissaigther ` nunquam fastiditur ';
Old Norse leiðr `unpleasant; detested ', Old English lāð (English loath), Old Saxon lēth, Old High German leid ds., Modern High German Subst. Leid (in origin quite different of verb leiden ` suffer, bear, endure');
Gothic sleiÞja (N. Pl. n.) ` harmful, bad ', Old Norse sliðr ` bad ', Old English sliðe, Old Saxon slīthi `fierce, grim, cruel, savage, mad, wicked, evil', Old High German slīdīc ds.
References: WP. II 401, WH. 1 813, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 411.
Page(s): 672
Root / lemma: leḫizd-, loḫizd- (*leḫüzd-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: edge, fringe
Material: Old High German līsta ` bandförmiger Streifen, Saum, Borte, Leiste ', Modern High German Leiste, Old English līst ` border, hemline, edge ' (from asächs. līsta : Old Icelandic lista f. ` stripe, edge, strip '); alb. leth, ledh ` the raised edge of a property, margin, wall, riverside ' (*loizd-).
References: WP. II 405.
Page(s): 672-673
Root / lemma: (leḫk-1?) : loḫk- (*leḫuk-)
Meaning: to scold, reprove
Note: Only Celtic and Germanic
Material: Old Irish locht m. (*lok-tu-) `blame, fault, error';
Old High German Old Saxon lahan, Old English léan `rebuke', Modern Icelandic lá ds., Old English leahtor m. ` vice, crime, reprimand', mnl. lachter ` shame, derision, ridicule'; Old Frisian laster, Old High German Old Saxon lastar `reprimand, insult, fault, error' (*lahstra-), Old Icelandic lǫstr m. `fault, error, vice ' (*lahstru-).
Unclear, whether to connect with lengh- `vilify, scold' (Osthoff MU. VI 7 ff.)
References: WP. II 436 f.
Page(s): 673
Root / lemma: leḫk-2 (: lek-) and lēḫk- : lǝḫk- (*leḫuĝh-)
Meaning: joint, member; to bend, wind
Material: Old Indic r̥kṣalā ` ankle of hoofed animals ' (*l̥k-s-elā); common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
gr. λάξ, λάγδην ` knocking out with the foot ', λαχμός (*λακσμος) ` the fling with the foot ', λακτίζω ` bump with the foot '; λάκτις, -ιος ` pestle, muller, sticck used for grinding with a mortar '; vowel gradation ληκᾶν τὸ πρὸς ᾠδήν ὀρχεῖσθαι, ληκῆσαι πατάξαι Hes. (: Latvian lę̃kāt); λικερτίζειν σκιρτᾶν Hes. (*leq-); s. λικρόι S. 308 under el- `bend';
whether Latin lacertus, mostly Pl. ` the muscular part of the arm from the shoulder to the elbow, upper arm ', lacerta `lizard' (`the flexible ')?? lacca ` a swelling on the shinbone of draught-cattle ' (would be a late short form with consonant-Gemination); lō̆custa ` locust, grasshopper; sea cancer ';
gall.-rom. *lakāre `bend', v. Wartburg FEW s. v.;
Old Icelandic leggr ` Unterbein, bone', arm-, hand-leggr ` arm ', fōt-, lǣr-leggr `calf' (*lagiz); langob. lagi ` thigh '; Old Icelandic lǣr, Old Swedish lār ds. (*lahaz- or *lēhaz- n.), Old English līra ` the thick meat in calves, thighs, flanks and bottom ' (*ligizan-); Middle High German lecken, Modern High German old löcken ` kick behind, jump ', Norwegian dial. lakka `(auf a foot) jump, walk on tiptoe; trip ' (*lakjan);
Lithuanian lekiù, lė̃kti `fly', Iterative lakstýti ` run, run about, trot about, scamper, scurry, hurry-scurry, hustle, shuttle ', causative lakinti ` feed, give to lap, make fly ', laktà ` roost, perch ' (`*Aufflug'), lakùs ` fleeting, nimble, agile; graceful; sharp, keen ', Latvian lezu, lēkt `spring, jump ', Iterative lãkat (: ληκᾶν), lēkas f. Pl. ` heartbeat '; Old Prussian lagno (from *lakno) `breeches, pants, trousers '; perhaps Old Bulgarian -leštǫ, -letěti `fly', if from *lek-t- before dark vowels or contaminated from lek- and pet-.
References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 743 f., Trautmann 156; compare also above S. 308 f.
Page(s): 673
Root / lemma: leḫm-1 (*leḫum-)
Meaning: to crush; fragile
Material: Gr. νωλεμές, -έως ` fatigueless ', due to one with preposition o- refined *ὄ-λεμος n. *ὀ-λεμής;
Venetic MN Lemetor;
Note: common Illyrian : Iranian : Old Indic -tor, -tar suffix.
Old Irish ro-la(i)methar ` ventures ', Welsh llafasu `venture, risk', Cornish lauasos ds., Middle Breton lafuaez ` able, dare ', also Welsh cyflafan ` malefaction ', perhaps to Middle Irish la(i)me `axe'; with other meaning: Middle Irish lem `fade, crazy, impotent', Old Irish lemnat ` marshmallow ', Middle Irish lemlacht, lemnacht ` sweet milk', Welsh llefrith, Breton livriz ds., Middle Welsh llyveithin `weak' (*lemekt-);
perhaps alb. lemë, Geg lamë, Tosc lëmë ` threshing floor, oil grinder ' = Russian lom;
Old High German Old Saxon lam (*lom-), Old Icelandic lami `lame, crippled ', Old High German lemmen, asächs. lemmian ` lame, cripple, disable ', Old English lemian `ds., tame (a horse)', Old Icelandic lemia `hit, smash to pieces; hinder', ō-grade Old High German luomi `faint, languid, nachgiebig, mild', Middle High German lüemen, luomen `languish', reduced grade Old Icelandic luma ` release, let go, free, set free ', Alemannian lumme ` become slack ', Modern High German dial. lumm `slack', in addition Modern High German Lümmel; Middle High German lunzen ` drowse lightly ', East Frisian lōm ` lamed, lame, faint, languid', Swedish lōma ` be stiff or clumsy ';
ē-grade: Norwegian laam `lame';
Latvian l'imstu, l'imt, Lithuanian lìmti `break down under a load ', Old Prussian limtwei `break, rupture'; Lithuanian lémti `decide, settle, govern, condition, reserve, ordain, destine, determine, fate, doom, augur ', Latvian lem̃t `decide, define, ordain, determine, adjudicate'; Lithuanian lamìnti, causative lámdyti `train, coach, guide'; in addition probably also Lithuanian lúomas ` estate, caste ';
Old Bulgarian loml'jǫ, lomiti `break, rupture', -sę ` struggle, come to grips with, put in a great effort, go to a lot of trouble ', Russian lom `break', Pl. lómy ` rhumatic pains ' etc.; Old Bulgarian prělamati `break, rupture' etc.;
e-grade in Upper Sorbian lémić `break, rupture', probably also Church Slavic lemešь `plough' (from an es-stem, as νωλεμές), Latvian lemesis ` plowshare '; with ē-grade Serbo-Croatian lȉjemām, lijèmati `hit'.
References: WP. II 433 f., WH. I 760, Loth RC 39, 67 f., Lidén Mél. Vising 378.
Page(s): 674
Root / lemma: leḫm-2 (*leḫum-)
Meaning: open jaws (?)
Material: Gr. λάμος `gullet', λάμια N. Pl. ` gullet of the earth', λάμια ` cannibal, human being that eats human flesh ' (Latin loanword lamia ` a witch, sorceress, vampire ', lamium `dead-nettle' as `figwort, scrophularia, snapdragon '; also Bulgarian lámija, láḿa `snake' from ngr. λάμια), λαμυρός ` voracious, greedy ';
Latin lemurēs ` night spirits, ghosts; souls of the dead ';
Note:
The inanimate suffix -ur- : Latin lemurēs `ghosts' : Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρία , ἡ, Illyria, also Ἰλλυρίς , ἡ, Adj. Ἰλλυρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region or province of Illyria, Ἰλλυρίζω , speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρία:--hence Adv. Ἰλλυριστί.
Welsh llef `voice', Middle Welsh llefein `cry', Breton leñv `clamor, lament';
Lithuanian lemóti ` pant for, long for, desire ', Latvian lamāt `inveigh, scold, chide', lamatas ` mousetrap '.
References: WP. II 434, WH. I 755, 781 f., Trautmann 162.
Page(s): 675
Root / lemma: leḫndh-1 (*leḫundh > *leḫündh)
Meaning: liquid, spring
Note: only Celtic and Germanic; or as li-n-dh- to lē̆i-4?
Material: Old Irish lind (u-stem) n. ` liquid, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion', Gen. lenda, nir. lionn, Gen. leanna `ale', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Welsh llyn ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion', therefrom different (s-stem) Old Irish lind, Gen. linde f. `water, pond, pool, sea', Welsh llyn `pond, pool', Old Cornish len `water', Breton lenn `pond, pool', abrit. Λίνδον PN, gall. Lindo-magus Swiss river name ` Limmat ';
from Old Irish (?) derives Old Icelandic lind (poet.) `wellspring', but compare Old Saxon Linda FlN. ` Lenne ', Old Frisian lind `pond, pool'; vowel gradation Middle High German lünde f. (*(*leḫundh) > (*leḫündh)) `wave'.
Note
common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
References: WP. I 438; Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 182, 365.
Page(s): 675
Root / lemma: leḫndh-2 (*leḫundh)
Meaning: hip; kidney
Material: Latin lumbus, older only Pl. lumbī ` loins' (*loḫundhu̯o-); [common Latin -dh-> -bh-].
Note:
common Hittite Greek Latin zero grade loḫ3u- > lu-.
Old Church Slavic lędvьję Pl. f. ` loins' ', Russian ljádveja ` hip, thigh ', Czech ledvi n. ` hip ', ledvina `kidney';
Old High German lẹntī f. `kidney', Pl. lentī(n) ` kidneys, loins' (*londhu̯īn-), Old English lendenu N. Pl. ` loins', Old Icelandic lend f. ` hip ' (a Gothic *landjō is assumed a Finnish loanword lantio); zero grade Old Icelandic lund ` hip, sense, mind ', Old English lendenu N. Pl. ` loins', lund-laga `kidney', lynd f. `(*nephritic -) fat', Old High German lunda `tallow, suet', luntu-ssa ` a little breast '.
Maybe taboo word alb. lënda ` matter', taboo word for loins lënde ` seed of the oak tree, acorn '.
References: WP. II 438, WH. I 832, Trautmann 157, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 86.
Page(s): 675
Root / lemma: leḫndh-3 (*leḫundh)
Meaning: free land, heath, steppe
Material: Old Irish land `free place' (Dative ith-laind `area', with ith ` corn, grain '), gall.-rom. *landā ` moor, heath, moorland ', Middle Welsh llan `area' (Old Welsh it-lann, Modern Welsh ydlan `area'), Cornish lan, Breton lann ` moor, heath, moorland, steppe, dry and level land '; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Swedish dial. linda ` fallow ' (*leḫndhi̯ā), Gothic Old Icelandic Old Saxon Old English land, Old High German lant `land'; in addition with zero grade Old Icelandic lundr ` grove ';
Old Prussian Akk. Sg. lindan `valley'; Russian ljádá ` field covered with new wood; new crack, clear land; low, wet and poor soil ', Czech lada, lado ` fallow '.
References: WP. II 438 f., Trautmann 157; after E. Lewy PBB. 32, 138 to leḫndh-2.
Page(s): 675
Root / lemma: leḫngh- (*leḫungh-)
Meaning: to scold
Material: Gr. ἐλέγχω ` scold, tadle, find guilty, convict ', ἔλεγχος n. ` reproach, accusation, insult, shame'; to Hittite link- `swear, vow'?
unclear, whether here Middle Irish lang `the genitals, deceit, betrayal ';
Latvian langāt `affront, insult, offend, inveigh, attack with words '.
References: WP. II 436 f.
See also: compare under (lek-) : lok-.
Page(s): 676
Root / lemma: leḫng- (*leḫung-)
Meaning: to bend oneself; to sway
Material: Old Indic raṅgati ` move to and fro ';
alb. lëngor `pliable';
Wrong etymology. Alb. lëngor `pliable' derived from alb. lëngoj ` suffer ' < Latin languere `be tired; be listless/sluggish/unwell/ill; wilt| lack vigor '.
Lithuanian léngė, lénkė f. `immersion'; vowel gradation lingúoti ` swing, sway, nod ' (in addition lingė f. ` pole to suspend the cradle ', liñgė f. ` harrier, any of a number of short-winged hawks '), langóti ds.; Latvian lĩguôt `swing, sing', Imperative lĩg(u)õ ` cheering call by Midsummer Eve bonfire ', l̨uodzît `waver, swing'; Langa f. ` brook name '; Old Prussian Langodis ` marsh name ';
Slavic lęgъ `pliable' in slovz. lą̃go `pliable' (Adverb), lągãc `bend, crook', vowel gradation Old Church Slavic lǫgъ m. ` oakthicket, coppice ', Serbo-Croatian lûg ` grove, reeds, thicket of cane ', Lower Sorbian lug ` grassy swamp, marsh', therefrom Łužyca ` Lusatia ', etc.; perhaps also Russian ljagatь sja `swing, waver'.
Maybe alb. lug ` grove, valley ', lugë, luga ` spoon' : Polish łyżka ` spoon' Slavic loanwords.
References: WP. II 436, Trautmann 157 f., Berneker 739. Perhaps variant to lenk- `bend'.
Page(s): 676
Root / lemma: leḫnk- (*leḫunk-)
Meaning: to bend
Material: Old English lōh `strap' (in mæst-lōn Pl., sceaft-lō, lōh-sceaft) from *laŋha-, Old Icelandic lengja f. `strap, stripe', Danish længe ` rope, string', here also Old Icelandic lyng n. `heath', Old Icelandic endi-langr Adj. ` in its whole extension ', Old Saxon Old English and-lang, Old Frisian ond-ling, Modern High German entlang; Old English bæс-ling `backwards', Old High German hrucki-lingūn `backwards, to the rear'. chrumbe-lingūn ` in curved direction ';
Lithuanian lenkiù, leñkti `bow, bend'; lénkė ` immersion ', linkstù, liñkti ` bend, crook, stoop, turn for, tend, slope ', linkiù, linkė́ti ` lean towards, feel inclined towards, wish ', Latvian lìkt ` bend ', liks `crooked', Iterative Lithuanian lankaũ, -ýti ` call on, visit, attend, haunt ', lánkiòti ` veer, swerve, turn about ', Latvian lùocît `bend, bow, steer', lùocîkla `joint'; Lithuanian lankà `valley, lowland, depression'; lañkas ` ring', lankùs `pliable', Latvian lùoks ` twisted piece of wood, rim of the wheel ', lùoks `pliable', Old Prussian perlānkei `belongs', perlānki ` be fitting, deserve, be worthy of, have a right to'; reduced grade Old Prussian lunkis ` angle ', Latvian lùnkans `pliable', Old Prussian lonki `narrow bridge, gangplank, footbridge'; Lithuanian lañktis ` windlass, reel, thread reel, thread coil ', Latvian luoks, luoki ds. (also Lithuanian leñkti stands for ` wind up, reel up '; lenkẽtas ` windlass stick ' from lekẽtas : gr. ἠλεκάτη, ἠλακάτη ` spindle', Aeolic-Doric ἀλακάτᾱ);
Maybe Lithuanian lenkai ` Polish, Pole: the Poles ', lenkas ` Pole, Polack ', lenkų ` Polish ', Lenkija ` Poland ', Lenkijos ` Polish ' meaning ` lowland, depression' .
Old Bulgarian -lękǫ, -lęšti `bend', lęčǫ, le&̨cati ` put a trap (*noose), catch ', polęčь ` a noose, halter, snare, trap ', Russian ljákyj `crooked', Old Bulgarian lǫkъ ` bow ', lǫka `artifice, deceit', Church Slavic also `gulf, bay, valley, meadow, swamp, marsh', Old Bulgarian si-lǫkъ ` a bending, curving ', Church Slavic lǫčije ` bulrushes ' (`bend, twist '), Old Bulgarian lǫčǫ, -iti `separate', sloven. lǫ́čiti `separate, segregate' and `bend';
compare vorrom. (Celtic?) *lankā ` sinking in, riverbed ' (from *lonkā) in southern France, West Switzerland and northern Italy, Swiss lauch `trough'.
References: WP. II 435, Trautmann 159 f., J. Hubschmid Praeromanica 34 f.
Page(s): 676-677
Root / lemma: leḫnto- (*leḫunto-)
Meaning: flexible
Material: Old Indic latā ` tendril, liana, kind of climbing plant ' (*ln̥tā);
Latin lentus `pliable, tough; slow';
gall. (?) lantāna ` climbing plant '; compare Bolelli Italian Dial. XVIII 182; Welsh ` smooth, gleaming' (*ln̥t-ro-), vowel gradation Breton lintr (*lent-ro-) ds., Cornish ter-lentry `gleam', Welsh llethr f. `slope' (*lent-rā), Middle Irish leittir f. ds. (brit. loanword); against it Welsh llithr ` glide, smooth flowing movement, slipping, skidding ' from *slip-tro- to *(s)leib- above S. 663;
Old English līðe, Old Saxon līði `moderate, mild' (*lentii̯o-), English lithe `pliable, ductile ', Old High German lind, lindi `soft, tender, pliable, flexible ', Modern High German lind, gelinde, Modern Norwegian linn `pliable, flexible, mild '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
East Lithuanian leñtas `still, peaceful';
in addition probably the Germanic-Slavic name the Linde (*lentā), because of her pliable basts; Old Norse lind f. ` linden (also spear, shield of linden '), Old English lind(e) f. ds., Old High German linta, lintea, linda ds., Modern High German Linde, wherefore as `band, strap of linden bast ' Old Norse lindi m. `band, strap, belt, girdle', Middle Low German lint n. `flat band, strap' (out of it Lithuanian linta ` frill, decorative trim, streamer'), Old Norse lindi n. ` limewood, linden ', Modern High German dial. lind, lint n. `bast';
Maybe alb. Geg landë, Tosc lëndë `wood, timber, material' a Germanic loanword.
probably Lithuanian lentà `board' (`of limewood, linden?');
with o-grade Slavic *lǫtъ in Russian dial. lut, lutь `linden bast ', Ukrainian ɫút'é n. `linden bast; willow branches ', ɫut `horsewhip, skin';
perhaps as ` the bending, winding ' Old High German lind, lint (*lento-s), Old Norse linnr, linni m. `snake', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), poet. ` tree, celebration ',, linn-ormr `dragon' = Old High German lindwurm ` lindworm, wingless dragon, dragon '.
References: WP. II 437 f., WH. I 784 f.
Page(s): 677
Root / lemma: lep-1 (*leḫup-)
Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words
Material: Old Indic lápati ` chats, whispers, wails, talks', rápati ds., pām. lówam, lewam ` speak, say', np. lāba, lāwa `flattery, insincere compliments';
Maybe truncated alb. llap `chat, talk, speak'.
It seems that from Root / lemma: plab- : (to babble, etc..) derived Root / lemma: lep-1 : `chat, talk, speak'.
presumably as *lēpagi- ` sayer of a magic spell ', Old Irish līaig (disyllabic), Gen. lego (*lī-ago) `physician, medicine man' (keinesfalls to Gothic lēkeis);
Russian lepetátь ` stammer, babble, chatter, babble ', Old Bulgarian lopotivъ ` stammering, stuttering ', Russian lopotátь ` babble, rant, roister, gossip ', with somewhat other meaning Serbo-Croatian lepètati `flutter'.
Maybe alb. llomotit ` babble ' a Slavic loanword.
Perhaps based on the onomatopoeic words, but with a-vocalism, gr. λαπίζω ` swagger, rodomontade ', λαπιστής ` swaggerer, bragger ' and λαῖλαψ `whirlwind' (as ` howling ').
References: WP. II 429.
Page(s): 677-678
Root / lemma: lep-2 (*leḫup-)
Meaning: to peel, flay
Material: Gr. λέπω ` exfoliate, remove in layers, peel off in thin sections', λέπος n., λοπός m. `bowl, bark, skin' (ὀλόπτω ` exfoliate '), λεπίς, λοπίς f. ` scale, husk, bowl, bark', λοπάς ` flat dish or plate, in which food was served, shell-fish ', λεπάς `a shelled mussel, limpet, mollusk which sticks to rocks ', λέπῡρον n. `bowl, husk', ἔλλοψ epithet the fish, λέπρα ` leprosy ' (`*scaling skin'); λεπτός `husks (of grain); fine, thin, dainty, weak', λεπτύνω `shell, pod, take out of its shell or pod; make thin', λαπαρός `fragile, flimsy, thin' (*λεπαρός); lengthened grade (ō): λώπη `wrapping, sleeve, garment, leather coat ', λῶπος n. ds., λώψ χλαμύς Hes.;
alb. ljapë ` peritoneum of animal for slaughter ', lepíj ` chisel, cut ', latë `small axe, hack, mattock, hoe' (*laptā);
Latin lepidus ` pleasant, agreeable, charming, fine, elegant, neat ' (compare above λεπτός), lepōs `fineness, pleasantness, agreeableness, bright witticism '; presumably also lapit ` to turn into stone, make hard like stone, to petrify, harden ' (*lep-);
Old English læfer, leber f. ` bulrush, reed ', English Pl. levers, Old High German leber ` bulrush', Old English lōf m. ` headband, head fascia' (= Lithuanian lõpas);
Lithuanian lõpas ` patch, vamp, clout, rag', lópau, -yti ` patch ', Latvian lāps ` patch, vamp, clout ', lãpît ` patch ';
Lithuanian lepùs ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle ', lepáuti `be minxish, wanton', lêpinti ` spoil, pamper ', Latvian lepns `pride';
sloven. lépen `leaf', Upper Sorbian changing through vowel gradation ɫopjëno n. `leaf'; Russian lepénь (*lepьnь) `shred, scrap, shred', lépest `rag; petal ' (further formations of es-stem *lepes- = gr. τὸ λέπος), lepúcha ` leprosy ' (as gr. λέπρα); ō-grade (as gr. λώπη) Russian lápotь (*lapъtь) m. ` bast shoe ', lápitь ` patch ', etc.
References: WP. II 429 ff., WH. I 785 f., Trautmann 149 f.
Page(s): 678
Root / lemma: leḫp-3 (*leḫup-)
Meaning: stone, rock
Material: Gr. λέπας n. (only N. Akk. Sg.) ` bare rock, stone', λεπαῖος ` rocky'; Latin lapis, -idis `stone'; Umbrian vapeře Abl. Sg., vapersus Abl. Pl. `seat' (of stone?); Latin a is understood as a reduplication-vowel e;
an other possibility would be a borrowing of gr. and Italian words not from Indo Germanic but Mediterranean language. The relationship to lep- ` split off ' as ` cleaved stone piece ' (saxum : secō) is possible.
References: WP. II 431, WH. I 761 f.
Page(s): 678
Root / lemma: leḫrd- (*leḫurd-)
Meaning: to twist
Material: Armenian Pl. lorc̣-k` ` convulsio partium in posteriora ';
gr. λορδός `mit dem Oberkörper nach vorwärts gekrümmt ', λορδοῦν, -οῦσθαι `nach vorwärts gebogen sein ';
Gaelic lorcach, lurcach `lame in the foot'; lurc m. ` lame foot';
Old English be-lyrtan `cheat, deceive', Middle High German lürzen ds., Danish lyrte ` joke', Middle High German lerzen ` stammer ', Middle High German lurz, lerz ` left ' (`crooked'); Old English lort `crooked?', in addition the PN Lorting = Modern High German Lortzing.
References: WP. II 439, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb. 206, 209.
Page(s): 679
Root / lemma: leḫrg- (*leḫurgh-)
Meaning: smooth, slippery
Material: Armenian oɫork ` even, smooth, polished, slippery ' (o- probably of the preposition *po-), lerk ` smooth, hairless ';
Middle Irish lergg f. ` slope, declivity, descent, decline, way, plain ', less-lergg ` willow ', Welsh llyry ` path, track, spoor', Cornish lergh, Breton lerc'h `spoor, track '; vowel gradation Old Irish lorc, Middle Irish lorgg m. `line, troop, multitude, crowd, progeny ', Welsh llwry > llwrw `spoor, track ';
in addition Modern High German Lurch, ndd. lork (*leḫurgh-)?
References: WP. II 439. S. still *lorgo- `stick'.
Page(s): 679
Root / lemma: leḫs- (*leḫus)
Meaning: to gather, pick up
Material:
Hittite: lis(s)ai-, les(s)ai- (I) ' sammeln, auflesen ' (Friedrich 130)
Baltic: *les- (*les-a-) vb. tr., *las-ī^- vb, *las-ā^ f.; *lēs- (*lēs-ja-) vb. tr.
Germanic: *lís-a- vb.
Celtic: ? Ir lestar, Cymr llestr ' Gefäss ' , OCorn lester, Bret lestr ' navis '
Gothic lisan stem verb ` compile, collect, reap', Old Icelandic lesa `gather, collect, compile, work in ', later (through Modern High German influence) ` read (a book)', Old English lesan `gather, collect', Old Saxon Old High German lesan ` pick up, select ' and (after the double meaning from Latin legere) ` read (a book)'; here also Old Icelandic lesa, Middle High German (Modern High German dial.) lismen ` knit ', Old High German lesa, Middle High German lese ` a kind of clothes material ', Old Icelandic lesni ` a kind of head stuff ';
Lithuanian lesù, lèsti (*leḫusti)`peck, pick ', Iterative ap-lasýti ` peck out, pick out, sort, choose ';
whether here Old Irish lestar, loanword from Welsh llestr `vessel', Old Cornish lester, Breton lestr `ship'? basic meaning would be ` vessel for collecting of berries '.
References: WP. II 440, Trautmann 160.
Page(s): 680
Root / lemma: leḫtoḫ-, lēḫtiḫ-, lēḫtoḫ-, lōḫtoḫ- (*leḫutoḫ-)
Meaning: heat
Material: Middle Welsh aelet (*ad-leḫt-) `pain', llet-gynt ds., lengthened grade llit, tra-llit `rage, fury', Modern Welsh llid m. ds., with gradation llawd `rutting, heat' = Middle Irish láth m. ds.; Middle Welsh aelawt `din, fuss, noise, pain' = Old Irish álad n. `wound' (*ad-lōḫtoḫ-), Welsh tra-llod `din, fuss, noise, pain';
Ukrainian ĺit́ f. `rutting, heat', ĺityty ` impregnate, fertilize '.
References: WP. II 428, Ifor Williams Ét. Celt. 4, 391.
Page(s): 680
Root / lemma: leḫtro- (*leḫutro-)
Meaning: leather
Material: Old Irish lethar, Welsh lledr, Breton lezr `leather' = Old High German leder, Old English leÞer (English leather), Old Icelandic leðr n. `leather'. Is the Germanic word old borrowing from Celtic and latter as *pl-e-tro related to Latin pellis etc. (see peḫl- `skin')? S. Pedersen KG. II 45.
References: WP. II 428.
Page(s): 681
Root / lemma: leḫubh-
Meaning: to care for, love
Material: Old Indic lúbhyati ` feels violent desire ', lōbháyati ` excites, arouses ' (formal = Germanic*laḫuƀjan, but denominative to *laḫuƀa-, Old English lēaf), lōbha- m. `desire, greed, lust' (= Old English lēaf etc.), lubdhá- ` greedy, licentious; enticed ' (= gr. λυπτά);
gr. λυπτά ἑταίρα, πόρνη Hes.;
Note:
common Hittite Greek zero grade loḫ3u- > lu-.
alb. laps ` wish, lust, desire', probably also Tosc lumë, Geg lum `lucky, blessed ', lumnī `fame, salvation, beatitude ' (participle *lubh-no- actually ` what one has with pleasure, praises ');
Latin libet, older lubet, -ēre, -uit, -itum est ` it pleases, is pleasing,, is agreeable ', lubens, libens ` willing, with readiness, with good will, with pleasure, glad ', lubīdo, libīdo ` eagerness '; Oscan loufir ` choose, take your choice, or if you will, or as you prefer, or at least, or what is the same thing, or else, or ' (compare Old Bulgarian ĺubo - ĺubo `either - or');
Gothic liufs, Old Icelandic liūfr, Old High German liob, Old English lēof `dear' (= Old Bulgarian ĺubъ); therefrom derived *liubēn ` be dear, like ' in Old English lēofian, Old High German Middle High German liuben; *liubjan in Old English ge-lýfan, Old High German (ga)liuben, originally ` make dear '; Gothic galaufs ` desirable, estimateable, valuable '; Old English lēaf ` permission ', Old High German urloub (and urlub) ` vacation '; Gothic Denominative ga-laubjan `believe', us-laubjan `allow', Old Icelandic leyfa (Denominative) `allow; praise, laud'; Old High German gilouben `believe', irlouben `allow', Old English līefan, ā-líefan `allow', gelīefan `believe'; Old Icelandic lof n. ` laudation, permission ', Old English lof n. ` laudation, praise ', Old High German lob n. ds. are Postverbalia to Old Icelandic lofa ` praise, bear, permit ', Old High German lobōn (Denominative) `praise, laud, grant, promise ', Modern High German loben, geloben, verloben; Gothic lubains `hope'; Old English lufu, Old High German lupa f. `love', therefrom *lubōn in Old English lufian, Old High German lubōn `love', Old High German gilubida ` profession, declaration ';
Lithuanian (due to an es-stem *leḫubhes-) liaupsė̃ ` glorification ', liáupsinti ` glorify ';
Old Bulgarian ĺubъ `dear' (Russian ĺúbyj etc.), whereof ĺubiti `love', ĺuby `love' (etc.).
Maybe alb. (*lup) lyp, lip `beg, like, want', lypës ` beggar' (common alb. u > y, i).
References: WP. II 419, WH. I 793 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 37 ff., 80 f.
Page(s): 683-684
Root / lemma: leḫudh-1
Meaning: to grow up; people; free
Note:
Root / lemma: leḫudh-1 : `to grow up; people; free' : Root / lemma: leḫu-dh-2 : `drive, go' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: el-6, elǝḫ- : lāḫ-; el-eḫu-(dh-) : `to drive; to move, go'.
Material: Old Indic rṓdhati, rṓhati ` rises, grows ', Avestan raoδaiti (*aroδaiti) ` increases, grows ', Old Indic rṓha- m. `ascension, elevation, height', avarōdha- m. ` aerial root, sinking, subsidence, fall, drop, lowering, sag, decrease ', Avestan raoδa- (*aroδa) m. `growth, prestige', New Persian rōi `face';
gr. ἐλεύθερος `free' from *leḫudhero-s = Latin līber `free'
Maybe Illyrian TN Liburni [common Latin -dh-> -b-].
Note:
The adjective free derived from the participle of the verb to free:
English free
Italian libero
Spanish libre
French libre
Bolognese lébber
Furlan libar
Galician libre
Greek ελεύθερος
Latin liber
Lombardo Occidentale liber
Old Greek ελεύθερος
Portuguese livre
Romagnolo lìver
Valencian lliure
Catalan lliure
Albanian i lirë
English liberate
Italian liberare
Spanish liberar
Aragones liberar
Bolognese liberèr
Bresciano liberà
Catalan alliberar
Furlan liberâ
Galician liberar
Greek απελευθερώνω ; ελευθερώνω
Latin liberare
Mudnés liberèr
Piemontese liberé
Portuguese liberar
Reggiano libereer
Romagnolo livrè
Roman libbera'
Romanian a libera ; a elibera
Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) illiberare
Sardinian Campidanesu libertai
Triestino liberar
Valencian alliberar
Venetian libarare
Note:
Common Greek e-, Avestan a- : Occidental Romance languages e-, a-, i- prefix = Albanian pronoun a- prefix, feminine adjective e-, masculine adjective i- prefix.
Note:
The inanimate suffix -ur- : Greek ἐλεύθερος ` free' : (*iliuri-) Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρία , ἡ, Illyria, also Ἰλλυρίς , ἡ, Adj. Ἰλλυρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region or province of Illyria, Ἰλλυρίζω , speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρία:--hence Adv. Ἰλλυριστί. (common Greek - Illyrian -li- > -ll-).
alb. i lirë `free' = Iliuri ` free people ';
Faliscan loferta ` a freedwoman ';
Maybe Tocharian A lyutāri `the upper (men), overseer?' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 181).
alb. perhaps lenj ` is born, comes into being ' (*leḫudh-n-), lind `give birth', (*po-lem) polem ` people ' (leḫudh-m-); Also lindje `sunrise'. (common Slavic alb. pe-, po- prefix).
Note:
lenj ` is born, comes into being ' seems wrong etymology since from Root / lemma: leḫgh- : to put down; to lie down, woman in childbed.
Alb. vëla ` brother ' (*su̯eḫ-loḫudhā ` member of clan ') [common alb. sv- > v-, see alb. vjehërr ` father-in-law'].
Note:
alb. vëlla ` brother ' : Phrygian: vela- f. `family, relatives' (?) : Estonian veli ` brother '. According tos alb. cognate derived from the Root / lemma: su̯e-loḫ-, su̯eḫlii̯oḫ(n)- [(*su̯e ` his, her' + Root / lemma: leuḫdh-1 (*leḫugh-): to grow up; people; free].
]: (a kind of relation): (*svila-) vëlla `brother' [common alb. initial sv- > v-].
Etymological comments: Possibly, goes back to PIE *su̯el-, compare. Hes. ἀέλιοι οἱ ἀδελφὰς γυναι̃κας ἐσχηκότες, αἴλιοι σύγγαμβροι `brothers-in-law, whose wifes are sisters' and εἰλίονες at Pollux 3, 32 (οἱ δε ἀδελφὰς γήμαντες ὁμόγαμβροι η σύγγαμβροι η μα̃λλον συγκηδεσταὶ καὶ παρὰ τοι̃ς ποιηται̃ς εἰλίονες), which may represent metrical lengthening of *ἐλίονες or *ἑλίονες. Cf. also ON svilar `id.' and Gr. ἧλιξ (Dor. ἇλιξ) `friend, associate', Brixhe - Drew-Bear 1997: 90. Less probable is Orel's (Orel 1997: 108) rendering of ουελας as `heat of the sun' (Gr. εἵλη).
Albanian vëlla : Phrygian: vela- : Estonian vend, veli : Finnish veli : Saami viellja : ON svilar ` brother '.
Uralic etymology:
Proto: *welje
English meaning: brother, friend
Finnish: veli (gen. veljen) 'Bruder, Freund' ?
Estonian: veli (gen. vele, velja) 'brother' ?
Saam (Lapp): viel'lja^ -llj- (N), viel'ja (L), vīlj (T Kld.), vielj (Not.), viĺ (A) ?
Hungarian: -vel 'with' (case suffix), vel-em 'with me', vel-ed 'with you', vel-e 'with him, with her'
Alb. këlüsh ` youngling ';
Note:
This seems erroneous etymology because alb. këlüsh `cub, esp. young dog' derives from Root / lemma: kel-6, k(e)lē-, k(e)lā- or kl̥̄-? : `to call, cry'. (see above)
Latin Līber `Italian god of growth, fertility, cultivation', Oscan Gen. Lúvfreís ` Liberi ', Latin līberī, -ōrum ` free persons; hence, the children of a family, children', also `* offspring, the young '; līber `free' see above; [common Latin -dh-> -b-].
Old Irish luss m. `plant' (*ludh-stu-), Old Cornish les ds., Middle Cornish leys, Pl. losow, Welsh llysiau, Breton louzou ds.;
Gothic liudan, Old High German liotan, Old Saxon liodan, Old English lēodan `grow', Old High German sumarlota ` summer scion ', Old Norse loðenn ` grow over, cover with (vegetation), hairy, rough', loða `(* have grown =) be stuck, stick '; Gothic laudi f. `shape', swa-, sama-lauÞs `so big, large', jugga-lauÞs ` youngling ', Middle High German lōt `obtain'; Gothic ludja `face (with the eyes and mouth)' (compare np. rōi), Old Saxon lud ` the extreme, physical strength (? only Hel. 154), Old High German ant-lutti `face (with the eyes and mouth)'; (the young, offspring = bulk, mass, people :) Old High German liut, Old English lēod `people', Middle High German liute `people', Old English lēode ds., then also of single people Old High German liut `person', Modern High German dial. das Leut `person', Low German lüd, lüt `woman, girl', burgund. leudis ` the commonly free, layman ';
Old Church Slavic ljudьje (*leudei̯es) Pl. `the people' (Sg. Russian ljud, Czech lid), ljudinъ ` the commonly free, man, village, layman ', Latvian ĺàudis Pl. `people, servants ', Lithuanian liáudis `people'.
Maybe alb. lëndinë, lëndina ` meandow' from Church Slavic: ljudinъ `man, village, layman'.
Proto-Slavic form: l̨udinъ; l̨udìna
See also: l̨ūdъ; l̨ūdьje
Page in Trubačev: XV 192
Church Slavic: ljudinъ `man, village, layman' [m o]
Russian: ljudína (dial.) `man (pej.)' [f ā]
Ukrainian: ljudýna `man' [f ā]
Serbo-Croatian: ljùdina `strong man' [f ā]
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: li̯oudei̯es
References: WP. II 416 f., WH. I 791 ff., Trautmann 160 f.
Page(s): 684-685
Root / lemma: leḫu-dh-2
Meaning: drive, go
Note:
Root / lemma: leḫudh-1 : `to grow up; people; free' : Root / lemma: leḫu-dh-2 : `drive, go' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: el-6, elǝḫ- : lā-; el-eḫu-(dh-) : `to drive; to move, go'.
See also: see above under el-6 S. 306 f.
Page(s): 685
Root / lemma: leḫud-
Meaning: to bend (intransitive); bent, small, etc..
Material: Welsh lludded ` tiredness ' (*loudetā, compare Old High German luzeda ` a weakening, invalidating ');
Old Saxon luttil `small, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Old High German luzil, luzzil, liuzil, Middle High German lützel `small, little, small', Old English lȳtel, English little; Old Saxon lūt ` little ', Old English lȳt `small', Old Saxon luttic, Old High German luzzīc `small, little ' (see above under 2. lei-); Old Icelandic lūta stem verb ` bend forward, fall', Old English lūtan stem -verb ds., Old English lūtian `hide, conceal lie, lurk', Old High German lūzēn ds.; Old High German lōskēn, Middle Low German lūschen `be hidden, concealed, hide, conceal'; Gothic luton in lutondans ` φρεναπάται ', zero grade liuts ` false, two-faced ', liutai Pl. `Gaukler', liutei ` deception ', lutōn `cheat, deceive, tempt, entice ', Old English lot n. `deceit', lytig ` crafty, cunning ', Old Icelandic ljōtr `ugly', lȳti n. (*liutia-) ` disability ', lȳta ` spoil, disgrace, rebuke';
Lithuanian liūstù, liũsti ` be sad ' (`being pressed, being being pressured'), liũdnas ` sad ', Old Prussian laustinti ` humble, humiliate ' (from *laḫustas ` humiliate ');
Russian-Church Slavic ludъ `crazy', post-verbal to Slavic *ludjǫ in Russian lužú (*laudei̯ō), ludítь `cheat, deceive, exchange'.
References: WP. II 415 f., Trautmann 151.
Page(s): 684
Root / lemma: leḫugh-1
Meaning: to lie
Material: Gothic liugan, Old Saxon Old High German liogan, Old English lēogan `lie', Old Icelandic ljūga `lie, blunder, fail'; Old High German Old Saxon lugina, Old English lygen `lie, falsity', Middle High German luc m. `lie', Old High German luggi, lucki, Old Saxon luggi, Old English lycge ` fallacious ' (= Slavic lъžь), Old Icelandic lygi f., Old High German lugī f. `lie, falsity', Old English lyge m. `lie, falsity' (: Slavic lъža `lie, falsity'); Old High German lougan m., lougna f. ` the denying ' = Old Icelandic laun f. `ds., concealment ', Gothic analaugns `hide, conceal', laugnjan ` deny ' etc.; probably also Old High German lochon, j-verb lucchen, geminated Old Icelandic lokka, Old English loccian, mnl. locken ` entice ', Old High German lockon ` entice '; in addition Middle High German Gelücke `luck'?
Lithuanian lūgoti `bid, beg, ask', Latvian lùgt ds.;
Maybe alb. (*lukt) lut, lus `pray, bid, beg, ask'.
Old Bulgarian lъžǫ, lъgati `lie', lъžь ` fallacious, liar ', lъžа `lie, falsity'.
References: WP. II 415, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.
Page(s): 686-687
Root / lemma: leugh-2. lugh-
Meaning: oath
Note: only Celtic and Germanic
Material: Old Irish lu(i)ge n., Welsh llw m., Breton le `oath, vow, pledge' (*lughi̯om);
Gothic liugan, -aida `marry', liuga ` matrimony ', (*oath), Old High German urliugi (*uz-liugja) `war, fight' (`*state without agreement '), zero grade Middle Low German orloge, orloch, Old Saxon orlag, -logi, Old Frisian orloch ds. (therefrom is attributed also Middle High German urlage `fate, destiny' etc. partly the meaning `war, fight', see below legh- `lie'); Old Frisian logia `marry'.
Maybe alb. logu `lists (*fight)'
References: WP. II 415.
Page(s): 687
Root / lemma: leḫug-1
Meaning: to bend
Note:
Root / lemma: leḫug-1 : `to bend' : Root / lemma: leḫu-g-2 : lu-g- : lū-g- : `black; swamp' derived from Root / lemma: leḫu-2 (*leḫuĝh-): `to cut off, separate, free'.
Material: Gr. λυγίζω `bend, coil, turn, twist, rotate ', λύγος f. `flexible twig, branch', λύγινος `twisted';
Latin lucta f. ` a wrestling, wrestling-match ', luctō, sek. luctor, -ārī `wrestle, struggle', luxus ` a dislocation ', luxāre ` to put out of joint, to dislocate ', luxus, -ūs ` excess, indulgence, luxury, debauchery ', luxuria; probably lū̆ma ` mint, mentha, plant of the genus mentha, a thorn (?)' from *lū̆g(s)mā;
Note:
The inanimate suffix -ur- : Latin luxuria ` to be rank, be luxuriant, abound to excess ' : Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρία , ἡ, Illyria, also Ἰλλυρίς , ἡ, Adj. Ἰλλυρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region or province of Illyria, Ἰλλυρίζω , speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρία:--hence Adv. Ἰλλυριστί.
Maybe Rumanian luptă ` struggle, fighting, battle, fight, strife, combat, action, efforts, affair, striving, quarrel, encounter, stour, war, warfare, match, mix ' : alb. lufta ` struggle, fighting, battle ' common Rumanian-Illyrian kʷ- > p-, f-.
Old Irish fo-long- `endure, bear, carry' (from *-lung-);
Lithuanian lùgnas ` ductile, pliable';
Old High German loc, Modern High German Locke, Old English locc, Old Icelandic lokkr ds., Old Icelandic lykna ` bend the knees ';
with gradation besides perhaps Old High German louh, Modern High German Lauch, Old Low German lōk, Old English lēac, Old Icelandic laukr ` leek '; from `bend, bend together ' seems to have originated the meaning `close, shut' (?) in Gothic ga-lūkan ` enclose, surround ', us-lūkan ` open, unlatch, unlock ', Old Icelandic lūka `shut, open, unlatch, unlock, finish, end', Old English lūcan `shut, open', Old High German lūhhan `shut', antlūhhan ` open, unlatch, unlock '; Old Icelandic lok n. ` end, lock, cover', loka f. ` lock, bar, bolt', lykja `shut', Old English loc n. ` lock, bar, bolt, jail ', Old High German loh n. ` lock, hideout, cave, hole', Gothic us-luk n. `aperture '; Old High German lucka (*lukkja) ` fracture', ndd. Luke.
References: WP. II 413 f., WH. I 826 f., 831.
Page(s): 685-686
Root / lemma: leḫu-g-2 : lu-g- : lū-g-
Meaning: black; swamp
Note:
Root / lemma: leḫug-1 : `to bend' : Root / lemma: leḫu-g-2 : lu-g- : lū-g- : `black; swamp' derived from Root / lemma: leḫu-2 (*leḫuĝh-): `to cut off, separate, free'.
Material: Gr. λῡγαῖος `dark, dim', wherefore (with prefix ἠ-, compare Old Indic ā-nīla- ` blackish, darkish ') ἠλύ̆γη `dark', ἐπῆλυξ `( whereas is darkness =) providing shadow ', ἐπηλυγάζομαι, -ίζομαι ` ccloud, make dim, cover ';
Maybe alb. lugë, luga `spoon, scoop', Geg lug `valley, ditch', Tosc luginë `valley'
Illyrian lugas m. or luga f. `swamp, marsh' (Strabo 314: ἕλος Λούγεον καλούμενον by Τεργεστε), whereof with Latin forms -ātum derived alb. lëgatë; `puddle, pool, slop, swamp, marsh';
Maybe nasalized alb. Geg lang, Tosc lëng `drink, liquid, broth, juice';
Lithuanian liũgas `morass', besides lũgas, Latvian FlN Ludze (*lugi̯ā); Indo Germanic *lougi̯ā in: Russian-Church Slavic luža `swamp, marsh, puddle, slop', etc.;
perhaps here gall. λοῦγος `raven' in PN Lugu-dūnon `Lyon', etc.
Maybe alb. lugat `monster, ghost' : gall. λοῦγος `raven'
References: WP. II 414, Trautmann 163; to 1. leu-.
Page(s): 686
Root / lemma: leḫuĝ- (*leḫuĝh-)
Meaning: to break
Note: in Aryan with g, in Baltic with ĝ; Aryan g probably through influence of leug- `bend'
Material: Old Indic rujáti ` breaks, torments', rugná- `broke', -ruj f. `pain, disease, malady', rujā ds., rṓga- m. ` disability, disease, malady', logá- ` clod, plaice, type of European flatfish ';
Avestan uruxti- ` breakage, rupture ';
Armenian lucanem ` detach, open ', loic `released, liberated, free';
gr. ἀ-λυκτο-πέδη ` non-tearing band, strap', λευγαλέος, λυγρός (*λεḫυγαλέος) `sad, terrible';
alb. lungë ` ulcer ';
Latin lūgeō, -ēre ` grieve ' (*loḫuĝei̯ō), lūctus, -ūs `mourning, grief', lūgubris `sad, pitiable ' (probably *lūgos-ri-s);
Old Irish lucht `load, content, troop, multitude, crowd, people' (*part?), Welsh llwyth `load, burden, tribe', gall. luchtos `part' (?), Adj. luchtodos, LVXTIIRIOS, Lucterius MN;
Old English to-lūcan `destroy', Old High German liohhan `tear, rend, pull, drag', Middle Low German lūken `pull, drag, pluck', Old English lūcan ` weed ', Swedish luk, Old Norse lok n. `weed'; here GN Loki as ` destroyer ';
` fracture, hole', Modern High German Lücke, (Low German) Luke;
Lithuanian láužiu, láužti, Latvian laûžu, laûzt, transitive `break, rupture', vowel gradation Lithuanian lúžtu, lúžti, Latvian lûstu, lûst, intransitive `break, rupture'; in addition Lithuanian láužas m. `heap ruptured, broken branch ', lũžis m. `break', Latvian laûžńi ` broken tree '.
References: WP. II 412 f., WH. I 830 f., Trautmann 152 f.
Page(s): 686
Root / lemma: leḫuk- (*leḫuĝh-)
Meaning: bright, to shine; to see
Material:
Hittite: laluk(k)es- (I) ' hell werden ' , lalukki- ' hell ' , lalukkima- c. ' Erleuchtung ' , luk(k)- (I) ' hell werden, tagen ' (Friedrich 126, 130)
Tokharian: A, B luk- ' light up, be illuminated, illuminate ' (Adams 556); B lyūke ' light, splendor ' (567)
Old Indian: rocate `to shine, be bright ' ; rocaná- `bright, shining ' , roká- m. `light, lustre ' , roci- f. `light, beam, ray ' , rocá- `shining, radiant ' , rucá- `bright, radiant ' , rúci-, rucí- f. `light, splendour ' , rukmá- m. n. `ornament of gold ' , rúkmant- `possessed of brightness, shining ' ; rócas-, rocís- n. `light, lustre, brightness ' ; {rukṣá- `glänzend ' }
Avestan: raočant- `leuchtend ' ; raočah- n. `Licht, Leuchte, bes. des Himmels ' , raoxšna- `glänzend ' , f. `Licht '
Other Iranian: OPers raučah- n. `Licht, Leuchte, bes. des Himmels '
Armenian: lois `Licht ' , lusin `Mond ' , lusn `weisser Fleck im Auge ' , luchanem `zünde an, brenne ' , aor. luchi
Old Greek: leu̯kó- `hell, klar, weiss ' , léu̯kǟ f. `der weisse Ausschlag; Weisspappel ' ; lo^u̯sso-n n. `weisser Kern im Tannenholz ' , amphi-lǘkǟ nǘks `half light, morning twilight ' , lükó-phōs, -ōtos n. ' twilight ' , mormo-lü̆́kǟ `bogey, hobgoblin ' , lüká-bās, -antos m. Zeitangabe unsicherer Bed., gewöhnlich als `Jahr ' erklärt, lǘkhno-s, pl. -oi̯/-a m. `(tragbare) Leuchte, Lampe '
Slavic: *lūčь, *lūčjā; *lūnā
Baltic: *laũk-a- adj.
Germanic: *liux=, *laug-í- c., *log-án, *líux-r=, *líux-m-an- m., *liux-s-n-a- adj., *liux-s-a- m., n., *líux-ad-a- n., *lux-t= etc.
Latin: lūx, -cis f. (OLat. m.) `Licht, Glanz; Tages-, Augenlicht; Leben, Heil, Ruhm ' , lūceo, -ēre, lūxī `leuchten, hell sein ' , pollūceō, -ēre, -lūxī, -lūctum ``auf die Tafel setzen ' ; lūcidus, -a `lichtvoll, hell ' ; lūculentus, --a `glänzend, stattlich, ansehnlich ' , lūcor, -ōris m. `Glanz ' ; lucerna f. `Leuchte, Lampe ' , lūcubrāre `bei Licht oder Nacht arbeiten ' , lūmen, -inis n. (OLat loumen) `Licht, Lichtkorper, Leuchte; Tageslicht, Tag; Augenlicht, Auge ' , lūna f. `Mond, Mondgöttin, mondförmige Figur ' , lūstrum, -ī n. `das alle fünf Jahre abgehaltene Sühneopfer; Zeitraum von fünf Jahren ' ; lūstrāre `reinige, sühne ' , illūstris `hell erleuchtet in dia Augen fallend, berühmt ' , lucubrum `Dämmerung '
Other Italic: Osk Lúvkis, Lūcetius `Beiname des Iuppiter ' , Lūcetia `Beiname der Iuno ' ; Umbr Vuvc̨is `Lūcius ' , Vuc̨iia-per `prō Lūciā ' , Praenest Losna `mond '
1. Old Indic rócatē `shines, seems', Avestan raočant- `luminous', Old Indic rōcáyati `allows to shine, lights up ', Avestan raočayeiti ` illuminates, lights up ' (= Latin lūсео);
Old Indic rōcaná- `luminous', roká- m. `light' (= Armenian lois `light', Welsh llug), rōcíṣ n. `light' (= Old High German loug, Old English lieg, Old Icelandic leygr m., Slavic lučь m.), lōká- m. `free (bright) room, world' (= Latin lūcus, Lithuanian laũkas `field', Old High German etc. lōh); rōcá- `luminous' (: Lithuanian Adj. laũkas ` outdoors, field, plot '), rucá- `bright' (: gr. λυκόφως, ἀμφι-λύκη, Welsh am-lwg, Old Icelandic log n. `flame'), rúci- f. `light, radiance ' (= Old Prussian luckis), rukmá- n. `gold', m. ` golden jewellery', rúkmant- `gleaming' (compare Germanic Latin -men-stem); rṓcas-, rōcís- n., Avestan raocah-, Old Persian raučah- n. `light, radiance, esp. of heaven ', Old Indic rukṣá- `gleaming', Avestan raoxšna- `gleaming' common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old Persian ĝh- > xš- : New Persian xš- > š-
(= Old High German liehsen) f. `light' (= Latin lūna, Middle Irish luan, Old Prussian lauxnos, Old Bulgarian luna, zero grade gr. λύχνος; based on this -es-stem also Latin lūstrāre, lucubrāre, Old English lioxan, Old Icelandic ljōs, Lithuanian lũkestis);
Armenian lois, Gen. lusoi `light', lusin `moon', lusn ` white spot in the eye ', luc̣anem ` ignite, burn', Aor. luc̣i (originally skō-present);
gr. λευκός (*λεḫυκός) ` light, gleaming, white' (λεῦκος, λευκίσκος fish names), λοῦσσον ` weißer Kern im Tannenholz ' (: Old Bulgarian luča from *loukiā); λύσσα f. `fury' (after the sparkling eyes); ἀμφι-λύκη ` twilight ', λυκό-φως ds., μορμο-λύκη ` fright image '; λυκάβᾱς ` Neumondstag ', is unclear; (compare Leumann, Hom. Wörter 2124; after Kretschmer Gl. 22, 262 to λύκος `wolf'); λύχνος ` light ' (*luk-s-nos, due to of -(e)s-stem); unclear is λουνόν λαμπρόν Hes.;
Illyrian PN Λεύκαρος, in addition venet. (?) PN Λευκάριστος (Silesia);
Maybe alb. lush `berserk, carrion, lushë `bitch, berserk woman' : λύσσα f. `fury'
Latin lūx, -cis ` light, brightness ' (older i-stem) lūceō, -ēre, lūxī ` to be light, be clear, shine, beam, glow, glitter ', Old Latin also ` let the light shine ' (*loukéi̯ō = Old Indic rōcáyati), pollūcēre originally `let shine (or see)', hence pollūcte `precious', pollūcibilis ` sumptuous, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', pollūctūra ` a sumptuous entertainment '; lūculentus ` full of light, bright, splendid ', lūcerna ` a lamp, oil-lamp ' (compare Old Irish lōcharn, see below); Juppiter Lūcetius perhaps ` light bringer ' (Oscan; compare gall. Mars Leucetius, Gothic liuhaÞ): lūcus, Old Latin Akk. loucom ` a sacred grove, consecrated wood, park surrounding a temple ', actually `(wood, forest-) clearing, light ' (compare collūcāre ` prune; thin out (trees); clear/thin (forest) ', interlūcāre ` prune trees, let the light through '), Oscan lúvkeí ` in lūcō ' (see above Old Indic lōká-); perhaps also Umbrian Vuvc̨is ` Lūcius ';
Latin lūmen `light' from *leuk-s-men; lūna `moon goddess ') (*loḫuksnā), praen. Losna (: Old Prussian lauxnos, Avestan raoxšnā, Middle Irish lūan, Old Bulgarian luna); lūstrum ` period of five years, a purificatory sacrifice, expiatory offering, lustration ' (*leḫuk-s-trom ` enlightenment '), lūstrō, -āre ` to light up, illuminate, make bright ', also `clean', illūstrāre ` brighten, light up ', back formation illūstris ` lighted up, clear, bright, light, lustrous ', lūcŭbrum `dawn, twilight' (*leukos-ro-), lūcŭbrāre ` to work by lamp-light, work at night ';
Welsh llug ` shimmer, radiance ', llug у dydd `daybreak' (= Old Indic rōká-, Armenian lois) Loth RC 39, 73; gall. *leḫuxos `bright', *leḫukā `the white', s. Wartburg FEW. s. v. v.
Old Irish luchair ` radiance ', lūaichtide `gleaming', luach-te ` white-hot, extremely hot '; Old Irish lōcharn, luacharn f. `shiner, lantern, lamp, light', Welsh llugorn (also llygorn m., Pl. llygyrn), Cornish lugarn ds., Breton lugern m. ` radiance ';
gall. Leucetius, Loucetius `epithet of Mars' (compare Latin-Oscan Lūcetius); Middle Irish lóch, lúach `gleaming', Old Irish lōchet (n. nt-stem) `lightning', out of it borrowed Welsh lluched, Old Cornish luhet, Breton luc'hed-enn `lightning'; Middle Irish lūan `light, moon', dīa lūain ` Monday ' (*leḫuk-s-no- : Latin lūna); Welsh llwg `gleaming', llygo ` einen Glanz werfen ' (compare with the meaning from gr. λεύσσω as `in view, visible, apparent, obvious' under Welsh am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg `in view, visible, apparent, obvious'); Middle Irish loch `black' (*luko-), Welsh llwg ` black-yellow ', zero grade llug `black' (*louko-) probably originally `gleaming black';
Gothic liuhaÞ `light' (: Latin Lūcetius, gall. Leucetius), Old High German Old Saxon lioht `bright' and n. `light', Old English lēoht ds.; Gothic lauhatjan `gleam, shine, flash', Old High German lougazzen and zero grade lohazzen `blaze, burn, be fiery', Old English līegetu f. `lightning'; Old High German lōh ` grow over the clearing, section of forest which is free of trees, low bushes, thicket ', Middle Low German lōh, lōch ` spinney, bush', names as Water-loo, Old English lēah ` open land, meadow', Old Icelandic lō fn. ` clearing, glade ' (= Old Indic lōká- etc.); Old High German lauc, loug, Old English līeg, Old Icelandic leygr, mask. i-stem `flame, fire' (= Old Indic rōcí-, Slavic lučь), Old Icelandic logi m. = Old Frisian loga `flame', Middle High German lohe `flame'; Old Icelandic ljōmi m., Old Saxon liomo, Old English lēoma ` radiance ' (*leḫuk-mon-), Gothic lauhmuni `lightning, flame' (áḫu, compare English levin `lightning' from *laḫuhuƀni-);
Old Icelandic lōn f. (*loḫuhnō) ` still water', logn n. ` calm ' (compare gr. λευκη γαλήνη) ` shining calm ');
Old Icelandic ljōri m. ` Rauchloch ', Norwegian ljōra ` clear up ', Middle High German ūz-lieren ds.;
due to of -es-stem Old Icelandic lȳr m. (*leḫuhiz) ` Lub, Gadus pollichius ' (from the bright color of the sides and the belly of the fish), Old Icelandic lȳsa f. ` Merluccius vulgaris, Whiting ', Norwegian lysing ds., compare Swedish löja, löga ` Abramis alburnus ' from *laḫugiōn, Modern High German Lauge ` Cyprinus alburnus and leuciscus '); Middle High German liehsen `bright' (*leḫuhsna- = Avestan raoxšna-), Old Icelandic ljōs n. `light' (*leḫuhsa-), lȳsa `gleam, shine, gleam, make bright, define, announce, declare ' = Old English líexan, līxan `gleam, shine';
Lithuanian laũkas ` outdoors, field, plot ', laũkas `field' (`clearing '), see above Old Indic lōká-, rocá- etc.; Old Prussian luckis `wooden log' (= Old Indic rucí-), vowel gradation with sloven. lúč etc. ` light chip '; FlN Lithuanian Laukesà;
Old Bulgarian luča `ray' (loḫuki̯ā, compare gr. λοῦσσον), Church Slavic also lučь m. `ray, light' (= Old Indic roci-, Old High German loug), sloven. lúč f. `light', Pl. ` light shavings ', Russian luč `ray', lučá ` chip of pinewood ', Czech louč ` pine '; Old Bulgarian luna `moon' (*loḫuk-s-nā, as Latin lūna etc.);
Tocharian А В luk- `gleam, shine, brighten '; A lok, lokit, В laukito ` strange ', lauke `wide' (compare Lithuanian laũk, laũkan ` outwards, out, outside ' from laũkas `field') (*laḫuke);
Hittite luk(k)- `gleam, shine, ignite, set on fire' (*lo-ḫ3uukk-).
Note:
(common Hittite zero grade loḫ3u- > lu-)
2. with the meaning `black' (from `gleaming black' or ` burnt '): see above S. 688;
but Latin lūcius ` a fish ' stands for ` the fluorescent '.
3. To leḫuk- `gleam, shine' corresponds leḫuk- `see':
Old Indic lṓkatē, lṓcatē ` beholds, notices ', lōkáyati, lōcáyati `contemplates', lōcanam `eye';
gr. λεύσσω `see, observe' (*λεḫύσσω);
Welsh am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg ` in view, visible, apparent, obvious ', go-lwg `vision, face' (also Welsh etc. llygad `eye' from *lukato-);
Lithuanian láukiu, láukti ` wait, await, expect, anticipate, look forward, hope, hold, tarry, watch, bargain ', lūkė́ti ` await a little ', Latvian lũkuôt ` look, try ', Old Prussian laukīt ` seek '; from ` see, show' : ` aim, hit, throw ' and `receive, attain, achieve ' : lučiti sę ` meet, happen by chance '; in Russian-Church Slavic lučiti ` meet somebody ', etc.
4. A parallel root leḫuk̂- in:
Old Indic rúśant- ` light, bright, white', Church Slavic vъs-lysъ `naked, bald, bleak', Russian lýsyj `naked, bald, bleak'; in addition perhaps the name of lynx, wildcat (development from the sparkling eyes or rather after his greyish white fur): Armenian lusanunk` Pl., gr. λύγξ, λυγκός (whence the nasalization?), Old High German luhs, Old English lox, next to which Old Swedish lō from *l(a)ḫuha- (compare perhaps German Fuchs ` fox ' : Gothic fauhō), Lithuanian lū́šis, Latvian lūsìs, Old Prussian luysis, Old Bulgarian rysь (with r instead of l after rъvati ` escape, flee '?);
Maybe alb. mixed etymology ` (ryks + buall) ' = ` (cat bull) ': rëqebull, riqebull ` lynx, wildcat ' the same as Romanian name for lynx, wildcat.
Vasmer explains Slavic r perhaps through Iranian borrowing; not definitely there stands the meaning ` lynx, wildcat ' for that furthermore on voiced-nonaspirated final sound Middle Irish lug, Gen. loga; on the other hand explains Loth RC 36, 103 Welsh lloer, Breton loar `moon' from *lug-rā, so that one so that one could understand -g, -k, -k̂ as extensions; compare also above S. 688 gr. λουνόν.
References: WP. II 408 ff., WH. I 823 ff., 827 f., 832 ff., 839, Trautmann 151 f., 164; different Kuiper Nasalpräs. 1073.
Page(s): 687-690
Root / lemma: leḫu-1, *leḫu̯ǝ- : lū̆-
Meaning: dirt
Material: Gr. λῦμα `smut, disgrace, shame', λύ̄μη, ` vituperation ', λῡμαίνομαι ` scold; maltreat; ruin wretchedly '; λύθρον, -ος ` defilement, contamination';
alb. Tosc lum, llum `slime, mud', Geg lüm, lym, Tosc ler, lerë ds. (lum-, respectively leḫu-d(h)r-), Illyrian PN Ludrum (: gr. λύθρον);
Maybe alb. lumë ` river '.
Latin polluō ` to soil, defile, stain, foul, pollute ', lustrum `puddle, slop, slough, bog, haunt, den of beasts ', lutum ` filth, ordure, mud, mire ' =
Old Irish loth f. `smut', gall. PN Lutēva, in addition Welsh (with lengthened grade) lludedic `muddy'; with other suffix Middle Irish con-luan ` dog's dirt, dog poop ', Breton louan ` the open sea, high sea, main, deep ';
Lithuanian lutýnas, -nė `pool, loam pool '; here probably also Lithuanian liū́nas `morass'.
References: WP. II 406.
See also: see also under leḫug-2.
Page(s): 681
Root / lemma: leḫu-2 (*leḫuĝh-)
Meaning: to cut off, separate, free
Note:
Root / lemma: leu-2 (*leuĝh-): `to cut off, separate, free' : Root / lemma: leḫuĝ- (*leḫuĝh-): `to break'
Note: also leḫu̯ǝ- and lēḫu- : lǝḫu- (: lū̆-), partly leḫu-s-
Material: Old Indic lunā́ti, lunṓti `slices, clips, cuts', lūná- ` cropped, truncated, cut off ' (: Middle Irish lon), lavítra- n. `sickle', laví- f. ds. (: gr. λαῖον, Old Icelandic lē ds.), lava- m. ` the reaping, fleece, wool, hair, branch ', lāva- `incisive', lāvaka- m. ` whittler, reaper, harvester ';
gr. λύω ` release (from a debt or duty), set free; exterminate etc.', λύᾱ f. ` dissolving, separation', λύσις f. ` lysis, dissolution, disintegration ', λύτρον n. ` ransom '; βου-λῡτός m. ` time of the relaxating of the the cattle, evening ' (: so-lūtus); λαῖον ` plowshare ' (λαḫFι̯ον; compare Old Icelandic lē, Middle Low German lē, lehe `sickle' from *leḫwan- and Old Indic laví- ds.); ἀλωή, Attic ἅλως f. `threshing floor';
alb. laj ` wash away; pay the debt ' (*lǝḫuni̯ō, vowel gradation equally with gr. λαḫ(F)ῖον);
Common alb. Slavic -j ending of verbs in singular.
Albanian aorist lava (*laḫuni̯ō) ` I washed ';
alb. (*për-laj) përlaj `rob', perhaps also letë `mane' and (from the root form in -s) lesh `wool, hair' (compare the same meeaning in Old Indic lava-); because after Jokl L.-k. U. 127, 147 ff. (*pë-luer) fluer ` drawer, area of a chest ' (*vë-lor- from Indo Germanic *lēḫu-r-), sh-lor ` slope of a scaffold ', pluar, plor (*pë-luar) ` plowshare ' (common Slavic alb. pe-, po- prefix), lug, lugu `trough', flugë `board', lugë `spoon';
Maybe alb. flues ` ramrod of the gun', flug ` flounce, pounce, inrush, rampage ', alb. Geg fjug ` throw, thrash, beat out grain from husks '.
Wrong etymology:
English wool
Italian lana
Spanish lana
French laine
Albanian lesh (*ληνος) [common Celtic abbreviation]
Breton gloan
Catalan llana
Croatian vuna
Czech vlna
Danish uld
Dutch wol
Estonian vill
Finnish villa
Galician la
Hungarian gyapjú
Irish olann
Latin lana
Latvian vilna
Lithuanian vilna
Mudnés lana
Norwegian ull
Old Greek έριον ; μαλλός ; ληνος
Piemontese lan-a
Polish welna
Portuguese lã
Romagnolo lèna
Romanian lânã
Sardinian Campidanesu lana
Schwäbisch Wolla
Setswana wulu
Slovak vlna
Slovenian vólna
Swedish ull ; ylle
Valencian llana
Welsh gwlân
Latin luō, -ere `atone, pay, loose, free, pay off ', in gloss ` λύω ', reluō ` redeem again ', solvō (*se-luō) solūtus `to loosen, unbind, unfasten, unfetter, untie, release', luēs (`*dissolving ', hence:) `that which is not bound';
Middle Irish lon ` wether, castrated ram ' (: Old Indic lūná-), Old Irish loë f. `wool, fleece ' (*lōḫu̯i̯ā), ló ds. (*lōḫu̯ā);
Gothic lun Akk. Sg. ` ransom ', us-luneins ` deliverance ', Old English ā-lynnan `release'; Old Icelandic lȳja ` hit, knock, weaken ', participle lūinn ` fatigued', Modern Icelandic lūi ` fatigue, weariness '; Old Icelandic lē m. `sickle' (see above); *laḫwa ` removed bark as tanning agent ' in Old High German lō, Gen. lōwes n. Modern High German Lohe, Middle Low German lō ds.; Old Icelandic lǫgg f. ` sediment, sludge ' (*laḫu̯u̯ō); Old High German līh-lawi (līhlōa, līhla), Middle Low German līk-lawe `scar' (ibd.); Old Icelandic lūðr `trough' (low-cut, excavated trunk); Old High German lūdara ` cradle '; vowel gradation Swedish dial. ljuder ` aged crack an a tree';
with the meaning ` sliced board' here Russian láva `board, bench, steep path ', Lithuanian lóva ` bedstead ', Latvian lāva ` fool's wand, bedstead ', Danish older lo, Swedish lofve, loge, Old Swedish loi, lo, Old Icelandic lōfi m. `threshing floor, barn' (Old Icelandic lāfi is an old Vowel gradation form *lēwan-);
Tocharian A lo, В lau `remote, distant, apart, separated'; A law-, В lyu- ` send away, dismiss; send off '; A lot `ditch, trench, channel, hole' (*la-ḫ2u-ut-ti);
Hittite lu-uz-zi (luzzi) `tax, encumbrance ' (*lo-ḫ3u-ut-ti) (compare gr. λύτρον).
Note:
(common Hittite zero grade loḫ3u- > lu-)
s-extension: Gothic fra-liusan, Old High German far-liosan ` loose '; Gothic fralusnan ` get lost ', Old Icelandic losna ` loose, become lax ', losa `loosen', postverbal los n. ` lysis, dissolution, disintegration ', Old English losian ` get lost ', Denominative to los n. `loss'; lysu `evil, bad, mad, wicked, evil' (*laḫusiwa-), Gothic fralusts, Old High German forlust `loss'; Gothic laus `loose, empty, lacking', Old Icelandic lauss `free, loose, scattered ', Old High German lōs `free, stolen; looted, loose ', Old English lēas ` empty, bare, lacking, stolen; looted, deceitful ', Old Icelandic lausung f. ` unreliability ', Old English lēasung `lie, falsity', lēasian `lie'; Gothic lausjan, Old High German lōsian, lōsōn ` draw lots for '; perhaps Old Danish liuske m. ` flank ' > Old Icelandic ljōski, Middle Low German lēsche, Middle Dutch liesche, Modern Dutch lies, Old English léosca `flank', as well as Middle Dutch liesche `thin skin', Swiss lösch ` lax '; with a meaning` hit, knock ' probably also Old Icelandic ljōsta `hit, prick, meet', ljōstr ` Gabel zum Fischstechen ', Modern Icelandic lustr `cudgel, club' (`*chopped branch piece' );
as old this application is proved, if Middle Irish loss `tail, end', Welsh llost `spear, javelin', llosten `tail', Breton lost `tail' are to be added;
here (Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 56) Latvian laûska `splinter, shard', vowel gradation Lithuanian lùskos `rag', lùzgana `husk, scale, husk ', lusnà `husk, bowl', Russian lustá ds., etc. Possibly related is *lēḫu- `stone', see there.
References: WP. II 407 f., WH. I 830, 834 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 84 ff.; from vorrom. and proto Germanic *leiskā, *leuskā, *laskā in Modern High German Lische, French laîche etc. ` a reed grass, sedge ' reconstructs J. Hubschmid ZcP 24, 81 ff. an Indo Germanic eleḫi-, eleḫu-, elǝ- `cut, clip'.
Page(s): 681-682
Root / lemma: leḫup- and leḫub-, leḫubh-
Meaning: to peel, cut off, harm, etc..
Note: probably extensions from leu-2.
Material: With b:
Old Icelandic laupr m., -leypi n., -leypa f. ` basket, woodwork ', Old English léap m. `basket, trunk', Middle Low German lōp m. ` wooden vessel', lǣpen n. `basket'; the Balto-Slavic examples under can contain b as bh just as well.
With bh:
Latin liber `bast, book' (*luber, *lubh-ro-s);
Alb. libër, libri : Furlan libri ` book ' Latin loaword.
alb. labë `bark, cork' (*loubh-);
Old Irish luib, nir. luibh f. `herb', Old Irish lub-gort `garden', Old Welsh Pl. luird ` gardens ';
Gothic lubja-leis `poison-expert', Old Icelandic lȳf f. ` medicinal herbs ', Old English lybb n. ` poison, charm, spell', lyfesn f. `charm, spell'. Old Saxon lubbi, Old High German luppi ` plant juice, poison, charm, spell'; Gothic laufs m., lauf n. ` foliage, leaf', Old English léaf, Old High German loub n. ds., louba f. ` shelter of bark', Modern High German Laube;
Lithuanian lubà `board', Latvian luba ` shingle ', Old Prussian lubbo f. `board', vowel gradation Lithuanian luõbas m. ` bark, outer covering of a tree ' (*lōubhos), Latvian luõbs m. `bowl'; Lithuanian lùbena ` fruit bowl ';
Russian lub ` bark, bast', etc., Church Slavic lъbь `cranium', Serbian lùbina ds.;
With p:
Old Indic lumpáti ` breaks, damages, loots ', lōpáyati ` injures ' (= Slavic lupiti, Lithuanian laupýti), lōptra- n. `swelling, blister';
gr. λύ̄πη f. `injury', λῡπέω ` sadden ', etc.;
Lithuanian lupù, lupti ` skin, peel ', Latvian lupt `ds., mug, rob', Lithuanian laupýti, Latvian laupít ` peel, exfoliate; rob', Lithuanian lùpena ` fruit bowl ', lupsnìs ` abgeschälte Tannenrinde ';
Russian lupljú, lupítь ` schälen, abschälen; aufpicken Eier; die Augen aufreißen, glotzen; schlagen, prügeln ', lúpa ` dandruff, flaky scales of skin ', Church Slavic lupežь ` robbery ' (etc.);
unclear is the labial (b, bh or p) in Middle Irish luchtar `boat' (from bark), Old High German lo(u)ft `bark, bast', Old Icelandic lopt n. ` ceiling, attic ' and `air' (`sky, heaven as top cover '), Gothic luftus f., ahd Old Saxon luft m. f., ags lyft m. f. n. Luft `air, sky, heaven', Middle Low German lucht ` upstairs, loft '; also unclear in Old Irish lomm, Welsh llwm `bare, naked' (*lup-smo- or *lub(h)-smo-), (common Albanian Celtic abbreviation) Middle Irish lommraim ` peel '; unclear is Middle Irish lumman `covering'.
References: WP. II 417 f., WH. I 790 f., Trautmann 150 f.
Page(s): 690-691
Root / lemma: lē̆ḫb-, lō̆ḫb-, lāḫb-, leb-
Meaning: to hang down loosely; lip
Note: partly with anlaut s-; besides, but less frequent, often (see in addition lep- `peel' at the end) forms in -p-; nasalized (s)lemb(h)-. Many expressive formations.
Material: Gr. λοβός ` pod shell, boll, seedpod; earlobe, dangling lower part of the external ear, lobe, lobus ', ἔλλοβος `schotentragend ', λεβηρίς ` snakeskin, bean husk, pod outer skin ' Hes., λέβινθοι ` pea, type of green seed vegetable that grows inside a pod ';
Latin only with ā̆: labō, -āre ` to totter, be ready to fall, bbegin to sink, give way, be loosened ', lābor, -ī, lapsus ` to glide, slide, move, slip, float, pass, flow '; lābēs, -is ` to totter, be ready to fall, begin to sink, give way, be loosened ' and ` a spot, blot, stain, blemish, defect, a falling, sinking in, subsidence '; perhaps labor, -ōris ` labor, toil, exertion ', labōrāre ` to labor, take pains, endeavor, exert oneself, strive '; probably labium (labeum), labrum n. (mostly Pl. labia, labra) `lip, edge';
From Latin labor, -ōris ` labor, toil, exertion ' derived French labourer : Albanian lëroj : Dzoratâi laborâ : Galician labrar : Piemontese lauré : Sardinian Logudoresu laorare : Sicilian lavurari : Valencian llaurar `plough ; plow'.
It evolved richly in Germanic:
1. Icelandic Norwegian lapa ` hang down limply ', Icelandic lapi ` homo sui negligens ', Middle High German erlaffen ` languish, tire, slacken ', Modern High German laff `slack, faint, languid'; geminated: Old Icelandic leppr m. (*lappja-) `rag, curl ', Old Saxon lappo ` corner, tail, rag', Middle Low German lappe `piece, rag, dewlap ', Old English læрра, lappa m. ` corner, tail, rag' (English lap `lap'), Old English ēar-liprica, Modern High German (Low German) Ohr-läppchen (with p Middle Low Germanōr-lepel ds., Middle High German leffel `ear of rabbit', Modern High German die Löffel); ndd. laps, schlaps, lapp ` foolish person', Modern High German Laffe (*lapan-); besides in Indo Germanic -p: holl. laffaard ` braggart ' - at first from holl. laf `faint, languid, slack, clownish ' - and with Germanic bb Middle High German lappe - also lape - and Modern High German Lapp, läppisch, finally lengthened grade Middle High German luof ` fool ';
from the root form in Indo Germanic p further Old Icelandic lafa `dangle, hang ', Middle High German participle erlaben ` grow tired ', Swiss labe `horse with hanging ears, ox with down turned horns '; Swedish dial. labba ` attach with a hinge, hook ', ndd. labbe `( hanging) lip', Old High German (from Ndd.) lappa f., Middle High German lappe f. m. `hanging piece of stuff, cloth ';
Maybe alb. lapë `hard piece of meat or skin, peritoneum, leaf', llapë `tongue'.
2. with the meaning `lip' as `the hanging ' (as Latin labium): mnl. lippe f., Modern High German Lippe, Old Frisian Old English lippa m. `lip', (*lepi̯-an-), Norwegian lepe (*lep-an-), Old High German leffur, Old Saxon lepur ds., Old High German lefs ` lip (of an animal) ' (*lep-s);
3. with anlaut s-: Gothic slēpan, saizlēp, Old Saxon slāpan, Old High German slāfan, Old English slæpan ` sleep ', Gothic slēps etc. `sleep', Old Icelandic slāpr ` sluggish person ', Dutch slaap, Old High German slāf m., Modern High German Schläfe ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead '; Middle Low German Dutch slap `slack', Old High German slaf (-ff-), Modern High German schlaff, Icelandic Norwegian slapa (= lapa) ` hang down limply '; geminated Old Icelandic slappi `tall, deformed person', Swedish slapp ` poor, needy, destitute, inactive';
with Indo Germanic -p-: Old Icelandic slafask ` languish, tire, slacken ' and - from the imagining pendulous slime - probably also Icelandic slafra ` drool, drivel, slaver ', Middle English slaveren, English slaver ds., Icelandic slevja f. `slobber', Norwegian slevjen `slimy, faecal, mucky'; Norwegian slabbe, Swedish slabba ` pollute ', Middle Dutch slabben ` befoul, slurp ', Modern High German schlappen (also ` drool, drivel, slaver '), Middle English slabben ` roll in the excrement ', Modern High German (ndd.) schlappern, schlabbern, Swedish dial. slabb ` mud water ', English dial. slab `slimy, slippery ', Subst. `mud puddle';
Lithuanian slobstù, slõbti ` become weak ', Lithuanian žem. slãbnas, East Lithuanian slõbnas `weak', Latvian slābêt ` crumple ' (of a swelling, lump, growth);
Old Church Slavic slаbъ etc. `weak'.
Nasalized leḫmb(h)-:
Old Indic rámbate, lambate ` hangs down, holds on ', lambana- ` droopy, sagging ', n. ` pendulous jewellery, phlegm ';
Latin limbus ` a border, hem, edge, selvage, fringe '; about gr. λέμφος see below;
Old English (ge)limpan ` proceed, go ahead, succeed ', Old High German limphan, limfan, Middle High German limpfen ` be measured ', Old English gelimp n. ` event, chance, luck ', Middle High German g(e)limpf ` Angemessenheit, schonungsvolle Nachricht; Benehmen ', changing through vowel gradation andd. gelumplīk ` fitting', Middle High German limpfen ` limp ', English to limp ` limp ', limp ` droopy ', ndd. lumpen ` limp ', also Modern High German (ndd.) Lumpen `scrap, shred'; compare from a Germanic additional root lemb- (would be Indo Germanic *lembh-): Middle High German lampen (and slampen), ndd. lempen ` welk niederhängen ', Swiss lampe ` dewlap, pendulous cloth '; Old English lemp(i)healt ` lame ';
Maybe alb. lapër `dewlap'.
with anlaut s-: Norwegian dial. slampa ` go carelessly ', English dial. slamp `ds., limp ', Norwegian dial. slamsa ` hang loosely, dangle '; Norwegian (Middle Low German) slump ` chance, luck ', English slump ` morass, wet place ', to slamp, slump ` plop, flop, bang, clap ', Middle High German slampen ` hang down loosely ', Modern High German dial. schlampen ` hang down loosely, be negligent ', Schlumpe, Schlampe ` untidy woman, slut' (probably with ndd. p);
Old Icelandic sleppa, slapp ` fail, slide, slip ' (*slemp-), Causative sleppa (*slampian) ` let drive ', English dial. slemp ` dodge, sneak away, fall down '; from a root form in Germanic b (compare gr. λέμφος `mucus, snot'); Middle Low German Middle High German slam (-mm-), Modern High German Schlamm (*slamba-), Late Middle High German slemmen `feast, eat plentifully', Norwegian slemba f. `slut', slemba ` bang, clap ', Icelandic `dangle'; further perhaps the group from Middle High German slimp (-mb-), slim (-mm-) `slant, skew, slantwise ' ; perhaps to Latvian slīps from *slimpas ` slantwise, steep', Lithuanian nu-slim̃pa ` slip away, sneak '.
References: WP. II 431 ff., WH. I 738 ff., 802 f., Trautmann 270.
Page(s): 655-657
Root / lemma: lēḫĝ(h)-1 : lǝḫĝ(h)-
Meaning: twig
Material: Alb. lethī́, laithī́, lajthi (*lǝĝ-) ` hazel shrub '; (common Slavic alb. -j- consonant)
Lithuanian laz-d-à `stick, hazel bush ', Latvian lazda ` hazel bush ', lagzda ds. (*laz-g-da), secondary lę(g)zda ds., Old Prussian laxde f. ds., kel-laxde `spear shaft';
Slavic lěs-k-a f. in Serbian lijèska ` hazel shrub ', poln. las-k-a `stick';
doubtful whether here Old Church Slavic loza ` vine, sprout', Serbian lòza ds., etc. (*lǝĝā); s. also under loḫĝ- `rod, horsewhip'.
References: WP. II 378, 442, WH. I 766, Trautmann 153, Jokl L.-k. U. 203 ff., Machek Recherches 25 ff.
Page(s): 660
Root / lemma: lēḫĝh-2 : lǝḫĝh-
Meaning: to crawl on the ground; low
Material: Old Icelandic lāgr `low' (out of it English low), Middle High German lǣge `flat', Low German lǟge `low';
Latvian lę̂zns `flat', lẽzêt, lēžât ` skid ', Lithuanian lė̃kštas `flat', lúožas ` bending down of grain ', new ložė̃ ds.; Old Prussian līse `crawls';
Slavic (Old Bulgarian etc.) lězǫ, lěsti ` grovel, truckle, creep, march, step, stride, strut, ascend ', to Russian lazína ` regret ', Serbo-Croatian lȁz ` steep path ' etc.
Is lēĝh- a variant from leḫgh- `lie'?
References: WP. II 425 f., Trautmann 161.
Page(s): 660
Root / lemma: (lē̆iḫg-2), līg-
Meaning: appearance; body; similar
Material: Gothic leik n. `body, flesh, corpse ', Old Icelandic līk ` body, corpse ', Old English līc ds., Old Saxon līk, Old High German līh (Gen. līhhi, fem.) ` body figure, appearance, body, corpse '; Gothic galeiks ` alike ', Old Icelandic glīkr, līkr ` alike, equally well ', Old English gelīc, Old Saxon gilīk, Old High German gilīh, Modern High German gleich (`having the same figure'), Gothic ƕileiks ` of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a, which ' etc.; Gothic leikan, galeikan ` like ', Old Icelandic līka ds., Old English līcian (English like ` want; prefer '), Old Saxon līkōn ds., Old High German līchēn ` ds., be equal to, be identical to, be measured ', Old Icelandic līkr ` fitting', līkna ` forgive ' (` be compared ');
Lithuanian lýg, lýgus ` alike ', lýgti ` resemble ', Latvian līgt ` come to an agreement ', līdzis ` alike ', Old Prussian polīgu Adv. ` alike ', līgint ` direct, aim, point ' = Old Lithuanian liginti ` hold a hearing ', Lithuanian lýginti `compare, equalize '.
References: WP. II 398 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 508 f.
Page(s): 667
Root / lemma: lē̆iḫ-1, leḫk-
Meaning: ` bend '
See also: see above S. 307 ff. under eḫleiḫ-.
Page(s): 661
Root / lemma: lē(i)ḫ-2
Meaning: to grant; possession; to acquire, possess
Note: originally ` abandon, forsake ' and = lē(i)-3 ` let, allow '
Material: Old Indic rātí- `willing to give, willingly; f. bestowing, mercy', rā́ti ` lends, grants';
gr. λάτρον n. `earnings, pay, guerdon, reward ', λατρεύς, λάτρις ` salaried worker, labor ', λατρέυω ` serve for pay '; Latin latrō is gr. loanword;
Old Icelandic lāð, Old English lǣð n. ` estate ', Gothic unlēÞs `arm' = Old English unlǣd(e) ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', with gradation Old Icelandic lōð f., n. `yield of the ground';
with s-suffix here probably also Old High German -lāri (e.g. in gōz-lāri ` Goslar '), Old High German ga-lāeswes ` adjoining owners ', Old English lǣs, g. lǣswe f. ` grassland ' (*lēsu̯ā), the Swedish-Danish place name ending -lösa, -løse and (?) Old Bulgarian leṸsъ `wood, forest';
Maybe alb. lis `oak, oak forest' a Slavic loanword from Old Church Slavic: lěsъ `forest, wood(s)', Russian: les `forest, wood(s)', Ukrainian: lis `forest, wood(s)'.
Old Bulgarian lětь, lětijǫ jestъ ` at liberty, authorized, empowered, permitted, certified, accredited, it is permitted '; in Baltic only diphthong forms: Lithuanian líeta `thing, affair ', loanword from Latvian lìeta `thing, supplementary', and probably also Lithuanian láima `luck', laimùs ` bringing luck ', laimė́ti ` gain '.
References: WP. II 394, WH. I 471, Trautmann 157.
Page(s): 665
Root / lemma: lē(i)ḫ-3
Meaning: to weaken; feeble
Note: (= lē(i)ḫ- `grant', see there)
Material: a. Probably in gr. ἐλῑ-νύ-ω `be idle, lazy, halt, stop, pause '; Latin lētum ` death, annihilation '; lēnis `gentle, mild' (perhaps reshaped from *lēnos =) Lithuanian lė́nas ` peaceful, tame, domesticated, slow'; Latvian lę̄̀ns ds., Old Bulgarian lěnъ `idle'; with other suffixes Latvian lē-lis ` limp person'; lēts `light, cheap ', Lithuanian lė̃tas ` stupid, oafish ' (originally `slack'); Latvian laita ` the decayed '.
b. root extension lē[i]ḫd- : lǝḫd-:
gr. ληδεῖν `be idle, tired';
alb. loth, lodh `make tired ', lodhem ` become tired ' (*lēd-), Geg lą, Tosc lē̈ `I allow ' (*lǝd-nō), participle Geg lanë, Tosc lënë ` relaxed ' (*lǝdno-);
Latin lassus ` faint, languid, weary, tired, exhausted ' (*lǝd-to-);
Gothic lētan (laílōt), Old Icelandic lāta, Old High German lāzan, Old Saxon lātan, Old English lǣtan ` let, allow, abandon ', zero grade Gothic lais `idle', Old Icelandic latr ds., Old High German laz ` idle, faint, languid, late ' (superlative lazzōst, lezzist, Modern High German - from Ndd. - letzter), Old Saxon lat `idle, late' (superlative letisto, lazto `last', Old English læt (superlative lætost, English last) ds.; causative *latjan ` allow to do, restrain ' in Gothic latjan ` do sluggishly, hinder, slow down ', Old High German lezzen `hamper, hinder, damage, injure', Old English lettan, Modern English to let `hinder'; Old Icelandic lǫskr `soft, slack', Middle Low German lasch, West Frisian lask `light, thin' (Germanic *latskwa-);
lēiḫd- in Lithuanian léidžiu, léidmi, léisti ` allow ', vowel gradation paláidas ` loose ', paláida ` promiscuity, prostitution, harlotry ', lydė́ti ` guide ', láidoti ` bury '; Latvian laîst ` let, allow ', abbreviated Imperative laî, permissive particle (also Lithuanian dial. laĩ, Old Prussian -lai in boū-lai ` would be ').
References: WP. II 394 f., WH. I 767 f., 782 f., 787, Trautmann 154, Endzelin Latvian Gr. p. 694.
Page(s): 666
Root / lemma: lē̆iḫ-4
Meaning: to pour
Note: perhaps identical with leiḫ-3.
Material: Old Indic perhaps pra-līna- ` distraught, exhausted ', vi-lināti ` melts, resolves ' (`dissolves '?);
gr. ἄλεισον n. ` cup, goblet ' (*lei-tu̯-om);
dubious alb. lumë, lymë `river', lisë, lysë, lusë ` bourn, burn, small stream, brook, rivulet ';
Latin lītus, -oris n. `beach, seaside, seashore, strand (the bank of a river, the coast of the sea ' (`flood area ') from *leitos;
Welsh lli m. `flood, sea' (*līi̯ant-s = Old Irish lië ds.), Pl. lliant `floods, sea' (*līi̯antes); llif m. `flood, inundation ' (*lī-mo-), Cornish lyf ds., Middle Breton livat ` inundation ', Breton liñva `flood'; Welsh llyr- m. `sea, Sea God ' (English PN Lear), Old Irish ler ds. (*li-ro-); Welsh llin, Cornish lyn, Breton lin `pus' (*lī-no-); Middle Welsh dy-llyð ` pouring out ' (*-lii̯o-), di-llyð ` pours out '; Old Irish do-lin `streams' (*-li-nu-t), tu(i)le n. `flood' (*to-lii̯o-), tōlae n. ds.(*to-uks-lii̯o-); about lië see above;
Gothic leiÞu n. Akk. ` fruit wine ', Old Icelandic līð n. `beer', Old High German līth, asächs. līð m. n. ` fruit wine ';
Lithuanian líeju, líeti `pour' (old lė́ju, Indo Germanic *lēi̯ō), lį̄ja lýti `rain, stream', lýdau, lýditi ` allow to be raining, melt fat '; lytùs m. `rain', lytìs f. `form, shape' (`*mold '), āt-lajis m. ` drain '; Latvian liêt `pour', lît `rain', liêtus m. `rain'; líetas and Latvian liêts ` shed, spill, pour ', Old Prussian pra-lieiton, pra-leiton and pra-liten ds.; is-liuns ds.;
perhaps here Lithuanian Lietuvà ` Lithuania ' (`Küstenland'), Latvian Leĩtis ` Lithuanian ';
Old Church Slavic lějǫ lijati and lijǫ liti `pour'; vowel gradation Slavic *loj `tallow, suet' (Lithuanian ãt-lajis ` drain ') in Church Slavic loj etc.; slov. pre-lit ` poured over ', Czech litý ` poured, shed '; Slavic present *lьjǫ is neologism.
References: WP. II 392, WH. 794 f., 815, Trautmann 156, J. Loth RC 46, 66 ff., 50, 143 ff.
Page(s): 664-665
Root / lemma: lēḫk-1 : lǝḫk-
Meaning: trap
Note: word of the jargon spoken by hunters (Vendryes Arch. Ling. I 25)
Comments:
Root / lemma: lēḫk-1 : lǝḫk- : trap' : Root / lemma: lēḫk-2 : lǝḫk- : to tear, fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ' derived from *nak(u̯), lak(u̯) of Root / lemma: noḫgʷ-, noḫgʷoḫd(h)oḫ-, noḫgʷ-noḫ- : naked'.
Material: Latin laciō, -ere `lure, seduce, decoy ', lacessō, -ere ` challenge, banter, stir, tease, irritate', lactō, dē-lectō, dē-liciō `lead astray, enrapture ', lax ` bait, loop, noose, snare ' , laqueus ` a noose, halter, snare, trap ' (from one u-stem *lacus?);
Maybe alb. lak `trap, snare, rope' a Latin loanword.
Old English lǣl(a) `twig, branch, lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur, mark from a blow' (*lāhil-)?
References: WP. II 421 f., WH. I 744 f.
See also: Perhaps to lek-2.
Page(s): 673-674
Root / lemma: lēk-2 : lǝk-
Meaning: to tear, fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod
Comments:
Root / lemma: lēḫk-1 : lǝḫk- : trap' : Root / lemma: lēḫk-2 : lǝḫk- : to tear, fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ' derived from *nak(u̯), lak(u̯) of Root / lemma: noḫgʷ-, noḫgʷoḫd(h)oḫ-, noḫgʷ-noḫ- : naked'.
Material: Gr. λακίς `scrap, shred', λάκος n. ds. (λάκη ράκη. Κρῆτες Hes.), λακίζω `tear, rend' ἀπέληκα ἀπέρρωγα. Κύπριοι Hes.;
alb. lakur `naked', lëkurë, likurë `fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ';
Maybe alb. lakuriq ` naked ' derived from (*licurici) lakuriqi ` bat, hanging skin '
Notes:
` bat ' in Baltic Languages: Latvian "sikspārnis" = "leather wing", Lithuanian "šikšnosparnis" = "leather wing", Celtic Languages: Breton "askell-groc'hen" = "skin wing", Irish (A) "sciathán leathair" = "leather wing", Welsh "ystlum" = "a flitch of (bacon)", "slumyn" = "a flitch of (bacon)"; "ystlumyn bacωn" = "a flitch of bacon".
Albanian lakuriqi i natës ` bat of the night [literally (the naked skin of the night)] ' derived from Albanian lakura ` skin, leather ', lakuriq ` naked skin, stark naked ' which was a translation of Celtic, Baltic names for bat. Suspended from the ceiling on hooks, skins are reminiscent of the way that "bats" hang when roosting.
Wrong etymology:
English glow-worm ; glow worm ; glowworm ; firefly,
Italian lucciola
Spanish luciérnaga
French ver luisant ; luciole
Breton preñv-lugern
Latin Lampyris noctiluca,
Napulitano luceluce,
Piemontese lusariòla,
Romagnolo lomineria,
Romanian (*luce-luce) licurici
Sardinian Campidanesu ogulucidu,
Valencian lluèrna,
Venetian luciola ;,
Albanian lakuriqi bat is a mistranslation of Romanian licurici ` firefly or glow worm '. Both the firefly and the bat are night creatures. Albanian likurë, lëkurë ` skin, hanging skin ' are back translations of the bat = ` skin, hanging skin ' in Celtic languages. Hence Albanian remains a Celtic language using a Romanian cognate for skin and bat.
Latin lacer, -era, -erum ` to tear to pieces, mangle, rend, mutilate, lacerate ', lacerna ` a cloak worn over the toga, hooded shawl, lacerna, travelling-cloak, military cloak ', lacinia f. ` a lappet, flap, edge, hem '; lancinō, -āre `tear, rend, squander, dissipate ';
poln. ɫach, Russian lóchma `scrap, shred' (express. ch), etc.
Maybe alb. llokma `scrap, shred' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. II 419 f., WH. I 742 f.
Page(s): 674
Root / lemma: lēḫp-, lōḫp-, lǝḫp-
Meaning: flat
Material: Kurdish lapk ` paw ';
Gothic lōfа m., Old Icelandic lōfi m. `flat hand'; Middle Low German Middle English lōf ` side exposed to wind ', actually ` big rudder with which the ship was held to the wind '; changing through vowel gradation geminated Old High German laffa f., Middle High German and dial. Modern High German laffe `flat hand, shoulder', Old High German lappo m. `flat hand, rudder blade ' (also in Modern High German Bärlapp `lycopodium'), Norwegian Swedish labb m., Danish lab ` paw ', Icelandic löpp f. < Modern High German dial. laff ` dandelion '; with m-forms Norwegian dial. lōm ` paw ' (*lōƀma-), handlōm `palm', Icelandic lumma `big, giant hand';
Latvian lę̃pa f. ` paw; Huflattig ', also ` water lily, lotus plant ' (compare above Modern High German laff ` dandelion '); vowel gradation East Latvian lùopa, through derailment of vowel gradation Latvian lãpa, Lithuanian lópa ` paw '; also Lithuanian lãpas `leaf', Latvian lapa ds.;
Russian etc. lápa ` paw ', poln. ɫapa ds., ɫapiniec ` lycopodium, type of plant, clubmoss '; Czech tlapa, slovak. dlaba `paw', poln. ɫaba = ɫapa;
Lithuanian lopetà `shovel', Latvian lâpsta `shovel, spade, scapula', Old Prussian lopto `spade'; with other forms and vowel gradation ǝ:
Old Bulgarian lopata ` throw shovel ', Russian lopáta `shovel', lopátka `scapula', lopátina ` rudder, helm ';
Maybe alb. lopatë `shovel' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. II 428, Trautmann 149 f., 160.
Page(s): 679
Root / lemma: lēḫs: lǝḫs-
Meaning: weak, feeble
Note: extension to lē(i)- ` slacken '
Material: Gothic lasiws (*las-īu̯os) `weak', Middle High German er-leswen ` become weak '; Old Icelandic lasinn `weak, destructed', las-meyrr `weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Middle Low German lasich = lasch, las `slack, faint, languid', Icelandic laraðr ` tired ';
Maybe alb. lashtë `old, *weak'.
Slavic *lošь in Bulgarian loš ` evil, bad, ugly ', Serbo-Croatian lȍš ` unlucky, evil, bad' ; very doubtful is citation of Latin sublestus `weak, small';
Alb llosh ` fool ' a Slavic loanword.
here as ` hanging scrap, shred ' perhaps Middle Low German las ` wedge-shaped rag', Danish Norwegian las, lase `rag', Middle Low German Middle High German lasche m. `rag, scrap, shred'; Lithuanian lãskana `rag, clout', Russian lóskut `piece, rag';
Tocharian A ljäṣk- `flank'. (common Slavic alb. -j- consonant)
References: WP. II 439 f., Trautmann 150 s. v. *lasi̯a- and *laskanā-.
Page(s): 680
Root / lemma: lēḫto-, lǝḫto-
Meaning: warm season; day, summer
Material: Old Irish la(i)the n. `day', gall. lat... `days' in the calendar of Coligny;
altgutn. laÞigs `in spring ', Swedish dial. låding, låing ` spring ', i lådigs ` in the last spring ' (*lēt-);
Old Bulgarian lěto ` warm season, year', Russian lěto `summer, year', dial. `south, southern wind ', etc.
References: WP. II 427, Berneker 713 f.
Page(s): 680
Root / lemma: lēḫu-1
Meaning: to slacken
Note: compare also (s)leu- `slack'
Material: Gothic lēw n. `possibility, opportunity', lēwjan ` relinquish, betray ' (`*abandon, forsake '), Old English lǣwan ds., Old High German gi-, fir-lāen ` betray ';
Lithuanian liáujuos, lióviaus, liáutis `cease', Latvian ĺaũju, ĺãwu, ĺaũt ` admit, allow', ĺautës ` addict, to addict to ', Old Prussian aulaūt `die', vowel gradation Lithuanian lavónas ` corpse '; probably as ` unrestrained ', Lithuanian liánas ` loose, pliable, mad, wicked, evil', Latvian ĺauns `mad, wicked, evil';
Ukrainian l'ivýty ` slacken, nachgeben', l'ivkýj ` lax, loose ', Czech leviti ` relieve, weaken, temper ', levný ` cheap '; Russian dial. luná `death', lúnutь ` open fire, begin shooting, release, let go, free, set free '; vowel gradation Old Church Slavic vъlovьnъ ` ἤρεμος ', Czech povlovný ` gentle, cautious '.
References: WP. II 405, Trautmann 161.
Page(s): 682-683
Root / lemma: lēḫu-2 : lǝḫu-
Meaning: stone
Material: Gr. hom. λᾶας, Gen. λᾶος `stone' (equalization from originally *λῆFας; λά̆Fα[σ]ος n.), Attic λᾶας and λᾶς m., Gen. λᾱου etc.; hom. λᾶιγξ, Pl. λά̄ιγγες f. ` small stones ' (probably with suffix exchange for *λᾱιγκ-, compare Celtic *līu̯ank-); κραταίλεως `hartfelsig ' (*-ληFος); Attic λεύω `stone' (ἐλεύσθην), λευστήρ ` Steiniger ' (from *ληυσ-, Indo Germanic *lēus-); vowel gradation (*lǝus-) λαυστήρ m. `Steinarbeiter' > ` house way occupied laboriously with stones ', λαύστρανον ` Wolf (*Reißer); Schöpfhaken '; besides of the -ας-stem an -αρ-stem *λᾰ̄Fαρ as base from Attic λαύρα, Ionian λαύρη ` way, lane struck in the cliff ', λαῦρον μέταλλον ἀργύρου παρὰ ᾽Αθηναίοις Hes., mountain N Λαύρεον;
alb. lerë, -a ` rock, rack fall, landslip' (*lău̯erā), Jokl RE Balk. 1, 46 ff.;
Old Irish līe, new līa, Gen. līac (disyllabic) ` stone ' (Celtic *līu̯ank-, from Indo Germanic *lēu̯ank- or -ǝnk-); Breton lia, liac'h ` stone ' is Irish loanword
References: WP. II 405 f.; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 578.
Page(s): 683
Root / lemma: lēḫu-3 or lāḫu-
Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words
Note: (see also lā-, lē-), insufficiently certified
Material: A d-extension in Latin laus, -dis f. ` laudation ', laudāre `praise, laud'.
A t-extension in Old High German liod n., Old English lēoÞ n. ` song ', Old Icelandic ljōð n. ` strophe ', Pl. ` songs ', Old High German liudōn, Old English lēoÞian, Old Icelandic ljōða, Gothic liuÞōn `sing', awiliudōn ` honor with a hymn of praise, praise ', awiliuÞ ` hymn of praise, song of praise '.
References: WP. II 406, WH. I 776.
Page(s): 683
Root / lemma: lēḫut- : lūt-
Meaning: wrathful
Note:
Root / lemma: lēḫut- : lūt- : wrathful, derived from Root / lemma: leḫto-, lēḫti-, lēḫto-, lōḫto- : heat
Modern Welsh llid ` anger', m. llawd ` estrus, heat, state of sexual activity; rut ' : Welsh llid (*lūto-?) ` anger'.
Material: Welsh llid (*lūto-?) ` anger, wrath, rage, passion, indignation, a proneness to anger, hasty temper, irascibility ', Old Bulgarian lutъ ` violent, brutal, cruel, savage, terrible', ĺutě Adv. ` exaggeration or exacerbation, indignation, frowning, strong, stout, able, powerful, robust, vigorous ', Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic ĺutiti sę ` to be fierce, be furious, rage, rave ' etc.; different about Welsh llid above S. 680.
References: WP. II 415.
Page(s): 691
Root / lemma: lē[i]-1 : lǝi-
Meaning: to wish
Material: Gr. (Doric) λῆν `want, desire, will', Elean λεοίτᾱν ` ἐθελοίτην ', gort. λείοι, λείοντι etc., Ionian λῆμα n. `volition', *λώς `wish, choice ' (to λῆν, as ζώς to ζῆν), therefrom comparative λώιον `better' (hom. only λώιον, λωΐτερον), superlative λώιστος, λῷστος; λαιδρός ` pert, audacious', λαιμός `wild, exuberant ', also λῑρός ` cheeky, lascivious '; doubtful λίᾱν, Ionian λίην `very, too much ', λῖ (Epicharm) ds., λην λίανHes., strengthening particle λαι-(σποδίας), λι-(πόνηρος), λᾱ-(κατάρᾱτος; rhythm. lengthening for *λᾰ-), as well as λέως (*ληFος), Ionian λείως Adv. `whole, complete '; whether `as one wants, the degree of being desired ' - ` very much, too much '?
Perhaps here Old Irish air-le f. ` consultation ' (*ari-lai̯ā), irlithe ` obedient, submissive ';
Germanic *la-Þō f. `invitation' in Old Icelandic lǫð ` the invitation ', Runic laÞu, Gothic laÞaleikō Adv. `willing', denominative Gothic laÞōn ` invite, appoint ', Old Icelandic laða ds., Old English laðian, Old High German ladōn `load, appoint '; in addition vowel gradation Middle High German luoder ` sugarplum, gluttony ' (out of it French leurre), Modern High German Luder.
References: WP. II 394 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 539, M. Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 7 f.
Page(s): 665
Root / lemma: lē-
See also: s. lā-1.
Page(s): 655
Root / lemma: lī̆-no-
Meaning: flax
Material: Latin līnum ` flax';
Old Irish līn `net', nir. lion `flax, net', Welsh etc. llin ` flax' (from Latin); irregular Welsh lliain, Cornish Breton lien ` linen ' (uncertain basic form; s. Pedersen KG. II 103, Pokorny KZ. 45, 361 f.);
alb. Tosc li-ri, Geg lį-ni m. `flax' : Latvian lini `flax' a Baltic loanword;
Gothic lein, Old Norse Old English Old High German līn `flax' (from Latin).
With ī: gr. λίνον `flax', Lithuanian lìnas `flax', Pl. linaĩ `flax', Latvian lini Pl., Old Prussian linno `flax', Old Church Slavic *lьnъ ` flax', lьněnъ ` linen '.
References: WP. II 440 f., WH. I 810 f., Trautmann 162.
Page(s): 691
Root / lemma: loḫĝ-
Meaning: rod, twig
Material: Gr. ὀ-λόγινον ὀζῶδες, συμπεφυκός Hes., κατά-λογον τ(ην) μύρτον Hes. (probably as ` densis hastilibus horrida myrtus ' Verg. Aen. III 23, formation alike κατά-κομος; after Schulze Qunder ep. 496 to:)
Old Church Slavic loza ` vine; sprout esp. of grapevine ', Russian loza `rod, horsewhip; rod, stem, willow ' (etc., s. Berneker 736).
References: WP. II 442.
See also: compare above under lēĝ(h)-.
Page(s): 691
Root / lemma: loḫrgā-, loḫrgi-
Meaning: stick, club
Note: only Celtic and Germanic
Material: Old Irish lorc (lorgg) f. `club, mace, joint, cudgel, club, penis', Middle Irish lurga f. `shinbone', Gen. lurgan, Middle Welsh llory `club, mace, joint', llorf ` foot of the harp ', Old Cornish lorch `staff', Breton lorc'henn `shaft';
Old Icelandic lurkr m. `cudgel, club' Old Danish lyrk ds. (*lurki-), Swedish lurk ` fool '; Modern High German Tirol lorg, lork ` mythical giant '; Old Icelandic lerka ` tie up, torment, smite'; Old English lorg m. f. ` shaft, pole, spindle' is Celtic loanword
References: WP. II 443, Loth RC 40, 358.
Page(s): 691-692
Root / lemma: loḫu-, loḫu̯ǝ-
Meaning: to wash
Material:
Hittite: lahuwai- (II) ' gießen ' (Friedrich 125)
Armenian: loganam `bade mich '
Old Greek: hom. lóō, inf. loésthai̯; loéō, lọ̄́ō, aor. loés(s)ai̯, lọ̄^sai̯, ps. lọ̄thē^̣nai̯, pf. ptc. lelọ̄méno- `baden, (den Körper) waschen ' ; hom. loetró-n, att. lọ̄tró-n `das Bad, der Badeort ' , lọ̄tḗr m. `Badewanne ' , lo^u̯ma (˜ lọ̄^ma) n. `Storm ' (Sardes)
Germanic: *láu-ʮr-a- n.; ? *laug-ō
Latin: lavō, -ere, lāvī, lautus `baden; waschen, spülen ' ; lavō, -āre, lāvī, lavātum `(sich) baden, waschen ' ; lautus, -a `sauber; nett, stattlich; fein ' ; dēlūbrum n. `Sühnungsort, Heiligtum ' , polūbrum n. `Waschbecken ' ; alluviō, -ōnis f. `Anschwemmung, Überschwemmung ' ; alluviēs, -ēī f. id.; colluviēs, dīluviēs, illuviēs, interluviēs, prōluviēs, subluviēs; ēluō, ēlāvī, ēlautum intr., ēluō, ēlūtum trans.; ēlūtriāre `auswaschen, abklären '
Other Italic: Umbr vutu `lavitō '
Celtic: *lowatro- > Gaul lautro `balneo ' ; OIr lōathar, lōthar `pelvis, canalis ' , Ir lō-chasair `Regen ' ; MBret lovazr `Trog ' , Bret laouer `Trog '
Armenian loganam ` bathe myself' (*lou̯-ǝnā̆-);
gr. λόω `wash' (Hom. = Latin lavĕre), λούσω, ἔλουσα, λέλουμαι, afterwards also new present λούω; λο(F)έω ds., λοετρόν (Hom.), λουτρόν (Attic) `spa, bath' (: gall. lautro, Old Icelandic lauðr);
Latin lavō, -ere and -āre, lāvī `wash, bathe' (out of it borrowed Old High German labōn ` refresh ', etc.), ab-luō, -ere etc. (out of it a new Simplex luō, -ere), participle lautus ` washed, made cllean ' (with vulg. ō: lōtus) and Adj. ` clean, nice ', in-lūtus ` unwashed ', l(av)ātrīna ` a bath, a water-closet, privy, a brothel ', l(av)ābrum `a basin, tub, bathtub, vat', diluvium, adluviēs, polūbrum ` washbasin ', dēlūbrum `a place of cleansing, temple, shrine, sanctuary '; probably also Umbrian vutu (*lovetōd) `to wash, bathe';
Maybe alb. laj `wash'.
gall. lautro ` a bath ' (gall. -ou̯- to -au̯- before a, basic form *lou̯ǝ-tro-), Old Irish lōathar, lōthar `pelvis, a pipe, groove, channel, canal, passage for a fluid, conduit ', Middle Breton lovazr, Modern Breton laouer `trough';
Irish lō-chasair `rain' (*lou̯o-); Old Irish lūaith, Welsh lludw, Cornish lusow, Breton ludu `ash' (*lou-tu̯-i- ` washing powder '); mc. glau, Welsh gwlaw `rain';
Old Icelandic lauðr n. `lye, lather, soapy foam, scum, froth, foam', Old English lēaÞor ` lather, soapy foam ' (*lou-tro-); Old High German louga, Modern High German Lauge, Old English lēah ds., Old Icelandic laug f. ` bath water ' (*lou-kā́), vowel gradation Old High German luhhen `wash' (*luk-);
Hittite la-ḫu-uz-zi (lauzi) ` pours out '.
References: WP. II 441, WH. 773 ff.; O. Szemerényi KZ. 70, 57 f.
Page(s): 692
Root / lemma: lū̆s, Gen. luu̯-óḫs
Meaning: louse
Note: often distorted taboo
Material: Abrit. *luu̯ā > lou̯ā > Welsh llau ` louse' (Sg. lleuen), Cornish low Breton laou, Vannes leu ds.;
Old English Middle Low German Old High German Old Icelandic lūs f. `louse'; Old Icelandic lȳski f. ` louse disease';
with taboo distortion: Old Indic уū́-kā, pali ū-kā, prakrit ūā; Lithuanian u-tė̃, and (with vowel gradation and reduplication) víevesa, vievesà f.; Church Slavic vъšь, Serbian vȁš, Gen. vȅši and ûš, etc. (*usi-);
about Tocharian В luwa `animal', Pl. lwāsa s. Pedersen Tocharian 72; compare Danish olyr `animal' and `louse'; or to Old Church Slavic lovъ above S. 655?
References: WP. II 443, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 44, Trautmann 336, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.
Page(s): 692
Root / lemma: maḫd-
Meaning: wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating
Note:
Root / lemma: mad- : wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating : Root / lemma: médhu : honey, intoxicating.
Material: Old Indic mádati, mádate `boil, effervesce, be cheerful', mā́dyati, mamátti, mándati ds., máda- m. ` Rauschtrank ' = Avestan maδa- ` Rauschtrank, Rauschbegeisterung ', Old Indic mattá- ` intoxicated, gleeful, excited, aroused ', Avestan mad- (maδaitē, maδayaŋha) ` become intoxicated, get amused '; Old Indic madgú- ` a certain water bird, a fish '= np. māɣ `a water bird ', Old Indic mátsya- m., Avestan masya `fish' (` the wet '; derivative from an -es-stem *mades-); Old Indic mēdas- nn. `fat', mēdana- n. ` fattening ', mēdyati, mḗdatē ` becomes fat ', mēdya- `fat' (mēda- from *mazda-, Indo Germanic *mad-do- or *mad[e]z-do- = Old High German mast ` fattening '; the specific meaning ` fattening ' also in this formation previously Indo Germanic); mástu- n. `sour skimmings' (*mad-stu-), New Persian maskah `frische butter' (*mad-sk-?); Old Indic mádya-, madirá- ` intoxicating ';
skyth. Ματόας ` Danube, river in Europe ', PN Μαδύης, VN Ματυκέται ` Danube resident ';
Armenian mataɫ ` young, fresh, tender'; macun `sour, coagulated milk' (*madi̯o- + Armenian Suff. -un); macanim, macnum ` stick, adhere, cling to, coagulate '; additional Iranian words for sour milk, so New Persian māst `sour milk', māsīdan ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', etc.;
gr. μαδαώ ` zerfließe, löse mich auf, verliere die Haare '; μαδαρός `humid, wet'; against it μαζός ` nipple ' (= Old High German mast, *madz-dos), μαστός `breast' (*mad-tós), μασθός ds. (reshuffling after στῆθος `breast');
alb. manj (*madni̯ō) `fatten', maim `fat', mazë ` skimmings, cream, skin in milk' (*madi̯ā); madh ` cornmeal mash ', changing through vowel gradation modulë, motulë `pea', modhë ` ryegrass ';
Latin madeō, -ēre ` to be wet, be moist, drip, flow ', mattus ` drunk, intoxicated ' (*madi-to-s);
Old Irish maidim `break (intransitive), break in pieces ' (actually ` dissolve, melt ', formal = Latin madeō); in-madae ` in vain, without success ' (in addition probably c. maddeu `legislate, pass, approve, forgive ', Old Breton in madau ` to the ground, to the bottom '; Gaelic maistir `urine ' (*mad-tri-); Middle Irish māt f. `swine' (*māddā ` fattened pig ');
Old High German mast `food, fattening, acorn mast ', Modern High German Mast, Mästung, Old English mæst ` beechnut'; Gothic mats `dish, food', Old Icelandic matr m., Old English mete m., Old High German maz n. ds. (Modern High German still in Messer from Old High German mezzi-rahs), as well as Gothic matjan `eat, devour ', Old Icelandic metja ` slurp ', Old English mettan `feed', Middle Low German mat(e) `buddy, friend, esp. in the nautical slang ' (Maat), Old High German gamazzo `buddy, friend '; in addition also Middle Low German met ` pork ', nnd. mett ` chopped flesh', Old High German (actually ndd.) Mettwurst (from andd. *matja-); changing through vowel gradation Old English Old Saxon mōs `porridge, mash, dish, food', Old High German muos ` cooked, esp. mushy dish, food, eating generally ', Modern High German Mus, Gemüse (*mādso-).
References: WP. II 231 f., WH. II 6 f.; Kuiper Nasalpräs. 140.
Page(s): 694-695
Root / lemma: maḫghos, -ā
Meaning: young, servant, servant of god
Material: Avestan maɣava- ` unwed, unmarried, single ';
alb. makth `young hare';
Celtic *magus in gall. PN Magu-rīx, Proto Irish (Ogam) Maguno-, Old Irish maug, mug `slave'; Cornish maw, Breton mao ` youngling, servant', Welsh meu-dwy ` hermit, servant of God '; Fem. Cornish mowes `girl', Breton maouez `wife, woman'; Celtic -smo- derivative in Old Irish mām, māam(m) ` a yoke, the condition of a servant, slavery, serfdom, service, servitude '; abstract noun Celtic *magot-aktā `maidenhood, virginity, young femininity' (other formations from*maghotis = Gothic magaÞe, from which Celtic *makʷkʷot-aktā through contamination with makʷkʷo- `kid, child') in Middle Irish ingen maccdacht `young adult girl', Old Irish ro-macdact gl. ` fully mature ', Middle Welsh machteith, Old Cornish mahtheid ` a maid, maiden, virgin ', Middle Cornish maghteth, maghtyth ds., Breton matez ` maidservant '; nickname *maggu̯os in gall. Mapo-no-s GN, Old Welsh map, Modern Welsh mab `son'; double intensification in Proto Irish maqqas, Old Irish macc, nir. mac `son';
Gothic magus `knave, boy', Old Icelandic mǫgr `son, young man, husband', Old Saxon magu `knave, boy', Old English mago `son, man, husband, servant'; Fem. *ma(ɣ)wī in Gothic mawi `girl' (Gen. maujōs), Old Icelandic mǣr (Akk. mey) `girl', Diminutive Gothic mawilō, Old Icelandic meyla, Old English mēowle `small girl'; abstract noun *maghotis `young femininity', from which specifically `girl', in Gothic magaÞs `young wife, woman', Old English mægeÞ (English maid), Old Saxon magath, Old High German magad, Modern High German Magd, Diminutive Mädchen;
Latvian mač (from maǵš) `small'.
References: WP. II 228, Feist 3339.
Page(s): 696
Root / lemma: maḫgh- : māḫgh-
Meaning: to be able; to help; power, sorcerer
Note:
Root / lemma: maḫgh- : māḫgh- : to be able; to help; power, sorcerer : Root / lemma: maḫghos, -ā : young, servant, servant of god.<
Material: Old Indic maghá- `power, richness, gift', maghávan-, maghávat `strong', Iranian magu-, Old Persian magus ` sorcerer, magician ' (out of it gr. μάγος, Latin magus);
Maybe alb. (*magh-) math `big, powerful' [common alb. -g > -dh; -k > -th shift]
Armenian marthankh ` aid ' (*mag-thra-);
gr. μῆχος n. (Doric μᾶχος), poet. μῆχαρ ` aid ', μηχανή, Doric μᾱχανά̄ (> Latin machina) ` aid, tool, artifice';
Gothic Old English magan, Old Icelandic mega, maga, muga, Old Frisian muga, Middle Low German mögen, Old High German magan, mugan ` possible, could be, might be, may be '; 1. Sg. present Gothic Old Saxon Old High German mag, Old Icelandic mā, Old English mæg, Old Frisian mei; Old Icelandic magn, meg(i)n n. `power, essence ', Old English mægen, Old High German, Old Saxon magan, megin ds.; Gothic mahts f. ` power ', Old High German Old Saxon maht, Old English meaht, might, Old Icelandic māttr ds.;
Maybe truncated alb. Geg (*mugn) mun, Tosc mund `might' [common alb. n > nd shift]
Maybe alb. mund ` defeat' [common alb. -g > -dh; -k > -th shift]
Lithuanian mãgulas `numerous, much, a lot of';
Old Church Slavic mogǫ, mošti ` to be able, to be capable of ', po-mošti, Iterative po-magati `help' etc., Old Church Slavic moštь, Russian močь etc. `power, strength ' (= Gothic mahts).
References: WP. II 227, Trautmann 164 f., H. Güntert, Weltkönig 108 f.; whether E. Fraenkel (Lexis 1, 169 f.) rightly gr. μῆχος with Lithuanian mokė́ti ` to be able, understand, comprehend ' goes back to a root mākh-, the other words could go back also in megh-: mogh-; compare Tocharian A mokats `mighty'.
Page(s): 695
Root / lemma: maḫĝh-
Meaning: to fight
Material: Gr. ᾽Αμαζών, loanword through Aeolic mediation from an Iranian people's name *ha-mazan- `warrior', compare ἁμαζακάραν' (: Aryan kar- `make') πολεμεῖν. Πέτσαι Hes. and ἁμαζανώδες αἱ μηλέαι (of VN Hamazan-); gr. μάχομαι ` fight ', μάχη `fight, struggle, battle', μάχαιρα `sword, knife' (fem. to *μάχων `incisive'? Oder Semitic loanword, to hebr. mekhērah `sword'?).
References: WP. II 227, WH. II 3, 4.
Page(s): 697
Root / lemma: maḫĝ-
Meaning: to press; to knead
Material: Gr. μαγῆναι, μεμαγμένη to μάσσω (to present s. menǝk- `knead'), μογεύς ` the kneading ', μαγίς f. ` kneaded mass', μάγειρος (actually μάγῑρος) ` cook ', μαγδαλία ` Stückchen Brot zum Fettabwischen '; μάκτρᾱ f. ` kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch ';
Middle Irish maistrid ` makes butter ' (*magis-tr-), Breton meza `knead', Welsh maeddu ` fight, pushing through the mix ' (*maged-);
Old Bulgarian mažǫ, mazati `anoint, smear', Russian mazь ` ointment ', Old Bulgarian maslo ` butter, oil, ointment ' (*maĝ-slo-), mastь ` ointment, fat' (*maĝ-sti-), Latvian iz-muõzêt `circumvent, by-pass, outmaneuver, outsmart ';
with esp. use in the building of the family of Modern High German machen (from `knead, form, mould, form, join; shaped, suitable, fitting), Old Saxon (gi)-makōn `make, erect, build', Old High German mahhōn ds., Modern High German machen, Old English macian `make, cause'; Old Saxon gemaco `comrade, the likes, one's equals ', Old High German gimahho ` sharing, joining in, partaking, united, associated, kindred, allied, fellow, common ' (gimahha ` one who is united in marriage, a consort, spouse, wife, husband '), Old English maca ds., gemæcca `ds., husband ' (Old Icelandic maki ` equal, like, even, on a par ' is ndd. loanword), Old High German ga-mah, gi-mah ` related, fitting, comfortable ' (gimah `connection, domestic comfort, chamber '), un-gamah ` malus, minus idoneus ', Old English ge-mæc ` fitting, suitable, (Old Icelandic makr ` fitting, comfortable ' is ndd. loanword); Old Frisian mek n. ` marriage ', mekere ` matchmaker ', Middle High German mechele ` matchmaking '; from Germanic *makō derives Latin mac(h)iō ` one who works on a scaffold, a mason, bricklayer, one who lays bricks, one who builds with stone '; out of it rom. *matsiō, whence again Old High German stein-mezzo ` stonecutter '.
References: WP. II 226 f., WH. II 3, Trautmann 173;
See also: compare mak-2 and menk-.
Page(s): 696-697
Root / lemma: maiḫ-1
Meaning: to cut down, work with a sharp instrument
Note: probably actually mǝi- and s- loose form besides smēi- : smǝi- : smī- ` carve, work with sharp tools '.
Material: 1. Old Irish máel ` bald, dull, without horns ', Old Welsh mail ` maimed, mutilated ', Modern Welsh moel ` bald, hairless, smooth ' (*mai-lo-s ` broken ');
2. d-extension: Gothic maitan `hew, hit, cut, clip', Old Icelandic meita, Old High German meizan `cut, clip', Old Icelandic meitill m., Old High German meizil `chisel', Old High German stein-meizo ` stonecutter '; in addition Old English mīte, Old High German mīza `mite' (probably to gr. μίδας ` maggot '), perhaps also Old English ǣ-mette, English ant, emmet, Old High German ā-meiza ` ant ' (`whittler ');
Maybe alb. mizë, miza ` fly', mizë mjalti ` bee', mizë dheu ` ant '.
whether also Old Bulgarian mědь `ore', Russian mědь ` copper'?
3. t-extension: Old Indic mḗthati ` injures ' (expressives th), gr. μίτυλος `mutilated, without horns', μιστύλλω `cut (flesh)'; Old Icelandic meiða ` injure physically, mutilate, destroy ', Middle High German meidem `male horse' (actually `eunuch, castrated man '), Gothic *gamaiÞ-s ` crippled ', wherefore (probably after the court jester) Old High German gimeit ` crazy, mad ', Middle High German transformed gemeit ` full of life, pert, beautiful, dear', Old Saxon gimēd, Old English gemād, mæded `verrückt', English mad ds.;
Old Lithuanian ap-maitinti ` wound, hurt ', Latvian màitât `spoil, destroy', Lithuanian maĩtėlis ` castrated, fed for slaughter boar', Old Prussian nomaytis ` castrated boar', ismaitint ` lose, shed; suffer a loss, be defeated ' (as it. perdere); different Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 552.
References: WP. II 212, Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 193, 194.
Page(s): 697
Root / lemma: maiḫ-2 (moiḫ-?)
Meaning: to smudge, dirty
Material: Gr. μιαίνω (Aor. ἐμίᾱν) `sully, besmirch', μίασμα n. ` maculation ', μιαρός (*miu̯ǝros?) `dirtied, soiled, fouled, made unclean, polluted', μιαι-φόνος ` stained by murder ';
Old English māl n. ` blot, stain, taint, blemish', Old High German meil n., meila f. ds.; Lithuanian Pl. miẽlės, Latvian mìeles `yeast'; perhaps also Lithuanian máiva ` marsh meadow '?
References: WP. II 243.
Page(s): 697
Root / lemma: maḫkh-o-s, -(s)lo-
Meaning: wild, unbridled, bold
Material: Old Indic makhá- `alert, awake, smart, funny, exuberant ', m. ` sign of joy, display of happiness, celebration ';
Maybe alb. makth `bogey, nightmare'.
gr. μάχλος `horny, lustful; wanton (of women); behaving in a wanton manner'.
References: WP. II 226.
Page(s): 699
Root / lemma: maḫk-
Meaning: leather pouch
Material: Welsh megin `bellows' (*makīnā);
Old High German mago ` stomach ', Old English maga, English maw `craw, stomach', Old Icelandic magi `stomach';
Lithuanian mãkas, mẽkeris ` pocket, purse '; Latvian maks, Diminutive macińš, maḱelis `bag, pouch ', makstis ` a scabbard, sheath ', Lithuanian makšnà ` sheath ', makštìs ` a scabbard, sheath (of sword or knife)', Old Prussian danti-max `gums, gingiva '; Old Church Slavic mošьna `bag ';
doubtful is affiliation of Old Irish mēn (from *makno- or *mekno-) `mouth, bay', mēnaigte ` qui inhiant '.
References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.
Page(s): 698
Root / lemma: maḫk̂o- or moḫk̂-o- (*maḫĝho-)
Meaning: a kind of fly
Note: (-lo-, -ko-, diminutive formants)
Material: Old Indic maśáka- m. `horsefly, biting housefly, mosquito ', Lithuanian mašalas ` mosquito ', Latvian masalas ` measles ', wherefore Russian mosólitь `plague, torment, beg obtrusively ' (of the form of obtrusive swarm of mosquitoes), and with other forms (*mosъtъ?) Upper Sorbian mosćić so, mosćeć so ` to swarm (as a swarm of mosquitoes) ', as well as probably also Lithuanian mašóju, -ti `beget a child ';
compare with velar the Aryan family of Old Indic mákṣa- m., makṣā f. `fly', Avestan maxši- `fly, mosquito ' etc., and Lithuanian mãkatas ` blackfly '. common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old Persian ĝh- > xš- : New Persian xš- > š-
References: WP. II 225, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 43 f., Trautmann 170.
Page(s): 699
Root / lemma: maḫnd-
Meaning: hurdle, plaited twigs, horse fence, stable
Note:
Root / lemma: mand- : hurdle, plaited twigs, horse fence, stable, derived from Root / lemma: mend-, mond- (mn̥d-?): to suck (breast), to feed; breast.
Material: Old Indic mandurā́ ` stable ', mandirám n. `house, chamber '; gr. (Illyrian?) μάνδρα f. `corral, pen, fold, stall, hurdle ', μάνδαλος `bar, bolt'; Thracian μανδάκης ` Garbenband '; Illyrian PN Mandurium or Manduria (Calabrien); whether primary meaning ` stable, horse fence ', perhaps to mendo- ` the young of an animal ', S. 729 (mend-).
Note:
The inanimate suffix -ur- : Old Indic mandurā́ ` stable ' : Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρία , ἡ, Illyria, also Ἰλλυρίς , ἡ, Adj. Ἰλλυρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region or province of Illyria, Ἰλλυρίζω , speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρία:--hence Adv. Ἰλλυριστί.
References: WP. II 234, Krahe Festgabe Bulle 205 f.
Page(s): 699
Root / lemma: maḫnu-s or moḫnu-s
Meaning: man
Material: Old Indic mánu-, mánuṣ- `person, man, husband' (also ` male ancestor of the people'), Avestan in PN Manus-čiϑra-, proto Germanic *manu̯az in PN Mannus (Tacitus), ancestor of the Germans, Gothic manna (Gen. mans), Old Icelandic maðr, mannr, Old English Old Frisian Old High German mann `man, husband', Gothic mannisks, Old Icelandic mennskr, Old English Old High German mennisc ` human, of human beings, of people; humane'; Old High German mannisko etc. `person'; Old Church Slavic možь, Russian muž `man, husband' (*mangi̯a-, suffix similarly as in Lithuanian žmo-g-ùs `person').
Maybe the root word is related to the name of the moon in PIE; Menelaus 'moon god?'; also egypt. Menes? 'lion of revenge' (the chariot of the moon was pulled by lions in Egypt). Lion was the beast that fell from the moon.
References: WP. II 266, Trautmann 169; perhaps to 3. men- `think'.
Page(s): 700
In Sanskrit, the name Manu appropriately came to mean "man" or "mankind" (since Manu, or Noah, was the father of all post-flood mankind). The word is related to the Germanic Mannus, the founder of the West Germanic peoples. Mannus was mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus in his book Germania. Mannus is also the name of the Lithuanian Noah. Another Sanskrit form. manusa is closely related to the Swedish manniska, both words meaning "human being."
The same name may even be reflected in the Egyptian Menes (founder of the first dynasty of Egypt) and Minos (founder and first king of Crete). Minos was also said in Greek mythology to be the son of Zeus and ruler of the sea.
The English word "man" is thus also related to the Sanskrit manu, as well as its equivalents in other Germanic languages. Gothic, the oldest known Germanic language, used the form Manna, and also gaman ("fellow man").
The name Anu appears in Sumerian as the god of the firmament, and the rainbow was called "the great bow of Anu," which seems a clear reference to Noah (note Genesis 9:13). In Egyptian mythology Nu was the god of waters who sent an inundation to destroy mankind. Nu and his consort Nut were deities of the firmament and the rain. Nu was identified with the primeval watery mass of heaven, his name also meaning "sky."
Root / lemma: maḫrko-
Meaning: horse
Note: only Celtic and Germanic
Material: Irish marc, Welsh etc. march `horse', gall. μάρκαν Akk. Sg., Marcodurum PN;
Old High German marah, Old English mearh, Old Icelandic marr `horse' (Modern High German in Mar-schall, -stall), fem. Old High German meriha, Old English mīere, Old Icelandic merr, Modern High German Mähre.
References: WP. II 235.
Page(s): 700
Root / lemma: maḫth-1 or moḫth-
Meaning: a kind of harmful insect
Material: Armenian mat`il `louse'; Gothic maÞa, m. Old High German mado, Old English maða `worm, maggot ', Old Icelandic maÞkr ds., Old Swedish matk, Finnish loanword matikka ` little worm'.
References: WP. II 228, H. Petersson z. Kenntnis the Heterokl. 32 f.
Page(s): 700
Root / lemma: maḫt-2
Meaning: hack, flapper
Material: Old Indic matyá- n. `harrow or stump ', matīkr̥ta- ` harrowed or rolled '; Latin mateola ` a kind of mallet '; Old High German (gl.) medela `plough' (Lehmann Afneuere Spr. 119, 188); from Vulgar Latin mattiuca: Old English mattoc, English mattock `hack, mattock, hoe', Old Bulgarian motyka `hack, mattock, hoe';
References: WP. II 229, WH. II 49.
Page(s): 700
Root / lemma: maḫu-ro-
Meaning: weak; dark
Note: also m(a)ud- ds.
Material: Gr. (ἀ)μαυρός `weak; dim, nebulous; blind', (ἀ)μαυρόω ` weaken, exhaust, darken';
Old Norse meyrr ` friable, brittle, crumbly; mellow, ripen ';
Russian (s)muryj ` dark grey ', chmúra `dark cloud', Czech chmouřiti, šmouřiti se ` be dim, look sour ' ();
perhaps in addition gr. ἀμυδρός `dark, heavy to recognize, weak', ἀμυδρόω ` darken, exhaust', ἀμυδρότης ` nebulosity, faintness ', Old Church Slavic iz-mъděti, u-mъdnǫti ` become weak '.
References: WP. II 223.
Page(s): 701
Root / lemma: mazdo-s
Meaning: pole, mast
Material: Latin mālus m. ` an upright pole, beam, mast ' (with `Sabinian' l = d from *mādos, *mazdos or support in pālus) = Old High German mast ` shaft, pole, flagpole or spear pole, esp. mast ', Old English mæst (from Middle Low German mast derives Norwegian mastr ` mast '); Middle Irish maide `stick' (Old Irish *maite, i.e. *maidde, from *mazdios), Old Irish matan `club, mace, joint', Middle Irish ad-mat, nir. adhmad `timber'. As Germanic loanword contemplates Schrader RI2168 Old Bulgarian mostъ ` wooden bridge ', Russian mostovája ` material used to cover a road or path ', po-mostъ ` floorboard '; rather is it is a collective *mazd-to- ` Stangenwerk '.
References: WP. II 935 f., WH. II 19.
Page(s): 701-702
Root / lemma: mā̆ḫk(en)-
Meaning: poppy
Material: Gr. μήκων, Doric μά̄κων ` poppy'; Old High German Old Saxon māho, Middle High German māhen, mān and with grammatical variation Old High German măgo, Middle High German mage, Modern High German Bavarian magen ` poppy', ndd. mån, Dutch maan-kop, Old Swedish val-mughi, -moghi ` poppy' (in first part *walχa- ` anesthetization '); Middle Latin mahonus ` poppy' and Lithuanian magônė - next to which dark aguonà - derives from Germanic, Old Prussian moke from Poln.; Church Slavic (etc.) makъ ` poppy'.
References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.
Page(s): 698
Root / lemma: mā̆ḫk-1
Meaning: damp, to soak
Material: Armenian mōr `ordure, slime, mud, swamp, marsh' (*mā̆k-ri-); alb. makë ` glue, skin on liquids ';
Lithuanian makonė `puddle, slop', makénti, maknóti ` wade through ordure ', probably also Latvian mākuônis ` cloudiness, dark cloud', apmàktiês `be clouded ';
Old Bulgarian mokrъ `damp, humid, wet', močǫ, -iti ` βρέχειν ', Russian móknutь ` become damp ', močitь, Iterative máčivatь ` make damp, moisten ', močá ` urine ', močag `damp, marshy place'; compare Ligurian FlN Macra, Spanish FlN Magro;
lengthened grade Slavic *makajǫ, *makati in Czech mákati, máčeti ` wet ', etc.
References: WP. II 224 f., Berneker II 8, 69 f., Trautmann 167.
Page(s): 698
Root / lemma: māḫk-2
Meaning: to knead, press
Material: Lett, màcu, màkt `urge, push, press, plague, torment, smite', Czech mačk-ám, -ati ` press ' (diminutive formation, assuming a basic *makati);
here also Latin māceria, māceriēs f. ` a wall of soft clay, enclosure, wall '; in addition mācerāre ` to make soft, make tender, soften, soak, steep, macerate'.
References: WP. II 224, WH. II 2 f., 5.
See also: compare the similar roots menk- and maĝ-.
Page(s): 698
Root / lemma: māḫk̂- : mǝḫk̂-
Meaning: long, slender
Material:
Hittite: maklant- ' mager ' (Friedrich 133)
Avestan: mas- ' lang ' , comp. masyɔ̄, sup. masšta-; masah- n. ' Länge, Grösse '
Other Iranian: OPers sup. maʮišta- ' der höchste '
Old Greek: mǟ^kos n. `Länge, Körperlänge ' , mǟkǖ́nō `verlängern, ausdehnen ' ; makró- `lang, gross, hoch; tief; schlank, fern, lange dauernd '
Germanic: *mag-r-á- adj.
Latin: macer, -cra `mager, Dünn ' , maceo, -ēre `mager sein ' , maciēs, -ēī f. `Magerkeit '
Avestan mas- `long', compounds masyā̊ ` the great ', Sup. masiṣta-, Old Persian maϑišta- ` the highest ', Avestan masah- n. `length, greatness, bulk, extent' (*mas- for *mis- from Indo Germanic mǝs- through influence of mazyā̊ ` further, extra, in additional amounts, more ': μέγας), gr. μά̆σσω, μά̆σσων (*μᾰκι̯ων) besides μᾶσσον (after ἆσσον ` nearer, closer ') ` longer ', μήκιστος ` the longest ', μῆκος, Doric μᾶκος n. `length', Μάκετα ` highlands, mountains ', Μακεδόνες hence ` highlander ', μακεδνός ` slim ', nachhom. μηκεδανός ds., μακρός `long' (= Latin macer, German mager `thin'); perhaps μάκαρ n. ` blessedness, happiness, felicity, good fortune ';
Latin macer, -cra, -crum `lean', maceō, -ēre ` to be lean, meagre ', maciēs f. ` leanness, thinness, meagreness, atrophy ';
perhaps here Old Irish mēr m. `finger' (*makro-);
Old High German magar, Old English mæger, Old Icelandic magr `lean'; in addition with l-suffix Hittite ma-ak-la-an-te-eš (maklantes) Nom. Pl. `lean'.
References: WP. II 223 f., WH. II 2, Benveniste BSL. 33, 140 f.
Page(s): 699
Root / lemma: māḫ-1
Meaning: to beckon with the hand; to deceive
Note: (extended māiḫ-?)
Material: Old Indic māyā ` transformation, dream image, phantasm, ghost, deceit, illusion ' (or to 3. mē-?);
gr. μηνύω, Doric μᾱνύω ` zeige an, verrate ' from *μά̄-νῡ-μι ` wave with the hand '; s-extension μαίομαι `touch, inspect', Fut. μάσσομαι, ἐπι-μαστος `touched' = `stained', μαστήρ, μαστρός `searcher, enquirer', μαστροπός `coupler', μάστις, μάστιξ `lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur, whip, scourge';
t-extension:
gr. μάτη ` offence ' (*mǝ-tā), μάτην, Doric -ᾱν ` futile ', μάταιος ` vain, worthless';
Lithuanian móju, móti `wave with the hand, give a sign ', Latvian mãju, mãt ds., mâdît ` wave with the hand, beckon', mâditiês ` make trickery ', mâdži ` dreamlike image, phantasm, ghost ';
with s-extension:
Lithuanian mãsinti ` entice ', mosúoti `wave, swing', mostagúoti ds., mósterėti, móstelėti `wave, beckon';
Slavic *majǫ, *majati (from *mati after the Balto-Slavic preterite stem *māi̯ā-) in Old Bulgarian na-majǫ, -majati `wink at, blink one's eyes at, close one eye at; wave to ', po-mavati, -manǫti ds., Russian na-májatь `cheat, deceive, swindle' ,
with formants -mo-:
Serbian mâmīm, mámiti ` entice ';
with formants -no-:
Russian mańú, mańítь `lure, tempt, deceive ' (of Slavic derive Lithuanian mõnai Pl. `sorcery', Latvian mãnít `cheat, deceive');
Maybe alb. mahnit ` surprise ' a Slavic loanword.
with formants -rā-:
Russian-Church Slavic mara ` emotion, strong feeling ', poln. mara ` deception ', etc.;
Maybe alb. (kë-mer) kmer, (të-merr) tmerr, mner, mer ` horror ' a Slavic loanword : Polish koszmar ` horror ';
s-extension in:
Church Slavic machaju, machati ` to toss in the air, fan, air ', etc.;
Maybe alb. (*maru) mëru, miru ` handle' a Slavic loanword;
t-extension in:
Old Serbian matam, matati `lure, tempt', Czech mátati ` haunt (of a ghost) ', etc.
References: WP. II 219 f., WH. II 33, Trautmann 166.
Page(s): 693
Root / lemma: māḫ-2
Meaning: good, timely
Material: With formants -no- Old Latin mānus ` good ', immānis `terrible', adverbial māne, mānī `early, matutinal';
Latin mane : Italian mattino : Spanish mañana : French matin : Corsican mane ; matina : Galician mañá : Irish maidin : Portuguese manhã : Sardinian Campidanesu mangianu ; mengianu > alb. mëngjes ` morning' (special relation Sardinian = Albanian).
here also Latin mānēs f. ` the secluded souls ', later ` underworld, death '; perhaps Phrygian μήν `secluded soul', μανία ` καλή '; or belongs Latin mānēs to gr. μῆνις, Doric μᾶνις `grudge'? compare S. 727.
With t-formant: Latin Mātūta ` the goddess of the early morning, the morning brightness, but also the maturity, the ripeness', mātūtīnus ` matutinal ', mātūrus ` timely = mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ' (based on *mā-tu-, perhaps `good, suitable time'), Oscan Maatúís (*Mātīs = ` dī Mānēs '); reduced grade perhaps Celtic *mă-ti- in Old Irish maith, Welsh mad, Cornish mas, Middle Breton mat, Modern Breton mad ` good ' and gall. PN Matidonnus, Teuto-matos; also Old Irish maithid ` forgives '.
References: WP. II 220 f., WH. II 27 f., 53 f.
Page(s): 693
Root / lemma: māḫ-no-, māḫ-ni-
Meaning: wet, damp
Material: Latin mānō, -āre ` to flow, run, trickle, drop, drip ', hence ` rise'; Breton Vannes mān ` moss, lichen', Welsh mawn `turf' from brit. *mōni-, from which borrowed Old Irish mōin f. ` moss, swamp, marsh, turf'; perhaps in addition vowel gradation asächs. -mannia, -mennia in FlN and PN, as Throtmennia ` Dortmund ', etc. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
References: WP. II 224, WH. II 30 f., J. Loth RC 42, 91 f.
Page(s): 699-700
Root / lemma: māḫtér-
Meaning: mother
Note: based on a babble-word māḫ-, see there.
Material: Old Indic mātár- `mother', Avestan mātar-, Armenian mair ds. (Gen. maur = gr. μητρός etc.); Old Phrygian Nom. Akk. ματαρ, ματεραν, Gen. ματερεζ; gr. μήτηρ, Doric μά̄τηρ (with postponed nominative accent as θυγάτηρ); in addition hom. Δημήτηρ, Thessalian Δαμμάτερι; alb. motrë ` sister ' (originally ` the older sister representing mother's place ');
Note: alb. motrë ` sister ' derived from Middle Low German mödder `mother’s sister '.
Latin māter, -tris `mother, wet nurse', Oscan maatreís, Umbrian matrer `of a mother '; gall. (?) Ματρεβο ` mothers '; Old Irish māthir `mother' (Welsh modrydaf `beehive' with bydaf `nest of wild bees' as 2. part); Old High German muoter, Old English mōdor, Old Icelandic mōðir `mother'; Lithuanian mótė (Gen. Old Lithuanian motės, Lithuanian moter̃s) `woman, wife' (mótyna `mother', motera ` female, woman'), Latvian mâte `mother', Old Prussian mūti, mothe `mother' (pomatre ` stepmother '); Old Church Slavic mati (Gen. matere) `mother'; Tocharian A mācar, В mācer.
In derivatives (e.g. māḫtruu̯iā) compare:
Old Indic mātr̥ka- ` maternal ', m. `mother’s brother ', mātr̥kā `mother, grandmother'; but Modern Welsh modryb ` mother's sister ', Old Welsh modrep-ed Pl., Old Breton motrep, Modern Breton moereb ds. (*mātrokʷā, to okʷ- `see', as ` looking like a mother ');
gr. μήτρα f. ` womb, uterus, marrow of the plant ', Latin mātrīx ` a mother in respect to propagation, a breeding-animal, of plants, the parent-stem, womb, matrix, a source, origin, cause ', Old High German muodar ` belly of a serpent ', andd. mōder, Old Frisian mōther ` Brustbinde der Frauen ', Middle High German müeder, Modern High German Mieder;
Armenian mauru, Gen. maurui ` stepmother ' (*mātruu̯i̯ā =) gr. μητρυιά̄ ` stepmother ', to n-stem extended in Old English mōdrige, Old Frisian mōdire, Middle Low German mödder `mother’s sister ' (*mōdruu̯i̯ōn-, Old High German muotera ds. reshaped after muoter?), with lengthened grade forms *mātrō[ū]-: gr. μήτρως, -ω[F]ος, Doric μ̄τρως ` uncle or grandfather on the mother's side', μητρώιος ` maternal ' (meaning changes after μήτηρ);
Latin mātrōna `wife'; mātertera `mother’s sister ' (*mātro-terā); māteria, māteriēs `stuff, matter, material, timber, substance'; gall. FlN Mātrŏna `river in France; region in France ' = Welsh GN Modron f.
Slavic *mātero- in Russian materój `extraordinary, big, large, strong, tight, firm', Serbian mȁtor `old, esp. of animals', Old Bulgarian materьstvo ` πρεσβεῖον ' (: Latin māteriēs).
References: WP. II 229 f., WH. II 49 ff., Berneker II 25, Trautmann 170 f.
Page(s): 700-701
Root / lemma: māḫ 3
Meaning: mother (expr. root)
Note: reduplication mā̆ḫmā, maḫmmā; partly (dissimilation?) māḫnā, mannā of dubious age
Material: Old Indic mā `mother';
Doric μᾶ `μῆτερ!' (in μᾶ γᾶ `o mother earth', Aisch.), whereof Ionian Attic μαῖα `mother, wet nurse, midwife ', Doric `grandmother'; derived Middle Low German mōje ` mother's sister ', Old High German holz-muoja ` witch ';
Old Indic māma- vocative m. `uncle' (from *māmā ` mother's sister '); New Persian mām, māmā, māmī `mother';
Maybe vocative alb. mami ` mother ', mamia ` midwife '.
Armenian mam `grandmother' (gr. loanword as pap?); gr. μάμμα baby word vocative, whereof Ionian Attic μάμμη `mother', μαμμίᾱ `mother'; Latin mamma nickname of affection `mama, ma, mommy, mom, mother', also ` brisket ', mamilla ` nipple '; alb. mëmë Geg mamë `mother'; Irish Welsh Cornish Breton mam `mother', Old Irish muimme `foster mother' (*mammiā); Modern High German Alemannian mamme `mother', changing through vowel gradation Old High German muoma ` mother's sister ', Modern High German Muhme; Lithuanian mamà, momà, Latvian mãma ds.; Russian (etc.) máma `mama, ma, mommy, mom, mother'; Hittite divinity Mamma; compare Asia Minor Μήνη, ngr. μάννα `mother', Old Icelandic mōna `mother', Middle Low German *mōne, mōme ` mother's sister '.
References: WP. II 221 f., WH. II 21 f., Traulmann 168; mā is (?) base from māter- (see there).
Page(s): 694
Root / lemma: meḫdhi-, meḫdhi̯o-
Meaning: middle
Material: Old Indic mádhya-, Avestan maiδya- ` medial', superlative Old Indic madhyamá-, Avestan maδǝma- ` medial' (= Gothic miduma);
Armenian mēj ` center ';
gr. (ep.) μέσσος, (Attic) μέσος ` medial';
Maybe alb. mes `middle'.
Latin medius ` in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ', Oscan mefiaí ` in mediā '; Oscan messimas presumably ` medioximas ';
gall. Medio-lānum, -mātrici, Old Irish mid- (*medhu-) in compound ` in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ', Middle Irish mide ` center ', Mide ` county in the Republic of Ireland ' actually ` middle province ', Old Irish i-mmedōn ` be in the middle ', Welsh mewn, Middle Welsh mywn `in' (*medugno-); Middle Welsh mei-iau ` middle - yoke ' (*medhi̯o-); gall. FlN Meduana; venet. FlN Meduana;
with prolonging of -s- from a superlative probably also Old Irish messa `bad', actually ` average, middle ' (or to 2. meit(h)-, Germanic missa-?);
Gothic midjis, Old Icelandic miðr, Old English midd, Old High German mitti ` in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ', superlative Gothic miduma `the middle', Old Icelandic mjǫðm f. `hip', Old English midmest `the centermost', Old English medeme, Old High German metemo ` of middling size, medium, middling, moderate, ordinary ' (: Avestan maδǝma-) and Gothic *midjuma (= Old Indic madhyamá-) in midjun-gards, Old English middan-geard ` earth circle ', Old High German mittamo ` of middling size, medium, middling, moderate, ordinary ', in mittamen ` amid, in the middle of '; Old High German mittar ` in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ';
Old Bulgarian mežda `road' (originally ` boundary strip ').
Maybe alb. mezhdë, mezhda ` baulk, strip of land between fields ' a Bulgarian loanword.
Russian mežá ` limit, boundary, slope ' (etc.), Old Bulgarian meždu (Loc. Du.) ` between ' Adv. preposition, Old Russian meži (Locative Sg.) ds.; here also probably as `* forest, boundary strip ': Old Prussian median, Latvian mežs `wood, forest', Lithuanian mẽdžias `tree'; Lithuanian FlN Meduyà.
References: WP. II 261, WH. II 57 f., Trautmann 173, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 133 f.
Page(s): 706-707
Root / lemma: méḫdhu
Meaning: honey, intoxicating drink, mead
Grammatical information: n.
Note: actually nominalized adjective `sweet'
Note:
Root / lemma: meḫli-t : `honey' : Root / lemma: méḫdhu : `honey' derived from a truncated Root / lemma: meḫl-1 (auch smeḫl-), meḫlǝḫ- : mlē-, meḫl-d- : ml-ed-, meḫl-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, meḫlǝḫ-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu- : mlū̆- : `to grind, hit; fine, ground'.
Note:
Root / lemma: maḫd- : wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating : Root / lemma: méḫdhu : honey, intoxicating.
Material: Old Indic mádhu- n. `honey, mead ' (in addition mádhu- `sweet'; madh(u)v-ád- `honey-eater': Old Church Slavic medv-ědь `bear'); Avestan maδu- n. ` berry wine ';
gr. μέθυ `wine ' (from the meaning `honey' has been abbreviated in μέλι = μέλι, -τος ` honey '); μεθύω ` be intoxicated', μεθύσκω `make intoxicated ';
Old Irish mid (Gen. medo), Welsh medd, Old Cornish (Plur.?) medu, Breton mez ` mead ', Middle Irish medb ` intoxicating ' (*medhu̯o-), Welsh meddw ` intoxicated, drunk ', Breton mezo ds., mezvi ` intoxicate ';
Old Icelandic mjǫðr, Old English meodo, Old High German metu m. ` mead ';
Lithuanian medùs m. `honey' (mìdus ` mead ' from Gothic *midus), Latvian mędus `honey, mead ', Old Prussian meddo (*medu) `honey';
Old Bulgarian medъ (Gen. medu and meda) `honey' (in addition among others Serbian o-mèditi se `spoil, ruin e.g. of fat', actually ` sweetish, become tasteless or ferment'); Tocharian В mit `honey'.
Zur Konkurrenz with *melit `honey' (not in any way ` honey mead ') and about Finnish-ugr. comparison (Finnish mete-, lapp. mītt, Mordovian ḿed'; chin. mī4 `honey') s. Gauthiot MSL. 16, 268 ff., Schrader RL. 85, 2139.
References: WP. II 261, Trautmann 173 f., Berneker II 31.
Page(s): 707
Root / lemma: meḫd-1
Meaning: to measure; to give advice, healing
Material: A. Old Indic masti- f. ` the measuring, weighing ';
Maybe alb. mas, mat `measure'.
whether also zero grade of Old Indic addhā́ (*m̥d-dhē) `certainly, yea, in truth ', Avestan Old Persian azdā ds., Old Indic addhātí- `smart man, sage' with the meaning from Latin meditāri etc.? s. Pedersen Decl. Latin 72;
Note:
zero grade of Old Indic addhā́ (*m̥d-dhē) `certainly ' : Avestan Old Persian azdā ds., Old Indic addhātí- `smart man, sage' similar to gr. zero grade of gr. *m̥γᾱ ἀγα- `very' see Root / lemma: meḫĝ(h)- : meĝ(h)- : big
Armenian mit (Gen. mti) `thought, notion, sense, mind' (: μήδεα etc.);
gr. μέδομαι `bin worauf bedacht ', μέδων, μεδέων ` ruler', μέδιμνος ` bushel '; lengthened grade μήδομαι `ersinne, fasse einen Beschluß ', μήδεα Nom. Pl. `sorrows, advice, counsel ', μήστωρ, -ωρος ` clever adviserr ', PN Πολυ-μήδης, Κλυται-μήστρα;
Latin meditor, -ārī ` to reflect, muse, consider, meditate, give attention ', modus ` a measure, extent, quantity ', modestus ` keeping due measure, moderate, modest, gentle, forbearing, temperate, sober, discreet ', moderāre ` to set a measure, set bounds, put restraint upon, moderate, mitigate, restrain, allay, temper, qualify ', modius ` bushel ', Umbrian meřs, mers ` right, privilege; law ' (*med-os-), mersto ` just, upright, righteous, fixed by law, according to law, lawful, legal, legitimate ', Oscan med-diss ` a judge, decider, umpire in any matter ' (*medo-dik̂-s) etc.;
Old Irish midiur, Perf. ro-mīdar (: gr. μήδομαι, Gothic mētum, Armenian mit) ` to consider thoroughly, ponder, weigh, reflect upon, think, to examine judicially, to judge, be a judge, pass judgment, decide ', airmed ` measure ', mess ` a judgment ' (*med-tu-), med (*medā) ` scales ', Welsh meddwl ` the rational soul, the mind, disposition, feeling, character, heart, soul, a thinking, considering, deliberating, thought, reflection, meditation, imagination ', Middle Welsh medu ` be able, control ', Welsh meddu `possess, control' (numerous Irish compounds by Pedersen KGr. II 577 f., British formations by J. Loth RC. 35, 446; 38, 177, 296; 40, 347 ff., 350 f.; Ifor Williams RC. 40, 486; J. Lloyd-Jones RC. 43, 272); medd `inquit' etc.;
Gothic mitan, Old English metan, Old High German mezzan ` measure ', Old Icelandic meta ` assess ', met n. ` weight ', Old English ge-met n. ` the measuring ', Adj. ` fitly, reasonable', Old High German mez ` measure, drinking vessel', Old English mitta m. `grain measure', Old High German mezzo ` small dry measure ', Modern High German Metze(n); Gothic mitōn, Old High German mezzōn ` evaluate, estimate, consider', Old Icelandic mjǫtuðr `fate, destiny', Old Saxon metod m. `knife, orderer, arranger, creator, god', Old English metod m. `fate, destiny', Gothic mitaÞs ` dry measure ';
ē-grade (besides Pl. preterit Gothic mētum etc.) Gothic us-mēt ` lifestyle ', Old Icelandic māt n. ` the measuring ', Middle High German māz n. ` measure, kind of way', Old High German māza ` measure, fitness, suitability ', Old Icelandic mǣtr ` respectable, valuable ', Old English gemǣte ` suitable; fitting ', Old High German māzi ds.;
ō-grade: Gothic ga-mōt `may, find space, have place, permission ', Old English mōtan ` can, to be able, have the occasion ' (English must ` must, have to ' from the preterit), Old Saxon mōtan ` should, must find a place, have an occasion ', Old High German muoz, muozan ` to be able, possible, could be, might be, may be, may, might, can ', Modern High German müssen; Middle Low German mōte `free time, time, period ';
Old High German muoza `free time, attention, opportunity to something', Modern High German Muße; Old English ǣ-metta, ǣmta, from *ā-mōtiða f. ` leisure ', whereof ǣm(e)tig = English empty ` empty, bare, lacking'; Old Icelandic mōt n. ` image, sign, kind, way ';
Gothic mōta ` customs duty ', Middle High German muoze ` Mahllohn ', Old English mōt ` customs duty, tribute, tax'; probably from Gothic derive Old High German (Bavarian) mūta, Modern High German Maut, Middle Latin mūta, Old Bulgarian myto.
B. An already Proto language application for ` wise counsellor = one skilled in medicine ' lies in: Avestan vī-mad- ` one skilled in medicine, physician, medicine man', vī-maδayanta ` sie sollen die Heilkunde ausüben ', gr. Μῆδος, Μήδη, ᾽Αγαμήδη etc. ` Heilgottheiten '; Latin medeor, -ērī ` to heal, cure, remedy, bee good for ', medicus `physician, medicine man' (with secondary formants -icus of Subst. *mē̆d `physician, medicine man' = derived Avestan vī-mad).
Latin medicus : Calabrese medicu ; miericu : Catalan metge : Catanese mericu : Furlan miedi : Sardinian Campidanesu mèigu : Sicilian mèricu : Valencian mege : alb. (*meiku) mjeku ` doctor.
Note:
Alb. belongs to Occidental Romance languages.
References: WP. II 259 f., WH. II 54 ff., 99 f.;
See also: meḫd- is related to mēḫ-3 (above S. 703 f.).
Page(s): 705-706
Root / lemma: meḫd-2
Meaning: to swell
Material: Gr. μέζεα (Hesiod), μέδεα (Archil.), μήδεα (Hom.; lies μέδεα?) ` male genitals '; μεστός `full'; Middle Irish mess m. (*med-tu-) ` acorn, acorn mast, fruit harvest ', Welsh Cornish mes f. ` acorn ', Breton mez ds.; also Middle Irish mess ` foster child '?
References: WP. II 231; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 208.
Page(s): 706
Root / lemma: meḫĝ(h)- : meĝ(h)-
Meaning: big
Note: (to Old Indic Aspiration s. Pedersen 5e décl. Latin 481, Hittite 36, 181 f.); to reduced grade compare Pedersen Hittite 169 f.
Material:
Hittite: makkes- (mekkis-) (I) ' viel werden ' , maknu- (I) ' vermehren ' , mekki- ' viel ' (Friedrich 139)
Tokharian: A māk, B mākā (PT *mākā) ' many, much ' (Adams 446)
Old Indian: máh-, f. mahī́, mahā́nt-, f. mahatī́ `great, large ' ; máhas- n. `greatness, might '
Avestan: maz-, mazant- ' gross ' ; mazah- n. ' Grösse ' ; maš (*meg ' hs), aš (*m̥g ' hs) ' sehr '
Armenian: mec `gross '
Old Greek: mégas, n. méga, f. megálǟ `gross ' ; aga- verstärkendes Präfix, vorwiegend in älterer Sprache
Germanic: *mik-il-, *mik-ō adv.
Latin: magnus, -a `gross; lang, alt; laut, vornehm ' , magis `eher, vielmehr ' , magister, -trī m. `Vorsteher, Leiter '
Celtic: Gaul Magio-rīx, Are-magios, etc., dat. sg. Magalu (Göttername), Magalus PN, dat. sg. Maglo (Götter- und Personnenname); OIr sup. maissiu `maximus ' ; MIr maignech `gross ' (?); maige `gross ' (?), Poimp Maige `Pompeius Magnus ' ; mag-lord `Keule ' < *mago-lorgā `grosser Knüttel ' , māl `Edler, Vornehmer, Fürst, König ' , mass `stattlich ' (< *maksos); Cymr Macl-gwn, OBret Maglo-cune, Cono-maglus
Albanian: maʮ gross
Old Indic mahā́nt-, Avestan mazant- `big, large', Old Indic mah-, Avestan maz- ds. (only out of Nom. Akk.), Old Indic máhi Nom. Sg. neutr. (-i = -ǝ, then = gr. μέγα), as front part Old Indic mahā- (Avestan mązā- is a text mistake), mostly extended mahát- = Avestan mazant- `big, large'; comparative superlative Old Indic mahīyas-, mahiṣṭha-, Avestan mazyah-, mazišta-;
Old Indic maháyati ` pleases, venerates', mahá- m. ` celebration, sacrifice, oblation', mahīyátē ` rejoices '; Avestan mimaɣžō ` you should try to glorify ', that is to say `hold festivities';
Old Indic mahas-, Avestan mazah- n. `greatness, bulk, extent', Old Indic majmán- `greatness, bulk, extent', Avestan mazan- `greatness, bulk, extent, grandeur', Old Indic mahī́ ` the great, the old people, the earth ' (: Latin Maia);
Adv. Gatha-Avestan maš `very' (*meĝhs), zero grade (*m̥ĝhs) Younger Avestan aš `very';
Armenian mec `big, large', Denominative mecarem ` uphold, preserve, honour; ' (: gr. μεγαίρω);
gr. μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (*meĝ-n̥) `big, large' (to μέγα is μέγας, -αν neologism; με┅άλο- the case obl. and of Fem. contains *alo- `growth, stature ', as χθαμαλός `low'); comparative Ionian Doric Arcadian μέζων from *μεγι̯ων (Attic μείζων after χείρων), superlative μέγιστος; μεγαίρω (: Armenian mecarem) ` schlage hoch an, bewundere; halte für zu hoch, mißgönne '; zero grade from *m̥γᾱ ἀγα- `very' (ἀγά-ννιφος etc.), ἄγᾱν `to very', ἀγάζω `aegre ferō', compare ἄζον μέγαν, ὑψελόν Hes. and Younger Avestan aš- `very'; in addition probably gr. ἀγάομαι ` envy', ἄγαμαι ` adore, venerate', ἀγάλλω ` glorify ', ἀγαπάω `love', ἀγαυός `admirable, venerable';
Note:
zero grade of Old Indic addhā́ (*m̥d-dhē) `certainly ' : Avestan Old Persian azdā ds., Old Indic addhātí- `smart man, sage' similar to gr. zero grade of gr. *m̥γᾱ ἀγα- `very' see Root / lemma: med-1: to measure; to give advice, healing.
alb. math, madhi `big, large', madhónj ` aggrandize, praise';
Maybe alb. zmadhoj ` increase ' Slavic z- prefix.
Note:
Alb. math `big,: Middle Welsh maith `long, big' large' common alb. - Middle Welsh -k > -th.
Latin magnus `big, large' (*meĝ-nó-s), comparative mag-is ` more, in a higher degree, more completely ', maior ` greater ' (*meĝ-i̯ōs), superlative maximus (*meĝ-semo-s); in addition maiestās ` greatness, grandeur, dignity, majesty ' (*meĝ-i̯es-tāt-), compare alb. madhështí (*meĝis-t-ii̯ā) ds. (about Oscan mais, maimas, Umbrian mestru see below mē- `big, large'), Maia ` Daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and the mother of Mercury by Jupiter '; deus Maius `Juppiter' (Tusculum), whereof the month Maius (as Oscan Maesius ` May ' derives from the missing God's name, s. Schulze Eigenn. 469 ff.), Oscan PN Maiiúí Dative Sg. (compare also Celtic magio-); Latin (Celtic, also alb.) -a- is Indo Germanic e; about Latin maiālis ` a gelded boar, a barrow hog ' s. WH. II 13;
Latin mactus ` worshipped, honored ', macte `(sacrificial call) hail!', mactō, -āre ` to magnify, extol, honor, glorify, elevate, to offer, sacrifice, immolate, devote, to kill, slaughter, put to death, to overthrow, ruin, destroy, to afflict, trouble, punish '; magmentum ` that which magnifies ' can be a formation of magnus after augmentum;
Old Irish mochtae `big, large' (o!), Middle Irish maignech ds. (*maginiākos, compare gall. Maginus ; compare the n-forms from Latin magnus), Middle Irish mag-, maige `big, large', Poimp Maige `Pompeius Magnus', gall. Magio-r&